The Phi-Four (also embodied as ϕ4) equation (PFE) is one of the most significant models in nonlinear physics, that emerges in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmic theory. In this study, propagating soliton solutions for the PFE were obtained by employing the extended direct algebraic method (EDAM). This transformational method reformulated the model into an assortment of nonlinear algebraic equations using a series-form solution. These equations were then solved with the aid of Maple software, producing a large number of soliton solutions. New families of soliton solutions, including exponential, rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric functions, are included in these solutions. Using 3D, 2D, and contour graphs, the shape, amplitude, and propagation behaviour of some solitons were visualized which revealed the existence of kink, shock, bright-dark, hump, lump-type, dromion, and periodic solitons in the context of PFE. The study was groundbreaking as it extended the suggested strategy to the PFE that was being aimed at, yielding a significant amount of soliton wave solutions while providing new insights into the behavioral characteristics of soliton. This approach surpassed previous approaches by offering a systematic approach to solving nonlinear problems in analogous challenging situations. Furthermore, the results also showed that the suggested method worked well for building families of propagating soliton solutions for intricate models such as the PFE.
Citation: Mohammed Aldandani, Abdulhadi A. Altherwi, Mastoor M. Abushaega. Propagation patterns of dromion and other solitons in nonlinear Phi-Four (ϕ4) equation[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(7): 19786-19811. doi: 10.3934/math.2024966
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The Phi-Four (also embodied as ϕ4) equation (PFE) is one of the most significant models in nonlinear physics, that emerges in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmic theory. In this study, propagating soliton solutions for the PFE were obtained by employing the extended direct algebraic method (EDAM). This transformational method reformulated the model into an assortment of nonlinear algebraic equations using a series-form solution. These equations were then solved with the aid of Maple software, producing a large number of soliton solutions. New families of soliton solutions, including exponential, rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric functions, are included in these solutions. Using 3D, 2D, and contour graphs, the shape, amplitude, and propagation behaviour of some solitons were visualized which revealed the existence of kink, shock, bright-dark, hump, lump-type, dromion, and periodic solitons in the context of PFE. The study was groundbreaking as it extended the suggested strategy to the PFE that was being aimed at, yielding a significant amount of soliton wave solutions while providing new insights into the behavioral characteristics of soliton. This approach surpassed previous approaches by offering a systematic approach to solving nonlinear problems in analogous challenging situations. Furthermore, the results also showed that the suggested method worked well for building families of propagating soliton solutions for intricate models such as the PFE.
Lotfi A. Zadeh published a paper in 1965 [1] that developed the theory of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy sets theory was included in 2011 [2], in the study of complex-valued functions related to subordination. The connection of this theory with the field of complex analysis was motivated by the many successful attempts of researchers to connect fuzzy sets with established fields of mathematical study. The differential subordination concept was first presented by the writers of [3,4]. Fuzzy differential subordination was first proposed in 2012 [5]. A publication released in 2017 [6] provides a good overview of the evolution of the fuzzy set concept and its connections to many scientific and technical domains. It also includes references to the research done up until that moment in the context of fuzzy differential subordination theory. The research revealed in 2012 [7] showed how to adapt the well-established theory of differential subordination to the specific details that characterizes fuzzy differential subordination and provided techniques for analyzing the dominants as well as for providing the best dominants of fuzzy differential subordinations. Also, some researchers applied fuzzy differential subordination to different function classes; see [8,9]. After that, the specific Briot–Bouquet fuzzy differential subordinations were taken into consideration for the studies [10].
Let Ap (p a positive integer) denote the class of functions of the form:
f(η)=ηp+∞∑n=p+1anηn ,(p∈N={1,2,3,..}, η∈U), | (1.1) |
which are analytic and multivalent (or p-valent) in the open unit disk U given by
U={η:|η|<1}. |
For p=1, the class Ap=A represents the class of normalized analytic and univalent functions in U.
Jackson [11,12] was the first to employ the q-difference operator in the context of geometric function theory. Carmichael [13], Mason [14], Trijitzinsky [15], and Ismail et al. [16] presented for the first time some features connected to the q -difference operator. Moreover, many writers have studied different q-calculus applications for generalized subclasses of analytic functions; see [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
The Jackson's q-difference operator dq:Ap→Ap defined by
dq,pf(η):={f(η)−f(qη)(1−q)η(η≠0;0<q<1),f′(0)(η=0), | (1.2) |
provided that f′(0) exists. From (1.1) and (1.2), we deduce that
dq,pf(η):=[p]qηp−1+∞∑κ=p+1[κ]qaκηκ−1, | (1.3) |
where
[κ]q=1−qκ1−q=1+κ−1∑n=1qn, [0]q=0,[κ]q!={[κ]q[κ−1]q.........[2]q[1]q κ=1,2,3,... 1 κ=0. | (1.4) |
We observe that
limq→1−dq,pf(η):=limq→1−f(η)−f(qη)(1−q)η=f′(η). |
The q-difference operator is subject to the following basic laws:
dq(cf(η)±dℏ(η))=cdqf(η)±ddqℏ(η) | (1.5) |
dq(f(η)ℏ(η))=f(qη)dq(ℏ(η))+ℏ(η)dq(f(η)) | (1.6) |
dq(f(η)ℏ(η))=dq(f(η))ℏ(η)−f(η)dq(ℏ(η))ℏ(qη)ℏ(η), hbar(qη)ℏ(η)≠0 | (1.7) |
dq(logf(η))=lnqq−1dq(f(η))f(η), | (1.8) |
where f,ℏ∈A, and c and d are real or complex constants.
Jackson in [12] introduced the q-integral of f as:
∫η0f(t)dqt =η(1−q)∞∑κ=0qκf(ηqκ), |
and
limq→1−∫η0f(t)dqt =∫η0f(t)dt, |
where ∫η0f(t)dt, is the ordinary integral.
The study of linear operators is an important topic for research in the field of geometric function theory. Several prominent scholars have recently expressed interest in the introduction and analysis of such linear operators with regard to q-analogues. The Ruscheweyh derivative operator's q-analogue was examined by the writers of [27], who also examined some of its properties. It was Noor et al. [28] who originally introduced the q-Bernardi integral operator.
In [29], Aouf and Madian investigate the q-p-valent Că tas operator Isq,p(λ,ℓ):Ap→Ap (s∈N0=N∪{0},ℓ,λ≥0, 0<q<1,p∈N) as follows:
Isq,p(λ,ℓ)f(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ℓ]q+λ([κ+ℓ]q−[p+ℓ]q)[p+ℓ]q)saκηκ(s∈N0,ℓ,λ≥0,0<q<1,p∈N). |
Also, Arif et al. [30] introduced the extended q -derivative operator ℜμ+p−1q:Ap→Ap for p-valent analytic functions is defined as follows:
ℜμ+p−1qf(η)=Qp(q,μ+p;η)∗f(η) (μ>−p),=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1[μ+p,q]κ−p[κ−p,q]!aκηκ. |
Setting
Gs,pq,λ,ℓ(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ℓ]q+λ([κ+ℓ]q−[p+ℓ]q)[p+ℓ]q)sηκ. |
Now, we define a new function Gs,μq,p,λ,ℓ(η) in terms of the Hadamard product (or convolution) by:
Gs,pq,λ,ℓ(η)∗Gs,μq,p,λ,ℓ(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1[μ+p,q]κ−p[κ−p,q]!ηκ (p∈N). |
Then, motivated essentially by the q-analogue of the Ruscheweyh operator and the q-analogue Cătas operator, we now introduce the operator Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ):Ap→Ap defined by
Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=Gs,μq,p,λ,ℓ(η)∗f(η), | (1.9) |
where s∈N0,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1,p∈N. For f∈Ap and (1.9), it is clear that
Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ℓ]q[p+ℓ]q+λ([κ+ℓ]q−[p+ℓ]q))s[μ+p]κ−p,q[κ−p]q!aκηκ. | (1.10) |
We use (1.10) to deduce the following:
η dq(Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))=[ℓ+p]qλqℓIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)−([ℓ+p]qλqℓ−1)Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η),(λ>0), | (1.11) |
qμη dq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))=[μ+p]qIs,pq,μ+1(λ,ℓ)f(η)−[μ]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η). | (1.12) |
We note that :
(i) If s=0 and q→1− the operator defined in (1.10) reduces to the differential operator investigated by Goel and Sohi [31], and further, by making p=1, we get the familiar Ruscheweyh operator [32] (see also [33]). Also, for more details on the q-analogue of different differential operators, see the works [34,35];
(ii) If we set q→1−,p=1, we obtain Isλ,ℓ,μf(η) that was defined by Aouf and El-Ashwah [36];
(iii) If we set μ=0, and q→1−, we obtain Jsp(λ,ℓ)f(η) that was introduced by El-Ashwah and Aouf [37];
(iv) If μ=0, ℓ=λ=1,p=1, and q→1−, we obtain Isf(η) that was investigated by Jung et al. [38];
(v) If μ=0, λ=1,ℓ=0,p=1, and q→1−, we obtain Isf(η) that was defined by S ălăgean [39];
(vi) If we set μ=0, λ=1, and p=1, we obtain Iℓq,sf(η) that was presented by Shah and Noor [40];
(vii) If we set μ=0,λ=1,p=1, and q→1−, we obtain Jsq,ℓ, the Srivastava–Attiya operator; see [41,42];
(vii) I1,1q,0(1,0)=∫η0f(t)tdqt (q-Alexander operator [40]);
(viii) I1,1q,0(1,ℓ)=[1+ϱ]qηϱ∫η0tϱ−1f(t)dqt (q-Bernardi operator [28]);
(ix) I1,1q,0(1,1)=[2]qη∫η0f(t)dqt (q-Libera operator [28]).
We also observe that:
(i)Is,pq,μ(1,0)f(η)=Is,pq,μf(η)
f(η)∈A:Is,pq,μf(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p]q[κ]q)s[μ+p]κ−p,q[κ−p]q!aκηκ, (s∈N0,μ≥0,0<q<1,p∈N,η∈U). |
(ii) Is,pq,μ(1,ℓ)f(η)=Is,p,ℓq,μf(η)
f(η)∈A:Is,p,ℓq,μf(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ℓ]q[κ+ℓ]q)s[μ+p]κ−p,q[κ−p]q!aκηκ, (s∈N0,ℓ>0,μ≥0,0<q<1,p∈N,η∈U). |
(iii) Is,pq,μ(λ,0)f(η)=Is,p,λq,μf(η)
f(η)∈A:Is,p,λq,μf(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p]q[p]q+λ([κ]q−[p]q))s[μ+p]κ−p,q[κ−p]q!aκηκ, (s∈N0,λ>0,μ≥0,0<q<1,p∈N,η∈U). |
We provide an overview of a number of fundamental ideas that are important to our research.
Definition 2.1. [43] A mapping F is said to be a fuzzy subset on Y≠ϕ, if it maps from Y to [0,1].
Alternatively, it is defined as:
Definition 2.2. [43] A pair (U,FU) is said to be a fuzzy subset on Y, where FU:Y→[0,1] is the membership function of the fuzzy set (U,FU) and U ={x∈Y:0<FU(x)≤1}=sup(U,FU) is the support of fuzzy set (U,FU).
Definition 2.3. [43] Let (U1,FU1) and (U2,FU2) be two subsets of Y. Then, (U1,FU1)⊆(U2,FU2) if and only if FU1(t)≤FU2(t), t∈Y, whereas (U1,FU1) and (U2,FU2) of Y are equal if and only if U1=U2.
The subordination method for two analytic functions f and h was established by Miller and Mocanu [44]. Specifically, if f(η)=h(κ(η)), where κ(η) is a Schwartz function in U, then, f is subordinate to h, symbolized by f≺h.
According to Oros [5], the subordination technique of analytic functions can be generalized to fuzzy notions as follows:
Definition 2.4. If f(η0)=h(η0) and F(f(η))≤F(h(η)),(η∈U⊂C), where η0∈U be a fixed point, then f is fuzzy subordinate to h and is denoted by f≺Fh.
Definition 2.5. [5] Let ψ:C3×U→C, and let h be univalent in U If ω is analytic in U and satisfies the (second-order) fuzzy differential subordination:
Fψ(C3×U)(ψ(ω(η),ηω′(η),η2ω′′(η);η))≤Fh(U)(h(η)), | (2.1) |
i.e.,
ψ(ω(η),ηω′(η),η2ω′′(η);η))≤F(h(ζ)), η∈U, |
then, ω is called a fuzzy solution of the fuzzy differential subordination. The univalent function ω is called a fuzzy dominant if ω(η)≺Fχ(η), for all ω satisfying (2.1). A fuzzy dominant ˜χ that satisfies ˜χ(η)≺Fχ(η) for all fuzzy dominant χ of (2.1) is said to be the fuzzy best dominant of (2.1).
Using the concept of fuzzy subordination, certain special classes are next defined.
The class of analytic functions h(η) that are univalent convex functions in U with h(0)=1 and Re(h(η))>0 is denoted by Ω. We define the following for h(η)∈Ω, F:C→[0,1], s∈N0,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, and p∈N:
Definition 2.6. When f∈Ap, we say that f∈FMpγ(h) if and only if
(1−γ)[p]qηdqf(η)f(η)+γ[p]qdq(ηdqf(η))dqf(η)≺Fh(η). |
Furthermore,
FMp0(h)=FSTp(h)={f∈Ap:ηdqf(η)[p]qf(η)≺Fh(η)}, |
and
FMp1(h)=FCVp(h)={f∈Ap:dq(ηdqf(η))[p]qdqf(η)≺Fh(η)}. |
It is noted that
f∈FCVp(h)⇔ηdqf(η)[p]q∈FSTp(h). | (2.2) |
Particularly, for h(η)=1+η1−η, the classes FCVp(h) and FSTp(h) reduce to the classes FCVp, and FSTp, of the fuzzy p-valent convex and fuzzy p-valent starlike functions, respectively.
With the operator Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ), specified by (1.10), certain new classes of fuzzy p-valent functions are defined as follows:
Definition 2.7. Let f∈Ap,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, p∈N and s be a real. Then,
FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)={f∈Ap:Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)∈FMpγ(h)}, |
FSTs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)={f∈Ap:Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)∈FSTp(h)}, |
and
FCVs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)={f∈Ap:Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)∈FCVp(h)}. |
It is clear that
f∈FCVs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)⇔ηdqf(η)[p]q∈FSTs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h). | (2.3) |
Particularly, if s=0,μ=1, then FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)=FMpγ(h), FSTs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)=FSTp(h), and FCVs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)= FCVp(h). Moreover, if p=1, then the classes FMpγ(h), FSTp(h), and FCVp(h) reduce to the classes FMγ(h), FST(h), and FCV(h) studied in [45].
In the first part of this investigation, the goal is to establish certain inclusion relations between the classes seen in Definitions 5 and 7 using the properties of fuzzy differential subordination and then to obtain connections between the newly introduced subclasses by applying a new generalized q-calculus operator, which will be defined in the second part of this study. This research follows the line established by recent publications like [46,47,48].
The proofs of the main results require the following lemma:
Lemma 3.1. [47] Let r1, r2∈C, r1≠0, and a convex function h satisfies
Re(r1h(t)+r2)>0, t∈U. |
If g is analytic in U with g(0)=h(0), and Ω(g(t),tdqg(t);t)=g(t)+tdqg(t)r1g(t)+r2 is analytic in U with Ω(h(0),0;0)=h(0), then,
FΩ(C2×U)[g(t)+tdqg(t)r1g(t)+r2]≤Fh(U)(h(t)) |
implies
Fg(U)(g(t))≤Fh(U)(h(t)), t∈U. |
In this section, we are going to discuss some inclusion properties for the classes defined above.
Theorem 3.1. Let h∈Ω, 0≤γ≤1,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1,p∈N, and s be a real. Then,
FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). |
Proof. Let f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h), and let
ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=χ(η), | (3.1) |
with χ(η) being analytic in U and χ(0)=1.
We take logarithmic differentiation of (2.1) to get
dq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))ηdqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)−dq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=dq(χ(η))χ(η). |
Equivalently,
dq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))[p]qdqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=χ(η)+1[p]qηdq(χ(η))χ(η). | (3.2) |
Since f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h), from (2.1) and (3.2), we get
(1−γ)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=χ(η)+γ[p]qηdq(χ(η))χ(η)≺Fh(η). | (3.3) |
We obtain χ(η)≺Fh(η) by applying (3.3) and Lemma 3.1. Hence, f∈FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h).
Corollary 3.1. FMsq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTsq,μ(λ,ℓ;h),if p=1. Furthermore, if s=0, μ=1, we obtain FMγ(h)⊂FST(h), and if γ=1, then FCV(h)⊂FST(h). Additionally, for h(η)=1+η1−η, we obtain FCV⊂FST.
Theorem 3.2. Let h∈Ω, γ>1,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, p∈N, and s be a real. Then,
FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)⊂FCVs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h). |
Proof. Let f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h). Then, by definition, we write
(1−γ)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=p1(η)≺Fh(η). |
Now,
γ[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=(1−γ)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+(γ−1)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=(γ−1)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+p1(η). |
This implies
dq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))[p]qdqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=1γp1(η)+(1−1γ)ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=1γp1(η)+(1−1γ)p2(η). |
Since p1,p2≺Fh(η), dq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))[p]qηdqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)≺Fh(η). This is the expected outcome.
In particular, if p=1, we get FMsq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)⊂FCVsq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h). Additionally, when s=0, μ=1, we have FMγ(h)⊂FCV(h), and considering h(η)=1+η1−η, we obtain FMpγ⊂FCV.
Theorem 3.3. Let h∈Ω, 0≤γ1<γ2<1,ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, p∈N, and s be a real number. Then,
FMs,pq,μ(γ2,λ,ℓ;h)⊂FMs,pq,μ(γ1,λ,ℓ;h). |
Proof. For γ1=0, it is obviously true, based on the preceding theorem.
Let f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ2,λ,ℓ;h). Then, by definition, we have
(1−γ2)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ2[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))ηdqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=g1(η)≺Fh(η). | (3.4) |
Now, we can easily write
(1−γ1)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ1[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=γ1γ2g1(η)+(1−γ1γ2)g2(η), | (3.5) |
where we have used (3.4), and ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=g2(η)≺Fh(η). Since g1,g2≺Fh(η), (3.5) implies
(1−γ1)[p]qηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)+γ1[p]qdq(ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)))dqIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)≺Fh(η). |
This proves the theorem.
Remark 3.1. If γ2=1, and f∈FMs,pq,μ(1,λ,ℓ;h)=FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h), then the previously proved result shows that
f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ1,λ,ℓ;h), for 0≤γ1<1. |
Consequently, by using Theorem 3.1, we get FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTs,pq,μ(1,λ,ℓ;h).
Now, certain inclusion results are discussed for the subclasses given by Definition 2.1.
Theorem 3.4. Let h∈Ω, ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, p∈N, and s be a real with [ℓ+p]q>λqℓ. Then,
FSTs,pq,μ+1(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). |
Proof. Let f∈FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). Then,
ηdq(Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)≺Fh(η). |
Now, we set
ηdq(Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=P(η), | (3.6) |
with analytic P(η) in U and P(0)=1.
From (1.11) and (3.6), we get
ηdq(Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=[ℓ+p]qλqℓ(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)−1[p]q([ℓ+p]qλqℓ−1), |
equivalently,
[ℓ+p]qλqℓ(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=P(η)+ξq,p. |
where ξq,p=1[p]q([ℓ+p]qλqℓ−1).
On q-logarithmic differentiation yields,
ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=P(η)+ηdq(P(η))[p]q(P(η)+ξq,p). | (3.7) |
Since f∈FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h), (3.7) implies
P(η)+ηdq(P(η))[p]q(P(η)+ξq,p)≺Fh(η). | (3.8) |
We conclude that P(η)≺Fh(η) by applying (3.8) and Lemma 3.1. Hence, f∈FSTs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). To prove the first part, let f∈FSTs,pq,μ+1(λ,ℓ;h), and set
χ(η)=ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η), |
where χ is analytic in U with χ(0)=1. Then, it follows χ≺Fh(η) that by applying the same arguments as those described before with (1.12). Theorem 3.4's proof is now complete.
Theorem 3.5. Let h∈Ω, ℓ,λ≥0,μ>−p,0<q<1, p∈N, and s be a real. Then,
FCVs,pq,μ+1(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⊂FCVs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). |
Proof. Let f∈FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). Applying (2.3), we show that
f∈FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⇔η(dqf)[p]q∈FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⇔η[p]qdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))∈FSTp(h)⇔η(dqf)[p]q∈FSTs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h)⇔η[p]qdq(Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))∈FSTp(h)⇔Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)(η(dqf)[p]q)∈FSTp(h)⇔Is+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)∈FCVp(h)⇔f∈FCVs+1,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). |
We can demonstrate the first part using arguments similar to those described above. Theorem 3.5's proof is now complete.
For f(η)∈Ap, the generalized (p,q)-Bernardi integral operator for p-valent functions Bpn,qf(η):Ap→Ap is defined by
Bpn,qf(η)={Bp1,q(Bpn−1,qf(η)), (n∈N),f(η), (n=0), |
where Bp1,qf(η) is given by
Bp1,qf(η)=[p+ϱ]qηϱ∫η0tϱ−1f(t)dqt=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ϱ]q[κ+ϱ]q)aκzκ, (ϱ>−p,η∈U). | (3.9) |
From Bp1,qf(η), we deduce that
Bp2,qf(η)=Bp1,q(Bp1,qf(η))=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ϱ]q[κ+ϱ]q)2aκzκ, (ϱ>−p), |
and
Bpn,qf(η)=ηp+∞∑κ=p+1([p+ϱ]q[κ+ϱ]q)naκzκ, (n∈N, ϱ>−p), |
which are defined in [49].
If n=1, we obtain the q-Bernardi integral operator for a p -valent function [50].
Theorem 3.6. Let f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h), and define
Bpq,ϱ(η)=[p+ϱ]qηϱ∫η0tϱ−1f(t)dqt (ϱ>0). | (3.10) |
Then, Bpq,ϱ∈FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h).
Proof. Let f∈Ms,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h), and Bs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η)=Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)(Bpq,ϱ(η)). We assume
ηdq(Bs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η))[p]qBs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η)=N(η), | (3.11) |
where N(η) is analytic in U with N(0)=1.
From (3.10), we obtain
dq(ηϱBs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η))[p+ϱ]q=ηϱ−1f(η). |
This implies
ηdq(Bs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η))=([p]q+[ϱ]qqϱ)f(η)−[ϱ]qqϱBs,pq,μ,ϱ(λ,ℓ)(η). | (3.12) |
We use (3.11), (3.12), and (1.10), to obtain
N(η)=([p]q+[ϱ]qqϱ)ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)(Bpq,ϱ(η))−[ϱ]qqϱ[p]q. |
We use logarithmic differentiation to obtain
ηdq(Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η))[p]qIs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ)f(η)=N(η)+ηdqN(η)[p]qN(η)+[ϱ]qqϱ. | (3.13) |
Since f∈FMs,pq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h)⊂FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h), (3.13) implies
N(η)+ηdqN(η)[p]qN(η)+[ϱ]qqϱ≺Fh(η). |
The intended outcome follows from applying Lemma 3.1.
When p=1, the following corollary can be stated:
Corollary 3.2. Let f∈FMsq,μ(γ,λ,ℓ;h), and define
Bq,ϱf(η)=[1+ϱ]qηϱ∫η0tϱ−1f(t)dqt (ϱ>0). |
Then, Bq,ϱf(η)∈FSTsq,μ(λ,ℓ;h).
The means of the fuzzy differential subordiantion theory are employed in order to introduce and initiate investigations on certain subclasses of multivalent functions. The q-p-analogue multiplier-Ruscheweyh operator Is,pq,μ(λ,ℓ) is developed using the notion of a q-difference operator and the concept of convolution. The q-analogue of the Ruscheweyh operator and the q-p-analogue of the Cătas operator are further used to introduce a new operator applied for defining particular subclasses. In the second section, we obtained some inclusion properties between the classes FMs,pq,μγ,λ,ℓ;h), FSTs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h), and FCVs,pq,μ(λ,ℓ;h). The investigations concern the (p,q)-Bernardi integral operator for the p-valent function preservation property and certain inclusion outcomes for the newly defined classes. Another new generalized q-calculus operator is defined in this investigation that helps establish connections between the classes introduced and investigated in this study. For instance, many researchers used fuzzy theory in different branches of mathematics [51,52,53,54].
This work is intended to motivate future studies that would contribute to this direction of study by developing other generalized subclasses of q-close-to-convex and quasi-convex multivalent functions as well as by presenting other generalized q-calculus operators.
Ekram E. Ali1, Georgia Irina Oros, Rabha M. El-Ashwah and Abeer M. Albalahi: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, formal analysis, writing-review and editing; Ekram E. Ali1, Rabha M. El-Ashwah and Abeer M. Albalahi: writing-original draft preparation; Ekram E. Ali1 and Georgia Irina Oros: supervision; Ekram E. Ali1: project administration; Georgia Irina Oros: funding acquisition. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
The publication of this paper was supported by University of Oradea, Romania.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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