Processing math: 100%
Research article

Pedal curves obtained from Frenet vector of a space curve and Smarandache curves belonging to these curves

  • Received: 02 May 2024 Revised: 05 June 2024 Accepted: 13 June 2024 Published: 20 June 2024
  • MSC : 53A04

  • In this study, first the pedal curves as the geometric locus of perpendicular projections to the Frenet vectors of a space curve were defined and the Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion of these pedal curves were calculated. Second, for each pedal curve, Smarandache curves were defined by taking the Frenet vectors as position vectors. Finally, the expressions of Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion related to the main curves were obtained for each Smarandache curve. Thus, new curves were added to the curve family.

    Citation: Süleyman Şenyurt, Filiz Ertem Kaya, Davut Canlı. Pedal curves obtained from Frenet vector of a space curve and Smarandache curves belonging to these curves[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(8): 20136-20162. doi: 10.3934/math.2024981

    Related Papers:

    [1] Yanlin Li, A. A. Abdel-Salam, M. Khalifa Saad . Primitivoids of curves in Minkowski plane. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 2386-2406. doi: 10.3934/math.2023123
    [2] Semra Kaya Nurkan, İlkay Arslan Güven . Construction of vectorial moments via direction curves. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(6): 12857-12871. doi: 10.3934/math.2023648
    [3] Esra Damar . Adjoint curves of special Smarandache curves with respect to Bishop frame. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(12): 35355-35376. doi: 10.3934/math.20241680
    [4] Ayşe Yavuz, Melek Erdoǧdu . Non-lightlike Bertrand W curves: A new approach by system of differential equations for position vector. AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(6): 5422-5438. doi: 10.3934/math.2020348
    [5] Huina Zhang, Yanping Zhao, Jianguo Sun . The geometrical properties of the Smarandache curves on 3-dimension pseudo-spheres generated by null curves. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(8): 21703-21730. doi: 10.3934/math.20241056
    [6] Sezai Kızıltuǧ, Tülay Erişir, Gökhan Mumcu, Yusuf Yaylı . $ C^* $-partner curves with modified adapted frame and their applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 1345-1359. doi: 10.3934/math.2023067
    [7] Muslum Aykut Akgun . Frenet curves in 3-dimensional $ \delta $-Lorentzian trans Sasakian manifolds. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(1): 199-211. doi: 10.3934/math.2022012
    [8] Beyhan YILMAZ . Some curve pairs according to types of Bishop frame. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(5): 4463-4473. doi: 10.3934/math.2021264
    [9] Ayman Elsharkawy, Ahmer Ali, Muhammad Hanif, Fatimah Alghamdi . Exploring quaternionic Bertrand curves: involutes and evolutes in $ \mathbb{E}^{4} $. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(3): 4598-4619. doi: 10.3934/math.2025213
    [10] Ayman Elsharkawy, Clemente Cesarano, Abdelrhman Tawfiq, Abdul Aziz Ismail . The non-linear Schrödinger equation associated with the soliton surfaces in Minkowski 3-space. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(10): 17879-17893. doi: 10.3934/math.2022985
  • In this study, first the pedal curves as the geometric locus of perpendicular projections to the Frenet vectors of a space curve were defined and the Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion of these pedal curves were calculated. Second, for each pedal curve, Smarandache curves were defined by taking the Frenet vectors as position vectors. Finally, the expressions of Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion related to the main curves were obtained for each Smarandache curve. Thus, new curves were added to the curve family.



    The existence of curves in nature is a natural phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientists. Researchers have formulated theories to understand the characteristics of these curves by careful examinations and valuable analysis. Therefore, the theory of curves has played a significant role in the field of differential geometry, making it an intriguing area of research.

    To gain further insights and theoretical knowledge, it is the best practice to establish an orthonormal system on a curve. By doing so, scientists can gather more information and delve deeper into the properties of the curve. For instance, if the torsion of a curve is found to be zero, it indicates that the curve is planar, which concludes that if the torsion is nonzero, it signifies that the curve is a space curve. Moreover, the behavior of a curve can also be determined by examining its harmonic curvature defined as the ratio of the curvature to torsion. If the harmonic curvature function is constant, then the curve is classified as a helix. A Salkowski curve, on the other hand, is special due to its constant curvature and nonconstant torsion [1].

    In addition, there exist other special paired curves possessing some mathematical relations between them. Examples of such pairs of curves include involute-evolute curves, Bertrand and Mannheim curves, as well as Successor curves and Smarandache curves. These curves have been extensively studied, contributing to a wealth of knowledge in this field [1,2,3,4,5].

    Another interesting aspect of curve analysis involves the geometric location of perpendicular projection points onto the tangent or normal vector of a curve from a point that does not lie on the curve. This location is defined as the pedal (or contra-pedal) curve (see Figure 1).

    Figure 1.  The construction steps of pedal and contra-pedal curves for cosine function.

    Extensive research has been conducted on these types of curves, and numerous sources provide valuable insights into their properties [6,7,8]. The study of such curves has been conducted using various frames in different spaces. Researchers have explored these curves using different approaches and continue to make significant contributions to this field of study [9,10,11,12,13].

    In this study, pedal curves belonging to the tangent, principal normal, and binormal vectors of a space curve are defined, and their Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion functions are calculated. Next, Smarandache curves are defined by taking Frenet elements of each pedal curve as the position vectors. Finally, the corresponding Frenet apparatus are obtained and expressed in terms of the main curve. Thus, new curves are added to to the literature for the theory of curves. Let us recall the basic notions that will be used through the paper. For given a differentiable curve α(t), the formulae of Frenet vector fields and curvature functions are defined as in the followings:

    T=αα,N=BT=(αα)αααα,B=αααα, (1.1)
    κ=ααα3,τ=det(α,α,α)αα2, (1.2)
    T=vκN,N=v(κT+τB),B=vτN, (1.3)

    where v=α, and "" stands for the vector product operator [8,14].

    Definition 1.1. Let Tα denote the tangent vector of a regular curve α in E2. The geometric locus of the perpendicular projection of points onto a tangent vector from a given point PE2 that is not on the curve is called the pedal curve of the curve α [15].

    Theorem 1.2. [15] The pedal curve of a regular curve α according to the point P in E2 is given by the following equality:

    αP(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),TαTα. (1.4)

    Definition 1.3. Let Nα be the normal vector of a regular curve α in E2. The geometric locus of perpendicular projection of points onto the normal vector from a given point PE2 that is not on the curve is called the contra-pedal curve of the curve α [15].

