In this paper, we discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of Initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we discuss some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.
Citation: H. H. G. Hashem, Hessah O. Alrashidi. Qualitative analysis of nonlinear implicit neutral differential equation of fractional order[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(4): 3703-3719. doi: 10.3934/math.2021220
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In this paper, we discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of Initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we discuss some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.
Fractional differential equations have played an important role and have presented valuable tools in the modeling of many phenomena in various fields of science and engineering [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. There has been a significant development in fractional differential equations in recent decades [2,3,4,5,26,23,33,37]. On the other hand, many authors studied the stability of functional equations and established some types of Ulam stability [1,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] and references there in. Moreover, many authors discussed local and global attractivity [8,9,10,11,34].
Benchohra et al. [13] established some types of Ulam-Hyers stability for an implicit fractional-order differential equation.
A. Baliki et al. [11] have given sufficient conditions for existence and attractivity of mild solutions for second order semi-linear functional evolution equation in Banach spaces using Schauder's fixed point theorem.
Benchohra et al. [15] studied the existence of mild solutions for a class of impulsive semilinear fractional differential equations with infinite delay and non-instantaneous impulses in Banach spaces. This results are obtained using the technique of measures of noncompactness.
Motivated by these works, in this paper, we investigate the following initial value problem for an implicit fractional-order differential equation
{CDα[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))t∈J,1<α≤2,α≥β,(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]t=0=0 | (1.1) |
where CDα is the Caputo fractional derivative, h:J×R⟶R,g1:J×R×R⟶R and g2:J×R⟶R are given functions satisfy some conditions and J=[0,T].
we give sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of initial value problem for an neutral differential equation involving Caputo fractional derivatives. Also, we establish some types of Ulam-Hyers stability for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation and some applications and particular cases are presented.
Finally, existence of at least one mild solution for this class of implicit fractional-order differential equation on an infinite interval J=[0,+∞), by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and proving the attractivity of these mild solutions.
By a solution of the Eq (1.1) we mean that a function x∈C2(J,R) such that
(i) the function t→[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]∈C2(J,R) and
(ii) x satisfies the equation in (1.1).
Definition 1. [23] The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of the function f∈L1([a,b]) of order α∈R+ is defined by
Iαaf(t)=∫ta(t−s)α−1Γ(α)f(s)ds. |
and when a=0, we have Iαf(t)=Iα0f(t).
Definition 2. [23] For a function f:[a,b]→R the Caputo fractional-order derivative of f, is defined by
CDαh(t)=1Γ(n−α)∫tah(n)(s)(t−s)n−α−1ds, |
where where n=[α]+1 and [α] denotes the integer part of the real number α.
Lemma 1. [23]. Let α≥0 and n=[α]+1. Then
Iα(CDαf(t))=f(t)−n−1∑k=0fk(0)k!tk |
Lemma 2. Let f∈L1([a,b]) and α∈(0,1], then
(i) CDαIαf(t)=f(t).
(ii) The operator Iα maps L1([a,b]) into itself continuously.
(iii) For γ,β>0, then
IβaIγaf(t)=IγaIβaf(t)=Iγ+βaf(t), |
For further properties of fractional operators (see [23,25,26]).
Consider the initial value problem for the implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1) under the following assumptions:
(i) h:J×R⟶R is a continuous function and there exists a positive constant K1 such that:
∣h(t,x)−h(t,y)∣⩽K1∣x−y∣ for each t∈J and x,y∈R. |
(ii) g1:J×R×R⟶R is a continuous function and there exist two positive constants K,H such that:
∣g1(t,x,y)−∣g1(t,˜x,˜y)∣⩽K∣x−˜x∣+H∣y−˜y∣ for each t∈J and x,˜x,y,˜y∈R |
(iii) g2:J×R⟶R is a continuous function and there exists a positive constant K2 such that:
∣g2(t,x)−g2(t,y)∣⩽K2∣x−y∣ for each t∈J andx,y∈R. |
Lemma 3. Let assumptions (i)-(iii) be satisfied. If a function x∈C2(J,R) is a solution of initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential equation (1.1), then it is a solution of the following nonlinear fractional integral equation
x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds | (3.1) |
Proof. Assume first that x is a solution of the initial value problem (1.1). From definition of Caputo derivative, we have
I2−αD2(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Operating by Iα−1 on both sides and using Lemma 2, we get
I1D2(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=Iα−1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Then
ddt(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))−ddt(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iα−1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Using initial conditions, we have
ddt(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=Iα−1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Integrating both sides of (1.1), we obtain
(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))−(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Then
x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds |
Conversely, assume that x satisfies the nonlinear integral Eq (3.1). Then operating by CDα on both sides of Eq (3.1) and using Lemma 2, we obtain
CDα(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=CDαIαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Putting t=0 in (3.1) and since g1 is a continuous function, then we obtain
(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iαg1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))|t=0=0. |
Also,
ddt(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=Iα−1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t))). |
Then we have
ddt(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=Iα−1g1(t,x(t),Iβg2(t,x(t)))|t=0=0. |
Hence the equivalence between the initial value problem (1.1) and the integral Eq (3.1) is proved. Then the proof is completed.
