A new strategy for measuring tourism demand features

Asensi Descals-Tormo; María-José Murgui-García; José-Ramón Ruiz-Tamarit; Asensi Descals-Tormo; María-José Murgui-García; José-Ramón Ruiz-Tamarit

doi:10.3934/NAR.2024022

National Accounting Review

2024, Volume 6, Issue 4: 480-497. doi: 10.3934/NAR.2024022

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Research article

A new strategy for measuring tourism demand features

1.
Department of Applied Economics, Universitat de València, Spain
2.
Department of Economic Analysis, Universitat de València, Spain
3.
Institut de recherches économiques et sociales, IRES, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium

Received: 06 September 2024 Revised: 23 October 2024 Accepted: 24 October 2024 Published: 29 October 2024
JEL Codes: C51, D12, Z3

Understanding tourist behavior, demand elasticities, and the purchasing power of regular tourists visiting a destination is of great interest to the tourism industry for business strategy and to governments for tourism public policy. Here, we propose a new method to empirically estimate the own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for tourist goods and services, as well as an innovative way to measure the average tourist's marginal utility of income. In the tourism sector, we consider that there are two relevant markets: one for tourist goods and services and the other for accommodation. These are separate but interrelated because of the feedback between demands for lodging and tourism products through a vertical relationship of complementarity. The optimal solution to the tourist choice problem consists of a primary demand for tourist services and a derived demand for overnight stays. We focus on obtaining robust estimates of the elasticities corresponding to the former by forecasting the latter. Most of the empirical modeling of tourism demand consists of ad hoc equations that are not directly attached to a specific theoretical framework. Our paper provides a solid characterization of the empirical linkages between the demands for tourist goods and services and accommodation using economic theory. This paper extends existing theory and makes an important contribution to the empirics of tourism economics, with an application to the tourism database of Australia, Canada, Spain, and the United States that quantifies demand elasticities and identifies the socioeconomic status of their respective tourists.

Keywords:

Citation: Asensi Descals-Tormo, María-José Murgui-García, José-Ramón Ruiz-Tamarit. A new strategy for measuring tourism demand features[J]. National Accounting Review, 2024, 6(4): 480-497. doi: 10.3934/NAR.2024022

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Abstract

1. Introduction

Throughout this paper, let $p$ be an odd prime and $q = p^n$ for some positive integer $n$ . Codebooks (also known as signal sets) with low coherence are typically used to distinguish signals of different users in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. An $(N, K)$ codebook $\mathcal{C}$ is a finite set $\{\mathbf{c}_0, \mathbf{c}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{c}_{N-1}\}$ , where the codeword $\mathbf{c}_i$ , $0\leq i \leq N-1$ , is a unit norm $1\times K$ complex vector over an alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ . The maximum inner-product correlation $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ of $\mathcal{C}$ is defined by

$\begin{align*} I_{\max}(\mathcal{C}) = \max\limits_{0\leq i\neq j\leq N-1}|\mathbf{c}_i\mathbf{c}_j^{H}|, \end{align*}$

where $\mathbf{c}_j^{H}$ denotes the conjugate transpose of $\mathbf{c}_j$ . The maximal cross-correlation amplitude $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ of $\mathcal{C}$ is an important index of $\mathcal{C}$ , as it can approximately optimize many performance metrics such as outage probability and average signal-to-noise ratio. For a fixed $K$ , researchers are highly interested in designing a codebook $\mathcal{C}$ with the parameter $N$ being as large as possible and $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ being as small as possible simultaneously. Unfortunately, there exists a bound between the parameters $N$ , $K$ and $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ .

Lemma 1. (^[1]) For any $(N, K)$ codebook $\mathcal{C}$ with $N\geq K$ ,

$\begin{align} I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})\geq \sqrt{\frac{N-K}{(N-1)K}}. \end{align}$

(1.1)

The bound in (1.1) is called the Welch bound of $\mathcal{C}$ and is denoted by $I_{w}(\mathcal{C})$ . If the codebook $\mathcal{C}$ achieves $I_{w}(\mathcal{C})$ , then $\mathcal{C}$ is said to be optimal with respect to the Welch bound. However, constructing codebooks achieving the Welch bound is extremely difficult. Hence, many researchers have focused their main energy on constructing asymptotically optimal codebooks, i.e., $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ asymptotically meets the Welch bound $I_{w}(\mathcal{C})$ for sufficiently large $N$ ^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]}.

The objective of this paper is to construct a class of complex codebooks and investigate their maximum inner-product correlation. Results show that these constructed complex codebooks are nearly optimal with respect to the Welch bound, i.e., the ratio of their maximal cross-correlation amplitude to the Welch bound approaches $1$ . These codebooks may have applications in strongly regular graphs ^[8], combinatorial designs ^[9,10], and compressed sensing ^[11,12].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review some essential mathematical concepts regarding characters and Gauss sums over finite fields. In Section 3, we present a class of asymptotically optimal codebooks using the trace functions and multiplicative characters over finite fields. Finally, we make a conclusion in Section 4.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we review some essential mathematical concepts regarding characters and Gauss sums over finite fields. These concepts will play significant roles in proving the main results of this paper.

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $p$ an odd prime. Denote the finite field with $p^n$ elements by $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ . The trace function ${\operatorname{Tr}}_n$ from $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ to $\mathbb{F}_p$ is defined by

$\begin{align*} {\operatorname{Tr}}_n(x) = \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n-1}x^{p^i}. \end{align*}$

Let $\zeta_p$ denote a primitive $p$ -th root of complex unity and ${\operatorname{Tr}}_n$ denote the trace function from $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ to $\mathbb{F}_p$ . For $x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ , it can be checked that $\chi_n$ given by $\chi_n(x) = \zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(x)}$ is an additive character of $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ , and $\chi_n$ is called the canonical additive character of $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ . Assume $a\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ , then every additive character of $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ can be obtained by $\mu_a(x) = \chi_n(ax)$ where $\ x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ . The orthogonality relation of $\mu_a$ is given by

$\begin{align} \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\mu_a(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} p^n, & \text{if}\ a = 0, \\ 0, & \text{otherwise}. \end{array} \right. \end{align}$

(2.1)

Let $q = p^n$ and $\alpha$ be a primitive element of $\mathbb{F}_{q}^{*}$ , then all multiplicative characters of $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ are given by $\varphi_j(\alpha^i) = \zeta_{q-1}^{ij}$ , where $\zeta_{q-1}$ denotes a primitive $(q-1)$ -th root of unity and $0 \leq i, j\leq q-2$ . The quadratic character of $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ is the character $\varphi_{(q-1)/2}$ , which will be denoted by $\eta_n$ in the sequel, and $\eta_n$ is extended by setting $\eta_n(0) = 0$ . For $\varphi_j$ , its orthogonality relation is given by

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\varphi_j(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} q-1, & \text{if}\ j = 0, \\ 0, & \text{otherwise}. \end{array} \right. \end{align*}$

The Gauss sum $G(\eta_n)$ over $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ is defined by

$G(\eta_n) = \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}^{*}} \eta_n(x)\chi_n(x).$

The explicit value of $G(\eta_n)$ is given in the following lemma.

Lemma 2 (^[13], Theorem 5.15). With symbols and notations above, we have

$\begin{align*} G(\eta_n) = (-1)^{n-1}(-1)^{\frac{(p-1)n}{4}}q^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{align*}$

The following results on exponential sums will play an important role in proving the main results of this paper.

Lemma 3 (^[13], p.195). With symbols and notations above, we have

$\begin{align*} \eta_1(x) = \frac{1}{p}\sum\limits_{a\in\mathbb{F}_{p}}G(\eta_1)\eta_1(-a)\chi_1(ax), \end{align*}$

where $\eta_1$ denotes the quadratic character and $\chi_1$ the canonical additive character of $\mathbb{F}_p$ .