    Theorem 1.4. [15] The contra-pedal curve of a regular curve α according to the point P in E2 is given by the following equality:

    αP(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),NαNα. (1.5)

    Example 1.5. According to the origin O(0,0), the pedal and contra-pedal curves of an ellipse that is parameterized as α(t)=(2cos(t),sin(t)) in E2 is given by the following relations (see Figure 2).

    αP(t)=(2cost1+3sin2t,4sint1+3sin2t),αP(t)=(7costsin2t1+3sin2t,3sin3tcostsint1+3sin2t).
    Figure 2.  The pedal (a) and contra-pedal (b) curves (red) of the ellipse (blue) according to the origin O(0,0) where t[π,π].

    Definition 2.1. Let T be the tangent vector of a given regular curve α in E3. The geometric locus of the perpendicular projection of points onto a tangent vector from a point PE3 that is not on the curve is called the Tpedal curve of the curve α according to P.

    Theorem 2.2. The equation of the Tpedal curve of a given regular curve α is as follows:

    αT(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),T(t)T(t). (2.1)

    Proof. Let P be a perpendicular projection point onto the tangent vector from the point P that is not on the curve α. The perpendicular projection vector αP is calculated by the following formula:

    αP=αP,αα2α.

    On the other hand, let αT(t) be the geometric location of the point P. According to this, we obtain following equations:

    αP=αP+PPαP=αP,αα2α+PPP=α+Pα,αα2ααT(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),αααα.

    When the tangent vector from the relation (1.1) is taken into consideration, the proof of the theorem is completed.

    With some subsequent algebraic operations, if u(t)=Pα(t),T(t), then the relation (2.1) can be reduced to following:

    αT(t)=α(t)+u(t)T(t). (2.2)

    Specifically, if the point P is origin, then we have u(t)=α(t),T(t).

    Theorem 2.3. Let αT be the Tpedal curve of the given curve α with unit speed, and {T1,N1,B1} denotes the Frenet vectors of the Tpedal curve of α. Then, among the Frenet vectors, the following relations exist:

    T1=ω1(1+u)T+ω1uκN,N1=η1ω1uκ(κ(1+u)2+u2κ3+(1+u)(uκ)uuκ)T+η1ω1(1+u)(κ(1+u)2+u2κ3+(1+u)(uκ)uuκ)N+(η1ω1τ(uκ)3+η1ω1uκτ(1+u)2)B,B1=η1τ(uκ)2Tη1(1+u)uκτN+η1(κ(1+u)2+u2κ3+(1+u)(uκ)uuκ)B,

    where

    ω1=1(1+u)2+(uκ)2,η1=1τ2(uκ)4(1+u)2(uκτ)2+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))2.

    Proof. By taking the necessary derivatives of the equality (2.2), we have

    αT=(1+u)T+uκN,αT=(uuκ2)T+((1+u)κ+(uκ))N+uκτB,αT=(u(uκ2)(1+u)κ2κ(uκ))T+(uκuκ3uκτ2+((1+u)κ+(uκ)))N+((1+u)τκ+τ(uκ)+(uκτ))B. (2.3)

    Upon necessary algebraic operations that are performed, the following relations are obtained

    αTαT=τ(uκ)2T(1+u)uκτN+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))B,det(αT,αT,αT)=τ(uκ)2(u(uκ2)(1+u)κ2κ(uκ))uκτ(1+u)(uκuκ(κ2+τ2)+((1+u)κ+(uκ)))+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))((1+u)τκ+τ(uκ)+(uκτ)), (2.4)
    αT=(1+u)2+(uκ)2,αTαT=τ2(uκ)4(1+u)2(uκτ)2+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))2 (2.5)

    By substituting the given equalities above into the relations at (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 2.4. Let αT be the Tpedal curve of the unit speed curve α, and let κ1 and τ1 denote the curvature and torsion functions for αT, respectively. Then, the following relations exist among the curvatures:

    κ1=(τ2(uκ)4(1+u)2(uκτ)2+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))2)12((1+u)2+(uκ)2)32,τ1=τ(uκ)2(u(uκ2)(1+u)κ2κ(uκ))uκτ(1+u)(uκuκ(κ2+τ2)+((1+u)κ+(uκ)))+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))((1+u)τκ+τ(uκ)+(uκτ))τ2(uκ)4(1+u)2(uκτ)2+((1+u)2κ+(1+u)(uκ)uκ(uuκ2))2.

    Proof. By substituting the given relations (2.4) and (2.5) into (1.2), the curvatures can be found, completing the proof.

    Corollary 2.5. The following relations exist between the Frenet vectors of the Tpedal curve and their derivatives

    T1=μ1κ1N1,N1=μ1(κ1T1+τ1B1),B1=μ1τ1N1, (2.6)

    where μ1=αT.

    Definition 2.6. By taking the tangent and the principal normal vectors of the Tpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T1N1 Smarandache curve as follows:

    α1=T1+N12. (2.7)

    Theorem 2.7. Let Tα1, Nα1, and Bα1 be the Frenet vectors of the T1N1 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tα1=κ1T1+κ1N1+τ1B12κ21+τ21,Nα1=Bα1Tα1,Bα1=(κ1x3+τ1x2)T1+(κ1x3+τ1x1)N1(κ1x2+κ1x1)B1(κ1x3+τ1x2)2+(κ1x3+τ1x1)2+(κ1x2+κ1x1)2,

    where x1=μ21κ21(μ1κ1)2,x2=(μ1κ1)μ21(κ21+τ21)2,x3=μ21κ1τ1+(μ1τ1)2.

    Proof. The derivatives of the T1N1 curve up to the third degree are as given below.

    α1=μ1(κ1T1+κ1N1+τ1B1)2,α1=x1T1+x2N1+x3B1,α1=(x1μ1κ1x2)T1+(x2+μ1x1μ1x3)N1+(x3+μ1τ1x2)B1. (2.8)

    By taking the vectoral product and computing the determinants of first and second derivatives of the curve α given in equality (2.8), we get the equality (2.9) as below:

    α1α1=μ1(κ1x3+τ1x2)2T1+μ1(κ1x3+τ1x1)2N1μ1(κ1x2+κ1x1)2B1,det(α1,α1,α1)=μ12((κ1x3+τ1x1)(x2+μ1x1μ1x3)(κ1x3+τ1x2)(x1μ1κ1x2)(κ1x2+κ1x1)(x3+μ1τ1x2)). (2.9)

    Moreover, by taking the norm of the first derivative of the curve α and the vectoral product of the first and second derivatives of α, we obtain the equality (2.10) as

    α1=μ122κ21+τ21,α1α1=μ12(κ1x3+τ1x2)2+(κ1x3+τ1x1)2+(κ1x2+κ1x1)2. (2.10)

    Finally, substituting the relations (2.8), (2.9), and (2.10) into (1.1) completes the proof.

    Theorem 2.8. Let κα1 and τα1 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T1N1 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κα1=2(κ1x3+τ1x2)2+(κ1x3+τ1x1)2+(κ1x2+κ1x1)2μ21(2κ21+τ21)2κ21+τ21,τα1=2(κ1x3+τ1x1)(x2+μ1x1μ1x3)2(κ1x3+τ1x2)(x1μ1κ1x2)2(κ1x2+κ1x1)(x3+μ1τ1x2)μ1(κ1x3+τ1x2)2+μ1(κ1x3+τ1x1)2+μ1(κ1x2+κ1x1)2.

    Proof. By using (2.9) and (2.10) to substitute into (1.2), the proof is completed.

    Definition 2.9. By taking the tangent and the binormal vectors of the Tpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T1B1 Smarandache curve as follows:

    α2=T1+B12. (2.11)

    Theorem 2.10. Let Tα2, Nα2, and Bα2 be the Frenet vectors of the T1B1 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tα2=N1,Nα2=κ1T1+τ1B1κ21+τ21,Bα2=τ1T1+κ1B1κ21+τ21.

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (2.11), we first have

    α2=μ1(κ1τ1)N12,α2=κ1μ21(κ1τ1)T1+(μ1κ1μ1τ1)N1+τ1μ21(κ1τ1)B12,α2=((κ1μ21(κ1τ1))κ1μ1(μ1κ1μ1τ1))T1+((μ1κ1μ1τ1)μ31(κ1τ1)(κ21+τ21))N1+((τ1μ21(κ1τ1))+τ1μ1(μ1κ1μ1τ1))B12. (2.12)

    Further, by taking norms and having required vector products, we have

    α2α2=μ31(κ1τ1)2(τ1T1+κ1B1)2,det(α2,α2,α2)=μ51(κ1τ1)3(κ1τ1κ1τ1)22, (2.13)

    and

    α2=μ1(κ1τ1)2,α2α2=μ31(κ1τ1)2κ21+τ212. (2.14)

    If we substitute relations (2.12), (2.13), and (2.14) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 2.11. Let κα2 and τα2 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T1B1 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κα2=2κ21+2τ21(κ1τ1),τα2=2(κ1τ1κ1τ1)μ1(κ1τ1)(κ21+τ21).

    Proof. The proof is obvious by the substitution of (2.13) and (2.14) into (1.2).

    Definition 2.12. By taking the principal normal and the binormal vectors of the Tpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the N1B1 Smarandache curve as follows:

    α3=N1+B12. (2.15)

    Theorem 2.13. Let Tα3, Nα3, and Bα3 be the Frenet vectors of the N1B1 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tα3=κ1T1τ1N1+τ1B1κ21+2τ21,Nα3=Bα3Tα3,Bα3=(τ1y3+τ1y2)T1+(κ1y3+τ1y1)N1+(τ1y1κ1y2)B1(τ1y3+τ1y2)2+(κ1y3+τ1y1)2+(τ1y1κ1y2)2,

    where y1=μ21τ1κ1(μ1κ1)2,y2=μ21(κ21+τ21)+(μ1τ1)2,y3=(μ1τ1)μ21τ212

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (2.15), we have

    α3=μ1(κ1T1τ1N1+τ1B1)2,α3=y1T1+y2N1+y3B1,α3=(y1μ1y2κ1)T1+(y2+μ1y1κ1μ1y3τ1)N1+(y3+μ1y2τ1)B1. (2.16)

    Moreover, we calculate the required vector products and the norms as

    α3α3=μ12(((τ1y3+τ1y2)T1+(κ1y3+τ1y1)N1+(τ1y1κ1y2)B1)),det(α3,α3,α3)=μ12((τ1y1κ1y2)(y3+μ1y2τ1)(τ1y3+τ1y2)(y1μ1y2κ1)+(y1μ1y2κ1)(y2+μ1y1κ1μ1y3τ1)) (2.17)

    and

    α3=μ12κ21+2τ21,α3α3=μ12(τ1y3+τ1y2)2+(κ1y3+τ1y1)2+(τ1y1κ1y2)2. (2.18)

    When substituting relations (2.16), (2.17), and (2.18) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 2.14. Let κα3 and τα3 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T1B1 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κα3=2(τ1y3+τ1y2)2+(κ1y3+τ1y1)2+(τ1y1κ1y2)2μ21(κ21+2τ21)κ21+2τ21,
    τα3=2((τ1y1κ1y2)(y3+μ1y2τ1)(τ1y3+τ1y2)(y1μ1y2κ1)+(y1μ1y2κ1)(y2+μ1y1κ1μ1y3τ1))μ1((τ1y3+τ1y2)2+(κ1y3+τ1y1)2+(τ1y1κ1y2)2).

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (2.17) and (2.18) into (1.2).

    Definition 2.15. By taking the tangent and principal normal and binormal vectors of the Tpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T1N1B1 Smarandache curve as follows:

    α4=T1+N1+B13. (2.19)

    Theorem 2.16. Let Tα4, Nα4, and Bα4 be the Frenet vectors of the T1N1B1 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tα4=κ1T1+(κ1τ1)N1+τ1B12κ212κ1τ1+2τ21,Nα4=Bα4Tα4,Bα4=(z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)T1+(τ1z1+κ1z3)N1(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)B1(z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)2+(τ1z1+κ1z3)2+(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)2,

    where

    z1=(μ1κ1)+μ21κ1(κ1τ1)3,z2=(μ1κ1μ1τ1)μ21(κ21+τ21)3,z3=(μ1τ1)+μ21τ1(κ1τ1)3

    Proof. The derivatives of (2.19) are

    α4=μ1(κ1T1+(κ1τ1)N1+τ1B1)3,α4=z1T1+z2N1+z3B1,α4=(z1z2μ1κ1)T1+(z2+z1μ1κ1z3μ1τ1)N1+(z3+z2μ1τ1)B1. (2.20)

    In addition, the required vector products and the norms are calculated as

    α4α4=μ13((z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)T1+(τ1z1+κ1z3)N1(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)B1),det(α4,α4,α4)=μ13((z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)(z1z2μ1κ1)+(τ1z1+κ1z3)(z2+z1μ1κ1z3μ1τ1)(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)(z3+z2μ1τ1)), (2.21)

    and

    α4=6μ13κ21κ1τ1+τ21,α4α4=μ13(z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)2+(τ1z1+κ1z3)2+(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)2 (2.22)

    By substituting relations (2.20), (2.21), and (2.22) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 2.17. Let κα4 and τα4 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T1N1B1 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κα4=324(z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)2+(τ1z1+κ1z3)2+(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)2μ21(κ21κ1τ1+τ21)κ21κ1τ1+τ21,τα4=3((z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)(z1z2μ1κ1)+(τ1z1+κ1z3)(z2+z1μ1κ1z3μ1τ1)(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)(z3+z2μτ1))μ1((z3κ1z3τ1τ1z2)2+(τ1z1+κ1z3)2+(κ1z1τ1z1+κ1z2)2)

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (2.21) and (2.22) into (1.2).

    Example 2.18. Let us consider the space curve γ:[π,π]E3 parameterized as γ(t)=(cosh(s),sinh(s),s). Frenet vectors and the pedal curves according to the origin O=(0,0,0) that correspond to each vector are given as follows:

    T=12(sinh(s)cosh(s),1,1cosh(s)),N=(1cosh(s),0,sinh(s)cosh(s)),B=12(sinh(s)cosh(s),1,1cosh(s)),
    TPedalαT=(2cosh(s)sinh(s)s1+cosh(2s),s2cosh(s),scosh(2s)sinh(2s)1+cosh(2s)),NPedalαN=(cosh(3s)cosh(s)+4sinh(s)s2(1+cosh(2s)),sinh(s),2s+sinh(2s)1+cosh(2s)),BPedalαB=(cosh(3s)+3cosh(s)2sinh(s)s2(1+cosh(2s)),sinh(2s)+s2cosh(s),scosh(2s)1+cosh(2s)).

    In Figure 3, four of the Smarandache curves of the Tpedal curve according to the origin O(0,0,0) are illustrated.

    Figure 3.  Smarandache curves (black) of the Tpedal curve (red) of the curve γ(t) (blue) according to the origin O(0,0,0) where t[π,π].

    Definition 3.1. Let N be the principal normal vector of a given regular curve α in E3. The geometric locus of the perpendicular projection of points onto the normal vector from a point PE3 that is not on the curve is called the Npedal curve of the curve α according to P.

    Theorem 3.2. The equation of the Npedal curve of a given regular curve α is as follows:

    αN(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),N(t)N(t). (3.1)

    Proof. Let P be a perpendicular projection point onto the principal normal vector from the point P that is not on the curve α. The perpendicular projection vector αP is calculated by the following formula:

    αP=αP,(αα)ααα2α2(αα)α.

    Next, let αN(t) be the geometric location of the point P. According to this, we have following relations:

    αP=αP+PPαP=αP,(αα)ααα2α2(αα)α+PPP=α+αP,(αα)ααα2α2(αα)ααB=α+αP,(αα)αααα(αα)αααα.

    When the principal normal vector from the relation (1.1) is taken into consideration, the proof of the theorem is completed.

    Moreover, if χ(t)=Pα(t),N(t), then the relation (3.1) can be written by following:

    αN(t)=α(t)+χ(t)N(t), (3.2)

    and if the point P is specifically taken as origin, then we have χ(t)=α(t),N(t).

    Theorem 3.3. Let αN be the Npedal curve of the given curve α with unit speed, and {T2,N2,B2} denotes the Frenet vectors of the Npedal curve of α. Then, among the Frenet vectors, the following relations exist:

    T2=ω2(1κχ)T+ω2χN+ω2τχB,N2=B2T2,B2=η2(χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))Tη2((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))N+η2((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))B,

    where

    ω2=1(1κχ)2+χ2+(τχ)2,η2=1((χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))2+((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))2+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))2)12

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (3.2), we first have

    αN=(1κχ)T+χN+τχB,αN=((κχ)+κχ)T+(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)N+((τχ)+τχ)B,αN=((κχ)+(κχ)+κ2χκ(κ2+τ2)+κχ)T+((κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)κ(κχ)τ(τχ)χ(κ2+τ2))N+(κτχτ(κ2+τ2)+τχ+(τχ)+(τχ))B. (3.3)

    Further, other necessary relations are obtained as

    αNαN=(χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))T((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))N+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))B,det(αN,αN,αN)=(χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))((κχ)+(κχ)+κ2+κχχκ(κ2+τ2))((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))((κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)κ(κχ)τ(τχ)χ(κ2+τ2))+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))(κτχτ(κ2+τ2)+τχ+(τχ)+(τχ)), (3.4)

    and

    αN=(1κχ)2+χ2+(τχ)2,αNαN=((χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))2+((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))2+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))2)12 (3.5)

    By substituting equalities (3.3), (3.4), and (3.5) into the relations at (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 3.4. Let αN, be the Npedal curve of the unit speed curve α, and let κ2 and τ2 denote the curvature and torsion functions for αN, respectively. Then, the following relations exist among the curvatures:

    κ2=((χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))2+((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))2+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))2)12((1κχ)2+χ2+(τχ)2)(1κχ)2+χ2+(τχ)2,
    τ2=(χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))((κχ)+(κχ)+κ2+κχχκ(κ2+τ2))((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))((κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)κ(κχ)τ(τχ)χ(κ2+τ2))+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))(κτχτ(κ2+τ2)+τχ+(τχ)+(τχ))(χ((τχ)+τχ)τχ(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ))2+((1κχ)((τχ)+τχ)+τχ((κχ)+κχ))2+((1κχ)(κχ(κ2+τ2)+χ)+χ((κχ)+κχ))2

    Proof. By substituting (3.4) and (3.5) into (1.2), the proof is completed.

    Corollary 3.5. The following relations exist between the Frenet vectors of the Npedal curve and their derivatives

    T2=μ2κ2N2,N2=μ2(κ2T2+τ2B2),B3=μ2τ2N2, (3.6)

    where μ2=αN.

