In this study, we assess the feasibility of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) for the residential area of Hengam Island, Iran. The optimal system design, based on the analysis of minimum CO2 emissions, unmet electric load and capacity shortage, reveals that a hybrid system consisting of 12,779,267 kW (55.8% of production) of solar PV panels and 10,141,978 kW (44.2% of production) of wind turbines is the most suitable for this case study. This configuration ensures zero CO2 emissions and high reliability over a 25-year project lifetime, with an unmet electric load of 164 kWh per year and a capacity shortage of 5245 kWh per year. However, this case has a high initial cost of equipment, with a Total Net Present Cost (TNPC) of ＄54,493,590. If the power grid is also used for energy exchange with the island, TNPC can be significantly reduced by 76.95%, and battery losses can be reduced by 96.44%. The proposed system on the grid can reduce carbon emissions to zero, making it highly environmentally compatible. The sale of excess electricity produced to the power grid creates an energy market for the island. Given the weather conditions and the intensity of the sun in the studied area, the area has very suitable conditions for the exploitation of renewable energies. Transitioning the residential sector towards renewable energies is crucial to overcome energy crises and increasing carbon emissions. Increasing renewable equipment production and improving technology can address the challenge of high prices for renewable energy production.
Citation: Mehrdad Heidari, Alireza Soleimani, Maciej Dzikuć, Mehran Heidari, Sayed Hamid Hosseini Dolatabadi, Piotr Kuryło, Baseem Khan. Exploring synergistic ecological and economic energy solutions for low-urbanized areas through simulation-based analysis[J]. AIMS Energy, 2024, 12(1): 119-151. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024006
In this study, we assess the feasibility of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) for the residential area of Hengam Island, Iran. The optimal system design, based on the analysis of minimum CO2 emissions, unmet electric load and capacity shortage, reveals that a hybrid system consisting of 12,779,267 kW (55.8% of production) of solar PV panels and 10,141,978 kW (44.2% of production) of wind turbines is the most suitable for this case study. This configuration ensures zero CO2 emissions and high reliability over a 25-year project lifetime, with an unmet electric load of 164 kWh per year and a capacity shortage of 5245 kWh per year. However, this case has a high initial cost of equipment, with a Total Net Present Cost (TNPC) of ＄54,493,590. If the power grid is also used for energy exchange with the island, TNPC can be significantly reduced by 76.95%, and battery losses can be reduced by 96.44%. The proposed system on the grid can reduce carbon emissions to zero, making it highly environmentally compatible. The sale of excess electricity produced to the power grid creates an energy market for the island. Given the weather conditions and the intensity of the sun in the studied area, the area has very suitable conditions for the exploitation of renewable energies. Transitioning the residential sector towards renewable energies is crucial to overcome energy crises and increasing carbon emissions. Increasing renewable equipment production and improving technology can address the challenge of high prices for renewable energy production.
