In this article, by using the operator decomposition technique, we discuss the existence of a time-dependent global attractor for a nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory within the theory of time-dependent space. Furthermore, the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are proved, which means that the time-dependent attractor of the evolution equation converges to the attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)→0 as t→∞.
Citation: Tingting Liu, Tasneem Mustafa Hussain Sharfi, Qiaozhen Ma. Time-dependent asymptotic behavior of the solution for evolution equation with linear memory[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(7): 16208-16227. doi: 10.3934/math.2023829
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In this article, by using the operator decomposition technique, we discuss the existence of a time-dependent global attractor for a nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory within the theory of time-dependent space. Furthermore, the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are proved, which means that the time-dependent attractor of the evolution equation converges to the attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)→0 as t→∞.
Let Ω⊂R3 be a bounded domain with smooth boundary ∂Ω. For any τ∈R, we consider the following equation:
{utt−k(0)△u−△ut−ε(t)△utt−∫∞0k′(s)△u(t−s)ds+f(u)=g(x),inΩ×(τ,∞),u(x,t)=u0(x,t),ut(x,t)=∂tu0(x,t),x∈Ω,t≤τ,u(x,t)=0,x∈∂Ω,t∈R, | (1.1) |
where u=u(x,t):Ω×(τ,∞)→R is an unknown function, and u0:Ω×(−∞,τ]→R is a given past history of u, k(0),k(∞)>0 and k′(s)≤0 for every s∈R+, g(x)∈L2(Ω). ε(t)∈C1(R) is a decreasing bounded function with
limt→+∞ε(t)=0; | (1.2) |
especially, there exists a positive constant L such that
supt∈R[|ε(t)|+|ε′(t)|]≤L. | (1.3) |
The function f∈C1(R),f(0)=0, satisfies the conditions
|f′(s)|≤C(1+|s|2),∀s∈R, | (1.4) |
and
lim inf|s|→+∞f(s)s>−λ1,∀s∈R, | (1.5) |
where C is a positive constant, and λ1 is the first eigenvalue of A=−△ with Dirichlet boundary value condition.
Nonlinear evolution equations of this type arise as models of a vibration of a nonlinear elastic rod, which are used to represent the propagation of lengthwise-waves in nonlinear elastic rods and ion-sonic of space transformation by weak nonlinear effect; see for details [1,2,3].
Equation (1.1) becomes a strongly damped wave equation with a linear memory term when the coefficient function ε(t)≡0, and it was discussed clearly in [4] and the references therein. When ε(t)≡ε, Eq (1.1) becomes an autonomous evolution equation, and the long-time behavior of the solutions can be well characterized by using the concept of global attractors under the framework of semigroups. In this case, when μ(s)=−k′(s) vanishes, Eq (1.1) reduces to the damped wave equation, which has been extensively discussed by many authors. For instance, Xie and Zhong [5,6] systematically investigated the existence of global attractors for (1.1) on weak and strong Hilbert spaces, respectively. Based on the global well-posedness results given in [7], Sun, Yang and Duan [8] constructed the uniformly asymptotic regularity of solution with respect to ε∈[0,1] for (1.1) when g∈L2(Ω) and g∈H−1(Ω), respectively, and they also obtained the existence of exponential attractors as well as the upper-semicontinuity of global attractors.
If ε(t) is dependent on t, then Eq (1.1) becomes more complex and interesting. In this case, the long-time behavior of the solutions for (1.1) can be well characterized by the concept of time-dependent global attractors under the framework of processes, which have been discussed in [9,10,11,12,13]. Recently, Ma, Wang and Liu [14] investigated the existence and regularity of the time-dependent attractors for wave equations by using the operator decomposition technique along with compactness of translation theorem, also they proved the asymptotic structure as in [13]. In [15], they verified the asymptotic compactness of wave equations with nonlinear damping and linear memory by using the contractive functions method which was introduced in [10].
For our problem, by using the method of contractive functions [10], Liu and Ma [16] have obtained the existence of time-dependent global attractors of a nonlinear evolution equation with nonlinear damping and μ(s)=−k′(s)=0 in (1.1). For problem (1.1), we first introduce a new variable that is used to construct a relatively complicated triple solution space. Second, in order to prove compactness and regularity we use the decomposition technique as in [14]. Finally, we also prove the asymptotic structure of time-dependent global attractor as ε(t)→0 when t→∞.
The rest of this article is organized as follows: In the next section, we define some function set, and we recall some basic definitions and abstract results. In Section 3, the existence and regularity of time-dependent global attractor are obtained. Finally, in Section 4 we prove the asymptotic structure of time-dependent global attractor.
As in [4], we introduce the new variable
ηt(x,s)=u(x,t)−u(x,t−s), |
and differentiating the above equation, we get
ηtt(s)=−ηts(s)+ut(t), | (2.1) |
with
ηt=∂∂tη,ηs=∂∂sη. |
For simplicity, we set μ(s)=−k′(s) and k(∞)=1, where the memory component μ satisfies the following conditions:
μ∈C1(R+)∩L1(R+),∫∞0μ(s)ds=m0<+∞,∀s∈R+, | (2.2) |
μ′(s)≤−ρμ(s)≤0,∀s∈R+and someρ>0. | (2.3) |
Then, we can reformulate (1.1) as the following dynamical system:
{utt−△u−△ut−ε(t)△utt−∫∞0μ(s)△ηt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),ηtt+ηts=ut, | (2.4) |
with initial boundary conditions
{u(x,t)=0,x∈∂Ω,t≥τ,ηt(x,s)=0,(x,s)∈∂Ω×R+,t≥τ,u(x,τ)=u0(x),ut(x,τ)=u1(x),ηt(x,0)=0,x∈Ω,ητ(x,s)=η0(x,s),(x,s)∈Ω×R+, | (2.5) |
where
u0(x)=u0(x,τ),u1(x)=∂tu0(x,t)|t=τ, |
and
η0=η0(x,s)=u0(x,τ)−u0(x,τ−s). |
Without loss of generality, set H=L2(Ω) with inner product⟨⋅,⋅⟩ and norm ‖⋅‖. For s∈R+ we define the hierarchy of (compactly) nested Hilbert spaces
Hs=D(As2),⟨w,v⟩s=⟨As2w,As2v⟩,‖w‖s=‖As2w‖. |
Especially, we have the embedding Hs+1↪Hs. Also, we denote A=−Δ with domain D(A)=H2(Ω)∩H10(Ω).
For s∈R+, let L2μ(R+;Hs) be the family of Hilbert spaces of functions φ:R+→Hs, endowed with the inner product and norm, respectively,
⟨φ1,φ2⟩μ,s=⟨φ1,φ2⟩μ,Hs=∫∞0μ(s)⟨φ1(s),φ2(s)⟩Hsds, |
‖φ‖2μ,s=‖φ‖2μ,Hs=∫∞0μ(s)‖φ(s)‖2sds. |
We also need the spaces
H1μ(R+;Hs)={φ:φ(r),∂rφ(r)∈L2μ(R+;Hs)}. |
Now, for t∈R and s∈R+, we introduce the following time-dependent spaces
Hst=Hs+1×Hs+1t×L2μ(R+;Hs+1), |
with norms
‖z‖2Hst=‖{u,v,ηt}‖2Hst=‖u‖2s+1+‖v‖2s+ε(t)‖v‖2s+1+‖ηt‖2μ,s+1, |
where the space Hs+1t is endowed with the time-dependent norm ‖v‖2s+ε(t)‖v‖2s+1.
The symbol is always omitted whenever zero. In particular, the time-dependent phase space where we settle the problem is
Ht=H1×H1t×L2μ(R+;H1), |
endowed with the time-dependent product norms
‖z‖2Ht=‖{u,v,ηt}‖2Ht=‖u‖21+‖v‖2+ε(t)‖v‖21+‖ηt‖2μ,1. |
Now we recall some basic definitions and abstract results that will help us to get our main results.
Definition 2.1. [9,12] Let {Xt}t∈R be a family of normed spaces. A process is a two parameter family of mappings U(t,τ):Xτ→Xt,t≥τ,t,τ∈R with properties
(i) U(τ,τ)=Id is the identity operator on Xτ, τ∈R;
(ii) U(t,s)U(s,τ)=U(t,τ), ∀t≥s≥τ,τ∈R.
For every t∈R, let Xt be a family of normed spaces, and we define the R−ball of Xt as follows:
Bt(R)={z∈Xt:‖z‖Xt≤R}. |
We denote the Hausdorff semi-distance of two nonempty sets A,B⊂Xt by
distXt(A,B)=supx∈Ainfy∈B‖x−y‖Xt. |
Definition 2.2. [9,12] A family C={Ct}t∈R of bounded sets Ct⊂Xt is called uniformly bounded if there exists R>0 such that Ct⊂Bt(R),∀t∈R.
Definition 2.3. [9,12] We say B={Bt}t∈R is a time-dependent absorbing set for the process U(t,τ), if Bt⊂Bt(R) is uniformly bounded and there exist t0=t0(C)≥0 such that
U(t,τ)Cτ⊂Bt,τ≤t−t0, |
for every uniformly bounded family C={Ct}t∈R.
Definition 2.4. [9,12] A family K={Kt}t∈R is called pullback attracting if it is uniformly bounded and
limτ→−∞distXt(U(t,τ)Cτ,Kt)=0, |
for every uniformly bounded family C={Ct}t∈R.
Definition 2.5. [9,12] The time-dependent global attractor is the smallest family A={At}t∈R∈K, where K={K={Kt}t∈R:Kt⊂Xt compact, K pullback attracting}, i.e. At⊂Kt,∀t∈R, for any element K={Kt}t∈R∈K.
Definition 2.6. [12] The process U(t,τ) is called
● closed if U(t,τ) is a closed map for any pair of fixed times t≥τ;
● T-closed for some T>0 if U(t,t−T) is a closed map for all t.
Definition 2.7. [12] We say that A={At}t∈R is invariant if
U(t,τ)Aτ=At,∀t≥τ. |
Remark 2.1. [12] If the time-dependent global attractor A exists, and the process U(t,τ) is strongly continuous (or norm-to-weak continuous, or closed, or T-closed), then A is invariant.
Theorem 2.1. [12] If U(t,τ) is asymptotically compact, then there exists a unique time-dependent attractor A={At}t∈R.
If U(t,τ) is a T-closed process for some T>0 and possesses a time-dependent global attractor A={At}t∈R, then A is invariant.
In order to prove the asymptotic structure of the time-dependent global attractors for the process U(t,τ), we recall some results from [13,14].
Here, we will focus on the case of a process U(t,τ) acting on a family of spaces {Zt}t∈R of the form
Zt=X×Yt, |
where X is a normed space, and {Yt}t∈R is a family of normed space, endowed with the product norm
‖(x,y)‖2Zt=‖x‖2X+‖y‖2Yt. |
Let Πt:Zt→X be the projection on the first component of Zt, that is, Πt(x,y)=x. Accordingly, if Ct⊂Zt, then ΠtCt={x∈X:(x,y)∈Ct}. If C={Ct}t∈R, then ΠC={ΠtCt}t∈R.
Definition 2.8. [13,14] Let A={At}t∈R be the time-dependent global attractor of U(t,τ). If A is invariant, then At={z(t)∈Zt:zCBTofU(t,τ)}. Accordingly, we can write
A={z:t→z(t)∈ZtwithzaCBTofU(t,τ)}, |
where z:t↦z(t)∈Zt is a complete bounded trajectory CBT of U(t,τ) if
supt∈R‖z(t)‖Zt≤∞ and z(t)=U(t,τ)z(τ),∀t≥τ,τ∈R. |
Lemma 2.1. [13] Assume that, for any sequence zn=(xn,yn) of a complete bounded trajectory (CBT) of the process U(t,τ) and any tn→∞, there exists a complete bounded trajectory (CBT) w of a semigroup S(t) and s∈R for which
‖xn(s+tn)−w(s)‖X→0, |
as n→∞ up to a subsequence. Then,
limt→∞distX(ΠtAt,A∞)=0, |
where A∞ is the global attractor in the phase space X for the autonomous system corresponding to the non-autonomous system with the coefficient ε(t)≡0.
Let F(u)=∫u0f(s)ds, and we can obtain the following lemma:
Lemma 2.2. [14] From dissipation condition (1.5), there exist two positive constants k1 and k2 and for some 0<ν<1 such that
⟨f(u),u⟩≥−(1−ν)‖u‖21−k1,∀u∈H10(Ω), | (2.6) |
2⟨F(u),1⟩≥−(1−ν)‖u‖21−k2,∀u∈H10(Ω). | (2.7) |
Lemma 2.3. [14] Let Y(t):[τ,∞)→R+ be an absolutely continuous function satisfying the inequality
ddtY(t)+2ϵY(t)≤h(t)Y(t)+k, |
for some ϵ>0,k≥0 and where h:[τ,∞)→R+ fulfills
∫∞τh(s)ds≤m, |
with m≥0. Then,
Y(t)≤Y(τ)eme−ϵ(t−τ)+kϵ−1em. |
Within this article, we often use Hölder and Young inequalities and denote positive constants by C, which will change in different lines or even in the same line.
In order to obtain the well-posedness of the solution associated with (2.4)–(2.5), we first make a priori estimates as follows:
Lemma 3.1. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5) and (2.2)–(2.3) hold, and then for any initial data zτ=z(τ)=(u0,u1,η0)∈Bτ(R0)⊂Hτ, there exists a constant R>0, such that
‖U(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht≤R,∀τ≤t. |
Proof. Multiplying (2.4)1 with 2ut+2δu and integrating on Ω, we find that
ddt(‖ut‖2+ε(t)‖ut‖21+(1+δ)‖u‖21+2δ⟨ut,u⟩+2δε(t)⟨∇ut,∇u⟩+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1+2⟨F(u),1⟩−2⟨g,u⟩)+2‖ut‖21+2δ‖u‖21−2δ‖ut‖2−(2δε(t)+ε′(t))‖ut‖21+2⟨ηt,ηts⟩μ,1−2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨△ηt(s),u(t)⟩ds+2δ⟨f,u⟩−2δ⟨g,u⟩=2δ⟨ε′(t)∇ut,∇u⟩. | (3.1) |
First, from condition (1.3), and by the Hölder, Young and Poincaré inequalities, there holds
2δ⟨ε′(t)∇ut,∇u⟩≤2δL‖ut‖1‖u‖1≤12‖ut‖21+2δ2L2‖u‖21, |
where ‖u‖21≥λ1‖u‖2,∀u∈H2(Ω).
Let
E(t)=‖ut‖2+ε(t)‖ut‖21+(1+δ)‖u‖21+2δ⟨ut,u⟩+2δε(t)⟨∇ut,∇u⟩+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1+2⟨F(u),1⟩−2⟨g,u⟩, | (3.2) |
and
I(t)=(32−2δε(t)−ε′(t))‖ut‖21+(2δ−2δ2L2)‖u‖21−2δ‖ut‖2+2⟨ηt,ηts⟩μ,1−2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨△ηt(s),u(t)⟩ds+2δ⟨f,u⟩−2δ⟨g,u⟩. | (3.3) |
Then,
ddtE(t)+I(t)≤0. | (3.4) |
Integrating (3.4) from τ to t, we have
E(t)≤−∫tτI(s)ds+E(τ). | (3.5) |
Next, we estimate (3.2) and (3.3), respectively. By using (1.3), (2.7) and the Hölder, Young, Poincaré inequalities, it follows that
2δ|⟨ut,u⟩|≤2δ‖ut‖‖u‖≤δ‖ut‖2+δλ1‖u‖21, |
2δε(t)|⟨∇ut,∇u⟩|≤δε(t)‖ut‖21+δL‖u‖21, |
2|⟨g,u⟩|≤ν2‖u‖21+2λ1ν‖g‖2. |
Then,
E(t)≥(1−δ)‖ut‖2+(ν2−δλ1−Lδ)‖u‖21+ε(t)(1−δ)‖ut‖21+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1−(2λ1ν‖g‖2+k2). | (3.6) |
Using (2.2), (2.3) there holds
2⟨ηt,ηts⟩μ,1≥2ρ2‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1=ρ‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1, |
and
2δ|⟨∫∞0μ(s)△ηt(s)ds,u(t)⟩|≤ρ2‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1+2δ2m0ρ‖u‖21. |
Hence, from (2.6) and the condition (1.3), we get
I(t)≥(32−2δε(t)−ε′(t))‖ut‖21+(2δ−2δ2L2−2δ2m0ρ)‖u‖21−2δ‖ut‖2+ρ2‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1+2δ⟨f,u⟩−2δ⟨g,u⟩≥(12−2δε(t)−ε′(t))‖ut‖21+2δ(ν−δ−δL2−δm0ρ)‖u‖21+(λ1−2δ)‖ut‖2+ρ2‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1−2δk1−12λ1‖g‖2≥δε(t)‖ut‖21+δν‖u‖21+δ‖ut‖2+ρ2‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1−(12λ1‖g‖2+2δk1), | (3.7) |
where we have chosen 0<δ small enough such that
1−δ≥δ,ν2−δλ1−Lδ≥ν4,12−2δε(t)−ε′(t)>δε(t),ν−δ−δL2−δm0ρ>ν2,λ1−2δ>δ. |
Let M1=min{ν4,δ}, M2=min{δ,νδ,ρ2}, m1=2λ1ν‖g‖2+k2, m2=12λ1‖g‖2+2δk1, and then from (3.5) we arrive at
M1[‖ut‖2+ε(t)‖ut‖21+‖u‖21+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1]−m1≤−∫tτ(M2[‖ut(r)‖2+ε(r)‖ut(r)‖21+‖u(r)‖21+‖ηr(s)‖2μ,1]−m2)dr+E(τ). |
Therefore, taking K0>m2M2, we have
‖ut(t)‖2+ε(t)‖ut(t)‖21+‖u(t)‖21+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1≤K0,∀t≥t0. |
As a result, if (u,ut,η) is the solution of the system, let Bt=⋃t≥τU(t,τ)Bτ, where
Bτ={(u0,u1,η0)∈Hτ:‖u1‖2+ε(τ)‖u1‖21+‖u0‖21+‖η0(s)‖2μ,1≤K0}. |
Then, Bt is a bounded absorbing set for process {U(t,τ)}t≥τ.
On the other hand, from the above discussion, there exists a positive constant R(R0)>0 such that
‖u‖21+‖ut‖2+ε(t)‖ut‖21+‖ηt‖2μ,1≤R,∀t≥t0≥τ. |
The proof is completed.
Lemma 3.2. Let the assumptions (1.2)–(1.5) and (2.2)–(2.3) hold, and then for any initial data zτ=z(τ)=(u0,u1,η0)∈Hτ, on any interval [τ,t] with t>τ, there exists a unique solution (u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)) of the system (2.4)–(2.5) satisfying
u∈C([τ,t];H10(Ω)),ut∈C([τ,t];H10(Ω)),ηt∈C([τ,t];L2μ(R+;H10(Ω))). |
Furthermore, let zi(τ)∈Hτ be the initial data such that ‖zi(τ)‖Hτ≤R0,(i=1,2), and zi(t) be the solution of problem(2.4)–(2.5). Then, there exists ˜C=˜C(R0)>0, such that
‖z1(t)−z2(t)‖Ht≤e˜C(t−τ)‖z1(τ)−z2(τ)‖Hτ,∀t≥τ. | (3.8) |
Thus, the system (2.4)–(2.5) generates a strongly continuous process U(t,τ), whereU(t,τ):Hτ→Ht acting as U(t,τ)z(τ)={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)}, with the initial data zτ={u0,u1,η0}∈Hτ.