    Definition 3.6. By taking the tangent and the principal normal vectors of the Npedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T2N2 Smarandache curve as follows:

    β1=T2+N22. (3.7)

    Theorem 3.7. Let Tβ1, Nβ1, and Bβ1 be the Frenet vectors of the T2N2 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tβ1=κ2T2+κ2N2+τ2B22κ22+τ22,Nβ1=Bβ1Tβ1,Bβ1=(κ2x6+τ2x5)T2+(κ2x6+τ2x4)N2(κ2x5+κ2x4)B2(κ2x6+τ2x5)2+(κ2x6+τ2x4)2+(κ2x5+κ2x4)2,

    where x4=(μ2κ2)+μ22κ222,x5=(μ2κ2)μ22(κ22+τ22)2,x6=(μ2τ2)+μ22κ2τ22

    Proof. The derivatives of (3.7) up to the third degree are as given below

    β1=μ2(κ2T2+κ2N2+τ2B2)2,β1=x4T2+x5N2+x6B2,β1=(x4μ2κ2x2)T2+(x5+μ2x4μ2x6)N2+(x6+μ2τ2x5)B2. (3.8)

    By doing the necessary algebra and by taking the required norms, we have

    β1β1=μ2(κ2x6+τ2x5)2T2+μ2(κ2x6+τ2x4)2N2μ2(κ2x5+κ2x4)2B2,det(β1,β1,β1)=μ22((κ2x6+τ3x4)(x5+μ2x4μ2x6)(κ2x6+τ2x5)(x4μ2κ2x5)(κ2x5+κ2x4)(x6+μ2τ2x5)), (3.9)

    and

    β1=μ222κ22+τ22,β1β1=μ22(κ2x6+τ2x5)2+(κ2x6+τ2x4)2+(κ2x5+κ2x4)2 (3.10)

    Substituting the relations (3.8), (3.9), and (3.10) into (1.1) completes the proof.

    Theorem 3.8. Let κβ1 and τβ1 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T2N2 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κβ1=2(κ2x6+τ2x5)2+(κ2x6+τ2x4)2+(κ2x5+κ2x4)2μ22(2κ22+τ22)2κ22+τ22,τβ1=2((κ2x6+τ3x4)(x5+μ2x4μ2x6)(κ2x6+τ2x5)(x4μ2κ2x5)(κ2x5+κ2x4)(x6+μ2τ2x5))μ2((κ2x6+τ2x5)2+(κ2x6+τ2x4)2+(κ2x5+κ2x4)2)

    Proof. By using (3.9) and (3.10) to substitute into (1.2), the proof is completed.

    Definition 3.9. By taking the tangent and the binormal vectors of the Npedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T2B2 Smarandache curve as follows:

    β2=T2+B22. (3.11)

    Theorem 3.10. Let Tβ2, Nβ2, and Bβ2 be the Frenet vectors of the T2B2 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tβ2=N2,Nβ2=κ2T2+τ2B2κ22+τ22,Bβ2=τ2T2+κ2B2κ22+τ22

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (3.11), we have

    β2=μ2(κ2τ2)N22,β2=μ22(κ2τ2)(κ2T2+τ2B2)2,β2=(μ22κ22μ22κ2τ2)T2+(μ22κ2τ2μ22τ22)B2+μ32(κ32+τ32+κ22τ2τ22κ2)N22. (3.12)

    Further, by taking norms and having required vector products, we have

    β2β2=μ32(κ2τ2)2(τ2T2+κ2B2)2,det(β2,β2,β2)=μ52(κ2τ2)3(κ2τ2τ2κ2)22, (3.13)

    and

    β2=μ2(κ2τ2)2,β2β2=μ32(κ2τ2)2κ22+τ222. (3.14)

    If we substitute relations (3.12), (3.13), and (3.14) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 3.11. Let κβ2 and τβ2 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T2B2 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κβ2=2κ22+2τ22(κ2τ2),τβ2=2(κ2τ2τ2κ2)μ2(κ2τ2)(κ22+τ22).

    Proof. The proof is clear by the substitution of (3.13) and (3.14) into (1.2).

    Definition 3.12. By taking the principal normal and the binormal vectors of the Npedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the N2B2 Smarandache curve as follows:

    β3=N2+B22. (3.15)

    Theorem 3.13. Let Tβ3, Nβ3, and Bβ3 be the Frenet vectors of the N2B2 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tβ3=κ2T2τ2N2+τ2B2κ22+2τ22,Nβ3=Bβ3Tβ3,Bβ3=(τ2y6+τ2y5)T2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)N2+(τ2y4κ2y5)B2(τ2y6+τ2y5)2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)2+(τ2y4κ2y5)2,

    where y4=μ22τ2κ2(μ2κ2)2,y5=μ22(κ22+τ22)+(μ2τ2)2,y6=(μ2τ2)μ22τ222

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (3.15), we have

    β3=μ2(κ2T2τ2N2+τ2B2)2,β3=y4T2+y5N2+y6B2,β3=(y4μ2y4κ2)T2+(y5+μ2y4κ2μ2y6τ2)N2+(y6+μ2y5τ2)B2. (3.16)

    Moreover, we calculate the required vector products and the norms as

    β3β3=μ22(((τ2y6+τ2y5)T2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)N2+(τ2y4κ2y5)B2)),det(β3,β3,β3)=μ22((τ2y4κ2y5)(y6+μ2y5τ2)(τ2y6+τ2y5)(y4μ2y5κ2)+(y4μ2y5κ2)(y5+μ2y4κ2μ2y6τ2)), (3.17)

    and

    β3=μ22κ22+2τ22,β3β3=μ22(τ2y6+τ2y5)2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)2+(τ2y4κ2y5)2. (3.18)

    When substituting relations (3.16), (3.17), and (3.18) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 3.14. Let κβ3 and τβ3 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T2B2 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κβ3=2(τ2y6+τ2y5)2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)2+(τ2y4κ2y5)2μ22(κ22+2τ22)κ22+2τ22,τβ3=2((τ2y4κ2y5)(y6+μ2y5τ2)(τ2y6+τ2y5)(y4μ2y5κ2)+(y4μ2y5κ2)(y5+μ2y4κ2μ2y6τ2))μ2((τ2y6+τ2y5)2+(κ2y6+τ2y4)2+(τ2y4κ2y5)2)

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (3.17) and (3.18) into (1.2).

