In this paper, we consider the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions to the following pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations
{√−Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p−2v+|u|2♯−2v,x∈RN, u>0, ∫RN|u|2dx=a2,
where N≥2, a,ϑ,m>0, λ is a real Lagrange parameter, 2<p<2♯=2NN−1 and 2♯ is the critical Sobolev exponent. The operator √−Δ+m2 is the fractional relativistic Schrödinger operator. Under appropriate assumptions, with the aid of truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle and genus theory, we show the existence and the multiplicity of normalized solutions for the above problem.
Citation: Xueqi Sun, Yongqiang Fu, Sihua Liang. Normalized solutions for pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations[J]. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(1): 217-236. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024010
[1] | Shengbing Deng, Qiaoran Wu . Existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equation. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2023, 15(3): 575-585. doi: 10.3934/cam.2023028 |
[2] | Yonghang Chang, Menglan Liao . Nonexistence of asymptotically free solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger system. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(2): 293-306. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024014 |
[3] | Zhi-Jie Wang, Hong-Rui Sun . Normalized solutions for Kirchhoff equations with Choquard nonlinearity: mass Super-Critical Case. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2025, 17(2): 317-340. doi: 10.3934/cam.2025013 |
[4] | Sergey A. Rashkovskiy . Quantization of Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian systems. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2023, 15(2): 267-288. doi: 10.3934/cam.2023014 |
[5] | Xin Qiu, Zeng Qi Ou, Ying Lv . Normalized solutions to nonautonomous Kirchhoff equation. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(3): 457-486. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024022 |
[6] | Farrukh Dekhkonov . On a boundary control problem for a pseudo-parabolic equation. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2023, 15(2): 289-299. doi: 10.3934/cam.2023015 |
[7] | Farrukh Dekhkonov . On one boundary control problem for a pseudo-parabolic equation in a two-dimensional domain. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2025, 17(1): 1-14. doi: 10.3934/cam.2025001 |
[8] | Fangyuan Dong . Multiple positive solutions for the logarithmic Schrödinger equation with a Coulomb potential. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(3): 487-508. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024023 |
[9] | Yangyu Ni, Jijiang Sun, Jianhua Chen . Multiplicity and concentration of normalized solutions for a Kirchhoff type problem with L2-subcritical nonlinearities. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2024, 16(3): 633-654. doi: 10.3934/cam.2024029 |
[10] | Floyd L. Williams . From a magnetoacoustic system to a J-T black hole: A little trip down memory lane. Communications in Analysis and Mechanics, 2023, 15(3): 342-361. doi: 10.3934/cam.2023017 |
In this paper, we consider the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions to the following pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations
{√−Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p−2v+|u|2♯−2v,x∈RN, u>0, ∫RN|u|2dx=a2,
where N≥2, a,ϑ,m>0, λ is a real Lagrange parameter, 2<p<2♯=2NN−1 and 2♯ is the critical Sobolev exponent. The operator √−Δ+m2 is the fractional relativistic Schrödinger operator. Under appropriate assumptions, with the aid of truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle and genus theory, we show the existence and the multiplicity of normalized solutions for the above problem.
This paper deals with the following pseudo-relativistic equation of the form:
{√−Δ+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p−2u+|u|2♯−2u,x∈RN,u>0, ∫RN|u|2dx=a2, | (1.1) |
where the frequency λ as a real Lagrange parameter and is part of the unknowns, 2<p<2♯. For s∈(0,1), the operator (−Δ+m2)s is defined in Fourier space as multiplication by the symbol (|ξ|2+m2)s see([1,2]) i.e., for any u:RN→R belonging to the Schwartz space S(RN) of rapidly decreasing functions,
F((−Δ+m2)su)(ξ):=(|ξ|2+m2)sFu(ξ), ∀ ξ∈RN, |
where we denote by
Fu(ξ):=(2π)−N2∫RNeik⋅xu(x)dx, ξ∈RN, |
the Fourier transform of u. Aslo, we show an alternative definition of (−Δ+m2)s (see [2,3]):
(−Δ+m2)su(x):=m2su(x)+C(N,s)mN+2s2P.V.∫RNu(x)−u(y)|x−y|N+2s2KN+2s2(m|x−y|)dy, x∈RN, | (1.2) |
where P.V. is the Cauchy principal value, Kι is the modified Bessel function of the third kind of index ι (see [4,5]) and
C(N,s):=2−N+2s2+1π−N222ss(1−s)Γ(2−s). |
Once m→0, then (−Δ+m2)s reduces to the classical fractional Laplacian (−Δ)s defined via Fourier transform by
F((−Δ)su)(ξ):=|ξ|2sFu(ξ), ξ∈RN. |
At the same time, by singular integrals, we also get
(−Δ)su(x):=CN,sP.V.∫RNu(x)−u(y)|x−y|N+2sdy, x∈RN, CN,s:=π−N222sΓ(N+2s2)Γ(2−s)s(1−2s) | (1.3) |
for s∈(0,1). We observe that the most important difference between operators (−Δ)s and (−Δ+m2)s is showed in scaling: the first one is homogeneous in scaling, while the second one is inhomogeneous, which is evident from the Bessel function Kι in (1.2). There are many scholars devoted to the exploration of fractional Schrödinger equation
(−Δ)su+V(x)u=f(u), x∈Ω, |
where (−Δ)s as the fractional Laplacian, f(u) represents the nonlinearity, the function V(x):RN→R is an external potential function, and Ω is a bounded domain in RN or Ω=RN. It was first introduced in the work of Laskin [6,7] and originated from an expansion of the Feynman path integral from Brownian-like to Lévy-like quantum mechanical paths. Note that the Feynman path integral produces the classical Schrödinger equation, however, the fractional Schrödinger equation is obtained by the path integral over Lévy trajectories.
When s=12, the operator √−Δ+m2 associates with the free Hamiltonian of a free relativistic particle of mass m. It is worth noting that works of Lieb and Yau [8,9] on the stability of relativistic matter bring great inspiration to the exploration of √−Δ+m2. There are some results for this topic, here we just quote a few, please refer to [10,11,12]. In particularly, it is interesting to consider results for fractional equations involving the operator √−Δu+m2 with m>0. From the perspective of mathematics, many scholars focused on finding a solution to the following pseudo-relativistic equation
√−Δu+m2u+λu=ϑ|u|p−2u+g(u) in Rn, | (1.4) |
with g(u)=|u|2♯−2u. Now, there are two different approaches to consider problem (1.4) according to the characteristics of the frequency λ:
(i) the frequency λ is a fixed given constant,
(ii) the frequency λ is part of the unknown in problem (1.4).
In case (i), we use a variant of extension method [13] to consider problem (1.4) due to the presence of the nonlocal operator √−Δu+m2u and we shall introduce this tool in detail in Section 2. Therefore, it can be seen that the solution of problem (1.4) is a critical point connected with the energy functional Iλ(v) defined in H1(RN+1+) by
Iλ(v)=12∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy+12λ∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx−ϑp∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx−12♯∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx. |
In this case, we are devoted to looking for the ground state solutions because they possess many more properties, such as positivity, symmetry and stability. In particularly, the ground state solutions are regarded as minimizers of Iλ on the Nehari manifold
Mλ:={v∈H1(RN+1+)∖{0}:⟨I′λ(v),v⟩=0}, |
(see [14]). In addition, by building a nonempty closed subset of the sign-changing Nehari manifold, Yang and Tang [15] obtained the existence of least energy sign-changing solutions for Schrödinger-Poisson system involving concave-convex nonlinearities in R3.
Alternatively, in case (ii) other papers are devoted to looking for nontrivial solutions of problem (1.4) when the frequency λ is unknown. In this situation, λ is regarded as a Lagrange multiplier. Moreover, this method from the perspective of physics seems particularly interesting because of the conservation of mass and the mass has a clear physical meaning. On the other hand, such solutions help us to better understand the dynamical properties, such as orbital stability or instability, where ϑ>0 represents the strength of attractive interactions between cold atoms. In general, the solutions with prescribed L2-norms of solutions is called normalized solutions, i.e., the solutions satisfy |u|2=c>0 for a priori given c. Here, in order to look for normalized solutions of problem (1.1), we shall take advantage of a variant of extension method [13] and transform problem (1.1) into a local problem in a upper half-space RN+1+ with Neumann boundary condition. In addition, we look for the critical point of the functional on the constraint manifold S(a). We shall introduce S(a) and the upper half-space RN+1+ in detail in Section 2.
In recent years, many scholars have paid great attention to exploration of normalization solutions to various classes of local and non-local problems, and have obtained many results, which are not only of special significance in physics, but also closely related to nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensation. In addition, more and more mathematical scholars begin to explore also solutions with prescribed L2-norms. This kind of problems was first proposed by Jeanjean in [16], who considered the existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equations
{−Δu=λu+g(u)in RN,∫RN|u|2dx=a2, | (1.5) |
where N≥1,λ∈R and g satisfies suitable assumptions. Inspired by pioneering work of Jeanjean [16], with the help of variational methods, Alves et al. [17] considered the existence of normalized solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with critical growth both when N≥3 and N=2. The author in [18] established existence and several properties of ground states for the following critical equation
{−Δu=λu+μ|u|q−2u+|u|2∗−2uin RN, N≥3,∫RN|u|2dx=a2, |
Later, Soave [19] also was interested in existence and qualitative properties of normalized solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined power nonlinearities driven by two different Laplacian operators. With the aid of an approximation method, Deng and Wu [20] obtained the existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equation, and the positive solution is mountain-pass type for p=2∗. Li and Zou [21] were interested in the exploration of fractional Schrödinger equation, they obtained the existence of multiple normalized solutions in both the L2-subcritical and L2-supercritical cases by truncation technique, concentration-compactness principle, genus theory and a fiber map. Wang et al. [22] explored the existence results of normalized solutions for p-Laplacian equations in the case (N+2Np,p∗) by a mountain-pass argument and constrained variational methods. Yao et al. [23] considered several nonexistence and existence results of normalized solutions for the Choquard equations involving lower critical exponent by variational methods. With the aid of a perturbation method, Jeanjean et al. [24] verified the existence of two solutions involving a prescribed L2-norm for a quasi-linear Schrödinger equation. We point out that, in [19,25,26,27], several applications are discussed. However, results about the pseudo-relativistic equation are relatively few, as far as we know.
Inspired by the works above, we treat existence of the multiple normalized solutions for problem (1.1). Undoubtedly, we shall encounter some difficulties in proving the existence of the normalized solutions of problem (1.1). One is that Sobolev critical exponent 2♯=2NN−1 which makes the lack of compactness occur. On the other hand, since the embedding Xrad(RN+1+)↪L2(RN) is not compact, we observe that the weak limit of (PS) sequence can not be established in the constraint manifold S(a). Therefore, we have to prove that the Lagrange multipliers λ are non-negative in case 2<p<2+2/N<2♯, which is crucial for us to be able to obtain the compactness. Using the compactness principle, the difficulty is solved.
In the following, in case 2<p<2+2/N<2♯, the energy functional J is unbounded from below on S(a), which results in the failure to get the existence of the solution to problem (1.1) via minimizing problem. In the case 2<p<2+2N, inspired by [17,28], we use a truncation technique that allows the truncation function to be bounded from below and coercive.
Finally, problem (1.1) is nonlocal, we shall encounter new difficulties and the study of this kind of equations becomes very meaningful. Therefore, by the extension method in [13], we transform problem (1.1) into a local problem in a upper half-space with a nonlinear Neumann boundary condition.
Our main result is stated in the following theorem:
Theorem 1.1. Let 2<p<2+2N<2♯ be satisfied. Then for given k∈N, there exists β>0 independent of k and ϑk:=ϑ(k) such that problem (1.1) has at least k couples (uj,λj)∈H12(RN)×R of weak solutions for ϑ≥ϑk and a∈(0,(β/ϑ)11−θ], with ∫RN|uj|2dx=a2,λj<0 for all j∈[1,k] and θ=(p−2)(N−1)2.
The organizational structure of present paper in what follows. In Section 2, we give some necessary preliminaries and outline the variational framework. In Section 3, we are devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.1.
Let H12(RN) be the fractional Sobolev space defined as the completion of C∞c(RN) with the following norm
|u|H12(RN):=(∫RN√|ξ|2+m2|Fu(ξ)|2dξ)12. |
Therefore, H12(RN) is continuously embedded in Lp(RN) for all p∈[2,2♯) and H12(RN) is compactly embedded in Lploc(RN) for all p∈[1,2♯), please refer to [2,4,29,30]. Let H1(RN+1+) denote the completion of C∞c(¯RN+1+) in the norm:
‖v‖:=‖v‖H1(RN+1+)=(∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy)12. |
According to Lemma 3.1 in [3], for s∈(0,1), we have that the continuous imbedding H1(RN+1+)↪L2γ(RN+1+,y1−2s), this fact means
‖v‖L2γ(RN+1+,y1−2s)≤ˆS‖v‖ for all v∈H1(RN+1+), | (2.1) |
for some ˆS>0, where γ:=1+2N−2s, and Lr(RN+1+,y1−2s) is the weighted Lebesgue space for r∈(1,∞), equipped with the norm
‖v‖Lr(RN+1+,y1−2s):=(∬RN+1+y1−2s|v|rdxdy)1r. |
Using Lemma 3.1.2 in [31], it follows that H1(RN+1+) compactly embedded in L2(B+R,y1−2s) for all R>0. In the lignt of Proposition 5 in [3], there exists a (unique) linear trace operator Tr:H1(RN+1+)→H12(RN) such that
√σs|Tr(v)|H12(RN)≤‖v‖H1(RN+1+) for all v∈H1(RN+1+), | (2.2) |
where σs:=21−2sΓ(1−s)/Γ(s), please refer to [32,33]. For the sake of simplicity, we will show Tr(v) by v(⋅,0). It is worth noting that (2.2) implies
σsm2s∫RNv2(x,0)dx≤∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy, | (2.3) |
for all v∈H1(RN+1+), which is equivalent to
σs∫RNv2(x,0)dx≤m−2s∬RN+1+|∇v|2dxdy+m2−2s∬RN+1+v2dxdy. | (2.4) |
To simplify the notation, we can get rid of the constant σs in (2.4).
In the following, we define the work space
X:={v∈H1(RN+1+):∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx<∞} |
equipped with the norm
‖v‖X:=(‖v‖2+∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx)12. |
Clearly, X⊂H1(RN+1+) and using (2.3), we see that
‖v‖≤‖v‖X for all v∈X. |
Moreover, X is a Hilbert space equipped with the inner product
⟨v,w⟩=∬RN+1+(∇v⋅∇w+m2vw)dxdy+∫RNv(x,0)w(x,0)dx. |
At the same time, X∗ is the dual space of X.
Now, we recall some results in the case s∈(0,1). Since Tr(H1(RN+1+))⊂H12(RN) and the embedding H12(RN)↪Lq(RN) is continuous for any q∈[2,2∗s] and s∈(0,1). we have the following results.
Theorem 2.1. [34] For any u∈H1(RN+1+,y1−2s) and for any q∈[2,2∗s]
Cq,s,N|u|2Lq(RN)≤κs∫RN(|ξ|2+m2)s|Fu(ξ)|2dξ≤∬RN+1+y1−2s(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy, |
where κs=21−2sΓ(1−s)Γ(s) and u(x)=v(x,0) is the trace of v on ∂RN+1+.
Theorem 2.2. [34] Let H1rad={u∈H1(RN+1+,y1−2s):u is radially symmetric with respect to x}. Then H1rad(RN+1+,y1−2s)↪↪Lq(RN) for any q∈(2,2∗s).
We recall the trace inequality with s=12(see Theorem 2.1 in [32]):
∬RN+1+|∇v|2dxdy≥S∗(∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx)22♯ | (2.5) |
for all v∈H10(RN+1+), where H10(RN+1+) as the completion of Cc(¯RN+1+) in the norm
(∬RN+1+|∇v|2dxdy)12 |
and the best constant is given by
S∗=2π12Γ(12)Γ(N+12)Γ(N2)1NΓ(12)Γ(N−12)Γ(N)1N. |
This constant is obtained on the family of functions ωϵ=E1/2(uϵ), where E1/2 denotes the 12-harmonic extension [13], and
uϵ(x):=ϵN−12(|x|2+ϵ2)N−12, ϵ>0, |
ωϵ(x,y):=(P1/2(⋅,y)∗uϵ)(x)=pN,1/2y∫RNuϵ(ξ)(|x−ξ|2+y2)N+12dξ, |
where
P1/2(x,y):=pN,1/2y(|x|2+y2)N+12 |
as the Poisson kernel for the extension problem in RN+1+.
We observe that ωϵ(x,y)=ϵ1−N2ω1(xϵ,yϵ). We are devoted to studying the existence and multiplicity of normalized solutions of problem (1.1) in present paper. To consider problem (1.1) by variational methods, we make full use of a variant of the extension method [13] given in [3,29,33]. To be more precise, the nonlocal operator √−Δ+m2 in RN can be achieved by a local problem in RN×(0,∞). In the following, we shall describe this construction in detail. For any function u∈H12(RN), there exists a unique function v∈H1(RN+1+) (here, RN+1+={(x,y)∈RN×R:y>0} such that
{−Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,v(x,0)=u(x) for x∈RN=∂RN+1+. | (2.6) |
Set
Tu(x)=−∂v∂y(x,0), |
we have the following equation
{−Δw+m2w=0 in RN+1+,w(x,0)=Tu(x) for x∈∂RN+1+={0}×RN≃RN |
with the solution w(x,y)=−∂v∂y(x,y). By (2.6), we have
T(Tu)(x)=−∂w∂y(x,0)=∂2v∂y2(x,0)=(−Δxv+m2v)(x,0) |
and hence T2=(−Δx+m2). Thus, the operator T that maps the Dirichlet-type data u to the Neumann-type data −∂v∂y(x,0) is actually √−Δ+m2. Therefore, for problem (1.1), we shall consider the following nonlinear boundary value problem:
{−Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,−∂v∂y=ϑ|v(x,0)|p−2u+|v(x,0)|2♯−2u−λv(x,0) on RN,v>0, ∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx=a2. | (2.7) |
Furthermore, we shall look for the critical points of the energy functional J:Xrad(RN+1+)→R associated with problem (2.7):
J(v)=12∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy−ϑp∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx−12♯∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx |
on the constraint
S(a):={v∈Xrad:|v(x,0)|22=a2}. |
Let us start the section by recalling the definition of genus. Let X be a Banach space and D be a subset of X. The set D is called to be symmetric if −u∈D for all u∈D. Denote by Σ the family of closed symmetric subsets D of X such that 0∉D, that is
Σ={D⊂X∖{0}:D is closed and symmetric with respect to the origin}. |
For D∈Σ, we define
γ(A)={0, if D=∅,inf{k∈N:∃ an odd map ϕ∈C(D,Rk∖{0})},∞, if such an odd map does not exist, |
and Σk={D∈Σ:γ(D)≥k}. Now, we are ready to give some lemmas that play important roles in proving Theorem 1.1.
Lemma 3.1. Let v∈H1(RN+1+) and 2<t<2♯, then
∫RN|v(x,0)|tdx≤S−2♯2θ∗(∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1−θ(∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2♯θ2, |
where θ=(t−2)(N−1)2.
Proof. Since v∈H1(RN+1+) and 2<t<2♯, by Hölder inequality and (2.5), we obtain
∫RN|v(x,0)|tdx=∫RN|v(x,0)|2(1−θ)⋅|v(x,0)|2♯θdx≤(∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1−θ(∫RN|v|2♯dx)θ≤(∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1−θ(S−1∗∫∫RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2♯θ2=S−2♯2θ∗(∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx)1−θ(∫∫RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy)2♯θ2, |
where θ=(t−2)(N−1)2. Then we have completed the proof of Lemma 3.1.
We state the concentration-compactness principle for s=12 in what follows.
Lemma 3.2 (Proposition 3.1 in [35]). Let {vk} be a bounded tight sequence in H1(RN+1+), such that vk converges weakly to v in H1(RN+1+). Let μ,ν be two non-negative measures on RN+1+ and RN respectively and such that
limn→∞(|∇vk|2+m2u2k)=:μ |
and
limn→∞|vk(x,0)|2♯=:ν, |
in the sense of measures. Then, there exist an at most countable set I and three families {xi}i∈I, {μi}i∈I, {νi}i∈I, with μi,νi≥0 for all i∈I, such that
ν=|v(⋅,0)|2♯+∑i∈Iνiδxi, |
μ≥(|∇v|2+m2v2)+∑i∈Iμiδ(xi,0), |
μi≥S∗ν22♯i for all i∈I. |
Lemma 3.3. Let {vk} in be a sequence in H1(RN+1+) as in Lemma 3.2 and define
μ∞=limn→∞lim supk→∞∬BcR(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy, ν∞=limn→∞lim supk→∞∫BcR|vk(⋅,0)|2♯dx. | (3.1) |
Then
limn→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy=μ(RN+1+)+μ∞, | (3.2) |
limn→∞lim supk→∞∫RN|vk(⋅,0)|2♯dx=ν(RN)+ν∞, μ∞≥S∗ν22♯∞, | (3.3) |
where μ,ν are the finite non-negative measures in Lemma 3.2.
Proof. Fix a sequence {vk} in H1(RN+1+), as in the statement of Lemma 3.2. Let η∈C∞c(¯RN+1+) such that 0≤η≤1, η=0 in B+1 and η=1 in (Bc2)+. Take R>0 and put ηR(x,y)=η(xR,yR). We write
∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy=∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy+∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)(1−η2R)dxdy. | (3.4) |
We first observe that
∬(Bc2R)+(|∇vk|2+m2u2k)dxdy≤∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy≤∬(BcR)+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)(1−η2R)dxdy. |
So by (3.1),
μ∞=limR→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)η2Rdxdy. | (3.5) |
On the other hand, since μ is finite, 1−η2R has compact support and ηR→0 a.e. in RN+1+, by the definition of μ and the Dominated convergence theorem, we have
limR→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)(1−η2R)dxdy=limR→∞∬RN+1+(1−η2R)dμ=μ(RN+1+). | (3.6) |
Using (3.5)-(3.6) in (3.4), we can obtain (3.2). Arguing similarly for ν, we see that
limR→∞lim supK→∞∫RN(1−η2♯R)|vk(⋅,0)|2♯dx=ν(RN). |
Thus, the first part of (3.3) is proved.
In order to verify the last part of (3.3), we consider again the function ηR. Let K:=supp(ηR). By the fact that
S∗(∫RN|vk(⋅,0)|2♯dx)22♯≤∬RN+1+|∇vk|2dxdy≤∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy | (3.7) |
and applying this to ηRuk in H1(RN+1+), we get
S∗(∫RN|vk(⋅,0)|2♯η2♯Rdx)22♯≤∬RN+1+(|∇(vkηR)|2+m2(vkηR)2)dxdy | (3.8) |
for all k. On the other hand,
∬RN+1+[|∇(ηRvk)|2+m2(ηRvk)2]dxdy=∬RN+1+η2R[|∇vk|2+m2v2k]dxdy+∬RN+1+v2k|∇ηR|2dxdy+2∬RN+1+vkηR∇ηR⋅∇vkdxdy. | (3.9) |
By the definition of ηR, we know
limR→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+v2k|∇ηR|2dxdy→0. | (3.10) |
Using the Hölder inequality, the boundedness of {vk}k in H1(RN+1+) and (3.10), we get
|∬RN+1+vkηR∇ηR⋅∇vkdxdy|≤(∬RN+1+v2k|∇ηR|2dxdy)12(∬RN+1+η2R|∇vk|2dxdy)12≤(∬RN+1+v2k|∇ηR|2dxdy)12(∬RN+1+|∇vk|2dxdy)12≤C(∬RN+1+v2k|∇ηR|2dxdy)12. | (3.11) |
Therefore, together with (3.10) and taking R→∞, k→∞ in (3.11), we obtain
limR→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+vkηR∇ηR⋅∇vkdxdy=0. | (3.12) |
Putting (3.10)-(3.12) into (3.8), we obtain the desired conclusion.
For v∈S(a), by Lemma 3.1 and (3.7), we have
J(v)=12∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy−ϑp∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx−12♯∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx≥12∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θ‖v‖2♯θ−12♯S−2♯2∗‖v‖2♯=12‖v‖2−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θ‖v‖2♯−12♯S−2♯2∗‖v‖2♯:=K(‖v‖), |
where
K(t)=12t2−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θt2♯θ−12♯S−2♯2∗t2♯ |
and θ=(p−2)(N−1)2. By 2<p<2+2N, we get that 0<θ<1 and there exists β>0 such that ϑa1−θ≤β. Thus, the function K has a positive local maximum. To be more precisely, there exist two numbers 0<W1<W2<∞ such that K<0 in the intervals (0,W1) and (W2,∞), while K>0 in (W1,W2). Suppose that σ∈C∞(R+,[0,1]) is a nonincreasing function such that σ(t)=1 for t≤W1 and σ(t)=0 for t≥W2.
We define the truncated functional by
Jσ(v)=12∬RN+1+(|∇v|2+m2v2)dxdy−ϑp∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx−σ(‖v‖)2♯∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx. |
For v∈S(a), by Lemma 3.1 and (3.7), we get
Jσ(v)≥12‖v‖2−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θ‖v‖2♯θ−σ(‖v‖)2♯S2♯/2∗‖v‖2♯:=˜K(‖v‖), |
where
˜K(t)=12t2−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θt2♯θ−σ(t)2♯S2♯/2∗t2♯. |
Therefore, with the help of the definition of σ, we obtain ˜K<0 in (0,W1) and ˜K>0 in (W2,∞) when a∈(0,(β/ϑ)11−θ]. From now on, we assume that
a∈(0,(βϑ)11−θ]. |
Without loss of generality, taking W1>0 small enough if necessary, we also assume
0<W21<SN∗,so that r22−12♯S2♯/2∗r2♯≥0for all r∈[0,W1]. | (3.13) |
Lemma 3.4. (a) Jσ∈C1(Xrad(RN+1+),R).
(b) Jσ is coercive and bounded from below on S(a). Furtheremore, if Jσ≤0, then ‖v‖≤W1 and Jσ(v)=J(v).
(c) Jσ|S(a) satisfies the (PS)c condition for all c<0.
Proof. (a) and (b) hold true with the aid of a standard argument.
For (a). As the proof of the Proposition B.10 in the book [36], conclusion (a) is satisfied.
For (b). Let v∈S(a), by the definition of σ, we obtain σ(‖v‖2)=0 when ‖v‖→∞. Thus,
Jσ(v)≥12‖v‖2−ϑpS−2♯θ2∗a1−θ‖v‖2♯θ→+∞, |
since N(p−2)<2 and θ=(p−2)(N−1)2, that is Jσ is coercive. On the other hand, it follows from the definition of ˜K(t) that ˜K has a maximum value, and then Jσ(v) is bounded from below on S(a). Furthermore, if Jσ(v)≤0, so ˜K<0. Also, by the definition of ˜K, we obtain ‖v‖≤W1. Therefore, from the definition of σ, we get σ=1. This fact implies Jσ(v)=J(v).
For (c). Assume that {vk}k is a (PS)c sequence of Jσ restricted to S(a) with c<0, that is,
Jσ(vk)→c<0 and ‖J′σ|S(a)(vk)‖→0 as k→∞. |
By (b),‖vk‖≤W1 for k large enough. Therefore, {vk}k is bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Then, up to subsequence, there exists Xrad(RN+1+) such that vk⇀v in Xrad(RN+1+) and vk→v in Lp(RN) for all p∈(2,2♯) and vk→v a.e. in RN. Due to the fact that 2<p<2+2N<2♯, we get
limn→∞∫RN|vn(x,0)|pdx=∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx. |
Moreover, we claim v≠0. Otherwise, limk→∞∫RN|vk|pdx=0. Combining this and (3.13), we see that
0>c=limk→∞J(vk)=limk→∞[12∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy−ϑp∫RN|vk(x,0)|pdx−12♯∫RN|vk(x,0)|2♯dx]≥limk→∞[12∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)dxdy−ϑp∫RN|vk(x,0)|pdx−12♯S2♯/2∗‖v‖2♯]≥limk→∞−ϑp∫RN|vk(x,0)|pdx=0 |
which is impossible and proves the claim.
Let
Ψ(v):=12∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx,∀ v∈X(RN+1+). |
Thus, S(a)=Ψ−1({a22}). By the Lagrange multiplier, there exists λa∈R such that
J′(v)=λaΨ′(v) |
in (H1(R+N+1))∗. Therefore, using this fact, we have
{−Δv+m2v=0 in RN+1+,−∂v∂y=ϑ|v(x,0)|p−2v+|v(x,0)|2♯−2v−λav(x,0) on RN,v>0, ∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx=a2. | (3.14) |
With the help of Proposition 5.12 in [14], there exists λk∈R such that
‖J′(vk)−λkΨ′(vk)‖→0 |
as k→∞. Hence, for φ∈Xrad(RN+1+),
∬RN+1+(∇vk⋅∇φ+m2vkφ)dxdy−ϑ∫RN|vk(x,0)|p−2vk(x,0)φdx−∫RN|vk(x,0)|2♯−2vk(x,0)φdx=λk∫RNvkφdx+o(1)‖φ‖. | (3.15) |
In particular,
‖vk‖2−ϑ∫RN|vk(x,0)|pdx−∫RN|vk(x,0)|2♯dx=λka2+o(1). | (3.16) |
The boundedness of {‖vk‖}k implies that {λk}k is also bounded in R. Therefore, up to a subsequence, there exists λa∈R such that λk→λa as k→∞. Therefore, by (3.15) and a standard argument, we obtain that v satisfies problem (3.14). In fact, for any φ∈Xrad(RN+1+), it follows from the definition of weak convergence that
∬RN+1+(∇vk∇φ+m2vkφ)dxdy→∬RN+1+(∇v∇φ+m2vφ)dxdy |
as k→∞. Since λk→λa as k→∞, we also obtain that
λk∫RNvkφdx→λa∫RNvφdx | (3.17) |
as k→∞. Moreover, since {|vk|2♯−2vk}k is bounded in L2♯2♯−1(RN) and
|vk(x,0)|2♯−2uk(x,0)→|v(x,0)|2♯−2v(x,0)a.e. in RN, | (3.18) |
then
|vk(x,0)|2♯−2vk(x,0)⇀|v(x,0)|2♯−2v(x,0)in L2♯2♯−1(RN). |
This implies that
∫RN|vk(x,0)|2♯−2vkφdx→∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯−2vφdx |
as k→∞. Next, we show that λa<0. Indeed, thanks to 2<p<2+2N<2♯, we have
0>c=lim infk→∞J(vk)=lim infk→∞(J(vk)−12‖J′(vk)−λkΨ′(vk)‖)=(12−1p)ϑ∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx+(12−12♯)∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx+12λa∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx. |
Therefore,
12λa∫RN|v(x,0)|2dx<−(12−1p)ϑ∫RN|v(x,0)|pdx−(12−12♯)∫RN|v(x,0)|2♯dx<0 |
which shows λa<0.
In the following, we shall recover the compactness with an application of the concentration-compactness principle [35]. Indeed, since ‖vk‖≤W1 for k enough large, using the Prokhorov theorem [37, Theorem 8.6.2], there exist two positive measures μ,ν∈M(RN+1+) such that
limk→∞(|∇vk|2dx+m2v2k)=:μandlimk→∞|vk(x,0)|2♯=:νin M(RN+1+). | (3.19) |
Hence, Lemma 3.2-Lemma 3.3 hold. Together with Lemma 3.2, either vk→v in L2♯(RN) or there exists a (at most countable) set of distinct points {xi}i⊂RN and positive numbers {νi}i such that
ν=|v+(x,0)|2♯+∑i∈Iνiδxi. |
If the latter holds, we can also verify vk→v in L2♯(RN). We shall verify the following three claims hold.
Claim 1. We verify that μ(xi)≤νi for any i∈I.
Assume that xi∈RN for some i∈I. For any ρ>0, we define, φρ(x,y)=φ(x−xiρ,yρ), where φ∈Cc(¯RN+1+) such that φ=1 in B+1 and φ=0 in (B+2)c,φ∈[0,1] and ‖∇φ‖L∞(RN+1+)≤2. We suppose that ρ>0 such that supp(φρ(⋅,0))⊂RN+1+. By the boundedness of {vk} in Xrad(RN+1+), we know that {φρvk} is also bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Therefore,
o(1)=(J′(vk),vkφρ)=∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy+∬RN+1+vk∇vk⋅∇φρdxdy−ϑ∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdx−∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2♯dx. | (3.20) |
That means
∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy=ϑ∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdx−∬RN+1+vk∇vk⋅∇φρdxdy+∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2♯dx+o(1). |
Consequently,
limρ→0+limk→∞∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)φρdxdy=limρ→0+limk→∞∬RN+1+φρdμ≥μj. | (3.21) |
Together with the definition of φρ, we obtain
limρ→0+limk→∞∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|pdx=limρ→0+∫RNφρ|v(x,0)|pdx=limρ→0+∫B+2ρφρ|v(x,0)|pdx=0. | (3.22) |
Moreover, (3.19) implies
limρ→0+limk→∞∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2♯dx=limρ→0+∫RNφρdν=νi. | (3.23) |
In the following, we show that
limρ→0+lim supk→∞∬RN+1+vk∇vk⋅∇φρdxdy=0. | (3.24) |
In fact, by the Hölder inequality, the boundedness of {vk}k in Xrad(RN+1+), the fact that ‖∇φρ‖L∞(RN+1+)≤Cρ and X(RN+1+) is compactly embedded into L2(B+ρ(xi,0),y1−2s) with s=12, we obtain
lim supk→∞|∬RN+1+vk∇vk⋅∇φρdxdy|≤lim supk→∞(∬RN+1+|∇vk|2dxdy)12(∬B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2|∇φρ|2dxdy)12≤Cρ(∬B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2dxdy)12. |
By Hölder inequality with 1r+r−1r=1 and (2.1), we have
Cρ(∬B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2dxdy)12≤Cρ(∬B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2rdxdy)12r(∬B+ρ(xi,0)dxdy)r−12r≤C(∬B+ρ(xi,0)|vk|2rdxdy)12r→0 as ρ→0+ |
which shows that (3.24) holds. Therefore, inserting (3.21)-(3.24) into (3.20), taking k→∞ and ρ→0+, we obtain
μ(xi)≤νi |
and the claim holds.
Claim 2. We claim that μ∞≤ν∞.
Let ϕ∈C∞c(¯RN+1+) such that 0≤ϕ≤1, ϕ=0 in B+1 and ϕ=1 in (Bc2)+. Take R>0 and put ϕR(x)=ϕ(x−xiR,yR). Again, by the boundedness of {vk}k in Xrad(RN+1+), we know that {vkϕR}k is also bounded in Xrad(RN+1+). Hence,
o(1)=(J′(vk),vkϕR)=∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)ϕRdxdy+∬RN+1+vk∇vk∇ϕRdxdy−ϑ∫RNϕR|vk(x,0)|pdx−∫RNϕR|vk(x,0)|2♯dx. | (3.25) |
From the aforementioned proof, we obtain
limR→∞limk→∞∬RN+1+(|∇vk|2+m2v2k)ϕRdxdy=∬RN+1+ϕRdμ≥μ∞. |
By Hölder's inequality, 0≤ϕR≤1 and {vk} is bounded in Xrad(RN+1+), we have
|∬RN+1+vk∇vk∇ϕRdxdy|≤CR∬RN+1+vk|∇vk|dxdy≤CR(∬RN+1+|vk|2dxdy)12(∬RN+1+|∇vk|2dxdy)12≤CR→0 |
as R→∞. Therefore,
limR→∞lim supk→∞∬RN+1+vk∇vk∇ϕRdxdy→0. |
By the proof of Lemma 3.3 in [38], we obtain
limR→∞limk→∞∫RNϕR|vk(x,0)|pdx=limR→∞∫RNϕR|v(x,0)|pdx=limR→∞∫|x|≥RϕR|v(x,0)|pdx=0 |
and
limR→∞limk→∞∫RNϕR|vk(x,0)|2♯dx=ν∞. |
Therefore, it follows from (3.25) that
μ∞≤ν∞ |
and this proves Claim 2.
Claim 3. We shall veify that νi=0 for any i∈I and ν∞=0.
By contradiction, we suppose that there exists i∈I such that νi>0. Steps 1 implies that
νi≤(S−1∗μ(xi))2♯2≤(S−1∗νi)2♯2. |
It implies that νi≥SN∗. If this case is valid, we get
W21≥limρ→0+limk→∞‖vk‖2≥S∗limρ→0+limk→∞|vk(x,0)|22♯≥limρ→0+limk→∞S∗(∫RNφρ|vk(x,0)|2♯dx)22♯=S∗limk→∞(∫RNϕρdν)22♯=S∗⋅ν22♯i≥SN∗ |
which is impossible by (3.13). If the latter holds, by the same discussion above, we get
W21≥limR→∞limk→∞‖vk‖2≥μ∞≥S∗⋅ν22♯∞≥SN∗ |
which contradicts with (3.13), and together with Lemma 3.2 implies vk→v in L2♯loc(RN) Moreover, combining with Lemma 3, we obtain vk→v in L2♯(RN). Taking into account (3.15)–(3.17), we obtain
limk→∞[‖vk‖2−λa|vk(x,0)|22]=limk→∞[ϑ|vk(x,0)|pp+|vk(x,0)|2♯2♯+o(1)]=ϑ|v(x,0)|pp+|v(x,0)|2♯2♯=‖v‖2−λa|v(x,0)|22. | (3.26) |
Since λa<0,
−λa|v(x,0)|22≤lim infk→∞−λa|vk(x,0)|22≤lim supk→∞−λa|vk(x,0)|22≤lim supk→∞−λa|vk(x,0)|22+lim infk→∞‖vk‖2−‖v‖2≤lim supk→∞[‖vk‖2−λa|vk(x,0)|22]−‖v‖2=−λa|v(x,0)|22. |
Hence,
limk→∞−λa|vk(x,0)|22=−λa|v(x,0)|22. |
Moreover, we obtain
limk→∞|vk(x,0)|22=|v(x,0)|22. |
By (3.26), we get
limk→∞‖vk‖2=‖v‖2. |
Then vk→v in Xrad(RN+1+) and |vk(x,0)|2=a. The proof of Lemma 3.4 is completed.
Set
J−ϵσ={v∈Xrad(RN+1+)∩S(a):Jσ(v)≤−ϵ}⊂Xrad(RN+1+) |
for ε>0. By the fact that Jσ is even and continuous on Xrad(RN+1+), gives that J−ϵσ is closed and symmetric. Consequently, the following lemma is true and its proof is the same as that of Lemma 3.2 in [28].
Lemma 3.5. Given k∈N, there exist ϵk:=ϵ(k) and ϑk:=ϑ(k) such that whenever 0<ϵ≤ϵk and ϑ≥ϑk,γ(J−ϵσ)≥k.
Set
Σk:={E⊂Xrad(RN+1+)∩S(a):E is closed and symmetric, γ(E)≥k} |
and
ck:=infE∈Σksupu∈EJσ(v)>−∞ |
for all k∈E by Lemma 3.4 (b). In order to verify Theorem 1.1, we given by
Kc={v∈Xrad(Ω)∩S(a):J′σ(v)=0,Jσ(v)=c}. |
Therefore, we obtain that the following result holds.
Lemma 3.6. If c=ck=ck+1=⋯=ck+m, then γ(Kc)≥m+1. Especially, Jσ has at least m+1 nontrivial critical points.
Proof. For ϵ>0, we know that J−ϵσ∈Σ. With the help of Lemma 3.5, for any k∈N, there exists ϵk=ϵ(k)>0 and ϑk=ϑ(k) such that if 0<ϵ≤ϵk and ϑ≥ϑk, we have γ(J−ϵσ)≥k. Therefore, J−ϵkσ∈Σk, and
ck≤supv∈J−ϵkσJσ(v)=−ϵk<0. |
Let 0>c=ck=ck+1=⋯=ck+m are satisfied. Therefore, Lemma 3.4 (c) shows that Jσ satisfies the (PS)c condition. Consequently, Kc is a compact set. Theorem 2.1 in [39] yields that Jσ|S(a) has at least m+1 critical points.
Proof of Theorem 1.1. By Lemma 3.4 (b) the critical points of Jσ obtained in Lemma 3.6 are the critical points of J. Hence, we complete the proof.
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
Sihua Liang is supported by the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China (Grant No. YDZJ202201ZYTS582), the Research Foundation of Department of Education of Jilin Province (Grant No. JJKH20230902KJ) and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Funding Project of Jilin Province (No.2023QN21).
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.
[1] | L. Hörmander, The analysis of linear partial differential operators. III: Pseudo-differential operators, Reprint of the 1994 edition, Classics in Mathematics, Springer, Berlin, 2007. |
[2] | E. Lieb, M. Loss, Analysis, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 14, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1997. |
[3] |
M. Fall, V. Felli, Unique continuation properties for relativistic Schrödinger operators with a singular potential, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 35 (2015), 5827–5867. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfan.1999.3462 doi: 10.1006/jfan.1999.3462
![]() |
[4] | N. Aronszajn, K. T. Smith, Theory of Bessel potentials. I, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), 11 (1961), 385–475. https://doi.org/10.5802/aif.116 |
[5] | A. Erdélyi, W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, F. G. Tricomi, Higher transcendental functions. Vol. II, Based on notes left by Harry Bateman, Reprint of the 1953 original, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Inc., Melbourne, Fla., 1981. |
[6] |
N. Laskin, Fractional quantum mechanics and Lévy path integrals, Phys. Lett. A., 268 (2000), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00201-2 doi: 10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00201-2
![]() |
[7] |
N. Laskin, Fractional Schrödinger equation, Phys. Rev. E., 66 (2002), 056108. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.056108 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.056108
![]() |
[8] |
E. Lieb, H. Yau, The Chandrasekhar theory of stellar collapse as the limit of quantum mechanics, Comm. Math. Phys., 112 (1987), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01217684 doi: 10.1007/BF01217684
![]() |
[9] |
E. Lieb, H. Yau, The stability and instability of relativistic matter, Comm. Math. Phys., 118 (1988), 177–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01218577 doi: 10.1007/BF01218577
![]() |
[10] |
V. Ambrosio, Existence of heteroclinic solutions for a pseudo-relativistic Allen-Cahn type equation, Adv. Nonlinear Stud, 15 (2015), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1515/ans-2015-0207 doi: 10.1515/ans-2015-0207
![]() |
[11] | W. Choi, J. Seok, Nonrelativistic limit of standing waves for pseudo-relativistic nonlinear Schrödinger equations, arXiv: 1506.00791. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941037 |
[12] |
V. Coti Zelati, M. Nolasco, Existence of ground states for nonlinear, pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger equations, Rend. Lincei. Mat. Appl., 22 (2011), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.4171/RLM/587 doi: 10.4171/RLM/587
![]() |
[13] |
L. Caffarelli, L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 32 (2007), 1245–1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/03605300600987306 doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306
![]() |
[14] | M. Willem, Minimax Theorems, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996. |
[15] | C. Yang, C. Tang, Sign-changing solutions for the Schrödinger-Poisson system with concave-convex nonlinearities in RN, Commun. Anal. Mech., 15 (2023), 638–657. https://doi.org/10.3934/cam.2023032 |
[16] |
L. Jeanjean, Existence of solutions with prescribed norm for semilinear elliptic equations, Nonlinear Anal, 28 (1997), 1633–1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-546X(96)00021-1 doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(96)00021-1
![]() |
[17] | C. O. Alves, C. Ji, O. H. Miyagaki, Normalized solutions for a Schrödinger equation with critical growth in RN, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 61 (2022), 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-021-02123-1 |
[18] |
N. Soave, Normalized ground states for the NLS equation with combined nonlinearities: The Sobolev critical case, J. Funct. Anal., 279 (2020), 108610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2020.108610 doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2020.108610
![]() |
[19] |
N. Soave, Normalized ground states for the NLS equation with combined nonlinearities, J. Differential Equations, 269 (2020), 6941–6987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2020.05.016 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2020.05.016
![]() |
[20] |
S. Deng, Q. Wu, Existence of normalized solutions for the Schrödinger equation, Commun. Anal. Mech., 15 (2023), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.3934/cam.2023028 doi: 10.3934/cam.2023028
![]() |
[21] |
Q. Li, W. Zou, The existence and multiplicity of the normalized solutions for fractional Schrödinger equations involving Sobolev critical exponent in the L2-subcritical and L2-supercritical cases, Adv. Nonlinear Anal, 11 (2022), 1531–1551. https://doi.org/10.1515/anona-2022-0252 doi: 10.1515/anona-2022-0252
![]() |
[22] |
W. Wang, Q. Li, J. Zhou, Y. Li, Normalized solutions for p-Laplacian equations with a L2-supercritical growth, Ann. Funct. Anal., 12 (2021), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43034-020-00101-w doi: 10.1007/s43034-020-00101-w
![]() |
[23] |
S. Yao, H. Chen, V.D. Rˇadulescu, J. Sun, Normalized solutions for lower critical Choquard equations with critical Sobolev perturbation, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 54 (2022), 3696–3723. https://doi.org/10.1137/21M1463136 doi: 10.1137/21M1463136
![]() |
[24] |
L. Jeanjean, T. Luo, Z. Wang, Multiple normalized solutions for quasi-linear Schrödinger equations, J. Differential Equations, 259 (2015), 3894–3928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2015.05.008 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2015.05.008
![]() |
[25] |
T. Bartsch, S. de Valeriola, Normalized solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Arch. Math., 100 (2013), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1209.0950 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1209.0950
![]() |
[26] |
J. Bellazzini, L. Jeanjean, T. Luo, Existence and instability of standing waves with prescribed norm for a class of Schrödinger-Poisson equations, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., 107 (2013), 303–339. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/pds072 doi: 10.1112/plms/pds072
![]() |
[27] |
X. Luo, Normalized standing waves for the Hartree equations, J. Differential Equations, 267 (2019), 4493–4524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2019.05.009 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2019.05.009
![]() |
[28] | C. O. Alves, C. Ji, O. H. Miyagaki, Multiplicity of normalized solutions for a Schrödinger equation with critical in RN, arXiv: 2103.07940, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2103.07940 |
[29] |
A. Cotsiolis, N. Tavoularis, Best constants for Sobolev inequalities for higher order fractional derivatives, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 295 (2004), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.03.034 doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.03.034
![]() |
[30] |
E. Di Nezza, G. Palatucci, E. Valdinoci, Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces, Bull. Sci. Math., 136 (2012), 521–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004 doi: 10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004
![]() |
[31] | S. Dipierro, M. Medina, E. Valdinoci, Fractional elliptic problems with critical growth in the whole of Rn, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-601-8 |
[32] |
C. Brändle, E. Colorado, A. de Pablo, U. Sánchez, A concave-convex elliptic problem involving the fractional Laplacian, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 143 (2013), 39–71. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.13632 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2105.13632
![]() |
[33] |
P. Stinga, J. Torrea, Extension problem and Harnack's inequality for some fractional operators, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 35 (2010), 2092–2122. https://doi.org/10.1080/03605301003735680 doi: 10.1080/03605301003735680
![]() |
[34] |
V. Ambrosio, Ground states solutions for a non-linear equation involving a pseudo-relativistic Schrödinger operator, J. Math. Phys., 57 (2016), 051502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4949352 doi: 10.1063/1.4949352
![]() |
[35] | V. Ambrosio, Concentration phenomena for a fractional relativistic Schrödinger equation with critical growth, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2105.13632, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.13632 |
[36] | P. Rabinowitz, Minimax methods in critical point theory with applications to differential equations, in: CBME Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, vol. 65, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1986. |
[37] | V. Bogachev, Measure Theory, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007. |
[38] |
X. Zhang, B. Zhang, D. Repovs, Existence and symmetry of solutions for critical fractional Schrödinger equations with bounded potentials, Nonlinear Anal, 142 (2016), 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2016.04.012 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2016.04.012
![]() |
[39] |
L. Jeanjean, S. Lu, Nonradial normalized solutions for nonlinear scalar field equations, Nonlinearity, 32 (2019), 4942–4966. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ab435e doi: 10.1088/1361-6544/ab435e
![]() |
1. | Qin Xu, Gui-Dong Li, Shengda Zeng, Normalized Solutions for Schrödinger Equations with Local Superlinear Nonlinearities, 2024, 23, 1575-5460, 10.1007/s12346-024-01071-3 | |
2. | Zhihua Huang, Jianfu Yang, Weilin Yu, Least energy radial sign-changing solutions for pseudo-relativistic Hartree equations in RN, 2025, 27, 1661-7738, 10.1007/s11784-025-01170-x |