Proof. Based on Lemma 3.1, we can obtain the existence of a solution for problem (2.4)–(2.5) by using the Faedo-Galerkin approximation method, and the degenerate coefficient function ε(t) in (2.4) is not causing a new difficult. See for details [5,12,17].
Consequently, we only need to verify the estimate (3.8). For this purpose, we assume that zi(t)={ui(t),uit(t),ηti(s)}(i=1,2) are the solutions of (2.4)–(2.5) with the corresponding initial data zi(τ)={u0i(τ),u1i(τ),η0i(s)}(i=1,2), and there exists R0>0 such that ‖zi(τ)‖Hτ≤R0,i=1,2.
According to Lemma 3.1 we ensure that
‖U(t,τ)zi(τ)‖Ht≤R,i=1,2. | (3.9) |
Let ¯z(t)={¯u(t),¯ut(t),¯ηt(s)}=U(t,τ)z1(τ)−U(t,τ)z2(τ), and then ¯z(t) satisfies the following equation:
¯utt−△¯u−△¯ut−ε(t)△¯utt−∫∞0μ(s)△¯ηt(s)ds+f(u1)−f(u2)=0. | (3.10) |
Taking the inner product of (3.10) with 2¯ut in L2(Ω), we get
ddt[‖¯ut‖2+‖¯u‖21+ε(t)‖¯ut‖21+‖¯ηt‖2μ,1]−ε′(t)‖¯ut‖21+2‖¯ut‖21+2⟨¯ηt,¯ηts⟩μ,1=−2⟨f(u1)−f(u2),¯ut⟩. | (3.11) |
In line with (1.4), (3.9), Hölder inequality, Young inequality and embedding H10(Ω)↪L6(Ω), it follows that
−2⟨f(u1)−f(u2),¯ut⟩≤C∫Ω(1+|u1|2+|u2|2)|¯u||¯ut|dx≤C(1+‖u1‖2L6+‖u2‖2L6)‖¯u‖L6‖¯ut‖≤C(1+‖u1‖21+‖u2‖21)‖¯u‖1‖¯ut‖≤C‖¯u‖1‖¯ut‖≤CR(‖¯u‖21+‖¯ut‖2); | (3.12) |
meanwhile, (2.2) and (2.3) mean
⟨¯ηt(s),¯ηts(s)⟩μ,1≥ρ2‖¯ηt(s)‖2μ,1. | (3.13) |
Together with (3.12) and (3.13), from (3.11) we deduce
ddt[‖¯ut‖2+‖¯u‖21+ε(t)‖¯ut‖21+‖¯ηt‖2μ,1]≤CR(‖¯u‖21+‖¯ut‖2)+ρ‖¯ηt(s)‖2μ,1. |
So, according to the norm of (2.5), we can claim
ddt‖¯z(t)‖2Ht≤˜C‖¯z(t)‖2Ht, | (3.14) |
where ˜C=max{CR,ρ}. Thus, by using the Gronwall lemma with (3.14), we conclude the result (3.8).
Remark 3.1. Based on the argument, there exists R such that B={Bt(R)}t∈R is a time-dependent absorbing set for the process {U(t,τ)}t≥τ associated with (2.4) and (2.5), and for M0(R0)>0 there holds
supzτ∈Bτ(R0){‖U(t,τ)zτ‖2Ht+∫∞τ‖ut(y)‖21dy}≤M0,∀τ∈R. | (3.15) |
Proof. Let δ≡0 in equality (3.4), and we get that
ddt[‖ut‖2+ε(t)‖ut‖21+‖u‖21+‖ηt(s)‖2μ,1+2⟨F(u),1⟩−2⟨g,u⟩]+‖ut(y)‖21≤0. |
Integrating on [τ,t] and using inequality (3.6), we have ∫∞τ‖ut(y)‖21dy≤M0(>0). Then, together with Lemma 3.1, we conclude that (3.15) is true.
In this section, we do as in [14]. We find a suitable decomposition of the process, which is the sum of a decaying part and compact part. By a direct application of the abstract Theorem 2.1, we do this strategy to show that the process is asymptotically compact, and then the existence of the time-dependent global attractor is obtained.
For decomposition we write f=f0+f1, where f0,f1∈C2(R) satisfy
|f′1(u)|≤C(1+|u|γ−1),1<γ<3,∀u∈R, | (3.16) |
|f″0(u)|≤C(1+|u|),∀u∈R, | (3.17) |
lim inf|u|→∞f1(u)u>−λ1,∀u∈R, | (3.18) |
f0(0)=f′0(0)=0,f0(u)u≥0,∀u∈R. | (3.19) |
Let B={Bt(M0)}t∈R be a time-dependent absorbing set. Then, for any z∈Bτ(M0) and fixed τ∈R, we decompose the process U(t,τ) as follows:
U(t,τ)z={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)}=U0(t,τ)z+U1(t,τ)z, |
where
U0(t,τ)z={v(t),vt(t),ζt(s)} and U1(t,τ)z={w(t),wt(t),ξt(s)}, |
solve respectively the systems
{vtt+Av+Avt+ε(t)Avtt+∫∞0μ(s)Aζt(s)ds+f0(v)=0,ζtt(s)=−ζts(s)+vt(t),v|∂Ω=0,v(x,τ)=u0(x),vt(x,τ)=u1(x),ζt|∂Ω=0,ζ0(x,s)=u0(x)−u0(x,τ−s), | (3.20) |
and
{wtt+Aw+Awt+ε(t)Awtt+∫∞0μ(s)Aξt(s)ds+f(u)−f0(v)=g(x),ξtt(s)=−ξts(s)+wt(t),w|∂Ω=0,w(x,τ)=0,wt(x,τ)=0,ξt|∂Ω=0,ξ0(x,s)=0. | (3.21) |
In the following lemma, the constant C>0 depends only on B.
Lemma 3.3. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3) and (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists δ=δ(B)>0 such that
‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht≤Ce−δ(t−τ). | (3.22) |
Proof. Repeating word by word the proof of Lemma 3.1 in the case of U0(t,τ), we can get the bound
‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht≤C. | (3.23) |
Multiplying Eq (3.20)1 by 2vt+2δv and integrating on Ω, we find that
ddt(‖vt‖2+ε(t)‖vt‖21+(1+δ)‖v‖21+2δ⟨vt,v⟩+2δε(t)⟨∇vt,∇v⟩+‖ζt(s)‖2μ,1+2⟨F0(v),1⟩)+2‖vt‖21+2δ‖v‖21−2δ‖vt‖2−(2δε(t)+ε′(t))‖vt‖21+2⟨ζt,ζts⟩μ,1+2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨Aζt(s),v(t)⟩ds+2δ⟨f0,v⟩=2δ⟨ε′(t)Avt,Av⟩. | (3.24) |
Define
E0(t)=‖vt‖2+ε(t)‖vt‖21+(1+δ)‖v‖21+2δ⟨vt,v⟩+2δε(t)⟨∇vt,∇v⟩+‖ζt(s)‖2μ,1+2⟨F0(v),1⟩, |
where
F0(s)=∫s0f0(y)dy. |
Then, we get
ddtE0(t)+2‖vt‖21+2δ‖v‖21−2δ‖v‖2−(2δε(t)+ε′(t))‖vt‖21+2⟨ζt,ζts⟩μ,1+2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨Aζt(s),v(t)⟩ds+2δ⟨f0,v⟩=2δ⟨ε′(t)Avt,Av⟩. | (3.25) |
From (3.17) and (3.23), we have
12‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖2Ht≤E0(t)≤C‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖2Ht. | (3.26) |
Therefore, by the same steps of the proof of Lemma 3.1, we deduce
ddtE0(t)+δ‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖2Ht≤0. |
Thus, combining with (3.26) and using the Gronwall lemma with the above, we complete the proof.