    Definition 3.15. By taking the tangent and principal normal and binormal vectors of the Npedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T2N2B2 Smarandache curve as follows:

    β4=T2+N2+B23. (3.19)

    Theorem 3.16. Let Tβ4, Nβ4 and Bβ4 be the Frenet vectors of the T2N2B2 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tβ4=κ2T2+(κ2τ2)N2+τ2B22κ222κ2τ2+2τ22,Nβ4=Bβ4Tβ4,Bβ4=(z6κ2z6τ2τ2z5)T2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)N2(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)B2(z6κ2z6τ2τ2z5)2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)2+(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)2,

    where

    z4=(μ2κ2)+μ22κ2(κ2τ2)3,z5=(μ2κ2μ2τ2)μ22(κ22+τ22)3,z6=(μ2τ2)+μ22τ2(κ2τ2)3

    Proof. The derivatives of (3.19) are

    β4=μ2(κ2T2+(κ2τ2)N2+τ2B2)3,β4=z4T2+z5N2+z6B2,β4=(z4z5μ2κ2)T2+(z5+z4μ2κ2z6μ2τ2)N2+(z6+z5μ2τ2)B2. (3.20)

    In addition, the required vector products and the norms are calculated as

    β4β4=μ23((z6κ2z6τ2z5τ2)T2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)N2(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)B2),det(β4,β4,β4)=μ23((κ2z6τ2z6τ2z5)(z4z5μ2κ2)+(τ2z4+κ2z6)(z5+z4μ2κ2z6μ2τ2)(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)(z6+z5μ2τ2)), (3.21)

    and

    β4=2μ23κ22κ2τ2+τ22,β4β4=μ23(z6κ2z6τ2z5τ2)2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)2+(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)2. (3.22)

    By substituting relations (3.20), (3.21), and (3.22) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 3.17. Let κβ4 and τβ4 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T2N2B2 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κβ4=(z6κ2z6τ2z5τ2)2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)2+(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)22μ2(κ22κ2τ2+τ22)κ22κ2τ2+τ22,τβ4=3((κ2z6τ2z6τ2z5)(z4z5μ2κ2)+(τ2z4+κ2z6)(z5+z4μ2κ2z6μ2τ2)(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)(z6+z5μ2τ2))μ2((z6κ2z6τ2z5τ2)2+(τ2z4+κ2z6)2+(κ2z4τ2z4+κ2z5)2)

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (3.21) and (3.22) into (1.2).

    By recalling Example 2.18, Smarandache curves of the Npedal curve according to the origin O(0,0,0) are illustrated in Figure 4.

    Figure 4.  Smarandache curves (black) of the Npedal curve (red) of the curve γ(t) (blue) according to the origin O(0,0,0) where t[π,π].

    Definition 4.1. Let B be the binormal vector of a given regular curve α in E3. The geometric locus of the perpendicular projection of points onto a binormal vector from a point PE3 that is not on the curve is called the Bpedal curve of the curve α according to P.

    Theorem 4.2. The equation of the Bpedal curve of a given regular curve α is as follows:

    αB(t)=α(t)+Pα(t),B(t)B(t). (4.1)

    Proof. Let P be a perpendicular projection point onto the principal normal vector from the point P that is not on the curve α. The perpendicular projection vector αP is calculated by the following formula:

    αP=αP,αααα2αα.

    Next, let αB(t) be the geometric location of the point P. According to this, we have following relations:

    αP=αP+PPαP=αP,αααα2αα+PPP=α+αP,αααα2αααB=α+αP,αααααααα

    When the principal normal vector from the relation (1.1) is taken into consideration, the proof of the theorem is completed.

    Further, if ξ(t)=Pα(t),B(t), then the relation (4.1) can be written by following:

    αB(t)=α(t)+ξ(t)B(t), (4.2)

    and if the point P is specifically taken as origin, then we have ξ(t)=α(t),B(t).

    Theorem 4.3. Let αB be the Bpedal curve of the given curve α with unit speed, and {T3,N3,B3} denotes the Frenet vectors of the Bpedal curve of α. Then, among the Frenet vectors, the following relations exist:

    T3=ω3Tω3τN+ω3ξB,N3=B3T3,B3=η3(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)T+η3(κτξξ+τ2)N+η3(κτξτ+κτ2)B,

    where

    ω3=11+τ2+ξ2,η3=1(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)2+(κτξξ+τ2)2+(κτξτ+κτ2)2

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (4.2), we first have

    αB=TτN+ξB,αB=κτT+(κτξτ)N+(ξτ2)B,αB=((κτ)κ(κτξτ))T+(κ2ττ3+τξ+(κτξτ))N+((ξτ2)+κτττξτ2)B. (4.3)

    Further, other necessary relations are obtained as

    αBαB=(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)T+(κτξξ+τ2)N+(κτξτ+κτ2)B,det(αB,αB,αB)=(κτξτ+κτ2)((ξτ2)+κτττξτ2)+(κτξξ+τ2)(κ2ττ3+τξ+(κτξτ))(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)((κτ)κ2+τκ+ξτκ), (4.4)

    and

    αB=1+τ2+ξ2,αBαB=(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)2+(κτξξ+τ2)2+(κτξτ+κτ2)2 (4.5)

    By substituting the Eqs (4.3), (4.4), and (4.5) into the relations at (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 4.4. Let αB be the Bpedal curve of the unit speed curve α, and let κ3 and τ3 denote the curvature and the torsion functions for αB, respectively. Then, the following relations exist among the curvatures

    κ3=(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)2+(κτξξ+τ2)2+(κτξτ+κτ2)2(1+τ2+ξ2)1+τ2+ξ2,
    τ3=(κτξτ+κτ2)((ξτ2)+κτττξτ2)+(κτξξ+τ2)(κ2ττ3+τξ+(κτξτ))(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)((κτ)κ2+τκ+ξτκ)(τξτ3+ξκξτξ2τ)2+(κτξξ+τ2)2+(κτξτ+κτ2)2

    Proof. By substituting (4.4) and (4.5) into (1.2), the proof is completed.

    Corollary 4.5. The following relations exist between the Frenet vectors of the Bpedal curve and their derivatives:

    T3=μ3κ3N3,N3=μ3(κ3T3+τ3B3),B3=μ3τ3N3, (4.6)

    where μ3=αB.

    Definition 4.6. By taking the tangent and the principal normal vectors of the Bpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T3N3 Smarandache curve as follows:

    δ1=T3+N32. (4.7)

    Theorem 4.7. Let Tδ1, Nδ1, and Bδ1 be the Frenet vectors of the T3N3 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tδ1=κ3T3+κ3N3+τ3B32κ23+τ23,Nδ1=Bδ1Tδ1,Bδ1=(κ3x9+τ3x8)T3+(κ3x9+τ3x7)N3(κ3x8+κ3x7)B3(κ3x9+τ3x8)2+(κ3x9+τ3x7)2+(κ3x8+κ3x7)2,

    where x7=(μ3κ3)+μ23κ232,x8=(μ3κ3)μ23(κ23+τ23)2,x9=(μ3τ3)+μ23κ3τ32

    Proof. The derivatives of (4.7) up to the third degree are as given below.

