Research article

Qualitative analysis of nonlinear implicit neutral differential equation of fractional order

  • Received: 03 December 2020 Accepted: 14 January 2021 Published: 25 January 2021
  • MSC : 26A33, 34K37, 35B35

  • In this paper, we discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of Initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we discuss some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.

    Citation: H. H. G. Hashem, Hessah O. Alrashidi. Qualitative analysis of nonlinear implicit neutral differential equation of fractional order[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(4): 3703-3719. doi: 10.3934/math.2021220

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  • In this paper, we discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of Initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we discuss some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.



    Fractional differential equations have played an important role and have presented valuable tools in the modeling of many phenomena in various fields of science and engineering [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. There has been a significant development in fractional differential equations in recent decades [2,3,4,5,26,23,33,37]. On the other hand, many authors studied the stability of functional equations and established some types of Ulam stability [1,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] and references there in. Moreover, many authors discussed local and global attractivity [8,9,10,11,34].

    Benchohra et al. [13] established some types of Ulam-Hyers stability for an implicit fractional-order differential equation.

    A. Baliki et al. [11] have given sufficient conditions for existence and attractivity of mild solutions for second order semi-linear functional evolution equation in Banach spaces using Schauder's fixed point theorem.

    Benchohra et al. [15] studied the existence of mild solutions for a class of impulsive semilinear fractional differential equations with infinite delay and non-instantaneous impulses in Banach spaces. This results are obtained using the technique of measures of noncompactness.

    Motivated by these works, in this paper, we investigate the following initial value problem for an implicit fractional-order differential equation

    {CDα[x(t)h(t,x(t))]=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))tJ,1<α2,αβ,(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)h(t,x(t))]t=0=0 (1.1)

    where CDα is the Caputo fractional derivative, h:J×RR,g1:J×R×RR and g2:J×RR are given functions satisfy some conditions and J=[0,T].

    we give sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we establish some types of Ulam-Hyers stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation and some applications and particular cases are presented.

    Finally, existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval J=[0,+), by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and proving the attractivity of these mild solutions.

    By a solution of the Eq (1.1) we mean that a function xC2(J,R) such that

    (i) the function t[x(t)h(t,x(t))]C2(J,R) and

    (ii) x satisfies the equation in (1.1).

    Definition 1. [23] The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of the function fL1([a,b]) of order αR+ is defined by

    Iαaf(t)=ta(ts)α1Γ(α)f(s)ds.

    and when a=0, we have Iαf(t)=Iα0f(t).

    Definition 2. [23] For a function f:[a,b]R the Caputo fractional-order derivative of f, is defined by

    CDαh(t)=1Γ(nα)tah(n)(s)(ts)nα1ds,

    where where n=[α]+1 and [α] denotes the integer part of the real number α.

    Lemma 1. [23]. Let α0 and n=[α]+1. Then

    Iα(CDαf(t))=f(t)n1k=0fk(0)k!tk

    Lemma 2. Let fL1([a,b]) and α(0,1], then

    (i) CDαIαf(t)=f(t).

    (ii) The operator Iα maps L1([a,b]) into itself continuously.

    (iii) For γ,β>0, then

    IβaIγaf(t)=IγaIβaf(t)=Iγ+βaf(t),

    For further properties of fractional operators (see [23,25,26]).

    Consider the initial value problem for the implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1) under the following assumptions:

    (i) h:J×RR is a continuous function and there exists a positive constant K1 such that:

    h(t,x)h(t,y)∣⩽K1xy for each tJ and x,yR.

    (ii) g1:J×R×RR is a continuous function and there exist two positive constants K,H such that:

    g1(t,x,y)g1(t,˜x,˜y)∣⩽Kx˜x+Hy˜y for each tJ and x,˜x,y,˜yR

    (iii) g2:J×RR is a continuous function and there exists a positive constant K2 such that:

    g2(t,x)g2(t,y)∣⩽K2xy for each tJ andx,yR.

