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Normalized solutions for pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations

  • In this paper, we consider the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions to the following pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations

    {Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p2v+|u|22v,xRN, u>0, RN|u|2dx=a2,

    where N2, a,ϑ,m>0, λ is a real Lagrange parameter, 2<p<2=2NN1 and 2 is the critical Sobolev exponent. The operator Δ+m2 is the fractional relativistic Schrödinger operator. Under appropriate assumptions, with the aid of truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle and genus theory, we show the existence and the multiplicity of normalized solutions for the above problem.

    Citation: Xueqi Sun, Yongqiang Fu, Sihua Liang. Normalized solutions for pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations[J]. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(1): 217-236. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024010

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  • In this paper, we consider the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions to the following pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations

    {Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p2v+|u|22v,xRN, u>0, RN|u|2dx=a2,

    where N2, a,ϑ,m>0, λ is a real Lagrange parameter, 2<p<2=2NN1 and 2 is the critical Sobolev exponent. The operator Δ+m2 is the fractional relativistic Schrödinger operator. Under appropriate assumptions, with the aid of truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle and genus theory, we show the existence and the multiplicity of normalized solutions for the above problem.



    This paper deals with the following pseudo-relativistic equation of the form:

    {Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p2u+|u|22u,xRN,u>0,  RN|u|2dx=a2, (1.1)

    where the frequency λ as a real Lagrange parameter and is part of the unknowns, 2<p<2. For s(0,1), the operator (Δ+m2)s is defined in Fourier space as multiplication by the symbol (|ξ|2+m2)s see([1,2]) i.e., for any u:RNR belonging to the Schwartz space S(RN) of rapidly decreasing functions,

    F((Δ+m2)su)(ξ):=(|ξ|2+m2)sFu(ξ),   ξRN,

    where we denote by

    Fu(ξ):=(2π)N2RNeikxu(x)dx,  ξRN,

    the Fourier transform of u. Aslo, we show an alternative definition of (Δ+m2)s (see [2,3]):

    (Δ+m2)su(x):=m2su(x)+C(N,s)mN+2s2P.V.RNu(x)u(y)|xy|N+2s2KN+2s2(m|xy|)dy,  xRN, (1.2)

    where P.V. is the Cauchy principal value, Kι is the modified Bessel function of the third kind of index ι (see [4,5]) and

    C(N,s):=2N+2s2+1πN222ss(1s)Γ(2s).

    Once m0, then (Δ+m2)s reduces to the classical fractional Laplacian (Δ)s defined via Fourier transform by

    F((Δ)su)(ξ):=|ξ|2sFu(ξ),  ξRN.

    At the same time, by singular integrals, we also get

    (Δ)su(x):=CN,sP.V.RNu(x)u(y)|xy|N+2sdy,  xRN,  CN,s:=πN222sΓ(N+2s2)Γ(2s)s(12s) (1.3)

    for s(0,1). We observe that the most important difference between operators (Δ)s and (Δ+m2)s is showed in scaling: the first one is homogeneous in scaling, while the second one is inhomogeneous, which is evident from the Bessel function Kι in (1.2). There are many scholars devoted to the exploration of fractional Schrödinger equation

    (Δ)su+V(x)u=f(u),  xΩ,

    where (Δ)s as the fractional Laplacian, f(u) represents the nonlinearity, the function V(x):RNR is an external potential function, and Ω is a bounded domain in RN or Ω=RN. It was first introduced in the work of Laskin [6,7] and originated from an expansion of the Feynman path integral from Brownian-like to Lévy-like quantum mechanical paths. Note that the Feynman path integral produces the classical Schrödinger equation, however, the fractional Schrödinger equation is obtained by the path integral over Lévy trajectories.

    When s=12, the operator Δ+m2 associates with the free Hamiltonian of a free relativistic particle of mass m. It is worth noting that works of Lieb and Yau [8,9] on the stability of relativistic matter bring great inspiration to the exploration of Δ+m2. There are some results for this topic, here we just quote a few, please refer to [10,11,12]. In particularly, it is interesting to consider results for fractional equations involving the operator Δu+m2 with m>0. From the perspective of mathematics, many scholars focused on finding a solution to the following pseudo-relativistic equation

    Δu+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p2u+g(u)  in  Rn, (1.4)

    with g(u)=|u|22u. Now, there are two different approaches to consider problem (1.4) according to the characteristics of the frequency λ:

    (i) the frequency λ is a fixed given constant,

    (ii) the frequency λ is part of the unknown in problem (1.4).

