In this paper we deal with a Dirichlet problem for an elliptic equation involving the 1-Laplace operator. Under suitable assumptions on the nonlinearity we show that there exists a symmetric, monotonic and positive solution via the moving plane method. We shall show a priori estimates for some positive solutions.
Citation: Lin Zhao. Monotonicity and symmetry of positive solution for 1-Laplace equation[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(6): 6255-6277. doi: 10.3934/math.2021367
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In this paper we deal with a Dirichlet problem for an elliptic equation involving the 1-Laplace operator. Under suitable assumptions on the nonlinearity we show that there exists a symmetric, monotonic and positive solution via the moving plane method. We shall show a priori estimates for some positive solutions.
We are interested in the symmetry and monotonicity of solutions to the problem
{−Δ1u=f(u),inΩ,u>0inΩ,u=0,on∂Ω, | (1.1) |
where Δ1u=div(Du|Du|), Ω is a smooth bounded domain in RN, N≥2, and strictly convex. The purpose of the paper is to investigate a priori estimates and symmetric properties of the solutions when the domain is assumed to have symmetric properties and f is supposed to satisfy the following conditions (H1), (H2) and (H4). We also assume that f satisfies the following conditions (H3) and (H5) to use mountain pass lemma to get a nontrivial solution.
(H1): f:[0,+∞) is a locally Lipschitz continuous function and f(s)≥0 for ∀ s∈[0,+∞).
(H2): f(s)≤C1(1+s1∗−1), for ∀ s∈[0,+∞), with 1∗=NN−1 and a constant C1>0.
(H3): There exists θ>1, and k0>0 such that
0<θF(s)≤sf(s),s≥k0. |
(H4): There exists a constant C2>0 such that
lim infs→+∞1∗F(s)−sf(s)sf(s)≥C2, |
where F(s)=∫s0f(t)dt.
(H5): There exists a constant α∈(0,1N−1) such that
lims→0|f(s)|sα<∞. |
We point out that the similar p-Laplace problems (p>1) have many applications and have been studied for a long time, more precisely, Dirichlet problems for the p-Laplace operator,
{−Δpu=f(u),inΩ,u>0inΩ,u=0,on∂Ω. | (1.2) |
In the case p=2, the problem (1.2) −Δpu=f(u) has been widely studied. Gidas and Spruck [27] prove a priori bounds for nonlinearities f for N≥3 behave as a subcritical power at infinity, introducing the blow up method together with Liouville type theorems for solutions in RN. Figneiredo, Lions and Nussbaum [19] consider the existence and a priori estimates of positive solutions of the problem (1.2) when f satisfies the superlinear grow at infinity. They prove a priori bound for positive solutions of the problem (1.2) under the hypothesis lims→∞f(s)sN+2N−2=0, together with the monotonic results by Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg [28] obtained by the Alexandrov-Serrin moving plane method [37]. The moving plane method has been improved and simplified by Beresticky and Nirenberg [7] with the aid of the maximum principle in small domain. With the help of the blow up procedure, Azizieh and Clément [5] prove a priori estimates for the problem (1.2) in the case of Ω being a strictly convex domain and f satisfying some suitable assumption. Damascelli and Pacella [14,15] apply the moving plane method to prove some monotonic and symmetric results for the p-Laplace equation in the singular case 1<p<2, also see [6,13]. The results are later extended to the case p>2 in the papers [12,17,18]. Damascelli and Pardo [16] used the technique introduced in [19] that allowed to give the a priori estimates for solutions in case 1<p<N, case p=N, and case p>N. Esposito, Montoro and Sciunzi [24] study symmetric and monotonic properties of singular positive solutions to the problem (1.2) via moving plane method under suitable assumptions on f. However, all the above mentioned papers can not deal with the case p=1. In this paper, we can extend the case p>1 to the case p=1.
Obviously, the problem of Δ1 is different from Δp (p>1). When p=1, it is necessary to replace W1,1 by BV, the space of functions of bounded variation. A function u∈L1(Ω) is called a function of bounded variation, whose partial derivatives in the sense of distribution are Radon measures. We point out that the space W1,p(Ω) is reflexive, however, the space BV(Ω) is not reflexive, so that we can not follow the arguments on Δp. The 1-Laplace operator Δ1 introduces some extra difficulties and special features. The first difficulty occurs by defining the quotient Du|Du|, Du being just a Radon measure. To deal with the 1-Laplacian operator, we need the theory of pairing of L∞ divergence measure vector fields (see the pioneering works [3,4,8]).
Demengel [21] is concerned with existence of solution in BV(Ω) to the problem −divz+zsignu=f|u|1∗−2u with z⋅∇u=∇u in Ω and −z⋅γ=u on ∂Ω. Demengel [22] is devoted to the elliptic equations with 1-Laplacian operator
{−Δ1u=f(x,u),inΩ,u=0,on∂Ω, | (1.3) |
and introduces the concept of locally almost 1-harmonic functions in Ω. The comparison principle, the first eigenvalue and related eigenfunctions for the 1-Laplacian operator are established in [22]. Kawohl and Schuricht [30] consider a number of problems that are associated with the 1-Laplace operator Δ1, the formal limit of the p-Laplace operator as p→1, by investigating the underlying variational problem. Since the corresponding solution typically belongs to BV and not to W1,1, they have to study the minimizers of the functionals containing the total variation. In particular, they look for constrained minimizers subject to a prescribed L1 norm which can be considered as an eigenvalue problem for the 1-Laplace operator. Degiovanni and Magrone [20] are concerned with the problem (1.3) with f(x,u)=λu|u|+|u|1∗−2u. It is proved that for every λ≥λ1, the problem (1.3) admits a nontrivial solution by the non-standard linking methods. Salas and Segura de León [35] study the problem (1.3) with f(x,u) satisfying subcritical growth; i.e., |f(x,u)|≤C(1+|u|q) with 0<q<1∗−1. They prove that for the problem (1.3) there exists at least two nontrivial solutions, one nonnegative and one nonpositive, by using known existence results for the p-Laplacian (p>1) and considering the limit as p→1+. De Cicco, Giachetti, Oliva and Petitta [9] study the existence and regularity of special distributional nonnegative solutions to the boundary value singular problem (1.3) with f(x,u)=h(u)g(x). They show existence of nonnegative solutions to (1.3) with umax{1,γ}∈BV(Ω). These solutions are obtained as a limit as p→1+ of nonnegative solutions of the p-Laplacian problems −Δpup=h(up)g with up=0 on ∂Ω. We also refer to [33,34,35,36,38] for the a priori estimates and gradient estimates of solutions. In this paper we can study the monotonicity and symmetry of positive solution to the 1-Laplace problem and show the a priori estimates for the solution.
By the theory of pairing of L∞ divergence measure vector fields, we introduce the following definition of solutions to the problem (1.1).
Definition 1.1. We say that u∈BVloc(Ω), u>0, is a solution to problem (1.1) if there exists a vector field z∈DM∞(Ω) with ‖z‖L∞≤1 such that
−divz=f(u),inD′(Ω), | (1.4) |
(z,Du)=|Du|as measures inΩ, | (1.5) |
[z,γ]∈sign(−u) on ∂Ω, | (1.6) |
where γ is the unit exterior normal on ∂Ω, and the spaces BVloc(Ω) and DM∞(Ω) are given in Section 2.
To state more precisely some known result about the monotonicity and symmetry of solutions of the problem (1.1), we need some notations. Let ν be a direction in RN. For a real number μ we define
Tνμ={x∈RN∣x⋅ν=μ} |
Ωνμ={x∈Ω∣x⋅ν<μ} |
xνμ=Rνμ(x)=x+2(μ−x⋅ν)ν,x∈RN |
and
a(ν)=infx∈Ωx⋅ν. | (1.7) |
If μ>a(ν) then Ωνμ is nonempty, thus we set
(Ωνμ)′=Rνμ(Ωνμ). |
Following [6] and [12,13,14,15,16,17,18], we observe that μ−a(ν) small then (Ωνμ)′ is contained in Ω and will remain in it, at least until one of the following occurs:
(A) (Ωνμ)′ becomes internally tangent to ∂Ω.
(B) Tνμ is orthogonal to ∂Ω.
Let Π1(ν) be the set of those μ>a(ν) such that for each η<μ none of the conditions (A) and (B) holds and define
μ1(ν)=supΠ1(ν). | (1.8) |
Moreover, let
Π2(ν)={μ>a(ν)∣(Ωνη)′⊂Ω,∀η∈(a(ν),μ]} |
and
μ2(ν)=supΠ2(ν). | (1.9) |
Since Ω is supposed to be smooth, note that neither Π1(ν) nor Π2(ν) are empty and Π1(ν)⊂Π2(ν), so that μ1(ν)≤μ2(ν).
We deal with solutions to the problem (1.1) in the sense of Definition 1.1. Our main result is stated as follows.
Theorem 1.2. Let Ω be a smooth bounded domain in RN, N≥2, which is strictly convex. Assume the nonlinearity f satisfies the conditions (H1)−(H5). Then there exists a nontrivial positive solution u to the problem (1.1) in the sense Definition 1.1, bounded in L∞(Ω) (i.e., u∈L∞(Ω)), and for any direction ν and for μ in the interval (a(ν),μ1(ν)],
u(x)≤u(xνμ),a.e.x∈Ωνμ, | (1.10) |
where a(ν) and μ1(ν) are given by (1.7) and (1.8) respectively.
If f is locally Lipschitz continuous in the closed interval [0,+∞), the condition (1.10) holds for any μ in the interval (a(ν),μ2(ν)].
Corollary 1.3. Let the smooth bounded domain Ω⊂RN, N≥2, be strictly convex with respect to a direction ν and symmetric with respect to the hyperplane Tν0={x∈RN∣x⋅ν=0}. Assume that the nonlinearity f satisfies the conditions (H1)−(H5), which is locally Lipschitz continuous in the closed interval [0,+∞) and strictly positive in (0,+∞). Then there exists a nontrivial positive solution u to the problem (1.1) in the sense Definition 1.1, bounded in L∞(Ω), almost everywhere symmetric, i.e., u(x)=u(xν0) and nondecreasing in the ν-direction a.e. in Ων0.
Remark 1.4. Since the moving plane procedure can be performed in the same way but in the opposite direction, then it is obvious that Corollary 1.3 is obtained by Theorem 1.2 (see Corollary 2.4 of [16]).
Throughout this paper, Ω denotes an bounded subset of RN with Lipschitz boundary. The symbol |Ω| stands for its N dimensional Lebesgue measure and HN−1(E) for the N−1 dimensional Hausdorff measure of a set E⊂RN. An outward normal with vector γ=γ(x) is defined for HN−1 a.e. x∈∂Ω. We will denote by W1,p0(Ω) the usual Sobolev space, of measureable functions having weak gradient in Lp(Ω;RN) and zero trace on ∂Ω. If 1<p<N, denote by p∗=NpN−p its critical Sobolev exponent. BV(Ω) will denote the space of functions of bounded variation
BV(Ω)={v∈L1(Ω)∣Dvis a bounded Radon measure} |
where Dv:Ω→RN is the distributional gradient of u. It is endowed with the norm by
‖v‖BV=∫Ω|Dv|+∫Ω|v|dx, |
where
∫Ω|Dv|=sup{∫Ωvdivφdx∣φ∈C10(Ω;RN),|φ(x)|≤1,x∈Ω}. |
BV(Ω) is a Banach space which is non-reflexive and non-separable. The notion of a trace on the boundary can be extended to functions v∈BV(Ω) and this fact allows us to write v|∂Ω. Moreover, the trace defines a linear bounded operator i:BV(Ω)↪L1(∂Ω) which is onto. By the trace, we have an equivalent norm on BV(Ω)
‖v‖BV=∫Ω|Dv|+∫∂Ω|v|dHN−1, |
where HN−1 denotes the N−1 dimensional Hausdorff measure. We will often use this norm in what follows. In addition, the following continuous embeddings hold
BV(Ω)↪Lm(Ω),1≤m≤NN−1, |
which are compact for 1≤m<NN−1 (see for instance [25,41]). We denote by M(Ω) the space of Radon measures with finite total variation over Ω, by
DM∞(Ω)={z∈L∞(Ω;RN)∣divz∈M(Ω)} |
and by
DM∞loc(Ω)={z∈L∞(Ω;RN)∣divz∈M(Ω′),Ω′⊂⊂Ω}. |
The theory of L∞ divergence measure vector fields is due to Anzellotti [4] and Chen and Frid [8]. We define the following distribution (z,Dv)
⟨(z,Dv),φ⟩=−∫Ωvφdivzdx−∫Ωvz⋅∇φdx | (2.1) |
for ∀ φ∈C1c(Ω). In Anzellotti's theory we need some compatibility conditions, such as divz∈L1(Ω) and v∈BV(Ω)∩L∞(Ω) or divz a Radon measure with finite total variation and v∈BV(Ω)∩L∞(Ω)∩C(Ω).
Lemma 2.1 ([34,35]). Let v∈BVloc(Ω)∩L1(Ω,μ) and z∈DM∞loc(Ω). Then the distribution (z,Dv) defined in (2.1) previously satisfies
|⟨(z,Dv),φ⟩|≤‖φ‖L∞‖z‖L∞(U)∫U|Dv|, |
for all open set U⊂⊂Ω and all φ∈C1c(U).
Lemma 2.2 ([34,35]). The distribution (z,Dv) is a Radon measure. It and its total variation |(z,Dv)| are absolutely continuous with respect to the measure |Dv| and
|∫B(z,Dv)|≤∫B|(z,Dv)|≤‖z‖L∞(U)∫B|Dv|, |
holds for all Borel sets B and for all open sets U such that B⊂U⊂Ω.
Lemma 2.3 ([10,11,34]). Let z∈DM∞loc(Ω) and let v∈BV(Ω)∩L∞(Ω). Then zv∈DM∞loc(Ω). Moreover, the following formula holds in the sense of measures
div(z,v)=(divz)v+(z,Dv). |
It follows from Anzellotti's theory that every z∈DM∞(Ω) has a weak trace on ∂Ω of the normal component of z which is denoted by [z,γ] with γ the unit exterior normal on ∂Ω, which satisfies
‖[z,γ]‖L∞(∂Ω)≤‖z‖L∞, |
and
v[z,γ]=[vz,γ] |
for all z∈DM∞(Ω) and v∈BV(Ω)∩L∞(Ω).
Lemma 2.4 (Green formula [10,11,34]). Let z∈DM∞loc(Ω), ϖ=divz and v∈BV(Ω) and assume v∈L1(Ω,μ). Then vz∈DM∞(Ω) and the following holds
∫Ωvdϖ+∫Ω(z,Dv)=∫∂Ω[vz,γ]dHN−1. |
Lemma 2.5 ([34,35]). Let z∈DM∞loc(Ω) and v∈BV(Ω)∩L∞(Ω). If vz∈DM∞(Ω), then
|[vz,γ]|≤|v|∂Ω‖z‖L∞(Ω),HN−1a.e.on∂Ω. |
Let p0:=min{θ,NN−1}, with θ>1 given by (H3). For each 1<p<p0, let us consider the following problem
{−Δpw=f(w),inΩ,w>0inΩ,w=0,on∂Ω, | (3.1) |
where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in RN, N≥2, 1<p<p0 and f:[0,+∞)→R satisfies the conditions (H1)−(H5). We need the following propositions and a priori estimates of p-Laplace equation to prove Theorem 1.2.
Definition 3.1. We say up∈W1,p0(Ω), up≥0, is a weak solution to the problem (3.1) in the sense that
∫Ω|∇up|p−2∇up⋅∇φdx=∫Ωf(up)φdx, | (3.2) |
for ∀ φ∈W1,p0(Ω).
If up∈W1,p(Ω) is a weak solution of the problem (3.1) with f satisfying the critical growth, then up∈C1,α(Ω) with α∈(0,1) (see [23,31,40]), so that we suppose from the beginning a C1 regularity for the solution. Next, we recall some results on the monotonicity and estimates of solutions for the p-Laplace equation. One can refer to [1,16,19,29,32] for the proof of the following Proposition 3.2-3.7.
Proposition 3.2 ([16]). Let Ω be a smooth bounded domain in RN, N≥2, 1<p<∞, f:[0,∞)→R a continuous function which is locally Lipschitz continuous in (0,∞) and strictly positive in (0,∞) if p>2. Let w∈C1(¯Ω) be a weak solution of (3.1). Then for any direction ν and for μ in the interval (a(ν),μ1(ν)], we have
w(x)≤w(xνμ),a.e.x∈Ωνμ. | (3.3) |
If f is locally Lipschitz continuous in the closed interval [0,+∞), then (3.3) holds for any μ in the interval (a(ν),μ2(ν)], where a(ν), μ1(ν) and μ2(ν) are given by (1.7), (1.8) and (1.9).
Proposition 3.3 ([16,19]). Let Ω be a strictly convex bounded smooth domain, and define Ωδ={x∈Ω∣dist(x,∂Ω)>δ}, for δ>0. Then the following result holds for a weak solution w∈C1(Ω) of the problem (3.1) with f satisfying the condition (H1)
{∃σ,ε>0depending only onΩ, such that ∀x∈Ω∖Ωεthereis a part of a cone Ixwith(i)w(ξ)≥w(x),∀ξ∈Ix,(ii)Ix⊂Ωε2,(iii)|Ix|≥σ. |
Ix is a part of a cone Kx with vertex in x, where all the Kx are congruent to a fixed cone K, and if x∈Ω∖Ωε2, then Ix=Kx∩Ωε2.
Proposition 3.4 ([32]). Let us define
λ1=infw∈W1,p00(Ω){∫Ω|∇w|p0dx∣∫Ω|w|p0dx=1}, with p0=min{θ,NN−1}>1, |
where θ is given by (H3). Then, λ1 is the first eigenvalue of the operator −Δp0 (λ1≤λ for any eigenvalue λ), it is simple, i.e., there is only an eigenfunction up to multiplication by a constant, and it is isolated. Moreover a first eigenfunction does not change sign in Ω and by the strong maximum principle it is in fact either strictly positive or strictly negative in Ω. So we can select a unique eigenfunction ϕ1 such that
∫Ωϕp01dx=1, and ϕ1>0 in Ω. |
The following extension of the Picone's identity for the p-Laplacian has been proved in [1].
Proposition 3.5 (Picone's identity [1]). Let v1,v2≥0 be differentiable functions in an open set Ω, with v2>0 and p>1. Set
L(v1,v2)=|∇v1|p+(p−1)vp1vp2|∇v2|p−pvp−11vp−12|∇v2|p−2∇v1⋅∇v2 |
and
R(v1,v2)=|∇v1|p−|∇v2|p−2∇(vp1vp−12)⋅∇v2. |
Then R(v1,v2)=L(v1,v2)≥0.
As a consequence we have
|∇v2|p−2∇(vp1vp−12)⋅∇v2≤|∇v1|p. |
The following extension of the Pohozaev's identity for the p-Laplacian has been given by [29].
Proposition 3.6 (Pohozaev's identity for p-Laplace [29]). Let w∈W1,p0(Ω)∩L∞(Ω), p>1, be a weak solution of the problem
{−Δpw=f(w),inΩ,w=0,on∂Ω, |
where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in RN, N≥2 and f:[0,+∞)→R is a continuous function. Denote F(w)=∫w0f(s)ds. Then
N∫ΩF(w)dx−N−pp∫Ωf(w)wdx=p−1p∫∂Ω|∂w∂γ|p(x⋅γ)dHN−1, |
where γ is the unit exterior normal on ∂Ω.
We need also local W1,∞(Ω) result at the boundary. This result follows from the global estimates by Lieberman [31] extending the local interior estimates by Dibenedetto [23].
Proposition 3.7 ([16]). Let Ω be a smooth bounded domain in RN, N≥2, and w∈C1(¯Ω) be a solution of the problem
{−Δpw=h,inΩ,w>0inΩ,w=0,on∂Ω, |
with h∈L(p∗)′(Ω). For δ>0, let Ωδ={x∈Ω∣dist(x,∂Ω)>δ} and suppose that w,h∈L∞(Ω∖Ωδ) with
‖h‖L∞(Ω∖Ωδ)≤M and ‖w‖L∞(Ω∖Ωδ)≤M. |
Then there exists a constant C>0 only depending on M and δ such that
‖∇w‖L∞(∂Ω)≤C. |
Next, we will give the estimate of the solution for the problem (3.1).
Theorem 3.8. If up is a weak solution to the problem (3.1) and f satisfies the conditions (H2)−(H4), then up satisfies
‖up‖W1,p0(Ω)≤C′, | (3.4) |
where the constant C′>0 is not dependent on p.
Proof. By 1<p<p0, Proposition 3.4, Proposition 3.5 with v2=up, v1=ϕ1 and Young's inequality, we have
∫Ωf(up)up−1pϕp1dx=∫Ω−div(|∇up|p−2∇up)ϕp1up−1pdx=∫Ω|∇up|p−2∇up⋅∇(ϕp1up−1p)dx≤∫Ω|∇ϕ1|pdx≤pp0∫Ω|∇ϕ1|p0dx+p0−pp0|Ω|≤∫Ω|∇ϕ1|p0dx+|Ω|≤λ1+|Ω|. | (3.5) |
By the condition (H3), there exists a constant C3>0 such that
sθ−1≤C3f(s), for s≥k1, |
that is
sθ−p≤C3f(s)sp−1, for s≥k1, | (3.6) |
where k1=max{k0,1} and k0 is given by (H3).
Indeed, from (H3), it holds
θt≤f(t)F(t), for t≥k0. | (3.7) |
Setting k1=max{k0,1} and integrating the above inequality (3.7) with respect to t on the interval [k1,s], one has
θlnsk1≤lnF(s)F(k1), for s≥k1. |
That is
F(s)≥F(k1)(sk1)θ, for s≥k1. | (3.8) |
Setting C3:=kθ1θF(k1) in (3.8), we get
F(s)≥sθθC3, for s≥k1. | (3.9) |
Considering (3.9) and sf(s)≥θF(s), for s≥k1, one gets the inequality (3.6).
Now, taking into account (3.5), (3.6) with s=up and Young's inequality, we get
∫Ωuθ−ppϕp1dx=∫{0≤up≤k1}uθ−ppϕp1dx+∫{up>k1}uθ−ppϕp1dx≤kθ−p1∫{0≤up≤k1}ϕp1dx+C3∫{up>k1}f(up)up−1pϕp1dx≤kθ−p1∫Ωϕp1dx+C3∫{up>k1}f(up)up−1pϕp1dx=kθ−p1∫Ωϕp1dx+C3∫Ωf(up)up−1pϕp1dx−C3∫{0<up≤k1}f(up)up−1pϕp1dx≤kθ−p1∫Ωϕp1dx+(λ1+|Ω|)C3∫Ωϕp1dx≤(kθ−p1+(λ1+|Ω|)C3)∫Ωϕp1dx≤(kθ−p1+(λ1+|Ω|)C3)(pp0∫Ωϕp01dx+p0−pp0|Ω|)≤(kτ1+(λ1+|Ω|)C3)(|Ω|+1):=C4, | (3.10) |
where λ1+|Ω| is given by (3.5) and −C3∫{0<up≤k0}f(up)up−1pϕp1dx≤0 is given by the condition (H1) (f(s)≥0, for all s≥0) respectively, and the last inequality is given by Proposition 3.4 with ∫Ωϕp01dx=1 and k1=max{k0,1}≥1. By Proposition 3.3 and (3.10), for any x∈Ω∖Ωδ, we have that
σ(infx∈Ωδ2ϕp1)[up(x)]θ−p≤∫Ix[up(y)]θ−pϕp1(y)dy≤∫Ω[up(y)]θ−pϕp1(y)dy≤C4, |
i.e.,
up(x)≤(C4σinfx∈Ωδ2ϕp1)1θ−p=(C4σ(infx∈Ωδ2ϕ1)p)1θ−p=(C4σ)1θ−p(infx∈Ωδ2ϕ1)−pθ−p≤(C4σ+1)1θ−p0[(infx∈Ωδ2ϕ1)−1θ−1+(infx∈Ωδ2ϕ1)−p0θ−p0]:=C5, | (3.11) |
where the constant C5 may be depend on C4, σ, θ, p0 and ϕ1 by (3.11), but are independent of p. Estimate (3.11) gives the uniform L∞ bounds near the boundary: ∃ δ>0 and C5>0 such that
‖up‖L∞(Ω∖Ωδ)≤C5, | (3.12) |
for ∀ up∈W1,p0(Ω) satisfying the problem (3.1). On the other hand, from the condition (H2) and (3.12), we have
‖f(up)‖L∞(Ω∖Ωδ)≤C1(1+‖up‖1N−1L∞(Ω∖Ωδ))≤C6. | (3.13) |
It is clear that f(up(⋅))∈L(p∗)′ is given by the condition (H2) and Sobolev embedding. By Proposition 3.7, (3.12) and (3.13), we get
‖∂up∂γ‖L∞(∂Ω)≤C7, | (3.14) |
where the constant C7>0 is only depending on C5, C6 and δ. By Proposition 3.6 (Pohozaev's identity)
p∗∫ΩF(s)dx−∫Ωf(up)updx=p−1N−p∫∂Ω|∂up∂γ|p(x⋅γ)dHN−1, |
p∗=NpN−p>NN−1=1∗ and (H4), there exists a large enough constant k2>0 such that
f(s)s≤C2(1∗F(s)−f(s)s)≤C2(p∗F(s)−f(s)s) | (3.15) |
as s≥k2, so that by the condition (H2) and taking s=up in (3.15)
∫Ω|∇up|pdx=∫Ωf(up)updx=∫{0<up≤k2}f(up)updx+∫{up>k2}f(up)updx≤C1k2(1+k1N−12)|Ω|+C2p−1N−pC7|∂Ω|≤C1k2(1+k1N−12)|Ω|+C2p0−1N−p0C7|∂Ω|:=C8. | (3.16) |
That is
‖up‖W1,p0(Ω)≤C1p8≤C8+1:=C′. |
From the definitions of C5, C6, C7 and C8, i.e., (3.11)-(3.14) and (3.16), we obtain that the constant C′ is not dependent on p. The proof of Theorem 3.8 is completed.
The following existence result holds.
Theorem 3.9. Let f satisfy the conditions (H1), (H2), (H3) and (H5). Then there exists a nontrivial positive solution up to the problem (3.1).
Proof. By the conditions (H1), (H2), (H3) and (H5), it is well known that there exists a nontrivial solution up≥0 to the problem (3.1). The positive solution up is obtained using the mountain pass lemma by Ambrosetti and Rabinowitz [2] for the following truncated functional J+p:W1,p0(Ω)→R given by
J+p(w)=1p∫Ω|∇w|pdx−∫ΩF+(w)dx, | (3.17) |
where F+(s)=∫s0f+(t)dt and
f+(s)={f(s),s≥0,0,s<0. | (3.18) |
We claim that J+p satisfies the structure of mountain pass lemma and the (P−S) condition.
Indeed, by the condition (H5), 0 is a local minimum of J+p. From the condition (H3), there exist two constants ˜C, ˆC>0, such that
F+(s)≥˜Csθ−ˆC, |
for all s∈[0,+∞) with θ>1. This implies that
J+p(w)≤1p‖w‖pW1,p0−˜C‖w‖θLθ+ˆC|Ω|, | (3.19) |
for ∀ w∈W1,p0(Ω). We can choose a w0∈W1,p0(Ω) and ‖w0‖W1,p0=1 such that
J+p(tw0)≤tpp−˜Ctθ‖w0‖θLθ+ˆC|Ω|→−∞, |
as t→+∞, with 1<p<p0:=min{θ,NN−1}. Whence there exists a large number t0>0 such that
J+p(t0w0)<0. | (3.20) |
We set e:=t0w0∈W1,p0(Ω). Since (H2) and the embedding W1,p0(Ω)↪L1∗(Ω), 1∗=NN−1<NpN−p=p∗, is compact, we obtain that f+ satisfies the subcritical grow, i.e.,
|f+(s)|≤C1(1+s1∗−1), with 1∗<p∗. | (3.21) |
Considering (3.21) and (H3), J+p satisfies the (P−S) condition.
In this section we prove our main results concerning the case p=1, namely Theorem 1.2. Under the same assumption of Theorem 1.2, we divide the proof into few steps.
Step 1. Existence of a solution u and a field z.
Step 2. (z,Du)=|Du| as measures in Ω.
Step 3. [z,γ]∈ sign(−u) on ∂Ω.
Step 4. The monotonicity of solution u.
Step 5. u∈L∞(Ω).
Step 6. u is nontrivial.
Step 1. Existence of a solution u for the problem (1.1) and existence of a field z∈DM∞(Ω) satisfying (1.4) and ‖z‖L∞≤1.
Proof of Step 1: From Theorem 3.8, we obtain that up is bounded in W1,p0(Ω)↪Lm(Ω), with 1≤m≤NN−1<p∗=NpN−p, 1<p<p0<2≤N.
up→u strongly in Lm(Ω), | (4.1) |
up(x)→u(x) a.e. x∈Ω, | (4.2) |
∃g∈Lm(Ω), such that |up(x)|≤g(x), | (4.3) |
as p→1+.
Next, we will show that there exists a vector field z satisfying (1.4). Recalling Theorem 3.8, we obtain that {up} is bounded in W1,p0(Ω)⊂BV(Ω). So that for 1≤r<p′=pp−1, we have
∫Ω||∇up|p−2∇up|rdx=∫Ω|∇up|r(p−1)dx≤(∫Ω|∇up|pdx)rp′|Ω|1−rp′, |
and thus
‖|∇up|p−2∇up‖Lr(Ω)≤C1p′8|Ω|1r−1p′, | (4.4) |
where the constant C8 is given by (3.16). This implies that |∇up|p−2∇up is bounded in Lr(Ω;RN) with respect to p. Then there exists zr∈Lr(Ω;RN) such that
|∇up|p−2∇up⇀zr,weaklyinLr(Ω;RN), | (4.5) |
as p→1+. A standard diagonal argument shows that there exists a unique vector field z which is defined on Ω independently of r, such that
|∇up|p−2∇up⇀z,weaklyinLr(Ω;RN), | (4.6) |
as p→1+. By applying the semicontinuity of the Lr norm the previous inequality (4.4) implies
‖z‖Lr(Ω)≤lim infp→1+‖|∇up|p−2∇up‖Lr≤|Ω|1r,∀r<∞, |
so that, letting r→∞ we have z∈L∞(Ω;RN) and
‖z‖L∞(Ω;RN)≤1. |
Using φ∈C1c(Ω) with φ≥0 as a test function in (3.1), we have
∫Ω|∇up|p−1∇up∇φdx=∫Ωf(up)φdx. | (4.7) |
Taking p→1+ in the left hand side of (4.7) and by (4.6), we get
limp→1+∫Ω|∇up|p−1∇up∇φdx=∫Ωz⋅∇φdx, | (4.8) |
for ∀ φ∈C1c(Ω). On the other hand, thanks to (4.2) and f(s) a locally Lipschitz continuous function, we have
f(up(x))→f(u(x)), a.e. x∈Ω. |
Moreover, we deduce from (H2) and (4.3) that
|f(up(⋅))|≤C1(1+|up(⋅)|1N−1)≤C1(1+|g(⋅)|1N−1)∈LN(Ω). |
Consequently, by the Dominated Convergence Theorem, we get
limp→1+∫Ωf(up(x))φ(x)dx=∫Ωf(u(x))φ(x)dx, | (4.9) |
for ∀ φ∈C1c(Ω). Therefore, (4.7), (4.8) and (4.9) imply that
−divz=f(u) in D′(Ω). | (4.10) |
Step 2. (z,Du)=|Du| as measures in Ω.
Before proving (z,Du)=|Du|, we need the following lemma for which one can refer to [9].
Lemma 4.1 ([9]). Under the same assumptions of Theorem 1.2, the following identity holds
−∫Ωuφdivzdx=∫Ωf(u)uφdx, | (4.11) |
for ∀ φ∈C1c(Ω).
Proof of Step 2: We take upφ∈W1,p0(Ω) as a test function in (3.1) with 0≤φ∈C1c(Ω), maxx∈Ω|φ(x)|=M0 and get
∫Ω|∇up|pφdx+∫Ωup|∇up|p−2∇up⋅∇φdx=∫Ωf(up)upφdx. | (4.12) |
By Young's inequality and Fatou's Lemma, we estimate the first integral term in (4.12)
∫Ω|Du|φdx≤lim infp→1+∫Ω|∇up|φdx≤lim infp→1+[1p∫Ω|∇up|pφdx+p−1p∫Ωφdx]=lim infp→1+∫Ω|∇up|pφdx | (4.13) |
On the other hand, by (4.6) we have
limp→1+∫Ωup|∇up|p−2∇up⋅∇φdx=∫Ωuz⋅∇φdx. | (4.14) |
From
|f(up)upφ|≤M0C1|up|(1+|up|1N−1)≤M0C1|g(⋅)|(1+|g(⋅)|1N−1)∈L1(Ω), |
and the Dominated Convergence Theorem, we obtain the right hand side of (4.12) is as follows
limp→1+∫Ωf(up)upφdx=∫Ωf(u)uφdx. | (4.15) |
From (4.12)-(4.15), we have
∫Ω|Du|φdx+∫Ωuz⋅∇φdx≤∫Ωf(u)uφdx. | (4.16) |
By (4.16) and Lemma 4.1, we also have
∫Ω|Du|φdx+∫Ωuz⋅∇φdx≤−∫Ωuφdivzdx. |
Therefore, by (2.1), we get
∫Ω|Du|φdx≤−∫Ωuz⋅∇φdx−∫Ωuφdivzdx=∫Ω(z,Du)φdx. |
The arbitrariness of φ implies that
|Du|≤(z,Du) |
as measures in Ω. On the other hand, since ‖z‖L∞≤1, and
(z,Du)≤‖z‖L∞|Du|≤|Du| |
as measures in Ω, we have
|Du|=(z,Du). |
Step 3. The boundary condition [z,γ]∈ sign(−u) on ∂Ω.
Proof of Step 3: It is easy to check that this fact is equivalent to show
∫∂Ω(|u|+u[z,γ])dHN−1=0. | (4.17) |
Choosing up as a test function in (3.1), we have
∫Ω|∇up|pdx=∫Ωf(up)updx. |
Since up∈W1,p0(Ω) is bounded, by the fact that up=0 on ∂Ω and Young's inequality, we get
∫Ω|∇up|dx+∫∂Ω|up|dHN−1≤1p∫Ω|∇up|pdx+p−1p|Ω|=1p∫Ωf(up)updx+p−1p|Ω|. | (4.18) |
We use the lower semicontinuity (4.18) to pass to the limit as p→1+ and obtain
∫Ω|Du|dx+∫∂Ω|u|dHN−1≤lim infp→1+(∫Ω|∇up|dx+∫∂Ω|up|dHN−1)≤lim infp→1+[1p∫Ωf(up)updx+p−1p|Ω|]=∫Ωf(u)udx, | (4.19) |
where the last equality is given by the Dominated Convergence Theorem and
|f(up)up|≤C1|up|(1+|up|1N−1)≤C1|g(⋅)|(1+|g(⋅)|1N−1)∈L1(Ω). |
Furthermore, by Lemma 2.3 and Lemma 2.4, we have
∫Ωf(u)udx=−∫Ωudivzdx=∫Ω(z,Du)dx−∫∂Ωu[z,γ]dHN−1. | (4.20) |
From (z,Du)=|Du|, (4.19) and (4.20), we have
∫∂Ω(|u|+u[z,γ])dHN−1≤0. | (4.21) |
The inequality (4.21) and |u|≥|u|‖z‖L∞≥|u[z,γ]|≥−u[z,γ] give the desired equality (4.17) and we conclude that
[z,γ]∈ sign(−u) on ∂Ω. |
Step 4. The monotonicity of the solution u of problem (1.1).
Proof of Step 4: By Proposition 3.2, we obtain up satisfies the following result. For any direction ν and μ in the interval (a(ν),μ1(ν)], then
up(x)≤up(xνμ),∀x∈Ωνμ, | (4.22) |
where a(ν) and μ1(ν) are given by (1.7) and (1.8). Considering this fact and up(x)→u(x) a.e. in Ω, taking p→1+ in (4.22), we have
u(x)≤u(xνμ), a.e. x∈Ωνμ. | (4.23) |
We get the result of monotonicity for the solution u. Inequality (4.23) also holds for any μ∈(a(ν),μ2(ν)] by Proposition 3.2, if f is locally Lipschitz continuous, and a(ν) and μ2(ν) are given by (1.7) and (1.9).
Step 5. The boundedness of the solution u, i.e., u∈L∞(Ω).
Before proving u∈L∞(Ω), we need to prove the following lemma.
Lemma 4.2. For every ε>0 there exists k3>0 which does not depend on p, such that
∫Ak(1+u1N−1p)Ndx<ε | (4.24) |
for every k≥k3 and ∀ p∈(1,p0), with Ak={x∈Ω∣up(x)>k}.
Proof of Lemma 4.2: Using Sobolev embedding W1,p0(Ω)⊂BV(Ω)↪LNN−1(Ω), Theorem 3.8 and Holder's inequality, we obtain that
|Ak|N−1N≤1k(∫AkuNN−1pdx)N−1N≤1kS1∫Ak|∇up|dx≤S1k|Ak|p−1p(∫Ak|∇up|pdx)1p≤S1k|Ω|p−1pC1p8≤S1k(1+|Ω|)(C8+1), | (4.25) |
where S1 is given by the best Sobolev constant
S1={Γ(1+N2)}1N√πN, |
see [26,39], and |Ak| stands for its N dimensional Lebesgue measure. Inequality (4.25) implies that limk→∞|Ak|=0. It holds that for ∀ ε>0, there exists a large number k4>0 such that
|Ak|<ε2N, for all k≥k4. | (4.26) |
On the other hand, by Sobolev embedding up∈W1,p0(Ω)⊂BV(Ω)↪LNN−1(Ω), Theorem 3.8 and (4.3), we get
up∈LNN−1(Ω) |
and
0≤∫Ak|up(x)|NN−1dx≤∫Ak|g(x)|NN−1dx, | (4.27) |
which implies that up(x)<∞ a.e. in Ω. Considering (4.27), limk→∞|Ak|=0 and by absolute continuity of integrable function, we have
limk→∞∫Ak|up(x)|NN−1dx≤limk→∞∫Ak|g(x)|NN−1dx=0. | (4.28) |
From (4.28), for ∀ ε>0, ∃ k5>0 large enough (not depend on p) and δ>0 small enough such that as k≥k5, we have |Ak|<δ and
∫Ak|up(x)|NN−1dx≤∫Ak|g(x)|NN−1dx<ε2N, | (4.29) |
From (4.26) and (4.29), we obtain
∫Ak(1+u1N−1p)Ndx≤2N−1(|Ak|+∫Ak|up(x)|NN−1dx)≤2N−1(ε2N+ε2N)=ε, |
for all k≥k3:=max{k4,k5}. The proof of Lemma 4.2 is completed.
Proof of Step 5: Next, we would like to use Stampacchia truncation [38] to prove the boundedness of the positive solution u. For every k>0, we define the auxiliary function Gk:[0,∞)→R as
Gk(s)={s−k,s>k,0,0<s≤k. | (4.30) |
Then, choosing Gk(up) as a test function in (3.1), we get
∫Ω|∇Gk(up)|pdx=∫Ωf(up)Gk(up)dx. | (4.31) |
By (4.31), (H2), Sobolev embedding, Young's inequality and Holder's inequality, we have
(∫ΩGk(up)NN−1dx)N−1N≤S1∫Ω|∇Gk(up)|dx≤S1p∫Ω|∇Gk(up)|pdx+S1(p−1)p|Ω|=S1p∫Ωf(up)Gk(up)dx+S1(p−1)p|Ω|≤S1pC1∫Ω(1+u1N−1p)Gk(up)dx+S1(p−1)p|Ω|≤S1C1[∫Ak(1+u1N−1p)Ndx]1N(∫AkGk(up)NN−1dx)N−1N+S1(p−1)p|Ω|. | (4.32) |
By Lemma 4.2 and taking ε=1(2C1S1)N, there exists k3>0 which does not depend on p, such that
∫Ak(1+u1N−1p)Ndx<1(2C1S1)N, | (4.33) |
for all k≥k3 and p∈(1,p0). Consequently, from (4.32) and (4.33) we obtain
0≤∫ΩGk(up)NN−1dx≤[2S1(p−1)|Ω|p]NN−1. | (4.34) |
Since up(x)→u(x) a.e. x∈Ω and Fatou's Lemma, we can pass to the limit on p→1+ in (4.34), to conclude that
∫Ω(u(x)−k)NN−1dx=0, |
for ∀ k≥k3>0. Thus u∈L∞(Ω).
Step 6. u is nontrivial.
Proof of Step 6: For ∀ v∈BV(Ω), we define the functional J+:BV(Ω)→R as
J+(v)=∫Ω|Dv|+∫∂Ω|v|dHN−1−∫ΩF+(v)dx, |
where F+(s)=∫s0f+(t)dt and f+ is given by (3.18).
We will say that v0∈BV(Ω) is a critical point of J+ if there exists z∈DM∞(Ω) with ‖z‖L∞≤1 such that
−∫Ωφdivzdx=∫Ωf(v0)φdx, for all φ∈C1c(Ω), |
(z,Dv0)=|Dv0|as measures inΩ, |
[z,γ]∈sign(−v0) on ∂Ω, |
where γ is the unit exterior normal on ∂Ω. The critical points of J+ coincide with solutions to the problem (1.1) in the sense Definition 1.1, for which one can refer to [9] or [35].
We shall show that 0 is a local minimum of J+.
Indeed, by the condition (H5), there exists small enough δ>0 such that
|f(s)|≤C9|s|α, |
for ∀ |s|∈(0,δ) and for some constant C9>0 with α∈(0,1N−1). Moreover, by the definition of F+(s), we have
F+(s)=∫s0f+(t)dt≤∫s0|f(t)|dt≤C91+α|s|1+α | (4.35) |
for ∀ |s|∈(0,δ). By (4.35) and the norm ‖v‖BV=∫Ω|Dv|+∫∂Ω|v|dHN−1, v∈BV(Ω), it holds
J+(v)=‖v‖BV−∫ΩF+(v)dx≥‖v‖BV−C91+α∫Ω|v|1+αdx≥‖v‖BV−C10‖v‖1+αBV, |
where the last inequality is given by the embedding BV(Ω)↪L1+α(Ω), α∈(0,1N−1). Choosing a positive constant ρ<min{δ,(12C10)1α}, we obtain
J+(v)≥12‖v‖BV>0, | (4.36) |
for ∀ v∈BV(Ω) and ‖v‖BV≤ρ. This implies that 0 is a local minimum of J+.
Now, we introduce the auxiliary functional
Ip(w)=J+p(w)+p−1p|Ω|, | (4.37) |
where J+p is given by (3.17). By Young's inequality and (4.18), we can fix p∈(1,p0) and obtain
Ip(w)=J+p(w)+p−1p|Ω|=1p∫Ω|∇w|pdx−∫ΩF+(w)dx+p−1p|Ω|≥∫Ω|∇w|dx+∫∂Ω|w|dHN−1−∫ΩF+(w)dx=J+(w), | (4.38) |
for ∀ w∈W1,p0(Ω)⊂BV(Ω), with p0=min{θ,NN−1}. From (4.38) and (3.19), one gets
J+(w)≤J+p(w)+p−1p|Ω|≤1p‖w‖pW1,p0−˜C‖w‖θLθ+(p−1p+ˆC)|Ω|, | (4.39) |
for all w∈W1,p0(Ω) with p<p0<θ. Recalling the structure of mountain pass lemma in Theorem 3.9, we can deduce that there exists e=t0w0∈W1,p0(Ω)⊂BV(Ω) and ‖e‖BV>ρ such that J(e)<0 by (3.20).
Obviously, the critical points of Ip are identical with the critical points of J+p. Then up given by Theorem 3.9 is a critical point of J+p, and also a critical point of Ip, which implies that the critical point up satisfies
Ip(up)=infη∈Γpmaxt∈[0,1]Ip(η(t)), | (4.40) |
where Γp={η∈C([0,1],W1,p0(Ω))∣η(0)=0,η(1)=e}. Considering any path η∈Γp and the continuity of the map t→Ip(η(t)), there exists t0>0 such that ‖η(t0)‖BV=ρ. From (4.36), (4.38), (4.40) and ‖η(t0)‖BV=ρ, we obtain that
Ip(up)=infη∈Γpmaxt∈[0,1]Ip(η(t))≥ρ2. | (4.41) |
On the other hand, choosing up as a test function in (3.1), by the Dominated Convergence Theorem, (4.2) and (4.20), we have
limp→1+1p∫Ω|∇up|pdx=limp→1+1p∫Ωf(up)updx=∫Ωf(u)udx=∫Ω(z,Du)−∫∂Ωu[z,γ]dHN−1=∫Ω|Du|+∫∂Ω|u|dHN−1, | (4.42) |
where the last equality is given by Step 2 and Step 3. From (H2), (4.2) and (4.3), we can apply the Dominated Convergence Theorem to obtain
limp→1+∫ΩF+(up)dx=∫ΩF+(u)dx. | (4.43) |
By (4.37), (4.42) and (4.43), we can get
limp→1+Ip(up)=limp→1+[J+p(up)+p−1p|Ω|]=limp→1+J+p(up)=J+(u). | (4.44) |
Summarizing (4.41) and (4.44) we obtain that
J+(u)≥ρ2>0, |
with 0<ρ<min{δ,(12C10)1α}, and then u is nontrivial, because J+(0)=0.
The proof of Theorem 1.2 is completed.
The author sincerely thanks the editors and reviewers for their valuable suggestions and useful comments. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20180638).
For the publication of this article, no conflict of interest among the authors is disclosed.
[1] |
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