Citation: Talha Usman, Mohd Aman, Owais Khan, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Serkan Araci. Construction of partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials with their applications[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(5): 4399-4411. doi: 10.3934/math.2020280
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We begin with the following definitions of notations:
N={1,2,3,⋯} and N0:=N∪{0}. |
Also, as usual, R denotes the set of real numbers and C denotes the set of complex numbers.
The two variable Laguerre polynomials Ln(u,v) [1] are defined by the Taylor expansion about τ=0 (also popularly known as generating function) as follows:
∞∑p=0Lp(u,v)τpp!=evτC0(uτ), |
where is the 0-th order Tricomi function [19] given by
C0(u)=∞∑p=0(−1)pup(p!)2 |
and has the series representation
Lp(u,v)=p∑s=0p!(−1)svp−sus(p−s)!(s!)2. |
The classical Euler polynomials Ep(u), Genocchi polynomials Gp(u) and the Bernoulli polynomials Bp(u) are usually defined by the generating functions (see, for details and further work, [1,2,4,5,6,7,9,11,12,20]):
∞∑p=0Ep(u)τpp!=2eτ+1euτ(|τ|<π), |
∞∑p=0Gp(u)τpp!=2τeτ+1euτ(|τ|<π) |
and
∞∑p=0Bp(u)τpp!=τeτ−1euτ(|τ|<2π). |
The Daehee polynomials, recently originally defined by Kim et al. [9], are defined as follows
∞∑p=0Dp(u)τpp!=log(1+τ)τ(1+τ)u, | (1.1) |
where, for u=0, Dp(0)=Dp stands for Daehee numbers given by
∞∑p=0Dpτpp!=log(1+τ)τ. | (1.2) |
Due to Kim et al.'s idea [9], Jang et al. [3] gave the partially degenarate Genocchi polynomials as follows:
2log(1+τλ)1λeτ+1euτ=∞∑p=0Gp,λ(u)τpp!, | (1.3) |
which, for the case u=0, yields the partially degenerate Genocchi numbers Gn,λ:=Gn,λ(0).
Pathan et al. [17] considered the generalization of Hermite-Bernoulli polynomials of two variables HB(α)p(u,v) as follows
(τeτ−1)αeuτ+vτ2=∞∑p=0HB(α)p(u,v)τpp!. | (1.4) |
On taking α=1 in (1.4) yields a well known result of [2,p. 386 (1.6)] given by
(τeτ−1)euτ+vτ2=∞∑p=0HBp(u,v)τpp!. | (1.5) |
The two variable Laguerre-Euler polynomials (see [7,8]) are defined as
∞∑p=0LEp(u,v)τpp!=2eτ+1evτC0(uτ). | (1.6) |
The alternating sum Tk(p), where k∈N0, (see [14]) is given as
Tk(p)=p∑j=0(−1)jjk |
and possess the generating function
∞∑r=0Tk(p)τrr!=1−(−eτ)(p+1)eτ+1. | (1.7) |
The idea of degenerate numbers and polynomials found existence with the study related to Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials. Lately, many researchers have begun to study the degenerate versions of the classical and special polynomials (see [3,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18], for a systematic work). Influenced by their works, we introduce partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials and also a new generalization of partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials and then give some of their applications. We also derive some implicit summation formula and general symmetry identities.
Let λ,τ∈C with |τλ|≤1 and τλ≠−1. We introduce and investigate the partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials as follows:
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ). | (2.1) |
In particular, when λ→0, LGp,λ(u,v)→LGp(u,v) and they have the closed form given as
LGp,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0(pq)Gq,λLp−q(u,v). |
Clearly, u=0 in (2.1) gives LGp,λ(0,0):=Gp,λ that stands for the partially degenerate Genocchi polynomials [3].
Theorem 1. For p∈No, the undermentioned relation holds:
LGp,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0(pq+1)q!(−λ)qLGp−q−1(u,v). | (2.2) |
Proof. With the help of (2.1), one can write
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ)=τ{∞∑q=0(−1)qq+1(λτ)q}{∞∑p=0LGp(u,v)τpp!}=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0(pq)(−λ)qq+1q!LGp−q(u,v)}τp+1p!, |
where, LGp−q(u,v) are the Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials (see [8]). Finally, the assertion easily follows by equating the coefficients τpp!.
Theorem 2. For p∈No, the undermentioned relation holds:
LGp+1,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0(pq)λq(p+1)LGp−q+1(u,v)Dq. | (2.3) |
Proof. We first consider
I1=1τ2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ)={∞∑q=0Dq(λτ)qq!}{∞∑p=0LGp(u,v)τpp!}=∞∑p=1{p∑q=0(pq)(λ)qDqLGp−q(u,v)}τpp!. |
Next we have,
I2=1τ2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτCo(uτ)=1τ∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=∞∑p=0LGp+1,λ(u,v)p+1τpp!. |
Since I1=I2, we conclude the assertion (2.3) of Theorem 2.
Theorem 3. For p∈N0, the undermentioned relation holds:
LGp,λ(u,v)=pp−1∑q=0(p−1q)(λ)qLEp−q−1(u,v)Dq. | (2.4) |
Proof. With the help of (2.1), one can write
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(x,y)τpp!={τlog(1+λτ)λτ}{2eτ+1evτC0(uτ)}=τ{∞∑q=0Dq(λτ)qq!}{∞∑p=0LEp(u,v)τpp!}=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0(pq)(λ)qDqLEp−q(u,v)}τp+1p!. |
Finally, the assertion (2.4) straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of same powers of τ above.
Theorem 4. For p∈No, the following relation holds:
LGp,λ(u,v+1)=p∑q=0(pq)LGp−q,λ(u,v). | (2.5) |
Proof. Using (2.1), we find
∞∑p=0{LGp,λ(u,v+1)−LGp,λ(u,v)}τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1×e(v+1)τC0(uτ)−2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ)=∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!∞∑q=0τqq!−∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0(pq)LGp−q,λ(u,v)−LGp,λ(u,v)}τpp!. |
Hence, the assertion (2.5) straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of τp above.
Theorem 5. For p∈No, the undermentioned relation holds:
LGp,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0q∑l=0(pq)(ql)Gp−qDq−lλq−lLl(u,v). | (2.6) |
Proof. Since
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ)={2τeτ+1}{2log(1+λτ)λτ}evτC0(uτ)={∞∑p=0Gpτpp!}{∞∑q=0Dq(λτ)qq!}{∞∑l=0Ll(u,v)τll!}, |
we have
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0q∑l=0(pq)(ql)Gp−qDq−lλq−lLl(u,v)}τpp!. |
We thus complete the proof of Theorem 5.
Theorem 6. (Multiplication formula). For p∈No, the undermentioned relation holds:
LGp,λ(u,v)=fp−1f−1∑a=0LGp,λf(u,v+af). | (2.7) |
Proof. With the help of (2.1), we obtain
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτC0(uτ)=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1C0(uτ)f−1∑a=0e(a+v)τ=∞∑p=0{fp−1f−1∑a=0LGp,λf(u,v+af)}τpp!. |
Thus, the result in (2.7) straightforwardly follows by comparing the coefficients of τp above.
Consider a Dirichlet character χ and let d(d∈N) be the conductor connected with it such that d≡1(mod2) (see [22]). Now we present a generalization of partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials attached to χ as follows:
∞∑p=0LGp,χ,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λefτ+1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)e(v+a)τC0(uτ). | (3.1) |
Here, Gp,χ,λ=LGp,χ,λ(0,0) are in fact, the generalized partially degenerate Genocchi numbers attached to the Drichlet character χ. We also notice that
limλ→0v=0 LGp,χ,λ(u,v)=Gp,χ(u), |
is the familiar looking generalized Genocchi polynomial (see [20]).
Theorem 7. For p∈N0, the following relation holds:
LGp,χ,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0(pq)λqDqLGp−q,χ(u,v). | (3.2) |
Proof. In view of (3.1), we can write
∞∑p=0LGp,χ,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λefτ+1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)e(v+a)τC0(uτ) |
={log(1+λτ)λτ}{2τefτ+1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)e(v+a)τC0(uτ)} |
={∞∑q=0Dqλqτqq!}{∞∑p=0LGp,χ(u,v)τpp!}. |
Finally, the assertion (3.2) of Theorem 7 can be achieved by equating the coefficients of same powers of τ.
Theorem 8. The undermentioned formula holds true:
LGp,χ,λ(u,v)=fp−1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)LGp,λf(u,a+vf). | (3.3) |
Proof. We first evaluate
∞∑p=0LGp,χ,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λefτ+1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)e(v+a)τC0(uτ)=1ff−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)2log(1+λτ)fλefτ+1e(a+vf)fτC0(uτ)=∞∑p=0{fp−1f−1∑a=0(−1)aχ(a)LGp,λf(u,a+vf)}τpp!. |
Now, the Theorem 8 can easily be concluded by equating the coefficients τpp! above.
Using the result in (3.1) and with a similar approach used just as in above theorems, we provide some more theorems given below. The proofs are being omitted.
Theorem 9. The undermentioned formula holds true:
LGp,χ,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0Gp−q,χ,λ(v)(−u)qp!(q!)2(p−q)!. | (3.4) |
Theorem 10. The undermentioned formula holds true:
LGp,χ,λ(u,v)=p,l∑q=0Gp−q−l,χ,λ(v)q(−u)lp!(p−q−l)!(q)!(l!)2. | (3.5) |
Theorem 11. The undermentioned formula holds true:
LGl+h,λ(u,ν)=l,h∑p,n=0(lp)(hn)(u−v)p+nLGl+h−n−p,λ(u,v). | (4.1) |
Proof. On changing τ by τ+μ and rewriting (2.1), we evaluate
e−v(τ+μ)∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,v)τlμhl!h!=2log(1+λ(τ+μ))1λeτ+μ+1Co(u(τ+μ)), |
which, upon replacing v by u and solving further, gives
e(u−v)(τ+μ)∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,v)τlμhl!h!=∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,ν)τlμhl!h!, |
and also
∞∑P=0(u−v)P(τ+u)PP!∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,v)τlμhl!h!=∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,ν)τlμhl!h!. | (4.2) |
Now applying the formula [21,p.52(2)]
∞∑P=0f(P)(u+v)PP!=∞∑p,q=0f(p+q)upp!vqq!, |
in conjunction with (4.2), it becomes
∞∑p,n=0(u−v)p+nτpμnp!n!∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,v)τlμhl!h!=∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,ν)τlμhl!h!. | (4.3) |
Further, upon replacing l by l−p, h by h−n, and using the result in [21,p.100 (1)], in the left of (4.3), we obtain
∞∑p,n=0∞∑l,h=0(u−v)p+np!n!LGl+h−p−n,λ(u,v)τlμh(l−p)!(h−n)!=∞∑l,h=0LGl+h,λ(u,ν)τlμhl!h!. |
Finally, the required result can be concluded by equating the coefficients of the identical powers of τl and μh above.
Corollary 4.1. For h=0 in (4.1), we get
LGl,λ(u,ν)=l∑ρ=0(lρ)(u−v)pLGl−ρ,λ(u,v). |
Some identities of Genocchi polynomials for special values of the parameters u and ν in Theorem 11 can also be obtained. Now, using the result in (2.1) and with a similar approach, we provide some more theorems given below. The proofs are being omitted.
Theorem 12. The undermentioned formula holds good:
LGp,λ(u,v+μ)=p∑q=0(pq)μqLGp−q,λ(u,v) |
Theorem 13. The undermentioned implicit holds true:
∞∑p=0LGp,λ(u,v)τpp!=2log(1+λτ)1λeτ+1evτCo(uτ)=p∑q=0(pq)Gp−q,λLp(u,v) |
and
LGp,λ(u,v)=p∑q=0(pq)Gp−q,λ(u,v)Lp(u,v). |
Theorem 14. The undermentioned implicit summation formula holds:
LGp,λ(u,v+1)+LGp,λ(u,v)=2pp−1∑q=0(p−1q)(−λ)qq!q+1Lp−q−1(u,v). |
Theorem 15. The undermentioned formula holds true:
LGp,λ(u,v+1)=p∑q=0LGp−q,λ(u,v). |
Symmetry identities involving various polynomials have been discussed (e.g., [7,9,10,11,17]). As in above-cited work, here, in view of the generating functions (1.3) and (2.1), we obtain symmetry identities for the partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials LGn,λ(u,v).
Theorem 16. Let α,β∈Z and p∈N0, we have
p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qLGp−q,λ(uβ,vβ)LGq,λ(uα,vα) |
=p∑q=0(pq)αqβp−qLGp−q,λ(uα,vα)LGq,λ(uβ,vβ). |
Proof. We first consider
g(τ)={2log(1+λ)βλ}(eατ+1){2log(1+λ)αλ}(eβτ+1)e(α+β)vτC0(uατ)C0(uβτ). |
Now we can have two series expansion of g(τ) in the following ways:
On one hand, we have
g(τ)=(∞∑p=0LGp,λ(uβ,vβ)(ατ)pp!)(∞∑q=0LGq,λ(uα,vα)(βτ)qq!)=∞∑p=0(p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qLGp−q,λ(uβ,vβ)LGq,λ(uα,vα))τpp!. | (5.1) |
and on the other, we can write
g(τ)=(∞∑p=0LGp,λ(uα,vα)(βτ)pp!)(∞∑q=0LGq,λ(uβ,vβ)(ατ)qq!)=∞∑p=0(p∑q=0(pq)αqβp−qLGp−q,λ(uα,vα)LGq,λ(uβ,vβ))τpp!. | (5.2) |
Finally, the result easily follows by equating the coefficients of τp on the right-hand side of Eqs (5.1) and (5.2).
Theorem 17. Let α,β∈Z with p∈N0, Then,
p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qα−1∑σ=0β−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGp−q,λ(u,vβ+βασ+ρ)Gq,λ(zα) |
=p∑q=0(pq)αpβp−qβ−1∑σ=0α−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGp−q,λ(u,vα+βασ+ρ)Gq,λ(zβ). |
Proof. Let
g(τ)={2log(1+λ)αλ}(eατ+1)2{2log(1+λ)βλ}(eβτ+1)2e(αβτ+1)2e(αβ)(v+z)τ[Cs0(uτ)]. |
Considering g(τ) in two forms. Firstly,
g(τ)={2log(1+λ)αλ}eατ+1eαβvτCo(uτ)(eαβτ+1eβτ+1)×{2log(1+λ)βλ}eβτ+1eαβzτ(eαβτ+1eατ+1) |
={2log(1+λ)αλ}eατ+1eαβvτC0(uτ)(α−1∑σ=0(−1)σeβτσ)×{2log(1+λ)βλ}eβτ+1eαβτzC0(uτ)(β−1∑ρ=0(−1)ρeατρ), | (5.3) |
Secondly,
g(τ)=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qα−1∑σ=0β−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGp−q,λ(uα,vβ+βασ+ρ)Gq,λ(αz)}τpp!=∞∑p=0{p∑q=0(pq)αqβp−qα−1∑σ=0β−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGσ−ρ,λ(u,vα+αβσ+ρ)Gq,λ(zβ)}τpp!. | (5.4) |
Finally, the result straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of τp in Eqs (5.3) and (5.4).
We now give the following two Theorems. We omit their proofs since they follow the same technique as in the Theorems 16 and 17.
Theorem 18. Let α,β∈Z and p∈N0, Then,
p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qα−1∑σ=0β−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGp−q,λ(u,vβ+βασ)Gq,λ(zα+αβρ)=p∑q=0(pq)αqβp−qβ−1∑σ=0α−1∑ρ=0(−1)σ+ρLGp−q,λ(u,vα+αβσ+ρ)LGq,λ(zβ+βαρ). |
Theorem 19. Let α,β∈Z and p∈N0, Then,
p∑q=0(pq)βqαp−qLGp−q,λ(uβ,vβ)q∑σ=0(qσ)Tσ(α−1)Gq−σ,λ(uα)=p∑q=0(pq)βp−qαqLGp−q,λ(uα,vα)q∑σ=0(qσ)Tσ(β−1)Gq−σ,λ(uβ). |
Motivated by importance and potential for applications in certain problems in number theory, combinatorics, classical and numerical analysis and other fields of applied mathematics, various special numbers and polynomials, and their variants and generalizations have been extensively investigated (for example, see the references here and those cited therein). The results presented here, being very general, can be specialized to yield a large number of identities involving known or new simpler numbers and polynomials. For example, the case u=0 of the results presented here give the corresponding ones for the generalized partially degenerate Genocchi polynomials [3].
The authors express their thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which help to improve the paper in the current form.
We declare that we have no conflict of interests.
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