Definition 3. The Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution z∈C2(J,R) of the inequality
∣CDα[z(t)−h(t,z(t))]−g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵ,t∈J, |
there exists a solution y∈C2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with
∣z(t)−y(t)|⩽cfϵ,t∈J. |
Definition 4. The Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Hyers stable if there exists ψf∈C(R+,R+),ψf(0)=0, such that for each solution z∈C2(J,R) of the inequality
∣CDα[z(t)−h(t,z(t))]−g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵ,t∈J, |
there exists a solution y∈C2(J,R)of Eq (1.1) with
∣z(t)−y(t)|⩽ψf(ϵ),t∈J. |
Definition 5. The Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable with respect to φ∈C(J,R+) if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution z∈C2(J,R) of the inequality
∣CDα[z(t)−h(t,z(t))]−g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽ϵφ(t),t∈J, |
there exists a solution y∈C2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with
∣z(t)−y(t)|⩽cfϵφ(t),t∈J. |
Definition 6. The Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable with respect to φ∈C(J,R+) if there exists a real number cf,φ>0 such that for each solution z∈C2(J,R) of the inequality
∣CDα[z(t)−h(t,z(t))]−g1(t,z(t),Iβg2(t,z(t)))∣⩽φ(t),t∈J, |
there exists a solution y∈C2(J,R) of Eq (1.1) with
∣z(t)−y(t)|⩽cf,φφ(t),t∈J. |
Now, our aim is to investigate the existence of unique solution for (1.1). This existence result will be based on the contraction mapping principle.
Theorem 1. Let assumptions (i)-(iii) be satisfied. If K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)<1, then there exists a unique solution for the nonlinear neutral differential equation of fractional order.
Proof. Define the operator N by:
Nx(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds,t∈J. |
In view of assumptions (i)-(iii), then N:C2(J,R)→C2(J,R) is continuous operator.
Now, let x and ,˜x∈C2(J,R), be two solutions of (1.1)then
∣Nx(t)−N˜x(t)∣=|h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds−h(t,˜x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,˜x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,˜x(θ))dθ)ds|⩽K1|x(t)−˜x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)−g1(s,˜x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,˜x(θ))dθ)|ds⩽K1|x(t)−˜x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1K∣x(s)−˜x(s)|ds+H1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−11Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1∣g2(θ,x(θ))−g2(θ,˜x(θ))|dθds⩽K1|x(t)−˜x(t)|+KΓ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1∣x(s)−˜x(s)|ds+HΓ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1K2Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1∣x(θ)−˜x(θ)|dθds. |
Then
||Nx(t)−N˜x(t)||⩽K1||x−˜x||+K||x−˜x||Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1ds+||x−˜x||HΓ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1K2Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1dθds⩽K1||x−˜x||+K||x−˜x||TαΓ(α+1)+||x−˜x||K2TβΓ(β+1)HΓ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1ds⩽K1||x−˜x||+K||x−˜x||TαΓ(α+1)+||x−˜x||K2TβΓ(β+1)HTαΓ(α+1)≤[K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)]||x−˜x|| |
Since K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+K2HTα+βΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1)<1. It follows that N has a unique fixed point which is a solution of the initial value problem (1.1) in C2(J,R).
Theorem 2. Let assumptions of Theorem 1 be satisfied. Then the fractional order differential Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Hyers stable.
Proof. Let y∈C2(J,R) be a solution of the inequality
∣CDα[y(t)−h(t,y(t))]−g1(t,y(t),Iβg2(t,y(t)))∣⩽ϵ,ϵ>0,t∈J. | (4.1) |
Let x∈C2(J,R) be the unique solution of the initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1). By using Lemma 3, The Cauchy problem (1.1) is equivalent to
x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds. |
Operating by Iα−1 on both sides of (4.1) and then integrating, we get
|y(t)−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|⩽1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1ϵds,≤ϵTαΓ(α+1). |
Also, we have
|y(t)−x(t)|=|y(t)−h(t,x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|=|y(t)−h(t,x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+h(t,y(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|≤|y(t)−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|+|h(t,y(t))−h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds≤ϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1|y(t)−x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[K|y(t)−x(t)|+HΓ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1|g2(θ,y(θ))−g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds |
||y−x||≤ϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1||y−x||+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[K||y−x||+HK2||x−y||TβΓ(β+1)]ds≤ϵTαΓ(α+1)+K1||y−x||+KTα||y−x||Γ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+α||x−y||Γ(β+1)Γ(α+1). |
Then
||y−x||≤ϵTαΓ(α+1)[1−(K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+αΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1))]−1=cϵ, |
thus the intial value problem (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers stable, and hence the proof is completed. By putting ψ(ε)=cε,ψ(0)=0 yields that the Eq (1.1) is generalized Ulam-Heyers stable.
Theorem 3. Let assumptions of Theorem 1 be satisfied, there exists an increasing function φ∈C(J,R) and there exists λφ>0 such that for any t∈J, we have
Iαφ(t)⩽λφφ(t), |
then the Eq (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers-Rassias stable.
Proof. Let y∈C2(J,R) be a solution of the inequality
∣CDα[y(t)−h(t,y(t))]−g1(t,y(t),Iβg2(t,y(t)))∣⩽ϵφ(t),ϵ>0,t∈J. | (4.2) |
Let x∈C2(J,R) be the unique solution of the initial value problem for implicit fractional-order differential Eq (1.1). By using Lemma 3, The Cauchy problem (1.1) is equivalent to
x(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds. |
Operating by Iα−1 on both sides of (4.2) and then integrating, we get
|y(t)−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|⩽ϵΓ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1φ(s)ds,≤ϵIαφ(t)≤ϵλφφ(t). |
Also, we have
|y(t)−x(t)|=|y(t)−h(t,x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|=|y(t)−h(t,x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+h(t,y(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|≤|y(t)−h(t,y(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)ds|+|h(t,y(t))−h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,y(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,y(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds≤ϵλφφ(t)+K1|y(t)−x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[K|y(t)−x(t)|+HΓ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1|g2(θ,y(θ))−g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds |
||y−x||≤ϵλφφ(t)+K1||y−x||+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[K||y(t)−x(t)||+HK2||x−y||TβΓ(β+1)]ds≤ϵλφφ(t)+K1||y−x||+KTα||y−x||Γ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+α||x−y||Γ(β+1)Γ(α+1). |
Then
||y−x||≤ϵλφφ(t)[1−(K1+KTαΓ(α+1)+HK2Tβ+αΓ(β+1)Γ(α+1))]−1=cϵφ(t), |
then the initial problem (1.1) is Ulam-Heyers-Rassias stable, and hence the proof is completed.
In this section, we prove some results on the existence of mild solutions and attractivity for the neutral fractional differential equation (1.1) by applying Schauder fixed point theorem. Denote BC=BC(J),J=[0,+∞) and consider the following assumptions:
(I) h:J×R⟶R is a continuous function and there exists a continuous function Kh(t) such that:
∣h(t,x)−h(t,y)∣⩽Kh(t)∣x−y∣ for each t∈J and x,y∈R, |
where K∗h=supt≥0Kh(t)<1,limt→∞Kh(t)=0, and limt→∞h(t,0)=0.
(II) g1:J×R×R⟶R satisfies Carathéodory condition and there exist an integrable function a1:R+⟶R+ and a positive constant b such that:
∣g1(t,x,y)∣≤a1(t)1+|x|+b|y| for eacht∈J and x,y∈R. |
(III) g2:J×R⟶R satisfies Carathéodory condition and there exists an integrable function
a2:R+⟶R+ such that:
∣g2(t,x)∣≤a2(t)1+|x| for eacht∈J and x∈R. |
(IV) Let
limt→∞∫t0(t−s)α−1Γ(α)a1(s)ds=0a∗1=supt∈J∫t0(t−s)α−1Γ(α)a1(s)dslimt→∞∫t0(t−s)α+β−1Γ(α+β)a2(s)ds=0a∗2=supt∈J∫t0(t−s)α+β−1Γ(α+β)a2(s)ds |
By a mild solution of the Eq (1.1) we mean that a function x∈C(J,R) such that x satisfies the equation in (3.1).
Theorem 4. Let assumptions (I)-(IV) be satisfied. Then there exists at least one mild solution for the nonlinear implicit neutral differential equation of fractional order (1.1). Moreover, mild solutions of IVP (1.1) are locally attractive.
Proof. For any x∈BC, define the operator A by
Ax(t)=h(t,x(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds. |
The operator A is well defined and maps BC into BC. Obviously, the map A(x) is continuous on J for any x∈BC and for each t∈J, we have
|Ax(t)|≤|h(t,x(t))|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds≤|h(t,x(t))−h(t,0)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds≤Kh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]ds≤K∗h|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+a∗1+b1Γ(α+β)∫t0(t−s)α+β−1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ≤K∗hM+|h(t,0)|+a∗1+b1Γ(α+β)∫t0(t−s)α+β−1a2(θ)dθ≤K∗hM+|h(t,0)|+a∗1+ba∗2≤M. |
Then
||Ax(t)||BC≤M,M=(|h(t,0)|+a∗1+ba∗2)(1−K∗h)−1. | (5.1) |
Thus A(x)∈BC. This clarifies that operator A maps BC into itself.
Finding the solutions of IVP (1.1) is reduced to find solutions of the operator equation A(x)=x. Eq (5.1) implies that A maps the ball BM:=B(0,M)={x∈BC:||x(t)||BC≤M} into itself. Now, our proof will be established in the following steps:
Step 1: A is continuous.
Let {xn}n∈N be a sequence such that xn→x in BM. Then, for each t∈J, we have
∣Axn(t)−Ax(t)∣=|h(t,xn(t))+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)ds−h(t,x(t))−1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|⩽Kh(t)|xn(t)−x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds⩽K∗h|xn(t)−x(t)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,xn(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,xn(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds |
Assumptions (II) and (III) implies that:
g1(t,xn,Iβg2(t,xn))→g1(t,x,Iβg2(t,x))\; as \; n→∞. |
Using Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we have
||Axn(t)−Ax(t)||BC→0 asn→∞. |
Step 2: A(BM) is uniformly bounded.
It is obvious since A(BM)⊂BM and BM is bounded.
Step 3: A(BM) is equicontinuous on every compact subset [0,T] of J,T>0 and t1,t2∈[0,T],t2>t1 (without loss of generality), we get
∣Ax(t2)−Ax(t1)∣≤|h(t2,x(t2))+1Γ(α)∫t20(t2−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds−h(t1,x(t1))+1Γ(α)∫t10(t1−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤∣h(t2,x(t2))−h(t1,x(t1))| |
+1Γ(α)|∫t20(t2−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds−∫t10(t1−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤∣h(t2,x(t2))−h(t1,x(t1))+h(t2,x(t1))−h(t2,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)|∫t10(t2−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds−∫t10(t1−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤Kh(t)∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)|∫t10(t1−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds−∫t10(t1−s)α−1g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)ds|≤Kh(t)∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds≤Kh(t)∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds≤K∗h∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]ds≤K∗h∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1a2(θ)dθ]ds. |
Thus, for ai=supt∈[0,T]ai,i=1,2 and from the continuity of the functions ai we obtain
∣Ax(t2)−Ax(t1)∣≤K∗h∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+1Γ(α)∫t2t1(t2−s)α−1[a1(s)+ba2Γ(β+1)sβ]ds.≤K∗h∣x(t2)−x(t1)∣+|h(t2,x(t1))−h(t1,x(t1))|+a1Γ(α+1)(t2−t1)α+ba2Γ(α+β+1)(t2−t1)α+β. |
Continuity of h implies that
|(Ax)(t2)−(Ax)(t1)|→0ast2→t1. |
Step 4: A(BM) is equiconvergent.
Let t∈J and x∈BM then we have
|Ax(t)|≤|h(t,x(t))−h(t,0)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|ds≤Kh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[a1(s)1+|x(s)|+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1|g2(θ,x(θ))|dθ]ds≤Kh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[a1(s)+b1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1a2(θ)1+|x(θ)|dθ]ds≤Kh(t)|x(t)|+|h(t,0)|+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1a1(s)ds+b1Γ(α+β)∫t0(t−s)α+β−1a2(s)ds. |
In view of assumptions (I) and (IV), we obtain
|Ax(t)|→0 as t→∞. |
Then A has a fixed point x which is a solution of IVP (1.1) on J.
Step 5: Local attactivity of mild solutions. Let x∗ be a mild solution of IVP (1.1). Taking x∈B(x∗,2M), we have
|Ax(t)−x∗(t)|=|Ax(t)−Ax∗(t)|≤∣h(t,x(t))−h(t,x∗(t))∣+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x∗(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x∗(θ))dθ)|ds≤Kh(t)∣x(t)−x∗(t)∣+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|+|g1(s,x∗(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x∗(θ))dθ)|]ds≤K∗h∣x(t)−x∗(t)∣+2Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|a1(s)+bΓ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1a2(θ)dθ|ds≤K∗h∣x(t)−x∗(t)∣+2a∗1+2b1Γ(β+α)∫s0(s−θ)α+β−1a2(θ)dθ≤2(K∗h∣x(t)∣+|h(t,0)|+a∗1+ba∗2)≤2(K∗hM+|h(t,0)|+a∗1+ba∗2)≤2M. |
We have
||Ax(t)−x∗(t)||BC≤2M. |
Hence A is a continuous function such that A(B(x∗,2M))⊂B(x∗,2M).
Moreover, if x is a mild solution of IVP (1.1), then
|x(t)−x∗(t)|=|Ax(t)−Ax∗(t)|≤∣h(t,x(t))−h(t,x∗(t))∣+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)−g1(s,x∗(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x∗(θ))dθ)|ds≤Kh(t)∣x(t)−x∗(t)∣+1Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1[|g1(s,x(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x(θ))dθ)|+|g1(s,x∗(s),1Γ(β)∫s0(s−θ)β−1g2(θ,x∗(θ))dθ)|]ds≤K∗h∣x(t)−x∗(t)∣+2Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1a1(s)ds+2bΓ(α+β)∫t0(t−θ)α+β−1a2(θ)dθ. |
Then
|x(t)−x∗(t)|≤(1−K∗h)−1[2Γ(α)∫t0(t−s)α−1a1(s)ds+2bΓ(α+β)∫t0(t−θ)α+β−1a2(θ)dθ]. | (5.2) |
In view of assumption of (IV) and estimation (5.2), we get
limt→∞|x(t)−x∗(t)|=0. |
Then, all mild solutions of IVP (1.1) are locally attractive.
As particular cases of the IVP (1.1), we have
● Taking g1(t,x,y)=g1(t,x), we obtain the initial value problem
{CDα[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]=g1(t,x(t))t∈J,1<α≤2,(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]t=0=0 |
● Letting α→2,β→1, as a particular case of Theorem 1 we can deduce an existence result for the initial value problem for implicit second-order differe-integral equation
{d2dt2(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))=g1(t,x(t),∫t0g2(s,x(s))ds)t∈J,(x(t)−h(t,x(t)))|t=0=0andddt[x(t)−h(t,x(t))]t=0=0 |
As particular cases we can deduce existence results for some initial value problem of second order differential equations (when h=0) and α→2, we get:
● Taking g1(t,x,y)=−λ2x(t),λ∈R+, then we obtain a second order differential equation of simple harmonic oscillator
{d2x(t)dt2=−λ2x(t)t∈J,x(0)=0andx′(0)=0 |
● Taking g1(t,x,y)=(t2−kt2)x+q(x),k∈R where q(x) is continuous function, then we obtain Riccati differential equation of second order
{t2d2x(t)dt2−(t2−k)x(t)=t2q(x(t))t∈J,x(0)=0andx′(0)=0 |
● Taking g1(t,x,y)=−(t2−2lt−k)x+q(x),k∈R where q(x) is continuous function and l is fixed, then we obtain Coulomb wave differential equation of second order
{d2x(t)dt2+(t2−2lt−k)x=q(x(t))t∈J,x(0)=0andx′(0)=0 |
● Taking g1(t,x,y)=(−8π2mℏ2)(Ex−kt22x)+q(x),k∈R where q(x) is continuous function and ℏ is the Planket's constant and E,k are positive real numbers, then we obtain of Schrödinger wave differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator
{d2x(t)dt2=(−8π2mℏ2)(Ex(t)−kt22x(t))+q(x(t))t∈J,x(0)=0andx′(0)=0. |
Sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for a class of neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order (1.1) are discussed which involved many key functional differential equations that appear in applications of nonlinear analysis. Also, some types of Ulam stability for this class of implicit fractional differential equation are established. Some applications and particular cases are presented. Finally, the existence of at least one mild solution for this class of equations on an infinite interval by applying Schauder fixed point theorem and the local attractivity of solutions are proved.
The authors express their thanks to the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and remarks.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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