    In case (i), we use a variant of extension method [13] to consider problem (1.4) due to the presence of the nonlocal operator Δu+m2u and we shall introduce this tool in detail in Section 2. Therefore, it can be seen that the solution of problem (1.4) is a critical point connected with the energy functional Iλ(v) defined in H1(RN+1+) by

    Iλ(v)=12RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy+12λRN|v(x,0)|2dxϑpRN|v(x,0)|pdx12RN|v(x,0)|2dx.

    In this case, we are devoted to looking for the ground state solutions because they possess many more properties, such as positivity, symmetry and stability. In particularly, the ground state solutions are regarded as minimizers of Iλ on the Nehari manifold

    Mλ:={vH1(RN+1+){0}:Iλ(v),v=0},

    (see [14]). In addition, by building a nonempty closed subset of the sign-changing Nehari manifold, Yang and Tang [15] obtained the existence of least energy sign-changing solutions for Schrödinger-Poisson system involving concave-convex nonlinearities in R3.

    Alternatively, in case (ii) other papers are devoted to looking for nontrivial solutions of problem (1.4) when the frequency λ is unknown. In this situation, λ is regarded as a Lagrange multiplier. Moreover, this method from the perspective of physics seems particularly interesting because of the conservation of mass and the mass has a clear physical meaning. On the other hand, such solutions help us to better understand the dynamical properties, such as orbital stability or instability, where ϑ>0 represents the strength of attractive interactions between cold atoms. In general, the solutions with prescribed L2-norms of solutions is called normalized solutions, i.e., the solutions satisfy |u|2=c>0 for a priori given c. Here, in order to look for normalized solutions of problem (1.1), we shall take advantage of a variant of extension method [13] and transform problem (1.1) into a local problem in a upper half-space RN+1+ with Neumann boundary condition. In addition, we look for the critical point of the functional on the constraint manifold S(a). We shall introduce S(a) and the upper half-space RN+1+ in detail in Section 2.

    In recent years, many scholars have paid great attention to exploration of normalization solutions to various classes of local and non-local problems, and have obtained many results, which are not only of special significance in physics, but also closely related to nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensation. In addition, more and more mathematical scholars begin to explore also solutions with prescribed L2-norms. This kind of problems was first proposed by Jeanjean in [16], who considered the existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equations

    {Δu=λu+g(u)in  RN,RN|u|2dx=a2, (1.5)

    where N1,λR and g satisfies suitable assumptions. Inspired by pioneering work of Jeanjean [16], with the help of variational methods, Alves et al. [17] considered the existence of normalized solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with critical growth both when N3 and N=2. The author in [18] established existence and several properties of ground states for the following critical equation

    {Δu=λu+μ|u|q2u+|u|22uin  RN,  N3,RN|u|2dx=a2,

    Later, Soave [19] also was interested in existence and qualitative properties of normalized solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined power nonlinearities driven by two different Laplacian operators. With the aid of an approximation method, Deng and Wu [20] obtained the existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equation, and the positive solution is mountain-pass type for p=2. Li and Zou [21] were interested in the exploration of fractional Schrödinger equation, they obtained the existence of multiple normalized solutions in both the L2-subcritical and L2-supercritical cases by truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle, genus theory and a fiber map. Wang et al. [22] explored the existence results of normalized solutions for p-Laplacian equations in the case (N+2Np,p) by a mountain-pass argument and constrained variational methods. Yao et al. [23] considered several nonexistence and existence results of normalized solutions for the Choquard equations involving lower critical exponent by variational methods. With the aid of a perturbation method, Jeanjean et al. [24] verified the existence of two solutions involving a prescribed L2-norm for a quasi-linear Schrödinger equation. We point out that, in [19,25,26,27], several applications are discussed. However, results about the pseudo-relativistic equation are relatively few, as far as we know.

    Inspired by the works above, we treat existence of the multiple normalized solutions for problem (1.1). Undoubtedly, we shall encounter some difficulties in proving the existence of the normalized solutions of problem (1.1). One is that Sobolev critical exponent 2=2NN1 which makes the lack of compactness occur. On the other hand, since the embedding Xrad(RN+1+)L2(RN) is not compact, we observe that the weak limit of (PS) sequence can not be established in the constraint manifold S(a). Therefore, we have to prove that the Lagrange multipliers λ are non-negative in case 2<p<2+2/N<2, which is crucial for us to be able to obtain the compactness. Using the compactness principle, the difficulty is solved.

    In the following, in case 2<p<2+2/N<2, the energy functional J is unbounded from below on S(a), which results in the failure to get the existence of the solution to problem (1.1) via minimizing problem. In the case 2<p<2+2N, inspired by [17,28], we use a truncation technique that allows the truncation function to be bounded from below and coercive.

    Finally, problem (1.1) is nonlocal, we shall encounter new difficulties and the study of this kind of equations becomes very meaningful. Therefore, by the extension method in [13], we transform problem (1.1) into a local problem in a upper half-space with a nonlinear Neumann boundary condition.

    Our main result is stated in the following theorem:

    Theorem 1.1. Let 2<p<2+2N<2 be satisfied. Then for given kN, there exists β>0 independent of k and ϑk:=ϑ(k) such that problem (1.1) has at least k couples (uj,λj)H12(RN)×R of weak solutions for ϑϑk and a(0,(β/ϑ)11θ], with RN|uj|2dx=a2,λj<0 for all j[1,k] and θ=(p2)(N1)2.

    The organizational structure of present paper in what follows. In Section 2, we give some necessary preliminaries and outline the variational framework. In Section 3, we are devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.1.

    Let H12(RN) be the fractional Sobolev space defined as the completion of Cc(RN) with the following norm

    |u|H12(RN):=(RN|ξ|2+m2|Fu(ξ)|2dξ)12.

    Therefore, H12(RN) is continuously embedded in Lp(RN) for all p[2,2) and H12(RN) is compactly embedded in Lploc(RN) for all p[1,2), please refer to [2,4,29,30]. Let H1(RN+1+) denote the completion of Cc(¯RN+1+) in the norm:

    v:=vH1(RN+1+)=(RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy)12.

    According to Lemma 3.1 in [3], for s(0,1), we have that the continuous imbedding H1(RN+1+)L2γ(RN+1+,y12s), this fact means

    vL2γ(RN+1+,y12s)ˆSv   for all vH1(RN+1+), (2.1)

    for some ˆS>0, where γ:=1+2N2s, and Lr(RN+1+,y12s) is the weighted Lebesgue space for r(1,), equipped with the norm

    vLr(RN+1+,y12s):=(RN+1+y12s|v|rdxdy)1r.

    Using Lemma 3.1.2 in [31], it follows that H1(RN+1+) compactly embedded in L2(B+R,y12s) for all R>0. In the lignt of Proposition 5 in [3], there exists a (unique) linear trace operator Tr:H1(RN+1+)H12(RN) such that

    σs|Tr(v)|H12(RN)vH1(RN+1+) for all vH1(RN+1+), (2.2)

    where σs:=212sΓ(1s)/Γ(s), please refer to [32,33]. For the sake of simplicity, we will show Tr(v) by v(,0). It is worth noting that (2.2) implies

    σsm2sRNv2(x,0)dxRN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy, (2.3)

    for all vH1(RN+1+), which is equivalent to

    σsRNv2(x,0)dxm2sRN+1+|v|2dxdy+m22sRN+1+v2dxdy. (2.4)

    To simplify the notation, we can get rid of the constant σs in (2.4).

    In the following, we define the work space

    X:={vH1(RN+1+):RN|v(x,0)|2dx<}

    equipped with the norm

    vX:=(v2+RN|v(x,0)|2dx)12.

    Clearly, XH1(RN+1+) and using (2.3), we see that

    vvX  for all  vX.

    Moreover, X is a Hilbert space equipped with the inner product

    v,w=RN+1+(vw+m2vw)dxdy+RNv(x,0)w(x,0)dx.

    At the same time, X is the dual space of X.

    Now, we recall some results in the case s(0,1). Since Tr(H1(RN+1+))H12(RN) and the embedding H12(RN)Lq(RN) is continuous for any q[2,2s] and s(0,1). we have the following results.

    Theorem 2.1. [34] For any uH1(RN+1+,y12s) and for any q[2,2s]

    Cq,s,N|u|2Lq(RN)κsRN(|ξ|2+m2)s|Fu(ξ)|2dξRN+1+y12s(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy,

    where κs=212sΓ(1s)Γ(s) and u(x)=v(x,0) is the trace of v on RN+1+.

    Theorem 2.2. [34] Let H1rad={uH1(RN+1+,y12s):u  is radially symmetric with respect to  x}. Then H1rad(RN+1+,y12s)↪↪Lq(RN) for any q(2,2s).

    We recall the trace inequality with s=12(see Theorem 2.1 in [32]):

    RN+1+|v|2dxdyS(RN|v(x,0)|2dx)22 (2.5)

    for all vH10(RN+1+), where H10(RN+1+) as the completion of Cc(¯RN+1+) in the norm

    (RN+1+|v|2dxdy)12

    and the best constant is given by

    S=2π12Γ(12)Γ(N+12)Γ(N2)1NΓ(12)Γ(N12)Γ(N)1N.

    This constant is obtained on the family of functions ωϵ=E1/2(uϵ), where E1/2 denotes the 12-harmonic extension [13], and

    uϵ(x):=ϵN12(|x|2+ϵ2)N12,  ϵ>0,

    see [29,32]. Therefore,

    ωϵ(x,y):=(P1/2(,y)uϵ)(x)=pN,1/2yRNuϵ(ξ)(|xξ|2+y2)N+12dξ,

    where

    P1/2(x,y):=pN,1/2y(|x|2+y2)N+12

    as the Poisson kernel for the extension problem in RN+1+.

    We observe that ωϵ(x,y)=ϵ1N2ω1(xϵ,yϵ). We are devoted to studying the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions of problem (1.1) in present paper. To consider problem (1.1) by variational methods, we make full use of a variant of the extension method [13] given in [3,29,33]. To be more precise, the nonlocal operator Δ+m2 in RN can be achieved by a local problem in RN×(0,). In the following, we shall describe this construction in detail. For any function uH12(RN), there exists a unique function vH1(RN+1+) (here, RN+1+={(x,y)RN×R:y>0} such that

    {Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,v(x,0)=u(x) for xRN=RN+1+. (2.6)

    Set

    Tu(x)=vy(x,0),

    we have the following equation

    {Δw+m2w=0 in RN+1+,w(x,0)=Tu(x) for xRN+1+={0}×RNRN

    with the solution w(x,y)=vy(x,y). By (2.6), we have

    T(Tu)(x)=wy(x,0)=2vy2(x,0)=(Δxv+m2v)(x,0)

    and hence T2=(Δx+m2). Thus, the operator T that maps the Dirichlet-type data u to the Neumann-type data vy(x,0) is actually Δ+m2. Therefore, for problem (1.1), we shall consider the following nonlinear boundary value problem:

    {Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,vy=ϑ|v(x,0)|p2u+|v(x,0)|22uλv(x,0) on RN,v>0,  RN|v(x,0)|2dx=a2. (2.7)

    Furthermore, we shall look for the critical points of the energy functional J:Xrad(RN+1+)R associated with problem (2.7):

    J(v)=12RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdyϑpRN|v(x,0)|pdx12RN|v(x,0)|2dx

    on the constraint

    S(a):={vXrad:|v(x,0)|22=a2}.

    Let us start the section by recalling the definition of genus. Let X be a Banach space and D be a subset of X. The set D is called to be symmetric if uD for all uD. Denote by Σ the family of closed symmetric subsets D of X such that 0D, that is

    Σ={DX{0}:D is closed and symmetric with respect to the origin}.

    For DΣ, we define

    γ(A)={0, if D=,inf{kN: an odd map ϕC(D,Rk{0})},, if such an odd map does not exist,

    and Σk={DΣ:γ(D)k}. Now, we are ready to give some lemmas that play important roles in proving Theorem 1.1.

    Lemma 3.1. Let vH1(RN+1+) and 2<t<2, then

    RN|v(x,0)|tdxS22θ(RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1θ(RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2θ2,

    where θ=(t2)(N1)2.

    Proof. Since vH1(RN+1+) and 2<t<2, by Hölder inequality and (2.5), we obtain

    RN|v(x,0)|tdx=RN|v(x,0)|2(1θ)|v(x,0)|2θdx(RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1θ(RN|v|2dx)θ(RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1θ(S1RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2θ2=S22θ(RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1θ(RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2θ2,

    where θ=(t2)(N1)2. Then we have completed the proof of Lemma 3.1.

    We state the concentration-compactness principle for s=12 in what follows.

    Lemma 3.2 (Proposition 3.1 in [35]). Let {vk} be a bounded tight sequence in H1(RN+1+), such that vk converges weakly to v in H1(RN+1+). Let μ,ν be two non-negative measures on RN+1+ and RN respectively and such that

    limn(|vk|2+m2u2k)=:μ

    and

    limn|vk(x,0)|2=:ν,

    in the sense of measures. Then, there exist an at most countable set I and three families {xi}iI, {μi}iI, {νi}iI, with μi,νi0 for all iI, such that

    ν=|v(,0)|2+iIνiδxi,
    μ(|v|2+m2v2)+iIμiδ(xi,0),
    μiSν22i  for all  iI.

    Lemma 3.3. Let {vk} in be a sequence in H1(RN+1+) as in Lemma 3.2 and define

    μ=limnlim supkBcR(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy,  ν=limnlim supkBcR|vk(,0)|2dx. (3.1)

    Then

    limnlim supkRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy=μ(RN+1+)+μ, (3.2)
    limnlim supkRN|vk(,0)|2dx=ν(RN)+ν,  μSν22, (3.3)

    where μ,ν are the finite non-negative measures in Lemma 3.2.

    Proof. Fix a sequence {vk} in H1(RN+1+), as in the statement of Lemma 3.2. Let ηCc(¯RN+1+) such that 0η1, η=0 in B+1 and η=1 in (Bc2)+. Take R>0 and put ηR(x,y)=η(xR,yR). We write

    RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy=RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy+RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)(1η2R)dxdy. (3.4)

    We first observe that

    (Bc2R)+(|vk|2+m2u2k)dxdyRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy(BcR)+(|vk|2+m2v2k)(1η2R)dxdy.

    So by (3.1),

    μ=limRlim supkRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy. (3.5)

    On the other hand, since μ is finite, 1η2R has compact support and ηR0 a.e. in RN+1+, by the definition of μ and the Dominated convergence theorem, we have

    limRlim supkRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)(1η2R)dxdy=limRRN+1+(1η2R)dμ=μ(RN+1+). (3.6)

    Using (3.5)-(3.6) in (3.4), we can obtain (3.2). Arguing similarly for ν, we see that

    limRlim supKRN(1η2R)|vk(,0)|2dx=ν(RN).

    Thus, the first part of (3.3) is proved.

    In order to verify the last part of (3.3), we consider again the function ηR. Let K:=supp(ηR). By the fact that

    S(RN|vk(,0)|2dx)22RN+1+|vk|2dxdyRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy (3.7)

    and applying this to ηRuk in H1(RN+1+), we get

    S(RN|vk(,0)|2η2Rdx)22RN+1+(|(vkηR)|2+m2(vkηR)2)dxdy (3.8)

    for all k. On the other hand,

    RN+1+[|(ηRvk)|2+m2(ηRvk)2]dxdy=RN+1+η2R[|vk|2+m2v2k]dxdy+RN+1+v2k|ηR|2dxdy+2RN+1+vkηRηRvkdxdy. (3.9)

    By the definition of ηR, we know

    limRlim supkRN+1+v2k|ηR|2dxdy0. (3.10)

    Using the Hölder inequality, the boundedness of {vk}k in H1(RN+1+) and (3.10), we get

    |RN+1+vkηRηRvkdxdy|(RN+1+v2k|ηR|2dxdy)12(RN+1+η2R|vk|2dxdy)12(RN+1+v2k|ηR|2dxdy)12(RN+1+|vk|2dxdy)12C(RN+1+v2k|ηR|2dxdy)12. (3.11)

    Therefore, together with (3.10) and taking R, k in (3.11), we obtain

    limRlim supkRN+1+vkηRηRvkdxdy=0. (3.12)

    Putting (3.10)-(3.12) into (3.8), we obtain the desired conclusion.

    For vS(a), by Lemma 3.1 and (3.7), we have

    J(v)=12RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdyϑpRN|v(x,0)|pdx12RN|v(x,0)|2dx12RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdyϑpS2θ2a1θv2θ12S22v2=12v2ϑpS2θ2a1θv212S22v2:=K(v),

    where

    K(t)=12t2ϑpS2θ2a1θt2θ12S22t2

    and θ=(p2)(N1)2. By 2<p<2+2N, we get that 0<θ<1 and there exists β>0 such that ϑa1θβ. Thus, the function K has a positive local maximum. To be more precisely, there exist two numbers 0<W1<W2< such that K<0 in the intervals (0,W1) and (W2,), while K>0 in (W1,W2). Suppose that σC(R+,[0,1]) is a nonincreasing function such that σ(t)=1 for tW1 and σ(t)=0 for tW2.

    We define the truncated functional by

    Jσ(v)=12RN+1+(|v|2+m2v2)dxdyϑpRN|v(x,0)|pdxσ(v)2RN|v(x,0)|2dx.

    For vS(a), by Lemma 3.1 and (3.7), we get

    Jσ(v)12v2ϑpS2θ2a1θv2θσ(v)2S2/2v2:=˜K(v),

    where

    ˜K(t)=12t2ϑpS2θ2a1θt2θσ(t)2S2/2t2.

    Therefore, with the help of the definition of σ, we obtain ˜K<0 in (0,W1) and ˜K>0 in (W2,) when a(0,(β/ϑ)11θ]. From now on, we assume that

    a(0,(βϑ)11θ].

    Without loss of generality, taking W1>0 small enough if necessary, we also assume

    0<W21<SN,so that r2212S2/2r20for all r[0,W1]. (3.13)

    Lemma 3.4. (a) JσC1(Xrad(RN+1+),R).

    (b) Jσ is coercive and bounded from below on S(a). Furtheremore, if Jσ0, then vW1 and Jσ(v)=J(v).

    (c) Jσ|S(a) satisfies the (PS)c condition for all c<0.

    Proof. (a) and (b) hold true with the aid of a standard argument.

    For (a). As the proof of the Proposition B.10 in the book [36], conclusion (a) is satisfied.

    For (b). Let vS(a), by the definition of σ, we obtain σ(v2)=0 when v. Thus,

    Jσ(v)12v2ϑpS2θ2a1θv2θ+,

    since N(p2)<2 and θ=(p2)(N1)2, that is Jσ is coercive. On the other hand, it follows from the definition of ˜K(t) that ˜K has a maximum value, and then Jσ(v) is bounded from below on S(a). Furthermore, if Jσ(v)0, so ˜K<0. Also, by the definition of ˜K, we obtain vW1. Therefore, from the definition of σ, we get σ=1. This fact implies Jσ(v)=J(v).

    For (c). Assume that {vk}k is a (PS)c sequence of Jσ restricted to S(a) with c<0, that is,

    Jσ(vk)c<0  and  Jσ|S(a)(vk)0  as  k.

    By (b),vkW1 for k large enough. Therefore, {vk}k is bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Then, up to subsequence, there exists Xrad(RN+1+) such that vkv in Xrad(RN+1+) and vkv in Lp(RN) for all p(2,2) and vkv a.e. in RN. Due to the fact that 2<p<2+2N<2, we get

    limnRN|vn(x,0)|pdx=RN|v(x,0)|pdx.

    Moreover, we claim v0. Otherwise, limkRN|vk|pdx=0. Combining this and (3.13), we see that

    0>c=limkJ(vk)=limk[12RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdyϑpRN|vk(x,0)|pdx12RN|vk(x,0)|2dx]limk[12RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)dxdyϑpRN|vk(x,0)|pdx12S2/2v2]limkϑpRN|vk(x,0)|pdx=0

    which is impossible and proves the claim.

    Let

    Ψ(v):=12RN|v(x,0)|2dx, vX(RN+1+).

    Thus, S(a)=Ψ1({a22}). By the Lagrange multiplier, there exists λaR such that

    J(v)=λaΨ(v)

    in (H1(R+N+1)). Therefore, using this fact, we have

    {Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,vy=ϑ|v(x,0)|p2v+|v(x,0)|22vλav(x,0) on RN,v>0,  RN|v(x,0)|2dx=a2. (3.14)

    With the help of Proposition 5.12 in [14], there exists λkR such that

    J(vk)λkΨ(vk)0

    as k. Hence, for φXrad(RN+1+),

    RN+1+(vkφ+m2vkφ)dxdyϑRN|vk(x,0)|p2vk(x,0)φdxRN|vk(x,0)|22vk(x,0)φdx=λkRNvkφdx+o(1)φ. (3.15)

    In particular,

    vk2ϑRN|vk(x,0)|pdxRN|vk(x,0)|2dx=λka2+o(1). (3.16)

    The boundedness of {vk}k implies that {λk}k is also bounded in R. Therefore, up to a subsequence, there exists λaR such that λkλa as k. Therefore, by (3.15) and a standard argument, we obtain that v satisfies problem (3.14). In fact, for any φXrad(RN+1+), it follows from the definition of weak convergence that

    RN+1+(vkφ+m2vkφ)dxdyRN+1+(vφ+m2vφ)dxdy

    as k. Since λkλa as k, we also obtain that

    λkRNvkφdxλaRNvφdx (3.17)

    as k. Moreover, since {|vk|22vk}k is bounded in L221(RN) and

    |vk(x,0)|22uk(x,0)|v(x,0)|22v(x,0)a.e. in RN, (3.18)

    then

    |vk(x,0)|22vk(x,0)|v(x,0)|22v(x,0)in L221(RN).

    This implies that

    RN|vk(x,0)|22vkφdxRN|v(x,0)|22vφdx

    as k. Next, we show that λa<0. Indeed, thanks to 2<p<2+2N<2, we have

    0>c=lim infkJ(vk)=lim infk(J(vk)12J(vk)λkΨ(vk))=(121p)ϑRN|v(x,0)|pdx+(1212)RN|v(x,0)|2dx+12λaRN|v(x,0)|2dx.

    Therefore,

    12λaRN|v(x,0)|2dx<(121p)ϑRN|v(x,0)|pdx(1212)RN|v(x,0)|2dx<0

    which shows λa<0.

    In the following, we shall recover the compactness with an application of the concentration-compactness principle [35]. Indeed, since vkW1 for k enough large, using the Prokhorov theorem [37, Theorem 8.6.2], there exist two positive measures μ,νM(RN+1+) such that

    limk(|vk|2dx+m2v2k)=:μandlimk|vk(x,0)|2=:νin M(RN+1+). (3.19)

    Hence, Lemma 3.2-Lemma 3.3 hold. Together with Lemma 3.2, either vkv in L2(RN) or there exists a (at most countable) set of distinct points {xi}iRN and positive numbers {νi}i such that

    ν=|v+(x,0)|2+iIνiδxi.

    If the latter holds, we can also verify vkv in L2(RN). We shall verify the following three claims hold.

    Claim 1. We verify that μ(xi)νi for any iI.

    Assume that xiRN for some iI. For any ρ>0, we define, φρ(x,y)=φ(xxiρ,yρ), where φCc(¯RN+1+) such that φ=1 in B+1 and φ=0 in (B+2)c,φ[0,1] and φL(RN+1+)2. We suppose that ρ>0 such that supp(φρ(,0))RN+1+. By the boundedness of {vk} in Xrad(RN+1+), we know that {φρvk} is also bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Therefore,

    o(1)=(J(vk),vkφρ)=RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy+RN+1+vkvkφρdxdyϑRNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdxRNφρ|vk(x,0)|2dx. (3.20)

    That means

    RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy=ϑRNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdxRN+1+vkvkφρdxdy+RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2dx+o(1).

    Consequently,

    limρ0+limkRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy=limρ0+limkRN+1+φρdμμj. (3.21)

    Together with the definition of φρ, we obtain

    limρ0+limkRNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdx=limρ0+RNφρ|v(x,0)|pdx=limρ0+B+2ρφρ|v(x,0)|pdx=0. (3.22)

    Moreover, (3.19) implies

    limρ0+limkRNφρ|vk(x,0)|2dx=limρ0+RNφρdν=νi. (3.23)

    In the following, we show that

    limρ0+lim supkRN+1+vkvkφρdxdy=0. (3.24)

    In fact, by the Hölder inequality, the boundedness of {vk}k in Xrad(RN+1+), the fact that φρL(RN+1+)Cρ and X(RN+1+) is compactly embedded into L2(B+ρ(xi,0),y12s) with s=12, we obtain

    lim supk|RN+1+vkvkφρdxdy|lim supk(RN+1+|vk|2dxdy)12(B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2|φρ|2dxdy)12Cρ(B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2dxdy)12.

    By Hölder inequality with 1r+r1r=1 and (2.1), we have

    Cρ(B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2dxdy)12Cρ(B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2rdxdy)12r(B+ρ(xi,0)dxdy)r12rC(B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2rdxdy)12r0  as  ρ0+

    which shows that (3.24) holds. Therefore, inserting (3.21)-(3.24) into (3.20), taking k and ρ0+, we obtain

    μ(xi)νi

    and the claim holds.

    Claim 2. We claim that μν.

    Let ϕCc(¯RN+1+) such that 0ϕ1, ϕ=0 in B+1 and ϕ=1 in (Bc2)+. Take R>0 and put ϕR(x)=ϕ(xxiR,yR). Again, by the boundedness of {vk}k in Xrad(RN+1+), we know that {vkϕR}k is also bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Hence,

    o(1)=(J(vk),vkϕR)=RN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)ϕRdxdy+RN+1+vkvkϕRdxdyϑRNϕR|vk(x,0)|pdxRNϕR|vk(x,0)|2dx. (3.25)

    From the aforementioned proof, we obtain

    limRlimkRN+1+(|vk|2+m2v2k)ϕRdxdy=RN+1+ϕRdμμ.