| [1] |
Amini S, Bahramara S, Golpîra H, et al. (2022) Techno-economic analysis of renewable-energy-based micro-grids considering incentive policies. Energies 15: 8285. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218285 doi: 10.3390/en15218285
|
| [2] |
Jadidbonab M, Mohammadi-Ivatloo B, Marzband M, et al. (2021) Short-term self-scheduling of virtual energy hub plant within thermal energy market. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 68: 3124–3136. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2020.2978707 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2978707
|
| [3] |
Diab AAZ, Tolba MA, El-Rifaie AM, et al. (2022) Photovoltaic parameter estimation using honey badger algorithm and African vulture optimization algorithm. Energy Rep 8: 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.168 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.168
|
| [4] |
Khasanzoda N, Safaraliev M, Zicmane I, et al. (2022) Use of smart grid based wind resources in isolated power systems. Energy 253: 124188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124188 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124188
|
| [5] |
Mostafaeipour A, Dehshiri SSH, Dehshiri SJH, et al. (2021) A thorough analysis of renewable hydrogen projects development in Uzbekistan using MCDM methods. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46: 31174–31190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.046 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.046
|
| [6] |
Yang L, Li X, Sun M, et al. (2023) Hybrid policy-based reinforcement learning of adaptive energy management for the energy transmission-constrained island group. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 19: 10751–10762. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2023.3241682 doi: 10.1109/TII.2023.3241682
|
| [7] |
Xu D, Zhou B, Wu Q, et al. (2023) Integrated modelling and enhanced utilization of power-to-ammonia for high renewable penetrated multi-energy systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 35: 4769–4780. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2989533 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2989533
|
| [8] |
Said M, El-Rifaie AM, Tolba MA, et al. (2021) An efficient chameleon swarm algorithm for economic load dispatch problem. Mathematics 9: 2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9212770 doi: 10.3390/math9212770
|
| [9] |
Manusov V, Beryozkina S, Nazarov M, et al. (2022) Optimal management of energy consumption in an autonomous power system considering alternative energy sources. Mathematics 10: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030525 doi: 10.3390/math10030525
|
| [10] |
Senyuk M, Beryozkina S, Berdin A, et al. (2022) Testing of an adaptive algorithm for estimating the parameters of a synchronous generator based on the approximation of electrical state time series. Mathematics 10: 4187. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10224187 doi: 10.3390/math10224187
|
| [11] |
Tavarov SS, Matrenin P, Safaraliev M, et al. (2023) Forecasting of electricity consumption by household consumers using fuzzy logic based on the development plan of the power system of the republic of Tajikistan. Sustainability 15: 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043725 doi: 10.3390/su15043725
|
| [12] |
Chahine K, Tarnini M, Moubayed N, et al. (2023) Power quality enhancement of grid-connected renewable systems using a matrix-pencil-based active power filter. Sustainability 15: 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010887 doi: 10.3390/su15010887
|
| [13] |
Ali MH, El-Rifaie AM, Youssef AAF, et al. (2023) Techno-economic strategy for the load dispatch and power flow in power grids using peafowl optimization algorithm. Energies 16: 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020846 doi: 10.3390/en16020846
|
| [14] |
Kumar US, Manoharan PS (2014) Economic analysis of hybrid power systems (PV/diesel) in different climatic zones of Tamil Nadu. Energy Convers Manage 80: 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.046 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.046
|
| [15] | Zicmane I, Beryozkina S, Gudzius S, et al. (2022) Evaluation of inertial response and frequency regulation in the long-term based on the development strategy of the Latvian power system. 2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I & CPS Europe), Prague, Czech Republic, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope54979.2022.9854785 |
| [16] |
Herez A, Jaber H, Hage H, et al. (2023) Parabolic trough photovoltaic thermoelectric hybrid system: Simulation model, parametric analysis, and practical recommendations. Int J Thermofluids 17: 100309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100309 doi: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100309
|
| [17] |
Mohamed SA, Tolba MA, Eisa AA, et al. (2021) Comprehensive modeling and control of grid-connected hybrid energy sources using MPPT controller. Energies 14: 5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165142 doi: 10.3390/en14165142
|