    δ1=μ3(κ3T3+κ3N3+τ3B3)2,δ1=x7T3+x8N3+x9B3,δ1=(x7μ3κ3x8)T3+(x8+μ3x7μ3x9)N3+(x9+μ3τ3x8)B3. (4.8)

    By doing the necessary algebra and by taking the required norms, we have

    δ1δ1=12(μ3(κ3x9+τ3x8)T3μ3(κ3x9+τ3x7)N3+μ3(κ3x8+κ3x7)B3),det(δ1,δ1,δ1)=μ32((κ3x9+τ3x7)(x8+μ3x7μ3x9)(κ3x9+τ3x8)(x7μ3κ3x8)(κ3x8+κ3x7)(x9+μ3τ3x8)), (4.9)

    and

    δ1=μ322κ23+τ23,δ1δ1=μ32(κ3x6+τ3x5)2+(κ3x6+τ3x4)2+(κ3x5+κ3x4)2 (4.10)

    Substituting the relations (4.8), (4.9), and (4.10) into (1.1) completes the proof.

    Theorem 4.8. Let κδ1 and τδ1 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T3N3 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κδ1=2(κ3x9+τ3x8)2+(κ3x9+τ3x7)2+(κ3x8+κ3x7)2μ23(2κ23+τ23)2κ23+τ23,τδ1=2((κ3x9+τ3x7)(x8+μ3x7μ3x9)(κ3x9+τ3x8)(x7μ3κ3x8)(κ3x8+κ3x7)(x9+μ3τ3x8))μ3(κ3x9+τ3x8)2+μ3(κ3x9+τ3x7)2+μ3(κ3x8+κ3x7)2

    Proof. By using (4.9) and (4.10) to substitute into (1.2), the proof is completed.

    Definition 4.9. By taking the tangent and the binormal vectors of the Bpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T3B3 Smarandache curve as follows:

    δ2=T3+B32. (4.11)

    Theorem 4.10. Let Tδ2, Nδ2, and Bδ2 be the Frenet vectors of the T3B3 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tδ2=N3,Nδ2=κ3T3+τ3B3κ23+τ23,Bδ2=τ3T3+κ3B3κ23+τ23

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (4.11), we have

    δ2=μ3(κ3τ3)N32,δ2=μ23(κ3τ3)(κ3T3+τ3B3)2,δ2=(μ23κ23μ23κ3τ3)T3+(μ33κ33+μ33τ33+μ33κ23τ3μ33τ23κ3)N3+(μ23κ3τ3μ23τ23)B32 (4.12)

    Further, by taking norms and having required vector products, we have

    δ2δ2=μ33(κ3τ3)2(τ3T3+κ3B3)2,det(δ2,δ2,δ2)=μ53(κ3τ3)3(κ3τ3τ3κ3)22, (4.13)

    and

    δ2=μ3(κ3τ3)2,δ2δ2=μ33(κ3τ3)2κ23+τ232 (4.14)

    If we substitute relations (4.12), (4.13), and (4.14) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 4.11. Let κδ2 and τδ2 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T3B3 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κδ2=2κ23+2τ23(κ3τ3),τδ2=2(κ3τ3τ3κ3)μ3(κ3τ3)(κ23+τ23)

    Proof. The proof is clear by the substitution of (4.13) and (4.14) into (1.2).

    Definition 4.12. By taking the principal normal and the binormal vectors of the Bpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the N3B3 Smarandache curve as follows:

    δ3=N3+B32. (4.15)

    Theorem 4.13. Let Tδ3, Nδ3, and Bδ3 be the Frenet vectors of the N3B3 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tδ3=κ3T3τ3N3+τ3B3κ23+2τ23,Nδ3=Bδ3Tδ3,Bδ3=(τ3y9+τ3y8)T3+(κ3y9+τ3y7)N3+(τ3y7κ3y8)B3(τ3y9+τ3y8)2+(κ3y9+τ3y7)2+(τ3y7κ3y8)2,

    where y7=μ23τ3κ3(μ3κ3)2,y8=μ23(κ23+τ23)+(μ3τ3)2,y9=(μ3τ3)μ23τ232

    Proof. By taking the derivatives of (4.15), we have

    δ3=μ3(κ3T3τ3N3+τ3B3)2,δ3=y7T3+y8N3+y9B3,δ3=(y7μ3y8κ3)T3+(y8+μ3y7κ3μ3y9τ3)N3+(y9+μ3y8τ3)B3. (4.16)

    Moreover, we calculate the required vector products and the norms as

    δ3δ3=μ32(((τ3y9+τ3y8)T3+(κ3y9+τ3y7)N3+(τ3y7κ3y2)B3)),det(δ3,δ3,δ3)=μ32((τ3y7κ3y8)(y9+μ3y8τ3)(τ3y9+τ3y8)(y7μ3y8κ3)+(y7μ3y8κ3)(y8+μ3y7κ3μ3y9τ3)), (4.17)

    and

    δ3=μ32κ23+2τ23,δ3δ3=μ32(τ3y9+τ3y8)2+(κ3y9+τ3y7)2+(τ3y7κ3y8)2 (4.18)

    When substituting relations (4.16), (4.17), and (4.18) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 4.14. Let κδ3 and τδ3 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T3B3 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κδ3=2(τ3y9+τ3y8)2+(κ3y9+τ3y7)2+(τ3y7κ3y8)2μ23(κ23+2τ23)κ23+2τ21,τδ3=2((τ3y7κ3y8)(y9+μ3y8τ3)(τ3y9+τ3y8)(y7μ3y8κ3)+(y7μ3y8κ3)(y8+μ3y7κ3μ3y9τ3))μ3((τ3y9+τ3y8)2+(κ3y9+τ3y7)2+(τ3y7κ3y8)2)

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (4.17) and (4.18) into (1.2).

    Definition 4.15. By taking the tangent and principal normal and binormal vectors of the Bpedal curve as position vectors, we define a regular curve called the T3N3B3 Smarandache curve as follows:

    δ4=T3+N3+B33. (4.19)

    Theorem 4.16. Let Tδ4, Nδ4, and Bδ4 be the Frenet vectors of the T3N3B3 Smarandache curve. The relations among Frenet vectors are given as follows:

    Tδ4=κ3T3+(κ3τ3)N3+τ3B32κ232κ3τ3+2τ23,Nδ4=Bδ4Tδ4,Bδ4=(z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)T3+(τ3z7+κ3z9)N3(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)B3(z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)2+(τ3z7+κ3z9)2+(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)2,

    where

    z7=(μ3κ3)+μ23κ3(κ3τ3)3,z8=(μ3κ3μ3τ3)μ23(κ23+τ23)3,z9=(μ3τ1)+μ23τ3(κ3τ3)3

    Proof. The derivatives of (4.19) are

    δ4=μ3(κ3T3+(κ3τ3)N3+τ3B3)3,δ4=z7T3+z8N3+z9B3,δ4=(z7z8μ3κ3)T3+(z8+z7μ3κ3z9μ3τ3)N3+(z9+z8μ3τ3)B3. (4.20)

    In addition, the required vector products and the norms are calculated as

    δ4δ4=μ33((z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)T3+(τ3z7+κ3z9)N3(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)B3),det(δ4,δ4,δ4)=μ33((z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)(z7z8μ3κ3)+(τ3z7+κ3z9)(z8+z7μ3κ3z9μ3τ3)(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)(z9+z8μ3τ3)), (4.21)

    and

    δ4=2μ33κ23κ3τ3+τ23,δ4δ4=μ33(z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)2+(τ3z7+κ3z9)2+(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)2 (4.22)

    By substituting relations (4.20), (4.21), and (4.22) into (1.1), the proof is completed.

    Theorem 4.17. Let κδ4 and τδ4 denote the curvature and the torsion of the T3N3B3 Smarandache curve, respectively. The following relations exist among the curvatures as

    κδ4=(z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)2+(τ3z7+κ3z9)2+(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)22μ3(κ23κ3τ3+τ23)κ23κ3τ3+τ23,τδ4=3((z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)(z7z8μ3κ3)+(τ3z7+κ3z9)(z8+z7μ3κ3z9μ3τ3)(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)(z9+z8μ3τ3))μ3((z9κ3z9τ3τ3z8)2+(τ3z7+κ3z9)2+(κ3z7τ3z7+κ3z8)2)

    Proof. The proof is done upon substituting the above relations (4.21) and (4.22) into (1.2).

    By recalling Example 2.18, Smarandache curves of the Bpedal curve according to the origin O(0,0,0) are illustrated in Figure 5.

    Figure 5.  Smarandache curves (black) of the Bpedal curve (red) of the curve γ(t) (blue) according to the origin O(0,0,0) where t[π,π].

    In this study, first we obtain the pedal curves drawn by the geometric locus of the perpendicular projection of points onto a tangent, principal normal, and binormal vectors of a space curve from the origin, and their Frenet vectors, curvature, and torsion functions are calculated. After these calculations, three of the pedal curves (T-pedal, N-pedal, B-pedal curves) are obtained. Second, we get the Smarandache curves defined by taking Frenet elements of each pedal curve as the position vectors. So, we obtain twelve new curves. Therefore, a set of new curves is contributed to the literature of the theory of curves. By taking a different point from the origin, numerous sequences of different new curves can be found to add more curves to the area.

    Süleyman Şenyurt: Methodology, Writing–Original draft preparation, Supervision, Formal analysis, Resources; Filiz Ertem Kaya: Investigation, Conceptualization, Validation, Writing, Reviewing, Editing; Davut Canlı: Investigation, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

    The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest in this paper.



    [1] S. G. Mazlum, S. Şenyurt, M. Bektaş, Salkowski curves and their modified orthogonal frames in E3, J. New Theory, 40 (2022), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.53570/jnt.1140546 doi: 10.53570/jnt.1140546
    [2] S. Şenyurt, D. Canlı, K. H. Ayvacı, Associated curves from a different point of view in E3, Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Ser. A1 Math. Stat., 71 (2022), 826–845. https://doi.org/10.31801/cfsuasmas.1026359 doi: 10.31801/cfsuasmas.1026359
    [3] A. T. Ali, Special Smarandache curves in the Euclidean space, International J.Math. Combin., 2 (2010), 30–36.
    [4] M. Turgut, S. Yılmaz, Smarandache curves in Minkowski space-time, International J. Math. Combin., 3 (2008), 51–55.
    [5] S. Şenyurt, S. Sivas, An application of Smarandache curve, Ordu Univ. J. Sci. Tech., 3 (2013), 46–60.
    [6] A. Y. Ceylan, M. Kara, On pedal and contrapedal curves of Bezier curves, Konuralp J. Math., 9 (2021), 217–221.
    [7] E. As, A. Sarıoğlugil, On the pedal surfaces of 2-d surfaces with the constant support function in E4, Pure Math. Sci., 4 (2015), 105–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/pms.2015.545 doi: 10.12988/pms.2015.545
    [8] M. P. Carmo, Differential geometry of curves and surfaces, Prentice Hall, 1976.
    [9] N. Kuruoğlu, A. Sarıoğlugil, On the characteristic properties of the a-Pedal surfaces in the euclidean space E3, Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Series A, 42 (1993), 19–25.
    [10] O. O. Tuncer, H. Ceyhan, I. Gök, F. N. Ekmekci, Notes on pedal and contrapedal curves of fronts in the Euclidean plane, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 41 (2018), 5096–5111. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.5056 doi: 10.1002/mma.5056
    [11] Y. Li, D. Pei, Pedal curves of fronts in the sphere, J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl., 9 (2016), 836–844. http://dx.doi.org/10.22436/jnsa.009.03.12 doi: 10.22436/jnsa.009.03.12
    [12] Y. Li, D. Pei, Pedal curves of frontals in the Euclidean plane, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 41 (2018), 1988–1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.4724 doi: 10.1002/mma.4724
    [13] Y. Li, O. O. Tuncer, On (contra)pedals and (anti)orthotomics of frontals in de Sitter 2‐space, Math. Methods Appl. Sci., 46 (2023), 11157–11171. https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.9173 doi: 10.1002/mma.9173
    [14] E. Abbena, S. Salamon, A. Gray, Modern differential geometry of curves and surfaces with mathematica, New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315276038
    [15] M. Özdemir, Diferansiyel geometri, Altin Nokta Yayınevi, 2020.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Davut Canlı, Süleyman Şenyurt, Filiz Ertem Kaya, Luca Grilli, The Pedal Curves Generated by Alternative Frame Vectors and Their Smarandache Curves, 2024, 16, 2073-8994, 1012, 10.3390/sym16081012
    2. Esra Damar, Adjoint curves of special Smarandache curves with respect to Bishop frame, 2024, 9, 2473-6988, 35355, 10.3934/math.20241680
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(1362) PDF downloads(90) Cited by(2)

Figures and Tables

Figures(5)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog