Multi-scale dynamics of predator-prey systems with Holling-IV functional response

Kexin Zhang; Caihui Yu; Hongbin Wang; Xianghong Li; Kexin Zhang; Caihui Yu; Hongbin Wang; Xianghong Li

doi:10.3934/math.2024174

AIMS Mathematics

2024, Volume 9, Issue 2: 3559-3575. doi: 10.3934/math.2024174

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Research article

Multi-scale dynamics of predator-prey systems with Holling-IV functional response

1.
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shi Jiazhuang 050043, China
2.
School of Management, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shi Jiazhuang 050043, China

Received: 07 November 2023 Revised: 21 December 2023 Accepted: 29 December 2023 Published: 09 January 2024
MSC : 34K18, 34K25, 34K27, 34D23, 34H05, 92B05, 92D25

In this paper, we propose a Holling-IV predator-prey system considering the perturbation of a slow-varying environmental capacity parameter. This study aims to address how the slowly varying environmental capacity parameter affects the behavior of the system. Based on bifurcation theory and the slow-fast analysis method, the critical condition for the Hopf bifurcation of the autonomous system is given. The oscillatory behavior of the system under different perturbation amplitudes is investigated, corresponding mechanism explanations are given, and it is found that the motion pattern of the non-autonomous system is closely related to the Hopf bifurcation and attractor types of the autonomous system. Meanwhile, there is a bifurcation hysteresis behavior of the system in bursting oscillations, and the bifurcation hysteresis mechanism of the system is analyzed by applying asymptotic theory, and its hysteresis time length is calculated. The final study found that the larger the perturbation amplitude, the longer the hysteresis time. These results can provide theoretical analyses for the prediction, regulation, and control of predator-prey populations.

Keywords:

Citation: Kexin Zhang, Caihui Yu, Hongbin Wang, Xianghong Li. Multi-scale dynamics of predator-prey systems with Holling-IV functional response[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(2): 3559-3575. doi: 10.3934/math.2024174

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Abstract

1. Introduction

In recent years, fractional differential equations have gained prominence due to their proven usefulness in several unrelated scientific and engineering fields. For example, the nonlinear oscillations of an earthquake can be characterized by a fractional derivative, and the fractional derivative of the traffic fluid dynamics model can solve the insufficiency resulting from the assumption of continuous traffic flows ^[1,3]. Numerous chemical processes, mathematical biology, engineering, and scientific problems ^[4,5,6,7] are also modeled with fractional differential equations. Nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) characterize various physical, biological, and chemical phenomena. Current research is focused on developing precise traveling wave solutions for such equations. Exact and explicit solutions help scientists understand the complicated physical phenomena and dynamic processes portrayed by NPDEs ^[8,9,10]. In the past four decades, numerous essential methodologies for attaining accurate solutions to NPDEs have been proposed ^[11,12].

The Helmholtz equation (HE) derives from the elliptic and wave equations. In a multi-dimensional nonhomogeneous isotropic standard with velocity c, the wave result is $\upsilon({\xi}, \psi)$ , which corresponds to a source of harmonic $({\xi}, \psi)$ vibrating at a given frequency and satisfying the Helmholtz equation in the area R. The classical order HE is

$\begin{eqnarray} D^{\mathrm{2}}_{\xi}{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})+D^{\mathrm{2}}_{\psi}{\upsilon}({\xi},\psi)+\varepsilon {\upsilon}({\xi},\psi) = -\upsilon ({\xi},\psi). \end{eqnarray}$

(1.1)

Here, ${\upsilon}$ is a suitable boundary differentiable term of R, is a known function, and the wave number with wavelength $2/\xi = 0$ renders Eq (1.1) homogeneous. If (1.1) is expressed as

$\begin{eqnarray} D^{\mathrm{2}}_{\xi}{\upsilon}({\xi},\psi)+D^{\mathrm{2}}_\psi{\upsilon}({\xi},\psi)-\varepsilon {\upsilon}({\xi},\psi) = -\upsilon ({\xi},\psi). \end{eqnarray}$

Then it explains mass transfer with density biochemical processes of the 1st order. Equation (1.1) is investigated using the decomposition method ^[13], the finite element approach ^[14], the differential transform method ^[15], the Trefftz method ^[16], and the spectral collocation method ^[17], among others ^[3,4,5].

The Helmholtz equation is a partial differential equation that describes wave phenomena in various fields of physics, such as electromagnetism, acoustics, and fluid mechanics. Traditionally, the Helmholtz equation has been formulated using integer-order derivatives. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of fractional-order derivatives to describe complex phenomena more accurately. In particular, fractional-order space Helmholtz equations are derived directly from mathematical formulas that involve fractional derivatives, rather than being generalized from integer-order space derivative Helmholtz equations. These equations can provide a more accurate description of wave propagation in complex media, such as porous materials, biological tissues, and fractal structures. Fractional-order space Helmholtz equations have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in a wide range of fields, including medical imaging, geophysics, and telecommunications. They offer a promising avenue for understanding the behavior of waves in complex media and developing new technologies for wave-based sensing and imaging ^[6,7,8].

It is advantageous to utilize fractional differential equations in physical problems due to their nonlocal features. Non-locality characterizes fractional-order derivatives, whereas locality characterizes integer-order derivatives ^{[24,25,26,27]}. It demonstrates that the future state of the physical system depends on all of its previous states in addition to its current state. Consequently, fractional models are more accurate. In fractional differential equations, the response expression has a parameter that specifies the fractional derivative of the variable order, which may vary to achieve many responses ^[9,10,11].

Standard HEs can be generalized to fractional-order Helmholtz equations by extending the Caputo fractional-order space derivative to the integer-order space derivative. The fractional Helmholtz equation in space is

$\begin{eqnarray} D^{\varrho }_{\xi}{\upsilon}({\xi},\psi)+D^{\mathrm{2}}_\psi{\upsilon}({\xi},\psi)+\varepsilon {\upsilon}({\xi},\psi) = -\psi({\xi},\psi), \end{eqnarray}$

with ${\upsilon}(0, \psi) = g (\psi)$ as the initial condition (IC). Gupta et al. ^[31] solved the multi-dimensional fractional Helmholtz equation using the homotopy perturbation approach. In contrast, Abuasad et al. ^[14] recently solved a fractional model of the Helmholtz problem using the reduced differential transform method.

2. Preliminary concepts

This section describes the properties of the fractional derivatives and a few essential details concerning the Yang transform.

Definition 2.1. The fractional derivative in terms of Caputo is as follows

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &D_{\psi}^{\varrho}{\upsilon}(\xi,\psi) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(k-\varrho)}\int_{0}^{\psi}(\psi-\varrho)^{k-\varrho-1}{\upsilon}^{(k)}(\xi,\varrho)d\varrho,\quad k-1 < \varrho\leq k,\quad k\in N. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.1)

Definition 2.2. The YT is represented as follows

$\begin{equation} Y\{{\upsilon}(\psi)\} = M(u) = \int_0^{\infty}e^{\frac{-\psi}{u}}{\upsilon}(\psi)d\psi,\ \ \psi > 0, \ \ u\in(-\psi_1,\psi_2), \end{equation}$

(2.2)

having inverse YT as follows

$\begin{equation} Y^{-1}\{M(u)\} = {\upsilon}(\psi). \end{equation}$

(2.3)

Definition 2.3. The nth derivative YT is stated as follows

$\begin{equation} Y\{{\upsilon}^{n}(\psi)\} = \frac{M(u)}{u^{n}}-\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n-1}\frac{{\upsilon}^{k}(0)}{u^{n-k-1}}, \ \ \forall \ \ n = 1,2,3,\cdots \end{equation}$

(2.4)

Definition 2.4. The YT of derivative having fractional-order is stated as follows

$\begin{equation} Y\{{\upsilon}^{\varrho}(\psi)\} = \frac{M(u)}{u^{\varrho}}-\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n-1}\frac{{\upsilon}^{k}(0)}{u^{\varrho-(k+1)}}, \ \ 0 < \varrho \leq n. \end{equation}$

(2.5)

3. General implementation of the method

Consider the general fractional partial differential equations,

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &D_{{{\psi}}}^{\varrho}{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+M{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+N{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = h({\xi},{\psi}),\quad {\psi} > 0,\quad 0 < \varrho\leq1,\\ &{{\upsilon}}({\xi},0) = g(\xi),\quad\nu\in \Re.\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.1)

Using Yang transform of Eq (3.1), we get

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{Y}[D_{{y}}^{\varrho}{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+M{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+N{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {Y}[h({\xi},{\psi})], \quad {\psi} > 0,0 < \varrho\leq1,\\ &{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {s}{g(\xi)}+{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[h({\xi},{\psi})]-{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[M{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+N{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})].\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.2)

Now, applying inverse Yang transform, we have

$\begin{equation} {{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = F({\xi},{\psi})-{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\{M{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})+N{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})\}\right], \end{equation}$

(3.3)

where

$\begin{equation} \ F({\xi},{\psi}) = {Y}^{-1}\left[{s}{g(\xi)}+{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[h({\xi},{\psi})]\right] = g(\nu)+{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[h({\xi},{\psi})]\right]. \end{equation}$

(3.4)

The parameter $p$ is perturbation technique and $p\in[0, 1]$ defined as

$\begin{equation} {{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}p^{k}{{\upsilon}}_{k}({\xi},{\psi}), \end{equation}$

(3.5)

The nonlinear function is expressed as

$\begin{equation} N{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}p^{k}H_{k}({{\upsilon}}_k), \end{equation}$

(3.6)

where $H_{n}$ are He's polynomials in term of ${{\upsilon}}_{0}, {{\upsilon}}_{1}, {{\upsilon}}_{2}, \cdots, {{\upsilon}}_{n},$ and can be calculated as

$\begin{equation} H_{n}({{\upsilon}}_{0},{{\upsilon}}_{1},\cdots,{{\upsilon}}_{n}) = \frac{1}{\varrho(n+1)}D_{p}^{\imath}\left[{N}\left(\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}\right)\right]_{p = 0}, \end{equation}$

(3.7)

where $D_{p}^{\imath} = \frac{\partial^{\imath}}{\partial p^{\imath}}.$

Putting Eqs (3.6) and (3.7) in Eq (3.3), we achieved as

$\begin{equation} \ \sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}) = F({\xi},{\psi})-p\times\left[{Y}^{-1}\left\{{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\{M\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})+ \sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}H_{\imath}({{\upsilon}}_\imath)\}\right\}\right]. \end{equation}$

(3.8)

Comparison both sides of coefficient $p$ , we get

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &p^{0}:{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi}) = F({\xi},{\psi}),\\ &p^{1}:{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi}) = {Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}(M{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})+H_{0}({{\upsilon}}))\right],\\ &p^{2}:{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi}) = {Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}(M{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})+H_{1}({{\upsilon}}))\right],\\ &\vdots\\ &p^{\imath}:{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}) = {Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}(M{{\upsilon}}_{\imath-1}({\xi},{\psi})+H_{\imath-1}({{\upsilon}}))\right],\quad \imath > 0,\imath\in N. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.9)

Finally, present the obtained solution and check it with any available analytical or numerical solutions for the given PDE. The ${{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi}, {\psi})$ components can be calculated easily which quickily converges to series form. We can get $p\rightarrow1,$

$\begin{equation} \ {{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = \lim\limits_{M\rightarrow \infty}\sum\limits_{\imath = 1}^{M}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}). \end{equation}$

(3.10)

4. Applications

Problem 4.1. Consider the space fractional Helmholtz equation

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \frac{\partial^\varrho{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\xi}^\varrho}}+\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})} = 0,\qquad 1 < \varrho\leq2, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.1)

with the ICs

$\begin{equation} \ {\upsilon}(0,{\psi}) = {\psi} \ \ and \quad {\upsilon}_{\xi}(0,{\psi}) = 0. \end{equation}$

(4.2)

Using the Yang transform of Eq (4.1), we obtained as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &\frac{1}{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi}){s^{1-\varrho}}-{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\},\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.3)

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{s}}{{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi})-s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\},\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.4)

Taking inverse Yang Transformation, we have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {\psi}-{Y}^{-1}\left[s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\}\right],\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.5)

Implemented HPM in Eq (4.5), we can achieve as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} \sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}) = &{\psi}-p\left[{Y}^{-1}\left\{{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\left(\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right)_{{\psi}{\psi}}-\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right\}\right].\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.6)

On both sides comparing coefficients of $p$ , we get

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &p^{0}:{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi},\\ &p^{1}:{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_0({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = \frac{{\xi}^{\varrho}}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)}{\psi},\\ &p^{2}:{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_1({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = \frac{{\xi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)}{\psi},\\ &p^{3}:{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_2({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = \frac{{\xi}^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)}{\psi},\\ &p^{4}:{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_3({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = \frac{{\xi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)}{\psi},\\ &\vdots\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.7)

The series type result of the first problem example is

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = {{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi})+\cdots\\ &{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi}\left[1+\frac{{\xi}^\varrho}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)}+\frac{{\xi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)}+\frac{x ^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)}+\frac{{\xi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)}+\cdots\right]. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.8)

The exact solution is

${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi}\cosh{\xi}.$

Similarly $y$ -space can be calculated as:

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\varrho{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^\varrho}}+\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\xi}^2}}-{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})} = 0, \end{equation}$

(4.9)

with the IC

$\begin{equation} {\upsilon}({\xi},0) = {\xi}. \end{equation}$

(4.10)

Thus, the solution of the above Eq (4.9) is obtain as

${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\xi}\left(1+\frac{{\psi}^\varrho}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)}+\frac{{\psi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)}+\frac{{\psi} ^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)}+\frac{{\psi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)}+\dots \right),$

in the case when $\varrho = 2$ , then the solution through HPTM is

$\begin{equation} {\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = \xi\cosh{\psi}. \end{equation}$

(4.11)

illustrates the exact and HPTM solutions in two-dimensional plots for various values of $\varrho$ ranging from 2 to 1.5, with ${\xi}$ values ranging from 0 to 1 and ${\psi}$ set to 1. The solutions are presented in Figure 1a and for the exact and HPTM methods, respectively. displays the 3-dimensional plots of the exact and HPTM solutions for $\varrho = 2$ and analyzes the point of intersection between the two solutions. and depict the HPTM solutions at $\varrho = 1.8$ and $1.6$ respectively for Problem 4.1. The fractional results were also evaluated for their convergence towards an integer-order result for each problem. Similarly, the figures for the ${\psi}$ -space can also be generated using the same approach.

Figure 1. The first graph show that the exact and approximate solution and second HPTM solution at the different fractional-order graph of Problem 4.1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Figure 2. Exact and proposed method solution at various fractional orders of Problem 4.1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1. Exact and proposed method solution of Problem 4.1 at various fractional orders.

$({\xi},{\psi})$	${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})$ at ${\varrho }=$ 1.5	${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})$ at ${\varrho }=$ 1.75	$(HPTM)$ at ${\varrho }=$ 2	Exact result
(0.2, 0.1)	0.2102371	0.2100072	0.2100000	0.2100000
(0.4, 0.1)	0.4104630	0.4100141	0.4100000	0.4100000
(0.6, 0.1)	0.6106889	0.6100209	0.6100000	0.6100000
(0.2, 0.2)	0.2103355	0.2100121	0.2100000	0.2100000
(0.4, 0.2)	0.4106550	0.4100237	0.4100000	0.4100000
(0.6, 0.2)	0.6109746	0.6100353	0.6100000	0.6100000
(0.2, 0.3)	0.2104110	0.2100164	0.2100000	0.2100000
(0.4, 0.3)	0.4108025	0.4100321	0.4100000	0.4100000
(0.6, 0.3)	0.6111940	0.6100478	0.6100000	0.6100000
(0.2, 0.4)	0.2104747	0.2100204	0.2100000	0.2100000
(0.4, 0.4)	0.4109269	0.4100399	0.4100000	0.4100000
(0.6, 0.4)	0.6113790	0.6100593	0.6100000	0.6100000
(0.2, 0.5)	0.2105309	0.2100241	0.2100000	0.2100000
(0.4, 0.5)	0.4110365	0.4100471	0.4100000	0.4100000
(0.6, 0.5)	0.6115421	0.6100701	0.6100000	0.6100000

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Problem 4.2. Consider the space-fractional HE

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \frac{\partial^\varrho{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\xi}^\varrho}}+\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}+5{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})} = 0,\qquad 1 < \varrho\leq2, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.12)

with the ICs

$\begin{equation} \ {\upsilon}(0,{\psi}) = {\psi} \ \ and\quad{\upsilon}_{\xi}(0,{\psi}) = 0. \end{equation}$

(4.13)

Using the Yang transform of Eq (4.12), we obtain as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &\frac{1}{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi}){s^{1-\varrho}}-{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}+5{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\},\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.14)

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{s}}{{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi})-s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}+5{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\}.\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.15)

Applying the inverse Yang Transform, we get

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {\psi}-{Y}^{-1}\left[s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}+5{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\}\right],\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.16)

Using the HPM in Eq (4.16), we obtained as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} \sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}) = &{\psi}-p\left[{Y}^{-1}\left\{{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\left(\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right)_{{\psi}{\psi}}+5\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right\}\right].\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.17)

On both sides comparing coefficients of $p$ , we get

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &p^{0}:{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi},\\ &p^{1}:{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_0({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}+5{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = -5{\psi}\frac{{\xi}^{\varrho}}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)},\\ &p^{2}:{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_1({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}+5{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 25{\psi}\frac{{\xi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)},\\ &p^{3}:{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_2({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}+5{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = -125\frac{{\xi}^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)},\\ &p^{4}:{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_3({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}+5{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 625{\psi}\frac{{\xi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)},\\ &\vdots\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.18)

The series type result of second problem as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = {{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi})+\cdots\\ &{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi}\left[1-\frac{5{\xi}^\varrho}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)}+\frac{25{\xi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)}-\frac{125x ^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)}+\frac{625{\xi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)}+\cdots\right]. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.19)

The exact solution is

${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\psi}\cos\sqrt{5}{\xi}.$

Now similarly, the result of $y$ -space can be calculated with the help of homotopy perturbation

(4.20)

with the IC

$\begin{equation} {\upsilon}({\xi},0) = {\xi}. \end{equation}$

(4.21)

The solution of the Eq (4.20) is expressed as

$\begin{eqnarray} {\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\xi}\left(1-\frac{5{\psi}^\varrho}{\Gamma(\varrho+1)}+\frac{25{\psi}^{2\varrho}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+1)}-\frac{125{\psi}^{3\varrho}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+1)}+\frac{625{\psi}^{4\varrho}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+1)}+\cdots \right). \end{eqnarray}$

The exact solution is

$\begin{equation} {\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\xi}\cos\sqrt{5}{\psi}. \end{equation}$

(4.22)

Figure 3 illustrates the solutions of exact and HPTM in two-dimensional plots, as shown in and for different values of $\varrho$ , ranging from 2 to 1.5, respectively. The interval considered for ${\xi}$ is [0, 1], while ${\psi}$ is constant at 1. The results obtained from the fractional-order model converge to the integer-order solution of the problem. In , the 3-dimensional plots of exact and HPTM solutions are presented in Figures (a) and (b), respectively, for $\varrho = 2$ . The closed contact of the two solutions is analyzed. Additionally, and depict the HPTM solutions at $\varrho = 1.8$ and $1.6$ , respectively, for Problem 4.2. Similarly, graphs for $\psi$ -space can also be generated.

Figure 3. Exact and proposed method solution at various fractional orders of Problem 4.2.

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Figure 4. Exact and proposed method solution at various fractional orders of Problem 4.2.

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Problem 4.3. Consider the space-fractional HE

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \frac{\partial^\varrho{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\xi}^\varrho}}+\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})} = {(12{\xi}^2-3{\xi}^4)}{\sin{\psi}},\quad 1 < \varrho\leq2,\quad0\leq {\psi} \leq 2\pi, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.23)

with the ICs

$\begin{equation} \ {\upsilon}(0,{\psi}) = 0 \ \ and \quad {\upsilon}_{\xi}(0,{\psi}) = 0. \end{equation}$

(4.24)

Applying the Yang transform of Eq (4.23), we achieve

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &\frac{1}{s^{\varrho}}{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi}){s^{1-\varrho}}-{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\},\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.25)

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = {{s}}{{\upsilon}}({0},{\psi})-s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\}.\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.26)

Implementing inverse Yang transform, we get

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &{Y}[{{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi})] = \left({\xi}^4-\frac{{\xi}^6}{10}\right)\sin{\psi}-{Y}^{-1}\left[s^{\varrho}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}}{\partial{{\psi}^2}}-2{{\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi})}\right\}\right].\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.27)

Applying Homotopy perturbation method in Eq (4.27), we achieved as

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} \sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi}) = &{\psi}-p\left[{Y}^{-1}\left\{{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\left(\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right)_{{\psi}{\psi}}-2\sum\limits_{\imath = 0}^{\infty}p^{\imath}{{\upsilon}}_{\imath}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right\}\right].\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.28)

Both sides on comparison coefficients of $p$ , we obtain

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} &p^{0}:{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi}) = \left({\xi}^4-\frac{{\xi}^6}{10}\right)\sin{\psi},\\ &p^{1}:{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_0({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-2{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(\varrho+5)}-\frac{72{\xi}^{\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi},\\ &p^{2}:{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_1({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-2{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{2\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+5)}-\frac{216{\xi}^{2\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi},\\ &p^{3}:{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_2({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-2{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{3\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+5)}-\frac{648{\xi}^{3\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi},\\ &p^{4}:{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi}) = -{Y}^{-1}\left[{s^{\varrho}}{Y}\left\{\frac{\partial^2{\upsilon}_3({\xi},{\psi})}{\partial {\psi}^2}-2{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})\right\}\right] = 3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{4\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+5)}-\frac{1944{\xi}^{2\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi},\\ &\vdots\\ \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.29)

The series type result of the third problem is

$\begin{equation} \ \begin{split} {{\upsilon}}({\xi},{\psi}) = &{{\upsilon}}_{0}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{1}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{2}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{3}({\xi},{\psi})+{{\upsilon}}_{4}({\xi},{\psi})+\cdots\\ {\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = &\left({\xi}^4-\frac{{\xi}^6}{10}\right)\sin{\psi}+3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(\varrho+5)}-\frac{72{\xi}^{\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi}+3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{2\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+5)}-\frac{216{\xi}^{2\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi}\\ &+3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{3\gamma+4}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+5)}-\frac{648{\xi}^{3\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(3\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi}+3\left(\frac{{\xi}^{4\varrho+4}}{\Gamma(4\varrho+5)}-\frac{1944{\xi}^{2\varrho+6}}{\Gamma(2\varrho+7)}\right)\sin{\psi}+\cdots. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.30)

The exact solution is

${\upsilon}({\xi},{\psi}) = {\xi}^4\sin{\psi}.$

and display the exact and HPTM solutions, respectively, in a 3-dimensional plot at $\varrho = 2$ . The closed contact between the exact and HPTM solutions is examined. depicts the exact and HPTM solutions in two-dimensional plot for various values of $\varrho = 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5$ for ${\xi}\in[0, 1]$ and ${\psi} = 1$ . The fractional results are observed to approach an integer-order solution of the problem. Similarly, the graphs for ${\psi}$ -space fractional-order derivative can also be plotted.

Figure 5. Exact and proposed method solution at various fractional orders of Problem 4.3.

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Figure 6. Exact and proposed method solution at various fractional orders of Problem 4.3.

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5. Conclusions

In this study, fractional-order Helmholtz equations were solved using the Homotopy Perturbation Yang transform method. Due to the great agreement between the generated approximative solution and the precise solution, the homotopy perturbation Yang transform method was demonstrated to be a successful method for solving partial differential equations with Caputo operators. The computation size of the approach was compared to those required by other numerical methods to demonstrate how tiny it is. Additionally, the procedure's quick convergence demonstrates its dependability and marks a notable advancement in the way linear and non-linear fractional-order partial differential equations are solved.

Acknowledgements

This research has been funded by Deputy for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education through Initiative of Institutional Funding at University of Ha'il–Saudi Arabia through project number IFP-22 064.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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