    By Hölder's inequality, 0ϕR1 and {vk} is bounded in Xrad(RN+1+), we have

    |RN+1+vkvkϕRdxdy|CRRN+1+vk|vk|dxdyCR(RN+1+|vk|2dxdy)12(RN+1+|vk|2dxdy)12CR0

    as R. Therefore,

    limRlim supkRN+1+vkvkϕRdxdy0.

    By the proof of Lemma 3.3 in [38], we obtain

    limRlimkRNϕR|vk(x,0)|pdx=limRRNϕR|v(x,0)|pdx=limR|x|RϕR|v(x,0)|pdx=0

    and

    limRlimkRNϕR|vk(x,0)|2dx=ν.

    Therefore, it follows from (3.25) that

    μν

    and this proves Claim 2.

    Claim 3. We shall veify that νi=0 for any iI and ν=0.

    By contradiction, we suppose that there exists iI such that νi>0. Steps 1 implies that

    νi(S1μ(xi))22(S1νi)22.

    It implies that νiSN. If this case is valid, we get

    W21limρ0+limkvk2Slimρ0+limk|vk(x,0)|22limρ0+limkS(RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2dx)22=Slimk(RNϕρdν)22=Sν22iSN

    which is impossible by (3.13). If the latter holds, by the same discussion above, we get

    W21limRlimkvk2μSν22SN

    which contradicts with (3.13), and together with Lemma 3.2 implies vkv in L2loc(RN) Moreover, combining with Lemma 3, we obtain vkv in L2(RN). Taking into account (3.15)–(3.17), we obtain

    limk[vk2λa|vk(x,0)|22]=limk[ϑ|vk(x,0)|pp+|vk(x,0)|22+o(1)]=ϑ|v(x,0)|pp+|v(x,0)|22=v2λa|v(x,0)|22. (3.26)

    Since λa<0,

    λa|v(x,0)|22lim infkλa|vk(x,0)|22lim supkλa|vk(x,0)|22lim supkλa|vk(x,0)|22+lim infkvk2v2lim supk[vk2λa|vk(x,0)|22]v2=λa|v(x,0)|22.

    Hence,

    limkλa|vk(x,0)|22=λa|v(x,0)|22.

    Moreover, we obtain

    limk|vk(x,0)|22=|v(x,0)|22.

    By (3.26), we get

    limkvk2=v2.

    Then vkv in Xrad(RN+1+) and |vk(x,0)|2=a. The proof of Lemma 3.4 is completed.

    Set

    Jϵσ={vXrad(RN+1+)S(a):Jσ(v)ϵ}Xrad(RN+1+)

    for ε>0. By the fact that Jσ is even and continuous on Xrad(RN+1+), gives that Jϵσ is closed and symmetric. Consequently, the following lemma is true and its proof is the same as that of Lemma 3.2 in [28].

    Lemma 3.5. Given kN, there exist ϵk:=ϵ(k) and ϑk:=ϑ(k) such that whenever 0<ϵϵk and ϑϑk,γ(Jϵσ)k.

    Set

    Σk:={EXrad(RN+1+)S(a):E  is closed and symmetric,  γ(E)k}

    and

    ck:=infEΣksupuEJσ(v)>

    for all kE by Lemma 3.4 (b). In order to verify Theorem 1.1, we given by

    Kc={vXrad(Ω)S(a):Jσ(v)=0,Jσ(v)=c}.

    Therefore, we obtain that the following result holds.

    Lemma 3.6. If c=ck=ck+1==ck+m, then γ(Kc)m+1. Especially, Jσ has at least m+1 nontrivial critical points.

    Proof. For ϵ>0, we know that JϵσΣ. With the help of Lemma 3.5, for any kN, there exists ϵk=ϵ(k)>0 and ϑk=ϑ(k) such that if 0<ϵϵk and ϑϑk, we have γ(Jϵσ)k. Therefore, JϵkσΣk, and

    cksupvJϵkσJσ(v)=ϵk<0.

    Let 0>c=ck=ck+1==ck+m are satisfied. Therefore, Lemma 3.4 (c) shows that Jσ satisfies the (PS)c condition. Consequently, Kc is a compact set. Theorem 2.1 in [39] yields that Jσ|S(a) has at least m+1 critical points.

    Proof of Theorem 1.1. By Lemma 3.4 (b) the critical points of Jσ obtained in Lemma 3.6 are the critical points of J. Hence, we complete the proof.

    The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    Sihua Liang is supported by the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China (Grant No. YDZJ202201ZYTS582), the Research Foundation of Department of Education of Jilin Province (Grant No. JJKH20230902KJ) and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Funding Project of Jilin Province (No.2023QN21).

    The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.



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