| [18] |
Senyuk M, Beryozkina S, Gubin P, et al. (2022) Fast algorithms for estimating the disturbance inception time in power systems based on time series of instantaneous values of current and voltage with a high sampling rate. Mathematics 10: 3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213949 doi: 10.3390/math10213949
|
| [19] |
Khasanzoda N, Zicmane I, Beryozkina S, et al. (2022) Regression model for predicting the speed of wind flows for energy needs based on fuzzy logic. Renewable Energy 191: 723–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.017 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.017
|
| [20] |
Beryozkina S, Senyuk M, Berdin A, et al. (2022) The accelerate estimation method of power system parameters in static and dynamic processes. IEEE Access 10: 61522–61529. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3181196 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3181196
|
| [21] |
Senyuk M, Beryozkina S, Ahyoev J, et al. (2023) Solution of the emergency control of synchronous generator modes based on the local measurements to ensure the dynamic stability. IET Gener Transm Distrib 17: 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12663 doi: 10.1049/gtd2.12663
|
| [22] |
Wehbi Z, Taher R, Faraj J, et al. (2022) Hybrid thermoelectric generators-renewable energy systems: A short review on recent developments. Energy Rep 8: 1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.068 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.068
|
| [23] |
Kashani SA, Soleimani A, Khosravi A, et al. (2022) State-of-the-art research on wireless charging of electric vehicles using solar energy. Energies 16: 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010282 doi: 10.3390/en16010282
|
| [24] |
Mehdizadeh Khorrami B, Soleimani A, Pinnarelli A, et al. (2023) Forecasting heating and cooling loads in residential buildings using machine learning: A comparative study of techniques and influential indicators. Asian J Civ Eng, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00834-8 doi: 10.1007/s42107-023-00834-8
|
| [25] |
Momeni S, Kooban F, Alipouri Niaz S, et al. (2023) Waste heat recovery, efficient lighting, and proper insulation: A comprehensive study of energy consumption and savings in the residential sector. Asian J Civ Eng, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00923-8 doi: 10.1007/s42107-023-00923-8
|
| [26] | Dolatabadi SH, Soleimani A, Ebtia A, et al. (2023) Enhancing voltage profile in islanded microgrids through hierarchical control strategies. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4653283 |
| [27] |
Soleimani A, Dolatabadi SH, Heidari M, et al. (2023) Hydrogen: An integral player in the future of sustainable transportation. A survey of fuel cell vehicle technologies, adoption patterns, and challenges. Preprints, 2023100415. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.0415.v1 doi: 10.20944/preprints202310.0415.v1
|
| [28] |
Muller DC, Selvanathan SP, Cuce E, et al. (2023) Hybrid solar, wind, and energy storage system for a sustainable campus: A simulation study. Sci Technol Energy Transit 78: 13. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2023008 doi: 10.2516/stet/2023008
|
| [29] |
Owhaib W, Borett A, AlKhalidi A, et al. (2022) Design of a solar PV plant for ma'an, jordan. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1008: 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1008/1/012012 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1008/1/012012
|
| [30] |
Haghani M, Mohammadkari B, Fayaz R (2023) The evaluation of a new daylighting system's energy performance: Reversible daylighting system (RDS). Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild co-organized by ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.07511 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2303.07511
|
| [31] |
Heidari M, Niknam T, Zare M, et al. (2019) Integrated battery model in cost-effective operation and load management of grid-connected smart nano-grid. IET Renewable Power Gener 13: 1123–1131. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5842 doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5842
|
| [32] |
Agajie TF, Ali A, Fopah-Lele A, et al. (2023) Comprehensive review on techno-economic analysis and optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy sources with energy storage systems. Energies 16: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020642 doi: 10.3390/en16020642
|
| [33] | Singh N, Almas SK, Tirole R, et al. (2023) Analysis of optimum cost and size of the hybrid power generation system using optimization technique. IEEE 12th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), Bhopal, India, 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSNT57126.2023.10134720 |
| [34] |
Salehin S, Ferdaous MT, Chowdhury RM, et al. (2016) Assessment of renewable energy systems combining techno-economic optimization with energy scenario analysis. Energy 112: 729–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.110 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.110
|
| [35] |
Khosravani A, Safaei E, Reynolds M, et al. (2023) Challenges of reaching high renewable fractions in hybrid renewable energy systems. Energy Rep 9: 1000–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.038 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.038
|
| [36] | Baral JR, Behera SR, Kisku T (2022) Design and economic optimization of community load based microgrid system using HOMER Pro. 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Controller and Computing for Smart Power (ICICCSP), Hyderabad, India, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICCSP53532.2022.9862479 |
| [37] |
Ramli MAM, Hiendro A, Twaha S (2015) Economic analysis of PV/diesel hybrid system with flywheel energy storage. Renewable Energy 78: 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.026 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.026
|
| [38] |
Bortolini M, Gamberi M, Graziani A, et al. (2015) Economic and environmental bi-objective design of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery-diesel generator hybrid energy system. Energy Convers Manage 106: 1024–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.051 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.051
|
| [39] |
Antonio Barrozo Budes F, Valencia Ochoa G, Obregon LG, et al. (2015) Energy, economic, and environmental evaluation of a proposed solar-wind power on-grid system using HOMER Pro: A case study in Colombia. Energies 13: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071662 doi: 10.3390/en13071662
|
| [40] |
Sreenath S, Azmi AM, Ismail ZAM (2022) Feasibility of solar hybrid energy system at a conservation park: Technical, economic, environmental analysis. Energy Rep 9: 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.065 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.065
|
| [41] | Guelleh HO, Patel R, Kara-Zaitri C, et al. (2023) Grid connected hybrid renewable energy systems for urban households in Djibouti: An economic evaluation. South African J Chem Eng 43: 215–231. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-chemeng-v43-n1-a20. |
| [42] |
Balachander K, Suresh Kumaar G, Mathankumar M, et al. (2021) Optimization in design of hybrid electric power network using HOMER. Mater Today Proc 45: 1563–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.318 doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.318
|
| [43] |
Halabi LM, Mekhilef S, Olatomiwa L, et al. (2017) Performance analysis of hybrid PV/diesel/battery system using HOMER: A case study Sabah, Malaysia. Energy Convers Manage 144: 322–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.070 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.070
|
| [44] |
Rahimi I, Nikoo MR, Gandomi AH (2023) Techno-economic analysis for using hybrid wind and solar energies in Australia. Energy Strateg Rev 47: 101092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101092 doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2023.101092
|
| [45] |
Tribioli L, Cozzolino R (2019) Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone microgrid for a commercial building in eight different climate zones. Energy Convers Manage 179: 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.061 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.061
|
| [46] |
Cai W, Mansouri SA, Rezaee Jordehi A, et al. (2023) Resilience of hydrogen fuel station-integrated power systems with high penetration of photovoltaics. J Energy Storage 73: 108909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108909 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108909
|
| [47] |
Tong Z, Mansouri SA, Huang S, et al. (2023) The role of smart communities integrated with renewable energy resources, smart homes and electric vehicles in providing ancillary services: A tri-stage optimization mechanism. Appl Energy 351: 121897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121897 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121897
|
| [48] |
Mansouri SA, Maroufi S, Ahmarinejad A (2023) A tri-layer stochastic framework to manage electricity market within a smart community in the presence of energy storage systems. J Energy Storage 71: 108130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108130 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108130
|
| [49] |
Tostado-Véliz M, Hasanien HM, Turky RA, et al. (2023) A fully robust home energy management model considering real time price and on-board vehicle batteries. J Energy Storage 72: 108531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108531 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108531
|
| [50] |
Keskin SA, Acar E, Güler MA, et al. (2021) Exploring various options for improving crashworthiness performance of rail vehicle crash absorbers with diaphragms. Struct Multidiscip Optim 64: 3193–3208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02991-3 doi: 10.1007/s00158-021-02991-3
|
| [51] |
Mansouri SA, Paredes Á, González JM, et al. (2023) A three-layer game theoretic-based strategy for optimal scheduling of microgrids by leveraging a dynamic demand response program designer to unlock the potential of smart buildings and electric vehicle fleets. Appl Energy 347: 121440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121440 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121440
|
| [52] |
Zhou X, Mansouri SA, Jordehi AR, et al. (2023) A three-stage mechanism for flexibility-oriented energy management of renewable-based community microgrids with high penetration of smart homes and electric vehicles. Sustainable Cities Soc 99: 104946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104946 doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104946
|
| [53] |
Mansouri SA, Nematbakhsh E, Jordehi AR, et al. (2023) An interval-based nested optimization framework for deriving flexibility from smart buildings and electric vehicle fleets in the TSO-DSO coordination. Appl Energy 341: 121062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121062 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121062
|
| [54] |
Fatemi S, Ketabi A, Mansouri SA (2023) A multi-level multi-objective strategy for eco-environmental management of electricity market among micro-grids under high penetration of smart homes, plug-in electric vehicles and energy storage devices. J Energy Storage 67: 107632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107632 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107632
|
| [55] |
Soykan G, Er G, Canakoglu E (2022) Optimal sizing of an isolated microgrid with electric vehicles using stochastic programming. Sustainable Energy Grids Networks 32: 100850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2022.100850 doi: 10.1016/j.segan.2022.100850
|
| [56] |
Faraj J, Chahine K, Mortada M, et al. (2022) Eco-efficient vehicle cooling modules with integrated diffusers—Thermal, energy, and environmental analyses. Energies 15: 7917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217917 doi: 10.3390/en15217917
|
| [57] |
Geng K, Dong G, Huang W (2022) Robust dual-modal image quality assessment aware deep learning network for traffic targets detection of autonomous vehicles. Multimed Tools Appl 81: 6801–6826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-11924-1 doi: 10.1007/s11042-022-11924-1
|
| [58] |
Fatemi S, Ketabi A, Mansouri SA (2023) A four-stage stochastic framework for managing electricity market by participating smart buildings and electric vehicles: Towards smart cities with active end-users. Sustainable Cities Soc 93: 104535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104535 doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104535
|
| [59] |
Mohamed MA, Eltamaly AM, Alolah AI (2017) Swarm intelligence-based optimization of grid-dependent hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 77: 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.048 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.048
|
| [60] |
Eltamaly AM, Mohamed MA, Al-Saud MS, et al. (2017) Load management as a smart grid concept for sizing and designing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Eng Optim 49: 1813–1828. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1261246 doi: 10.1080/0305215X.2016.1261246
|
| [61] |
Mohamed MA, Eltamaly AM, Alolah AI (2016) PSO-based smart grid application for sizing and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems. PLoS One 11: e0159702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159702 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159702
|
| [62] |
Eltamaly AM, Mohamed MA, Alolah AI (2016) A novel smart grid theory for optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Sol Energy 124: 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.11.016 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.11.016
|
| [63] |
AlQemlas T, Al-Ebrahim MA, Abu-Hamdeh NH, et al. (2022) Assessment of using energy recovery from a sustainable system including a pyramid-shaped photovoltaic cells and batteries to reduce heating energy demand in the ventilation section. J Energy Storage 55: 105706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105706 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105706
|
| [64] |
Dzikuć M, Wyrobek J, Popławski Ł (2021) Economic determinants of low-carbon development in the visegrad group countries. Energies 14: 3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133823 doi: 10.3390/en14133823
|
| [65] |
Olczak P (2022) Comparison of modeled and measured photovoltaic microinstallation energy productivity. Renewable Energy Focus 43: 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.10.003 doi: 10.1016/j.ref.2022.10.003
|
| [66] |
Dzikuć M, Piwowar A, Dzikuć M (2022) The importance and potential of photovoltaics in the context of low-carbon development in Poland. Energy Storage Sav 1: 162–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enss.2022.07.001 doi: 10.1016/j.enss.2022.07.001
|
| [67] |
Dzikuć M, Gorączkowska J, Piwowar A, et al. (2021) The analysis of the innovative potential of the energy sector and low-carbon development: A case study for Poland. Energy Strateg Rev 38: 100769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100769 doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100769
|
| [68] |
Olczak P (2023) Evaluation of degradation energy productivity of photovoltaic installations in long-term case study. Appl Energy 343: 121109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121109 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121109
|
| [69] |
Dzikuć M, Tomaszewski M (2016) The effects of ecological investments in the power industry and their financial structure: A case study for Poland. J Clean Prod 118: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.081 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.081
|
| [70] |
Elshahed M, El-Rifaie AM, Tolba MA, et al. (2022) An innovative hunter-prey-based optimization for electrically based single-, double-, and triple-diode models of solar photovoltaic systems. Mathematics 10: 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10234625 doi: 10.3390/math10234625
|
| [71] |
Kousar S, Sangi MN, Kausar N, et al. (2023) Multi-objective optimization model for uncertain crop production under neutrosophic fuzzy environment: A case study. AIMS Math 8: 7584–7605. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2023380 doi: 10.3934/math.2023380
|
| [72] |
Kolsi L, Hussein AK, Hassen W, et al. (2023) Numerical study of a phase change material energy storage tank working with carbon nanotube-water nanofluid under Ha'il city climatic conditions. Mathematics 11: 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11041057 doi: 10.3390/math11041057
|
| [73] |
Al-Hajj R, Fouad MM, Assi A, et al. (2022) Short-term wind energy forecasting with independent daytime/nighttime machine learning models. ICRERA IEEE Sep 18: 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA55966.2022.9922820 doi: 10.1109/ICRERA55966.2022.9922820
|
| [74] |
Tavarov SS, Zicmane I, Beryozkina S, et al. (2022) Evaluation of the operating modes of the urban electric networks in Dushanbe city, Tajikistan. Inventions 7: 107: https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040107 doi: 10.3390/inventions7040107
|
| [75] |
Shehata AA, Tolba MA, El-Rifaie AM, et al. (2022) Power system operation enhancement using a new hybrid methodology for optimal allocation of FACTS devices. Energy Rep 8: 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.241 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.241
|
| [76] |
Rashidi MM, Mahariq I, Murshid, et al. (2022) Applying wind energy as a clean source for reverse osmosis desalination: A comprehensive review. Alexandria Eng J 61: 12977–12989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.06.056 doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2022.06.056
|
| [77] |
Mazloum Y, Sayah H, Nemer M (2021) Comparative study of various constant-pressure compressed air energy storage systems based on energy and exergy analysis. J Energy Resour Technol 143: 052001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048506 doi: 10.1115/1.4048506
|
| [78] |
Bagheri M, Barfeh DG, Hamisi M (2023) Building design based on zero energy approach. Vis Sustainable 20: 155–174. https://doi.org/10.13135/2384-8677/8109 doi: 10.13135/2384-8677/8109
|
| [79] | Office of planning and macroeconomics of electricity and energy—ministry of energy in Iran, 2020. Available from: http://www.pep.moe.gov.ir. |
| [80] | Fuel consumption optimization company in Iran, 2017. Available from: https://ifco.ir/images/99/energy99/tarazname96naft.pdf. |
| [81] |
Bahramara S, Moghaddam MP, Haghifam MR (2016) Optimal planning of hybrid renewable energy systems using HOMER: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 62: 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.039 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.039
|
| [82] |
Alharthi YZ, Siddiki MK, Chaudhry GM (2018) Resource assessment and techno-economic analysis of a grid-connected solar PV-wind hybrid system for different locations in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 10: 3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103690 doi: 10.3390/su10103690
|
| [83] | Babatunde DE, Babatunde OM, Akinbulire TO, et al. (2018) Hybrid energy systems model with the inclusion of energy efficiency measures: A rural application perspective. Econ J 8: 310–323. Available from: https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/8489. |
| [84] |
Swayze E, Singh K (2023) Techno-economic-environmental decision-making approach for the adoption of solar and natural gas-based trigeneration systems. Energy Conver Manage 289: 117189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117189 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117189
|
| [85] | Tavanir Company (2023) Available from: https://www.tavanir.org.ir/. |
Figures(17) / Tables(2)
Mehrdad Heidari, Alireza Soleimani, Maciej Dzikuć, Mehran Heidari, Sayed Hamid Hosseini Dolatabadi, Piotr Kuryło, Baseem Khan. Exploring synergistic ecological and economic energy solutions for low-urbanized areas through simulation-based analysis[J]. AIMS Energy, 2024, 12(1): 119-151. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024006
DownLoad: