The task of our work is to consider the initial value problem based on the model of the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation and prove the local well-posedness in an anisotropic Gevrey spaces and then global well-posedness which improves the recent results on the well-posedness of this model in anisotropic Sobolev spaces [
Citation: Aissa Boukarou, Kaddour Guerbati, Khaled Zennir, Mohammad Alnegga. Gevrey regularity for the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I (gKP-I) equation[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(9): 10037-10054. doi: 10.3934/math.2021583
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[10] | Weaam Alhejaili, Mohammed. K. Elboree, Abdelraheem M. Aly . A symbolic computation approach and its application to the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in two (3+1)-dimensional extensions. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(11): 20085-20104. doi: 10.3934/math.20221099 |
The task of our work is to consider the initial value problem based on the model of the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation and prove the local well-posedness in an anisotropic Gevrey spaces and then global well-posedness which improves the recent results on the well-posedness of this model in anisotropic Sobolev spaces [
The study of nonlinear wave processes in real media with dispersion, despite the significant progress in this area in recent years, for example, [1,2,3] and numerous references in these works are still relevant. This, in particular, concerns the dynamics of oscillations in cases where high-energy particle fluxes occur in the medium, which significantly change such parameters of propagating wave structures, such as their phase velocity, amplitude and characteristic length. In recent and earlier years, a fairly large number of works have been devoted to studies of this kind of relativistic effects (see [12,13,14]).
Recently, the great interest on the KP equation has led to the construction and the study of many extensions to the KP equation. These new extended models propelled greatly the research that directly resulted in many promising findings and gave an insight into some novel physical features of scientific and engineering applications. Moreover, lump solutions, and interaction solutions between lump waves and solitons, have attracted a great amount of attentions aiming to make more progress in solitary waves theory. Lump solutions, have been widely studied by researchers for their significant features in physics and many other nonlinear fields[18,19,20].
Let u=u(x,y,t),(x,y,t)∈R3 and α≥4. We consider the initial value problem for the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation,
{∂tu+|Dx|α∂xu+∂−1x∂2yu+u∂xu=0u(x,y,0)=f(x,y). | (1.1) |
with
Dαxu(x,y,t)=1(2π)32∫R3|ξ|αFu(ξ,μ,τ)eixξ+iyμ+itτdξdμdτ |
This equation belongs to the class of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations, which are models for the propagation of long dispersive nonlinear waves which are essentially unidirectional and have weak transverse effects. Due to the asymmetric nature of the equation with respect to the spatial derivatives, it is natural to consider the Cauchy problem for (1.1) with initial data in the anisotropic Sobolev spaces Hs1,s2(R2), defined by the norm
‖u‖Hs1,s2(R2)=(∫⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2|ˆu(ξ,η)|2dξdη)1/2. |
Many authors have investigated the Cauchy problem for Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations as in, for instance [4,8,16]. Yan et al. [17] established the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation in anisotropic Sobolev spaces Hs1,s2(R) with s1>−α−14, s2≥0 with α≥4 and globally well-posed in Hs1,0(R) with s1>−(α−1)(3α−4)4(5α+3) if 4≤α≤5 also proved that the Cauchy problem is globally well-posed in Hs1,0(R) with s1>−α(3α−4)4(5α+4) if α>5. The authors in [8] proposed the problem
{∂tu−∂5xu+∂−1x∂2yu+u∂xu=0,u(x,y,0)=u0(x,y), | (1.2) |
and proved that it is globally well-posed for given data in an anisotropic Gevrey space Gσ1,σ2(R2),σ1,σ2≥0, with respect to the norm
‖f‖Gσ1,σ2(R2)=(∫R2e2σ1|ξ|e2σ2|η||ˆf(ξ,η)|2dξdη)1/2. |
With initial data in anisotropic Gevrey space
Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2(R2)=Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,σ1,σ2≥0,s1,s2∈R, |
and κ⩾1, we will consider the problem (1.1). The spaces Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2 can be defined as the completion of the Schwartz functions with respect to the norm
‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2(R2)=(∫R2e2σ1|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κμ2(s1,s2)|ˆf(ξ,η)|2dξdη)1/2, |
where
μ(s1,s2)=⟨ξ⟩s1⟨η⟩s2. |
In addition to the holomorphic extension property, Gevrey spaces satisfy the embeddings Gσ1,σ2s1↪Gσ′1,σ′2s′1 for s1,s′1∈R and σ′i<σi where Gσ1,σ2,1s1,0=Gσ1,σ2s1, which follow from the corresponding estimates
‖f‖Gσ′1,σ′2s′1≲‖f‖Gσ1,σ2s1. |
The main aim to consider initial data in these spaces is because of the Paley-Wiener Theorem.
Proposition 1.1. Let σ1>0, s∈R. Then f∈Gσ1x(R) if and only if it is the restriction to the to the real line of a function F which is holomorphic in the strip {x+iy∈C: |y|<σ}, and satisfies
sup|y|<σ1‖F(x+iy)‖Hsx<∞. |
Notation
We will also need the full space time Fourier transform denoted by
ˆf(ξ,η,τ)=∫R3f(x,y,t)e−i(xξ+yη+tτ) dxdydt. |
In both cases, we will denote the corresponding inverse transform of a function
f=f(ξ,η) or f=f(ξ,η,τ) by F−1(f). |
To simplify the notation, we introduce some operators. We first introduce the operator Aσ1,σ2κ, which we define as
Aσ1,σ2κf=F−1(eσ1|ξ|1κeσ2|η|1κˆf). | (1.3) |
Then, we may then define another useful operator
Nσ1,σ2κ(f)=∂x[(Aσ1,σ2κf)2−Aσ1,σ2κ(f2)]. | (1.4) |
For x∈Rn, we denote ⟨x⟩=(1+|x|2)1/2. Finally, we write a≲b if there exists a constant C>0 such that a≤Cb, and a∼b if a≲b≲a. If the constant C depends on some quantity q, we denote this by a≲qb.
Function spaces
Since our proofs rely heavily on the theory developed by Yan et al., let us state the function spaces they used explicitly, so that we can state their useful properties which we will exploit in our modifications of their spaces. The main function spaces they used are the so-called anisotropic Bourgain spaces, adapted to the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I, whose norm is given by
‖u‖Xs1,s2,b=(∫R3θ2(s1,s2,b)|ˆu(ξ,η,τ)|2dξdηdτ)12, |
where
θ(s1,s2,b)=⟨ξ⟩s1⟨η⟩s2⟨τ+m(ξ,η)⟩b, |
with m(ξ,η)=ξ|ξ|α+η2ξ.
Furthermore, we will also need a hybrid of the anlytic Gevrey and anisotropic Bourgain spaces, designated Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b(R3) and defined by the standard
‖u‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b=(∫R3e2σ1|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κθ2(s1,s2,b)|ˆu(ξ,η,τ)|2dξdηdτ)12, |
It is well-known that these spaces satisfy the embedding
Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b↪C(R;Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2(R2)). |
Thus, solutions constructed in Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b belong to the natural solution space.
When considering local solutions, it is useful to consider localized versions of these spaces. For a time interval I and a Banach space Y, we define the localized space Y(I) by the norm
‖u‖Y(I)=inf{‖v‖Y: v=u on I}. |
The first result related to the short-term persistence of analyticity of solutions is given in the next Theorem.
Theorem 2.1. Let s1>−α−14,s2≥0, α≥4, σ1≥0, σ2≥0 and κ≥1. Then for all initial data f∈Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2 and |ξ|−1ˆf(ξ,μ)∈L2(R2), there exists δ=δ(∥f∥Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2)>0 and a unique solution u of (1.1) on the time interval [0,δ] such that
u∈C([0,δ];Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2(R2)). |
Moreover the solution depends continuously on the data f. In particular, the time of existence can be chosen to satisfy
δ=c0(1+‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2)γ, |
for some constants c0>0 and γ>1. Moreover, the solution u satisfies
supt∈[0,δ]‖u(t)‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2≤4‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2. |
The second main result concerns the evolution of the radius of analyticity for the x-direction is given in the next Theorem. Here
Xσ1,0,1s1,0,b=Xσ1,0s1,b,s2,σ2=0 and κ=1. |
Theorem 2.2. Let σ1>0, s1>−α−14,α=4,6,8,... and assume that f∈Gσ1,0s1, |ξ|−1ˆf(ξ,μ)∈L2(R2). Then the solution u given by Theorem 2.1 extends globally in time, and for any T>0, we have
u∈C([0,T],Gσ1(T),0s1(R2))withσ1(T)=min{σ1,CT−ρ}, |
with ρ=4α−1+ε for ε>0 when α=4 and ρ=1 when α=6,8,10,... and the constant C is a positive.
The method used here for proving lower bounds on the radius of analyticity was introduced in [15] in the study of the non-periodic KdV equation. It was applied to the the higher order nonlinear dispersive equation in [9] and the system of mKdV equation in [10].
Our last aim is to show the regularity of the solution in the time. A non-periodic function ϕ(x) is the Gevrey class of order κ i.e, ϕ(x)∈Gκ, if there exists a constant C>0 such that
|∂kxϕ(x)|≤Ck+1(k!)κ k=0,1,2,…. | (2.1) |
Here we will show that for x,y∈R, for every t∈[0,δ] and j,l,n∈{0,1,2,…}, there exist C>0 such that,
|∂jt∂lx∂nyu(x,y,t)|≤Cj+l+n+1(j!)(α+1)κ(l!)κ(n!)κ. | (2.2) |
i.e, u(⋅,⋅,t)∈Gσ(R)×Gσ(R) in x,y and u(x,y,⋅)∈G(α+1)κ([0,δ]) in time variable.
Theorem 2.3. Let s1>−α−14,s2≥0, α≥4, σ1≥0, σ2≥0 and κ≥1.
If f∈Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2 then the solution
u∈C([0,δ],Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2), |
given by Theorem 2.1, belongs to the Gevrey class G(α+1)κ in time variable.
Corollary 2.4. Let σ1>0,s1>−α−14,α=4,6,8,.... If f∈Gσ1,0s1 then the solution
u∈C([0,T],Gσ1(T),0s1(R2)), |
given by Theorem 2.2, belongs to the Gevrey class G(α+1) in time variable.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In section 3, we present all the auxiliary estimates that will be employed in the remaining sections. We prove Theorem 2.1 in subsection 4.1 using the standard contraction method and Theorem 2.2 in subsection 4.2. Finally, in section 5, we prove G(α+1) regularity in time.
To begin with, let us consider the related linear problem
∂tu+|Dx|α∂xu+∂−1x∂2yu=F,u(0)=f. |
By Duhamel's principle the solution can be written as
u(t)=S(t)f−12∫t0S(t−t′)F(t′)dt′, | (3.1) |
where
^S(t)f(ξ,η)=eitm(ξ,η)ˆf(ξ,η). |
We localize it in t by using a cut-off function satisfying ψ∈C∞0(R), with ψ=1 in [−1,1] and suppψ⊂[−2,2].
We consider the operator Φ given by
Φ(u)=ψ(t)S(t)f−ψδ(t)2∫t0S(t−t′)(∂xu2(t′))dt′, | (3.2) |
where ψδ(t)=ψ(tδ). To this operator, we apply the following estimates.
Lemma 3.1. (Linear estimate) Let s1,s2∈R,−12<b′≤0≤b≤b′+1,σ1≥0,σ2≥0,κ≥1 and δ∈(0,1). Then
‖ψ(t)S(t)f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2, | (3.3) |
‖ψδ(t)∫t0S(t−t′)F(x,y,t′)dt′‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤Cδ1−b+b′‖F‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b′. | (3.4) |
Proof. The proofs of (3.3) and (3.4) for σ1=σ2=0 can be found in Lemma 2.1 of [17]. These inequalities clearly remain valid for σ1,σ2>0, as one merely has to replace f by Aσ1,σ2κf, F by Aσ1,σ2κF.
The final preliminary fact we must state is the following bilinear estimate, which is Lemma 3.1 of [17].
Lemma 3.2. (Bilinear estimate in Bourgain space.)
Let s1≥−α−14+4αϵ,s2≥0, α≥4, b=12+ϵ and b′=−12+2ϵ. Then, we have
‖∂x(u1u2)‖Xs1,s2,b′≲‖u1‖Xs1,s2,b‖u2‖Xs1,s2,b. |
To this result, we apply the following Lemma, which is a corollary of Lemma 3.2.
Lemma 3.3. (Bilinear estimate in Gevrey-Bourgain space.)
Let s1>−α−14+4αϵ,s2≥0,α≥4,σ1≥0,σ2≥0,κ≥1,b=12+ϵ and b′=−12+2ϵ. Then, we have
‖∂x(u1u2)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b′≲‖u1‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b‖u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. |
Proof. It is not hard to see that
e2(σ1|ξ|1κ+σ2|η|1κ)|^u1u2(ξ,η,τ)|2=e2(σ1|ξ|1κ+σ2|η|1κ)|∫^u1(ξ−ξ1,η−η1,τ−τ1)^u2(ξ1,η1,τ1) dξ1dη1dτ1|2≤|∫eσ1|ξ−ξ1|1κ+σ2|η−η1|1κ^u1(ξ−ξ1,η−η1,τ−τ1)eσ1|ξ1|1κ+σ2|η1|1κ^u2(ξ1,η1,τ1) dξ1dη1dτ1|2=|^Aσ1,σ2κuAσ1,σ2κv|2. |
By Lemma 3.2, we get
‖∂x(u1u2)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b′≤‖∂x(Aσ1,σ2κu1Aσ1,σ2κu2)‖Xs1,s2,b′≲‖Aσ1,σ2κu1‖Xs1,s2,b‖Aσ1,σ2κv‖Xs1,s2,b=‖u1‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b‖u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b′. |
The above Lemmas will be used without somtimes mention to prove Theorem 2.1.
Lemma 4.1. Let s1>−α−14+4αϵ,s2≥0,α≥4,σ1≥0,σ2≥0,κ≥1,b=12+ϵ,b′=−12+2ϵ and 0<δ<1. Then
‖Φ(u)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2+Cδϵ‖u‖2Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b, |
and
‖Φ(u1)−Φ(u2)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤12‖u1−u2‖2Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. |
Proof. Combining Lemma 3.3 and Lemma 3.1 with the fixed point Theorem. We define
B(0,2C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2)={u:‖u‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤2C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2}. |
Then, we have
‖Φ(u)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤‖ψ(t)S(t)f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b+‖12ψδ(t)∫t0S(t−t′)∂xu2dt′‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2+Cδϵ‖∂xu2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b′≤C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2+Cδϵ‖u‖2Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. |
We choose δ such that
δ<1(C2‖f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b)1ϵ. | (4.1) |
We have
‖Φ(u)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤2C‖f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. |
Thus, Φ(u) maps B(0,2C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2) into B(0,2C‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2) which is a contraction, since
‖Φ(u1)−Φ(u2)‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤C‖12ψδ(t)∫t0S(t−t′)(∂xu21−∂xu21)dt′‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤Cδϵ‖u1−u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b[‖u1‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b+‖u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b]≤4C2δϵ‖f‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2‖u1−u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b≤12‖u1−u2‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. |
Here we choose δ such that
δ<1(8C2‖f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b)1ϵ. | (4.2) |
We choose the time of existence where
δ=c0(1+‖f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b)1ϵ. |
For appropriate choice of c0, this will satisfy inequalities (4.1) and (4.2).
From Lemma 4.1, we see that for initial data f(x,y)∈Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2(R2) if the lifespan δ=c0/(1+‖f‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b)1ϵ then the map Φ(u) is a contraction on a small ball centered at the origin in Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b. Hence, the map Φ(u) has a unique fixed point u in a neighborhood of 0 with respect to the norm ‖⋅‖Xσ1,σ2,κs1,s2,b.
The rest of the proof follows the standard argument.
In this section, we prove Theorem 2.2. The first step is to obtain estimates on the growth of the norm of the solutions. For this end, we need to prove the following approximate conservation law.
Theorem 4.2. Let σ1>0 and δ be as in Theorem 2.1, there exist b∈(1/2,1) and C>0, such that for any solution u∈Xσ1,00,b(I) to the Cauchy problem (1.1) on the time interval I⊂[0,δ], we have the estimate
supt∈[0,δ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ1‖u‖3Xσ1,00,b(I). | (4.3) |
with ϱ∈[0,34) if α=4, and ϱ=1 if α=6,8,10,….
Before we may show the proof, let us first state some preliminary Lemmas. The first one is an immediate consequence of Lemma 12 in [15].
Lemma 4.3. For σ>0, 0≤θ≤1 and ξ,ξ1∈R, we have
eσ|ξ−ξ1|eσ|ξ1|−eσ|ξ|≲σθ⟨ξ−ξ1⟩⟨ξ1⟩⟨ξ⟩eσ|ξ−ξ1|eσ|ξ1|. |
This will be used to prove the following key estimate.
Lemma 4.4. Let Nσ1,01(u) be as in Eq (1.4) for σ1≥0 and σ2=0. Then for b as in Lemma 3.2, we have
‖Nσ1,01(u)‖X0,b−1≤Cσϱ1‖u‖2Xσ1,00,b, |
with ϱ∈[0,34) if α=4 and ϱ=1 if α=6,8,10,...
Proof. We first observe that the inequality in Lemma 3.2, is equivalent to
‖ξθ(s1,s2,b−1)∫ˆf(ξ−ξ1,η−η1,τ−τ1)⟨ξ−ξ1⟩s1⟨η−η1⟩s2⟨ϕ(ξ−ξ1,η−η1,τ−τ1)⟩b−1×׈g(ξ1,η1,τ1)⟨ξ1⟩s1⟨η1⟩s2⟨ϕ(ξ1,η1,τ1)⟩b−1 dξ1dη1dτ1‖L2ξ,η≲‖f‖L2x,y‖g‖L2x,y, |
where we denote ϕ(τ,ξ,η)=⟨τ+m(ξ,η)⟩. With this, we observe that the left side of the inequality in Lemma 4.4 can be estimated by Lemma 4.3 as
‖Nσ1,01(u)‖X0,b−1≲σ‖ξ⟨ξ⟩−1⟨ϕ(τ,ξ,η)⟩β∫eσ1|ξ−ξ1|ˆu(ξ−ξ1,η−η1,τ−τ1)⟨ξ−ξ1⟩−1××eσ1|ξ1|ˆu(ξ1,η1,τ1)⟨ξ1⟩−1 dξ1dη1‖L2ξ,η. |
If we apply Lemma 3.2 with s1=−ϱ, s2=0, it will follow, from the comments above, that
‖Nσ1,01(u)‖X0,b−1≲σϱ1‖u‖2Xσ1,00,b. |
Proof of Theorem 4.2. Begin by applying the operator Aσ1,01 to Eq (1.1). If we let U=Aσ1,01u, then Eq (1.1) becomes
∂tU−∂αxU+∂−1x∂2yU+U∂xU=Nσ1,01(u), | (4.4) |
where α=4,6,8,.. and Nσ1,01(u) is defined in Lemma 4.4. Multiplying (4.4) by U and integrating with respect to the spatial variables, we obtain
∫U∂tU−U∂αxU+U∂−1x∂2yU+U2∂xU dxdy=∫UNσ1,01(u) dxdy. |
If we apply integration by parts, we may rewrite the left-hand side as
∂t∫12U2 dxdy+∫∂α2xU∂α2+1xUdxdy−∫∂yU∂−1x∂yU dxdy+∫U2∂xU dxdy=∫UNσ1,01(u) dxdy, |
which can then be rewritten as
![]() |
By noticing that ∂jxU(x,t)→0 as |x|→∞ (see [15]) we obtaining
∂t∫U2(x,y,t) dxdy=2∫U(x,y,t)Nσ1,01(u)(x,y,t) dxdy. |
Integrating with respect to time yields
∫U2(x,y,t) dxdy=∫U2(x,y,0) dxdy+2∫t0∫U(x,y,t′)∂xNσ1,01(u)(x,y,t′) dxdydt′. |
Applying Cauchy-Schwarz and the definition of U, we obtain
‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+‖u‖Xσ1,00,b‖Nσ1,01(u)‖X0,00,b−1(I). |
We now apply Lemma 4.4 and the fact that b=12+ϵ, we can further estimate this by
‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ1‖u‖3Xσ1,00,b, | (4.5) |
as desired.
Proof of Theorem 2.2. With the tools established in the previous subsection, we may begin the proof of Theorem 2.2. Let us first suppose that T∗ is the supremum of the set of times T for which
u∈C([0,T];Gσ1,0x). |
If T∗=∞, there is nothing to prove, so let us assume that T∗<∞. In this case, it suffices to prove that
u∈C([0,T],Gσ1(T),0x), | (4.6) |
for all T>T∗. To show that this is the case, we will use Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 4.2 to construct a solution which exists over subintervals of width δ, using the parameter σ1 to control the growth of the norm of the solution. We first prove the case s=0 and then we will generalize the case.
The desired result will follow from the following proposition.
Proposition 4.5. Let T>0, x=0, 0<σ1≤σ0 and δ>0 be numbers such that nδ≤T<(n+1)δ. Then the solution u to the Cauchy problem (1.1) satisfies
supt∈[0,nδ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+23Cσϱ0n‖f‖3Gσ0,00, | (4.7) |
and
supt∈[0,nδ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤4‖u(t)‖2Gσ0,00, | (4.8) |
if
σ1=C1T−1ϱ,and C1=(c0C25∥f∥Gσ0,00(1+2∥f∥Gσ0,00)1ϵ)1ϱ, |
for some constant C>0.
Proof. For fixed T≥T∗, we will prove, for sufficiently small σ1>0, that
supt∈[0,T]‖u(0)‖2Gσ1,00≤4‖u(0)‖2Gσ0,00. | (4.9) |
We will use the Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 4.2 with the time step
δ=c0(1+4∥f∥Gσ0,00)1ϵ. | (4.10) |
The smallness conditions on σ1 will be
σ1≤σ0 and 2TδCσϱ1432∥f∥Gσ0,00≤1, | (4.11) |
where C>0 is the constant in Theorem 4.2. Proceeding by induction, we will verify that
supt∈[0,δ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+nCσϱ123‖f‖3Gσ0,00, | (4.12) |
supt∈[0,δ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤4‖f‖2Gσ0,00, | (4.13) |
for n∈{1,⋅⋅⋅,m+1}, where m∈N is chosen, so that T∈[mδ,(m+1)δ). This m does exist, since by Theorem 2.1 and the definition of T∗, we have
δ<c0(1+∥f∥Gσ0,00)1ϵ<T∗, hence δ<T. |
We cover now, the interval [0,δ], and by Theorem 4.2, we have
supt∈[0,δ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ1‖f‖3Gσ,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ1‖f‖3Gσ0,00, |
where we used that
‖f‖Gσ1,00≤‖f‖Gσ0,00, |
since σ1≤σ0. This verifies (4.12) for n=1 and now, (4.13) follows using again
‖f‖Gσ1,00≤‖f‖Gσ0,00, |
as well as Cσϱ1‖f‖Gσ0,00≤1. Next, assuming that (4.12) and (4.13) hold for some n∈{1,⋅⋅⋅,m}, we will prove that they hold for n+1. We estimate
supt∈[nδ,(n+1)δ]‖u(t)‖2Gσ1,00≤‖u(nδ)‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ1‖u(nδ)‖3Gσ1,00≤‖u(nδ)‖2Gσ1,00+Cσϱ123‖f‖3Gσ0,00≤‖f‖2Gσ1,00+nCσϱ123‖f‖3Gσ0,00+Cσϱ123‖f‖3Gσ0,00, | (4.14) |
verifying (4.12) with n replaced by n+1. To get (4.13) with n replaced by n+1, it is then enough to have
(n+1)Cσϱ123‖f‖Gσ0,00≤1. |
But this holds by (4.11), since
n+1≤m+1≤Tδ+1<2Tδ. |
Finally, the condition (4.11) is satisfied for σ1∈(0,σ0) such that
2TδCσϱ123∥f∥Gσ0,00=1. |
Thus, σ1=C1T−1ϱ, where
C1=(c0C25∥f∥Gσ0,00(1+2∥f∥Gσ0,00)1ϵ)1ϱ. |
For general s, we have
u0∈Gσ0,0s⊂Gσ0/2,00. |
The case s=0 already being proved, we know that there is a T1>0, such hat
u∈C([0,T1),Gσ0/2,00), |
and
u∈C([0,T],G2ςT−1/ϱ,00), for T≥T1, |
where ς>0 depends on f,σ0 and ς. We now conclude that
u∈C([0,T1),Gσ0/4,0s), |
and
u∈C([0,T],GςT−1/ϱ,0s), for T≥T1. |
The proof of Theorem 2.2 is now completed.
We follow the methods found in [5,6,7,11] to treat the regularity in time in Gevrey sens for unique solution of (1.1).
Proposition 5.1. Let δ>0,s1>−α−14, s2≥0 and
u∈C([0,δ];Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2), |
be the solution of (1.1). Then u belong in x,y to Gκ for all times near the zero. In other words,
|∂lx∂nyu(x,y,t)|≤Cl+n+1(l!)κ(n!)κ, | (5.1) |
for all (x,y)∈R2,C>0,t∈[0,δ],l,n∈{0,1,...}.