    Lemma 3. Let assumptions (i)-(iii) be satisfied. If a function xC2(J,R) is a solution of initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential equation (1.1), then it is a solution of the following nonlinear fractional integral equation

    x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds (3.1)

    Proof. Assume first that x is a solution of the initial value problem (1.1). From definition of Caputo derivative, we have

    I2αD2(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Operating by Iα1 on both sides and using Lemma 2, we get

    I1D2(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=Iα1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Then

    ddt(x(t)h(t,x(t)))ddt(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iα1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Using initial conditions, we have

    ddt(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=Iα1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Integrating both sides of (1.1), we obtain

    (x(t)h(t,x(t)))(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Then

    x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds

    Conversely, assume that x satisfies the nonlinear integral Eq (3.1). Then operating by CDα on both sides of Eq (3.1) and using Lemma 2, we obtain

    CDα(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=CDαIαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Putting t=0 in (3.1) and since g1 is a continuous function, then we obtain

    (x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))|t=0=0.

    Also,

    ddt(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=Iα1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))).

    Then we have

    ddt(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iα1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))|t=0=0.

    Hence the equivalence between the initial value problem (1.1) and the integral Eq (3.1) is proved. Then the proof is completed.

    Definition 3. The Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution zC2(J,R) of the inequality

    CDα[z(t)h(t,z(t))]g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵ,tJ,

    there exists a solution yC2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with

    z(t)y(t)|cfϵ,tJ.

    Definition 4. The Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists ψfC(R+,R+),ψf(0)=0, such that for each solution zC2(J,R) of the inequality

    CDα[z(t)h(t,z(t))]g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵ,tJ,

    there exists a solution yC2(J,R)of Eq (1.1) with

    z(t)y(t)|ψf(ϵ),tJ.

    Definition 5. The Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable with respect to φC(J,R+) if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution zC2(J,R) of the inequality

    CDα[z(t)h(t,z(t))]g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵφ(t),tJ,

    there exists a solution yC2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with

    z(t)y(t)|cfϵφ(t),tJ.

    Definition 6. The Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable with respect to φC(J,R+) if there exists a real number cf,φ>0 such that for each solution zC2(J,R) of the inequality

    CDα[z(t)h(t,z(t))]g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽φ(t),tJ,

    there exists a solution yC2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with

    z(t)y(t)|cf,φφ(t),tJ.

    Now, our aim is to investigate the existence of unique solution for (1.1). This existence result will be based on the contraction mapping principle.

    Theorem 1. Let assumptions (i)-(iii) be satisfied. If K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)<1, then there exists a unique solution for the nonlinear neutral differential equation of fractional order.

    Proof. Define the operator N by:

    Nx(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds,tJ.

    In view of assumptions (i)-(iii), then N:C2(J,R)C2(J,R) is continuous operator.

    Now, let x and ,˜xC2(J,R), be two solutions of (1.1)then

    Nx(t)N˜x(t)=|h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)dsh(t,˜x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,˜x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,˜x(θ))dθ)ds|K1|x(t)˜x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)g1(s,˜x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,˜x(θ))dθ)|dsK1|x(t)˜x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1Kx(s)˜x(s)|ds+H1Γ(α)t0(ts)α11Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))g2(θ,˜x(θ))|dθdsK1|x(t)˜x(t)|+KΓ(α)t0(ts)α1x(s)˜x(s)|ds+HΓ(α)t0(ts)α1K2Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1x(θ)˜x(θ)|dθds.

    Then

    ||Nx(t)N˜x(t)||K1||x˜x||+K||x˜x||Γ(α)t0(ts)α1ds+||x˜x||HΓ(α)t0(ts)α1K2Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1dθdsK1||x˜x||+K||x˜x||TαΓ(α+1)+||x˜x||K2TβΓ(β+1)HΓ(α)t0(ts)α1dsK1||x˜x||+K||x˜x||TαΓ(α+1)+||x˜x||K2TβΓ(β+1)HTαΓ(α+1)[K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)]||x˜x||

    Since K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)<1. It follows that N has a unique fixed point which is a solution of the initial value problem (1.1) in C2(J,R).

    Theorem 2. Let assumptions of Theorem 1 be satisfied. Then the fractional order differential Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable.

    Proof. Let yC2(J,R) be a solution of the inequality

    CDα[y(t)h(t,y(t))]g1(t,y(t),Iβg2(t,y(t)))∣⩽ϵ,ϵ>0,tJ. (4.1)

    Let xC2(J,R) be the unique solution of the initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1). By using Lemma 3, The Cauchy problem (1.1) is equivalent to

    x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds.

    Operating by Iα1 on both sides of (4.1) and then integrating, we get

    |y(t)h(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1ϵds,ϵTαΓ(α+1).

    Also, we have

    |y(t)x(t)|=|y(t)h(t,x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|=|y(t)h(t,x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+h(t,y(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)dsh(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds||y(t)h(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|+|h(t,y(t))h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1|y(t)x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[K|y(t)x(t)|+HΓ(β)s0(sθ)β1|g2(θ,y(θ))g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds
    ||yx||ϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1||yx||+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[K||yx||+HK2||xy||TβΓ(β+1)]dsϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1||yx||+KTα||yx||Γ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+α||xy||Γ(β+1)Γ(α+1).

    Then

    ||yx||ϵTαΓ(α+1)[1(K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+αΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1))]1=cϵ,

    thus the intial value problem (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers stable, and hence the proof is completed. By putting ψ(ε)=cε,ψ(0)=0 yields that the Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Heyers stable.

    Theorem 3. Let assumptions of Theorem 1 be satisfied, there exists an increasing function φC(J,R) and there exists λφ>0 such that for any tJ, we have

    Iαφ(t)λφφ(t),

    then the Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers-Rassias stable.

    Proof. Let yC2(J,R) be a solution of the inequality

    CDα[y(t)h(t,y(t))]g1(t,y(t),Iβg2(t,y(t)))∣⩽ϵφ(t),ϵ>0,tJ. (4.2)

    Let xC2(J,R) be the unique solution of the initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1). By using Lemma 3, The Cauchy problem (1.1) is equivalent to

    x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds.

    Operating by Iα1 on both sides of (4.2) and then integrating, we get

    |y(t)h(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|ϵΓ(α)t0(ts)α1φ(s)ds,ϵIαφ(t)ϵλφφ(t).

    Also, we have

    |y(t)x(t)|=|y(t)h(t,x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|=|y(t)h(t,x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+h(t,y(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)dsh(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds||y(t)h(t,y(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|+|h(t,y(t))h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsϵλφφ(t)+K1|y(t)x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[K|y(t)x(t)|+HΓ(β)s0(sθ)β1|g2(θ,y(θ))g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds
    ||yx||ϵλφφ(t)+K1||yx||+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[K||y(t)x(t)||+HK2||xy||TβΓ(β+1)]dsϵλφφ(t)+K1||yx||+KTα||yx||Γ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+α||xy||Γ(β+1)Γ(α+1).

    Then

    ||yx||ϵλφφ(t)[1(K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+αΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1))]1=cϵφ(t),

    then the initial problem (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers-Rassias stable, and hence the proof is completed.

    In this section, we prove some results on the existence of mild solutions and attractivity for the neutral fractional differential equation (1.1) by applying Schauder fixed point theorem. Denote BC=BC(J),J=[0,+) and consider the following assumptions:

    (I) h:J×RR is a continuous function and there exists a continuous function Kh(t) such that:

    h(t,x)h(t,y)∣⩽Kh(t)xy for each tJ and x,yR,

    where Kh=supt0Kh(t)<1,limtKh(t)=0, and limth(t,0)=0.

    (II) g1:J×R×RR satisfies Carathéodory condition and there exist an integrable function a1:R+R+ and a positive constant b such that:

    g1(t,x,y)∣≤a1(t)1+|x|+b|y| for eachtJ and x,yR.

    (III) g2:J×RR satisfies Carathéodory condition and there exists an integrable function

    a2:R+R+ such that:

    g2(t,x)∣≤a2(t)1+|x| for eachtJ and xR.

    (IV) Let

    limtt0(ts)α1Γ(α)a1(s)ds=0a1=suptJt0(ts)α1Γ(α)a1(s)dslimtt0(ts)α+β1Γ(α+β)a2(s)ds=0a2=suptJt0(ts)α+β1Γ(α+β)a2(s)ds

    By a mild solution of the Eq (1.1) we mean that a function xC(J,R) such that x satisfies the equation in (3.1).

    Theorem 4. Let assumptions (I)-(IV) be satisfied. Then there exists at least one mild solution for the nonlinear implicit neutral differential equation of fractional order (1.1). Moreover, mild solutions of IVP (1.1) are locally attractive.

    Proof. For any xBC, define the operator A by

    Ax(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds.

    The operator A is well defined and maps BC into BC. Obviously, the map A(x) is continuous on J for any xBC and for each tJ, we have

    |Ax(t)||h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds|h(t,x(t))h(t,0)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]dsKh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]dsKh|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+a1+b1Γ(α+β)t0(ts)α+β1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθKhM+|h(t,0)|+a1+b1Γ(α+β)t0(ts)α+β1a2(θ)dθKhM+|h(t,0)|+a1+ba2M.

    Then

    ||Ax(t)||BCM,M=(|h(t,0)|+a1+ba2)(1Kh)1. (5.1)

    Thus A(x)BC. This clarifies that operator A maps BC into itself.

    Finding the solutions of IVP (1.1) is reduced to find solutions of the operator equation A(x)=x. Eq (5.1) implies that A maps the ball BM:=B(0,M)={xBC:||x(t)||BCM} into itself. Now, our proof will be established in the following steps:

    Step 1: A is continuous.

    Let {xn}nN be a sequence such that xnx in BM. Then, for each tJ, we have

    Axn(t)Ax(t)=|h(t,xn(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)dsh(t,x(t))1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|Kh(t)|xn(t)x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsKh|xn(t)x(t)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds

    Assumptions (II) and (III) implies that:

    g1(t,xn,Iβg2(t,xn))g1(t,x,Iβg2(t,x))\; as \; n.

    Using Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we have

    ||Axn(t)Ax(t)||BC0 asn.

    Step 2: A(BM) is uniformly bounded.

    It is obvious since A(BM)BM and BM is bounded.

    Step 3: A(BM) is equicontinuous on every compact subset [0,T] of J,T>0 and t1,t2[0,T],t2>t1 (without loss of generality), we get

    Ax(t2)Ax(t1)∣≤|h(t2,x(t2))+1Γ(α)t20(t2s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)dsh(t1,x(t1))+1Γ(α)t10(t1s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤∣h(t2,x(t2))h(t1,x(t1))|
    +1Γ(α)|t20(t2s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)dst10(t1s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤∣h(t2,x(t2))h(t1,x(t1))+h(t2,x(t1))h(t2,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)|t10(t2s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)dst10(t1s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|Kh(t)x(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)|t10(t1s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)dst10(t1s)α1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|Kh(t)x(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsKh(t)x(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]dsKhx(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]dsKhx(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1a2(θ)dθ]ds.

    Thus, for ai=supt[0,T]ai,i=1,2 and from the continuity of the functions ai we obtain

    Ax(t2)Ax(t1)Khx(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)t2t1(t2s)α1[a1(s)+ba2Γ(β+1)sβ]ds.Khx(t2)x(t1)+|h(t2,x(t1))h(t1,x(t1))|+a1Γ(α+1)(t2t1)α+ba2Γ(α+β+1)(t2t1)α+β.

    Continuity of h implies that

    |(Ax)(t2)(Ax)(t1)|0ast2t1.

    Step 4: A(BM) is equiconvergent.