Lemma 4 (^[13], Theorem 5.33). If $f(x) = a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}[x]$ with $a_2\neq0$ , then

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(f(x))} = \eta_n(a_2)G(\eta_n)\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a_0-a_1^2(4a_2)^{-1}\right)}. \end{align*}$

Lemma 5 (^[14], Theorem 2). Let $n = 2m$ be an even integer and $z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}$ , then

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{z{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^{p^m+1}\right)} = -p^m. \end{align*}$

Lemma 6 (^[15]). Let $n = 2m$ be an even integer, $a\in \mathbb{F}_{p^m}^{*}$ , and $b\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ , then

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^{n}}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_m\left(ax^{p^m+1}\right)+{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(bx)} = -p^m\zeta_p^{-{\operatorname{Tr}}_m\left(\frac{b^{p^m+1}}{a}\right)}. \end{align*}$

Lemma 7 (^[16], Lemma 3.12). If $A$ and $B$ are finite abelian groups, then there is an isomorphism

$\begin{align*} \widehat{A\times B}\cong \widehat{A} \times \widehat{B}, \end{align*}$

where $\widehat{A}$ consists of all characters of $A$ .

By this lemma, we know that

$\widehat{\mathbb{F}_{p^n}^{+}\times \mathbb{F}_{p^n}^{+}} = \{\mu_{a, b}: a, b\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}\}$

where

$\mu_{a, b}(x, y) = \zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}$

for $x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ .

3. Proofs and main results

In this section, we always suppose that $n = 2m$ is an even integer and $p$ is an odd prime. The set $D$ is defined as follows:

$\begin{align*} D = \left\{(x, y)\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}\times \mathbb{F}_{p^n}:\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right) = 1\right\}, \end{align*}$

where $\eta_1$ is the quadratic character of $\mathbb{F}_p$ . A codebook $\mathcal{C}$ is constructed by

$\begin{align} \mathcal{C} = \left\{\mathbf{c}_{a, b}:a, b\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}\right\}, \end{align}$

(3.1)

where $\mathbf{c}_{a, b} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{|D|}}\left(\mu_{a, b}(x, y)\right)_{(x, y)\in D}$ , $\mu_{a, b}(x, y) = \zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}$ for $(x, y)\in D$ and $|D|$ denotes the cardinality of the set $D$ .

Lemma 8. With symbols and notations as above, we have

$\begin{align*} |D| = \frac{p-1}{2}\left(p^{2n-1}-(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}\right). \end{align*}$

Proof. Let

$\begin{align*} A_1 = \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}1, \ A_2 = \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n(x^2+y^{p^m+1})\right). \end{align*}$

Note that

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}1+\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}1 = p^{2n}. \end{align*}$

Together with the definition of $D$ , we have

$\begin{align} |D|& = \sum\limits_{x, y\in\mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\frac{\eta_1\left(\mathrm{Tr}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right)+1}2 \\ & = \frac12\sum\limits_{x, y\in\mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\eta_1\left(\mathrm{Tr}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right) +\frac12\sum\limits_{x, y\in\mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}1 \\ & = \frac{A_{2}}{2}+\frac{p^{2n}}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{x, y\in\mathbb{F}_{p^n}\atop{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}1 \\ & = \frac12\left(p^{2n}-A_1+A_2\right). \end{align}$

(3.2)

By definition, we have

$\begin{align} A_1& = \frac{1}{p}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_p}\zeta_p^{z{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)} \\ & = p^{2n-1}+\frac{1}{p}\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zx^2\right)+{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zy^{p^m+1}\right)} \\ & = p^{2n-1}+(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}(p-1). \end{align}$

(3.3)

where the last equality follows from Lemmas 2, 4, and 5. Note that $\eta_n(z) = 1$ for $z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}$ if $n$ is even. By Lemma 3, we obtain

$\begin{align*} A_2 = \frac{G(\eta_n)}{p}\sum\limits_{a\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\eta_1(-a)\sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(ax^2\right)}\sum\limits_{y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(ay^{p^m+1}\right)} \end{align*}$

Using Lemmas 4 and 5, we get

$A_2 = -p^{m-1}G^2(\eta_n)\sum\limits_{a\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\eta_1(-a) = 0.$

The desired conclusion follows from (3.2) and (3.3). □

Example 1. Let $p = 5$ and $n = 2$ . By the Magma program, we know that $|D| = 240$ , which is consistent with Lemma 8.

Theorem 9. Let symbols and notations be the same as before, then the codebook $\mathcal{C}$ defined in (3.1) has parameters $[p^{2n}, K]$ ,

$\begin{align*} K = \frac{p-1}{2}\left(p^{2n-1}-(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}\right), \end{align*}$

and

$I_{\max}(\mathcal{C}) = (p+1)p^{n-1}/(2K).$

Proof. By the definition of the set $\mathcal{C}$ and Lemma 8, we deduce that $\mathcal{C}$ is a $[p^{2n}, K]$ codebook. If $a, b\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ and $(a, b)\neq (0, 0)$ , then we have

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} }\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)} = \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}+\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)} = 0 \end{align*}$

This implies that

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)} = -\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}. \end{align*}$

For $a, b\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}$ and $(a, b)\neq (0, 0)$ , we have that

$\begin{align} \sum\limits_{(x, y)\in D}\mu_{a, b}(x, y) = &\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}\frac{\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right)+1}{2} \\ = &-\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}+\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right) \\ = &\frac{1}{2}(-B_1+B_2), \end{align}$

(3.4)

where

$\begin{align*} B_1 = \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} \atop {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}, \ B_2 = \sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} }\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)}\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)\right). \end{align*}$

By (2.1), we derive that

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_p}\zeta_p^{z{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)} = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} p, & \text{if}\ {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right) = 0, \\ 0, & \text{otherwise}. \end{array} \right. \end{align*}$

Combining Lemmas 4 and 6, we get that

$\begin{align} B_1 = &\frac{1}{p}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} }\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_p} \zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n(ax+by)} \zeta_p^{z{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(x^2+y^{p^m+1}\right)}\\ = &\frac{1}{p}\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_p^{*}}\sum\limits_{x, y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n} }\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zx^2+ax\right)}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zy^{p^m+1}+by\right)}\\ = &-p^{m-1}G(\eta_n)\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\eta_n(z)\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right)z} \\ = &\left\{\begin{array}{ll} -p^{m-1}(p-1)G(\eta_n), & \text{if}\ {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right) = 0, \\ p^{m-1}G(\eta_n), & \text{if}\ {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0, \end{array} \right. \end{align}$

(3.5)

where $G(\eta_n)$ is given in Lemma 2. By Lemma 3, we have that

$\begin{align*} B_2 = \frac{G(\eta_1)}{p}\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\eta_1(-z)\sum\limits_{x\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zx^2+ax\right)}\sum\limits_{y\in \mathbb{F}_{p^n}}\zeta_p^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(zy^{p^m+1}+by\right)}. \end{align*}$

Moreover, by Lemmas 4 and 6, we obtain

$\begin{align} B_2& = -p^{m-1}G(\eta_1)G(\eta_n)\sum\limits_{z\in \mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}}\eta_1(z)\zeta_p^{z{\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right)} \\ & = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0, & \text{if}\ {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right) = 0, \\ -p^{m}\left(\frac{-1}{p}\right)G(\eta_n)\eta_1\left({\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right)\right), & \text{if}\ {\operatorname{Tr}}_n\left(a^2+b^{p^m+1}\right)\neq0. \end{array} \right. \end{align}$

(3.6)

It follows from Lemma 2 and (3.4) that

$\begin{align} \sum\limits_{(x, y)\in D}\mu_{a, b}(x, y)\in \left\{\frac{1}{2}(p-1)p^{m-1}G(\eta_n), -\frac{1}{2}(p+1)p^{m-1}G(\eta_n)\right\}. \end{align}$

(3.7)

For any two distinct codewords $\mathbf{c}_{z_1, z_2}$ , $\mathbf{c}_{z_1^{'}, z_2^{'}}\in \mathcal{C}$ , i.e., $(z_1, z_2)\neq (z_1^{'}, z_2^{'})$ , it is easy to check that

$\begin{align} \left|\mathbf{c}_{z_1, z_2}\mathbf{c}_{z_1^{'}, z_2^{'}}^{H}\right| = \frac{1}{K}\left|\sum\limits_{(x, y)\in D}\mu_{z_1-z_1^{'}, z_2-z_2^{'}}(x, y)\right|. \end{align}$

(3.8)

Combining (3.7) and (3.8), we get that $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C}) = (p+1)p^{n-1}/(2K).$ □

Example 2. Let $f(x)$ be an irreducible polynomial over the field $\mathbb{F}_3$ and $f(x) = x^2+x+2$ in $\mathbb{F}_3[x]$ . Suppose that $p = 3$ , $n = 2$ , and $\alpha$ is a root of $f(x)$ over $\mathbb{F}_3$ , then $m = 1$ , $q = 3^{2}$ , and $\mathbb{F}_{9} = \mathbb{F}_{3}(\alpha)$ . It can be verified that the set $D$ consists of the following $30$ elements:

$\begin{align*} D& = \left\{(x, y)\in\mathbb{F}_{9}\times\mathbb{F}_{9}:\mathrm{Tr}_{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{4}\right) = 1\right\} \\ & = \left\{ \begin{array}{lllll} (1+2\alpha, 0), &(2+\alpha, 0), &(1, 1), &(1, 2), &(1, 1+2\alpha), \\ (1, 2+\alpha), &(2, 1), &(2, 2), &(2, 1+2\alpha), &(2, 2+\alpha), \\ (\alpha, \alpha), &(\alpha, 2\alpha), &(\alpha, 1+\alpha), &(\alpha, 2+2\alpha), &(2\alpha, \alpha), \\ (2\alpha, 2\alpha), &(2\alpha, 1+\alpha), &(2\alpha, 2+2\alpha), &(0, \alpha), &(0, 2\alpha), \\ (0, 1+\alpha), &(0, 2+2\alpha), &(1+\alpha, \alpha), &(1+\alpha, 2\alpha), &(1+\alpha, 1+\alpha), \\ (1+\alpha, 2+2\alpha), &(2+2\alpha, \alpha), &(2+2\alpha, 2\alpha), &(2+2\alpha, 1+\alpha), &(2+2\alpha, 2+2\alpha) \end{array} \right\}. \end{align*}$

The corresponding codebook $\mathcal{C}$ is given by

$\begin{align*} \mathcal{C} = \left\{\frac{1}{\sqrt{30}}\left(\zeta_3^{{\operatorname{Tr}}_2(ax+by)}\right)_{(x, y)\in D}:a, b\in \mathbb{F}_9\right\}, \end{align*}$

where $\zeta_3 = e^{\frac{2\pi\sqrt{-1}}{3}}$ and ${\operatorname{Tr}}_2$ denotes the trace function from $\mathbb{F}_9$ to $\mathbb{F}_3$ .

Corollary 10. The codebook $\mathcal{C}$ constructed in (3.1) is asymptotically optimal with respect to the Welch bound.

Proof. The corresponding Welch bound is

$\begin{align*} I_{w}(\mathcal{C}) = \sqrt{\frac{p^{2n-1}(p+1)+(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}(p-1)}{\left(p^{2n}-1\right)(p-1)\left(p^{2n-1}-(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}\right)}} . \end{align*}$

We deduce that

$\begin{align*} \lim\limits_{p^n\rightarrow +\infty} \frac{I_{w}(\mathcal{C})}{I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})} = \lim\limits_{p^n\rightarrow +\infty}\sqrt{\frac{4K\left(p^{2n}-K\right)}{\left(p^{2n}-1\right)(p+1)^2p^{2n-2}}} = 1, \end{align*}$

which implies that $\mathcal{C}$ asymptotically meets the Welch bound. □

In , we show some parameters of some specific codebooks defined in (3.1). From this table, we conclude that $I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$ is very close to $I_w(\mathcal{C})$ for largely enough $p$ , which ensures the correctness of Theorem 9 and Corollary 1.

Table 1. The parameters of the codebook

$\mathcal{C}$ in (3.1) for

$n = 4$ .

$p$	$N$	$K$	$I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})$	$I_w(\mathcal{C})$	$I_{\max}(\mathcal{C})/I_w(\mathcal{C})$
3	$3^8$	$2160$	1/40	$1.762 \times 10^{-2}$	1.4185
7	$7^8$	$2469600$	1/1800	$4.811\times 10^{-4}$	1.1548
11	$11^8$	$97429200$	1/12200	$7.483 \times 10^{-5}$	1.0955
13	$13^8$	$376477920$	1/24480	$3.782 \times 10^{-5}$	1.0801
17	$17^8$	$3282670080$	1/74240	$1.2699 \times 10^{-5}$	1.0607

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4. Concluding remarks

This paper presented a family of codebooks by the combination of additive characters and multiplicative characters over finite fields. Results show that the constructed codebooks are asymptotically optimal in the sense that the maximum cross correlation amplitude of the codebooks asymptotically achieves the Welch bound. As a comparison, parameters of some known nearly optimal codebooks and the constructed ones are listed in . From this table, we can conclude that the parameters of $\mathcal{C}$ are not covered by those in ^{[2,3,4,5,6,17,18,19]}. This means the presented codebooks have new parameters.

Table 2. The parameters of codebooks asymptotically meeting the Welch bound.

Ref.	Parameters $(N, K)$	Constraints
^[2]	$\left((q-1)^\ell+M, M \right)$ , $M=\frac{(q-1)^\ell+(-1)^{\ell+1}}{q}$ .	$q$ is a prime power, $\ell>2$ .
^[3]	$\left(2K+(-1)^{ln}, K\right)$ , $K=\frac{(q_1-1)^n\cdots (q_l-1)^n-(-1)^{ln}}{2}$ .	$1\leq i\leq l$ , $s_i>1$ , $q_i=2^{s_i},$ $l>1$ and $n>1$ .
^[4]	$\left((q^s-1)^m+q^{sm-1}, q^{sm-1}\right)$	$s>1$ , $m>1$ , $q$ is a prime power.
^[5]	$\left((p_{{\min}}+1)Q^2, Q^2\right)$	$Q>1$ is an integer, $p_{{\min}}$ is the smallest prime factor of $Q$ .
^[6]	$\left(p_{\min}N_1N_2, N_1N_2\right)$	$N_1\geq1$ , $N_2=N_1+o(N_1)$ , $p_{{\min}}$ is the smallest prime factor of $N_2$ .
^[6]	$\left(p_{\min}N_1N_2, N_1N_2\right)$	$N_1\geq1$ , $N_2=N_1+o(N_1)$ , $p_{{\min}}$ is the smallest prime factor of $N_2$ .
^[17]	$\left(q_1q_2\cdots q_l, \left(q_1q_2\cdots q_l-1\right)/2\right)$	$1\leq i\leq l$ , $q_i$ is a prime power, $q_i\equiv3\pmod{4}$
^[18]	$\left(q, \frac{q+1}{2}\right)$	$q$ is a prime power.
^[19]	$\left(q^3+q^2, q^2\right)$ or $\left(q^3+q^2-q, q^2-q\right)$	$q$ is a prime power.
Thm. 3.1	$\left(p^{2n}, \frac{p-1}{2}\left(p^{2n-1}-(-1)^{\frac{n(p-1)}{4}}p^{n-1}\right)\right)$	$p$ is an odd prime, $n=2m$ , $m$ is a positive integer.

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Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Innovation Project of Engineering Research Center of Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology (No.1221003), Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 22YJC870018), the Science and Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education (No. 2020KJ112, 2022KJ075, KYQD1817), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12301670), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No. 23JCQNJC00050), Haihe Lab. of Information Technology Application Innovation (No. 22HHXCJC00002), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. ZY2301, BH2316), the Open Project of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligence Technology and Systems (No. TJKL-AITS-20241004, No. TJKL-AITS-20241006).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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