Proof. We have, for any t∈[0,δ]
‖∂lx∂nyu(⋅,⋅,t)‖2Hs1,s2=∫R2⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2|^∂lx∂nyu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη=∫R2|ξ|2l|η|2n⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη=∫R2|ξ|2l|η|2ne−2σ1|ξ|1κe−2σ2|η|1κ⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2e2σ1|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κ|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη. |
We observe that
e2σ1κ|ξ|1κ=∞∑j=01j!(2σ1κ|ξ|1κ)j≥1(2l)!(2σ1κ)2l|ξ|2lκ,∀l∈{0,1,...},ξ∈R, |
and
e2σ2κ|η|1κ=∞∑j=01j!(2σ2κ|η|1κ)j≥1(2n)!(2σ2κ)2n|η|2lκ,∀n∈{0,1,...},η∈R. |
This implies that
|ξ|2le−2σ1|ξ|1κ≤C2lσ1,κ(2l)!κ, |
|η|2ne−2σ2|η|1κ≤C2nσ2,κ(2n)!κ. |
Thus,
‖∂lx∂nyu(⋅,⋅,t)‖2Hs1,s2≤C2l+2nσ1,σ2,κ(2l)!κ(2n)!κ∫R2⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2e2σ1|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κ|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη=C2l+2nσ1,σ2,κ(2l)!κ(2n)!κ‖u(⋅,⋅,t)‖2Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2. |
Since (2l)!κ≤c2l1(l!)2κ and (2n)!κ≤c2n2(n!)2κ, for some c1,c2>0, we have for all l,n∈{0,1,2,…}
|∂lx∂nyu|≲‖∂lx∂nyu(⋅,⋅,t)‖Hs1,s2≤C0Cl+n1(l)!κ(n)!κ for∀t∈[0,δ], |
where C0=‖u(⋅,⋅,t)‖Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2 and C1=c20Cσ1,σ2,κ and c0=max(c1,c2), which implies that the solution u is analytic in x,y for all time near zero and s1,s2≥0.
Now, for −α−14<s1<0, s2≥0 and for any 0<ϵ<σ1, there exists a positive constant C=Cs,ϵ>0 such that
∫R2e2(σ1−ϵ)|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κ⟨η⟩2s2|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη≤C∫R2e2ϵ|ξ|1κ⟨ξ⟩−2s1e2(σ1−ϵ)|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κ⟨η⟩2s2|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη=C∫R2⟨ξ⟩2s1⟨η⟩2s2e2σ1|ξ|1κe2σ2|η|1κ|ˆu(ξ,η,t)|2dξdη. |
This implies that if
u∈C([0,T];Gσ1,σ2,κs1,s2) and s1<0,s2≥0, |
then
u∈C([0,T];Gσ1−ϵ,σ2,κ0,s2), |
which allows us to conclude that u is in Gκ in x,y for all s1>−α−14, s2≥0.
In order to prove Theorem 2.3 it is enough to prove the following result.
Lemma 5.2. For j,l,n∈{0,1,2,…}, the next inequality
|∂jt∂lx∂nyu|≤Cj+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)j)!)κLj, | (5.2) |
holds, where L=Cα+1120κ+C40κ, ∀x,y∈R, t∈[0,δ].
In fact, taking l=n=0 we obtain
|∂jtu|≤Cj+1((α+1)j!)κLj≤Kj+1(j!)(α+1)κ. |
Proof. We use the induction on j to prove Lemma 5.2.
For j=0 and l,n∈{0,1,2,…}, we have, by (5.1)
|∂lx∂nyu(x,y,t)|≤Cl+n+1(l!)κ(n!)κ≤Cl+n+1(l+n)!κ. | (5.3) |
For j=1 and l,n∈{0,1,2,…}, we have
|∂t∂lx∂kyu|≤||Dx|α∂l+1x∂nyu|+|∂l−1x∂n+2yu|+|∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)|. | (5.4) |
The terms of (5.4) can be estimated as
||Dx|α∂l+1x∂nyu|≤Cl+1+α+n+1(l+1+α+n)!κ≤Cl+n+1+1(l+n+(α+1)⋅1)!κCα, | (5.5) |
|∂l−1x∂n+2yu|≤Cl−1+n+2+1(l−1+n+2)!κ≤Cl+n+1+1(l+n+5⋅1)!1(l+n+2)κ(l+n+3)κ(l+n+4)κ(l+n+5)κ≤Cl+n+1+1(l+n+5⋅1)!1120κ. | (5.6) |
The nonlinear terms are treated as follows
|∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)|=|l∑p=0n∑k=0(lp)(nk)(∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂p+1x∂kyu)|. |
Recalling that for l≥p and n≥k, we have the next inequality
(lp)(nk)≤(l+np+k). | (5.7) |
By (5.7), we have
|∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)|≤|l∑p=0n∑k=0(l+np+k)(∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂p+1x∂kyu)|≤l∑p=0n∑k=0((l+n)!)κ((p+k)!)κ((l+n−p−k)!)κCl−p+n−k+1((l+n−p−k)!)κCp+1+k+1((p+1+k)!)κ=Cl+n+3((l+n)!)κl∑p=0n∑k=0(p+1+k)κ. |
At this stage, we use the fact that
l∑p=0n∑k=0(p+1+k)=(l+1)(n+1)(l+n+2)2. | (5.8) |
Then,
|∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)|≤Cl+n+3((l+n)!)κ(l+1)κ(n+1)κ(l+n+2)κ2κ≤Cl+n+1+1((l+n)!)κ(l+n+1)κ(l+n+2)κ(l+n+3)κC2κ=Cl+n+1+1((l+n+(α+1))!)κ1(l+n+4)κ(l+n+(α+1))κC2κ≤Cl+n+1+1((l+n+(α+1)⋅1)!)κC40κ. | (5.9) |
From (5.5), (5.6) and (5.9), it follows that
|∂t∂lx∂kyu|≤Cl+n+1+1((l+n+(α+1)⋅1)!)κL1,∀x,y∈R,t∈[0,δ]. |
We assume that (5.2) is correct for j≥m≥1 where l,n∈{0,1,2,…} and then we prove it for m=j+1 and l,n∈{0,1,2,…}.