    Let tJ and xBM then we have

    |Ax(t)||h(t,x(t))h(t,0)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsKh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]dsKh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]dsKh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1a1(s)ds+b1Γ(α+β)t0(ts)α+β1a2(s)ds.

    In view of assumptions (I) and (IV), we obtain

    |Ax(t)|0 as t.

    Then A has a fixed point x which is a solution of IVP (1.1) on J.

    Step 5: Local attactivity of mild solutions. Let x be a mild solution of IVP (1.1). Taking xB(x,2M), we have

    |Ax(t)x(t)|=|Ax(t)Ax(t)|h(t,x(t))h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsKh(t)x(t)x(t)+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|+|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|]dsKhx(t)x(t)+2Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|a1(s)+bΓ(β)s0(sθ)β1a2(θ)dθ|dsKhx(t)x(t)+2a1+2b1Γ(β+α)s0(sθ)α+β1a2(θ)dθ2(Khx(t)+|h(t,0)|+a1+ba2)2(KhM+|h(t,0)|+a1+ba2)2M.

    We have

    ||Ax(t)x(t)||BC2M.

    Hence A is a continuous function such that A(B(x,2M))B(x,2M).

    Moreover, if x is a mild solution of IVP (1.1), then

    |x(t)x(t)|=|Ax(t)Ax(t)|h(t,x(t))h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|dsKh(t)x(t)x(t)+1Γ(α)t0(ts)α1[|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|+|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)s0(sθ)β1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|]dsKhx(t)x(t)+2Γ(α)t0(ts)α1a1(s)ds+2bΓ(α+β)t0(tθ)α+β1a2(θ)dθ.

    Then

    |x(t)x(t)|(1Kh)1[2Γ(α)t0(ts)α1a1(s)ds+2bΓ(α+β)t0(tθ)α+β1a2(θ)dθ]. (5.2)

    In view of assumption of (IV) and estimation (5.2), we get

    limt|x(t)x(t)|=0.

    Then, all mild solutions of IVP (1.1) are locally attractive.

    As particular cases of the IVP (1.1), we have

    ● Taking g1(t,x,y)=g1(t,x), we obtain the initial value problem

    {CDα[x(t)h(t,x(t))]=g1(t,x(t))tJ,1<α2,(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)h(t,x(t))]t=0=0

    ● Letting α2,β1, as a particular case of Theorem 1 we can deduce an existence result for the initial value problem for implicit second-order differe-integral equation

    {d2dt2(x(t)h(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),t0g2(s,x(s))ds)tJ,(x(t)h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)h(t,x(t))]t=0=0

    As particular cases we can deduce existence results for some initial value problem of second order differential equations (when h=0) and α2, we get:

    ● Taking g1(t,x,y)=λ2x(t),λR+, then we obtain a second order differential equation of simple harmonic oscillator

    {d2x(t)dt2=λ2x(t)tJ,x(0)=0andx(0)=0

    ● Taking g1(t,x,y)=(t2kt2)x+q(x),kR where q(x) is continuous function, then we obtain Riccati differential equation of second order

    {t2d2x(t)dt2(t2k)x(t)=t2q(x(t))tJ,x(0)=0andx(0)=0

    ● Taking g1(t,x,y)=(t22ltk)x+q(x),kR where q(x) is continuous function and l is fixed, then we obtain Coulomb wave differential equation of second order

    {d2x(t)dt2+(t22ltk)x=q(x(t))tJ,x(0)=0andx(0)=0

    ● Taking g1(t,x,y)=(8π2m2)(Exkt22x)+q(x),kR where q(x) is continuous function and is the Planket's constant and E,k are positive real numbers, then we obtain of Schrödinger wave differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator

    {d2x(t)dt2=(8π2m2)(Ex(t)kt22x(t))+q(x(t))tJ,x(0)=0andx(0)=0.

    Sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order (1.1) are discussed which involved many key functional differential equations that appear in applications of nonlinear analysis. Also, some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional differential equation are established. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of equations on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.

    The authors express their thanks to the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and remarks.

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.



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