We obtain
|∂j+1t∂lx∂kyu|≤|∂jt|Dx|α∂l+1x∂nyu|+|∂jt∂l−1x∂n+2yu|+|∂jt∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)|. |
These terms are estimated as follows
|∂jt|Dx|α∂l+1x∂nyu|≤Cj+l+(α+1)+n+1(l+n+((α+1)(j+1))!)κLj≤C(j+1)+l+n+1(l+n+((α+1)(j+1))!)κCαLj, | (5.10) |
and
|∂jt∂l−1x∂n+2yu|≤Cj+l−1+n+2+1((j+l−1+n+2)!)κLj≤C(j+1)+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)(j+1))!)κLj120κ. | (5.11) |
The nonlinear terms are treated as follows
∂jt∂lx∂ny(u∂xu)=l∑p=0n∑k=0(lp)(nk)(∂jt∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂p+1x∂kyu)+l∑p=0n∑k=0(lp)(nk)(∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂jt∂p+1x∂kyu)+j−1∑q=1l∑p=0n∑k=0(jq)(lp)(nk)(∂j−qt∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂qt∂p+1x∂kyu). | (5.12) |
Using (5.7) to estimate (5.12)1
|l∑p=0n∑k=0(lp)(nk)(∂jt∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂p+1x∂kyu)|≤13C(j+1)+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)(j+1))!)κC40κLj. | (5.13) |
We estimate (5.12)2 as
|l∑p=0n∑k=0(lp)(nk)(∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂jt∂p+1x∂kyu)|≤13C(j+1)+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)(j+1))!)κC40κLj. | (5.14) |
To estimate (5.12)3, we recall that for j≥q, l≥p and n≥k, we have the next inequality
(jq)(lp)(nk)≤(j+l+nq+p+k). |
Then
|j−1∑q=1l∑p=0n∑k=0(jq)(lp)(nk)(∂j−qt∂l−px∂n−kyu)(∂qt∂p+1x∂kyu)|≤j−1∑q=1l∑p=0n∑k=0(j+l+nq+p+k)Cj−q+l−p+n−k+1((l−p+n−k+(α+1)(j−q))!)κLj−qCq+p+1+k+1((p+1+k+(α+1)q)!)κLq≤13C(j+1)+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)(j+1))!)κC40κLj. | (5.15) |
Finally by using (5.13)-(5.15) we arrive at
|∂j+1t∂lx∂kyu|≤C(j+1)+l+n+1((l+n+(α+1)(j+1))!)κLj+1, |
for all (x,y)∈R2,t∈[0,δ].
The detailed proof of (5.12) for κ=1 is given in [6].
We have discussed the local well-posedness for a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation in an anisotropic Gevrey space. We proved the existence of solutions using the Banach contraction mapping principle. This was done by using the bilinear estimates in anisotropic Gevrey-Bourgain. We used this local result and a Gevrey approximate conservation law to prove that global solutions exist. These solutions are Gevrey class of order (α+1)κ in the time variable. The results of the present paper are new and significantly contribute to the existing literature on the topic.
The authors wish to thank deeply the anonymous referee for his/here useful remarks and his/here careful reading of the proofs presented in this paper.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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