Remark 3.2. Under the assumptions of Lemma 3.3, the following uniformly bounded holds:
supt≥τ[‖U(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht+‖U0(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht+‖U1(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht]≤C. | (3.27) |
Lemma 3.4. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3) and (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists M=M(B)>0 such that
‖U1(t,τ)z(τ)‖Hσt≤M,∀t≥τ, |
where
0<σ≤min{12,3−γ2}. | (3.28) |
Proof. Multiplying Eq (3.21)1 by 2Aσwt+2δAσw and integrating it over Ω, we get
ddtE1(t)+2‖wt‖2σ+1+2δ‖w‖2σ+1−2δ‖wt‖2σ−(2δε(t)+ε′(t))‖wt‖2σ+1+2⟨ξt,ξts⟩μ,σ+1+2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨Aξt(s),Aσw(t)⟩ds+2δ⟨f(u)−f0(v)−g,Aσw⟩=2δε′(t)⟨Awt,Aσw⟩+I1+I2+I3, | (3.29) |
where
E1(t)=‖U1(t,τ)z‖2Hσt+δ‖w‖2σ+1+2δ⟨wt,Aσw⟩+2δε(t)⟨Awt,Aσw⟩+2⟨f(u)−f0(v)−g,Aσw⟩+C,I1=2⟨[f′0(u)−f′0(v)]ut,Aσw⟩,I2=2⟨f′0(v)wt,Aσw⟩,I3=2⟨f′1(u)ut,Aσw⟩. |
Now, by using (1.3), (3.17), (3.27) and the embedding inequality (σ<σ+12), we have
2⟨f(u)−f0(v),Aσw⟩≤2‖f(u)−f0(v)‖‖Aσw‖≤C‖Aσw‖≤C‖Aσ+12w‖≤14‖w‖2σ+1+C, |
2⟨g,Aσw⟩≤2‖g‖‖Aσw‖≤C‖g‖2+14‖w‖2σ+1. |
Then, using the Hölder, Young inequalities, we get
2δ⟨wt,Aσw⟩≤2δ‖wt‖σ‖w‖σ≤2δ‖wt‖2σ+δ2‖w‖2σ;2δε(t)⟨Awt,Aσw⟩≤2δε(t)‖wt‖σ+1‖w‖σ≤ε(t)2‖wt‖2σ+1+2Lδ2‖w‖2σ. |
Choose δ small enough and C>0 large enough, and we can obtain
12‖U1(t,τ)z(τ)‖2Hσt≤E1(t)≤2‖U1(t,τ)z(τ)‖2Hσt+2C. | (3.30) |
Hence, exploiting (3.17), (3.27) and some Sobolev embeddings H1+σ↪L61−2σ, H1−σ↪L61+2σ, and the continuous embedding H(3p−6)2p↪Lp(Ω)(p>2), we have
I1≤C∫Ω(1+|u|+|v|)⋅|w|⋅|ut|⋅|Aσw|dx≤C(1+‖u‖L6+‖v‖L6)⋅‖w‖L61−2σ⋅‖ut‖⋅‖Aσw‖L61+2σ≤C(1+‖u‖1+‖v‖1)⋅‖w‖2σ+1⋅‖ut‖≤C‖ut‖‖w‖2σ+1≤δ4‖w‖2σ+1+C2δ‖ut‖2‖w‖2σ+1≤δ4E1(t)+C‖ut‖2‖w‖2σ+1;I2≤C(‖v‖L6+‖v‖2L6)⋅‖wt‖L63−2σ⋅‖Aσw‖L61+2σ≤C(‖v‖1+‖v‖21)⋅‖wt‖σ⋅‖Aσw‖1−σ≤C‖v‖1⋅‖wt‖σ⋅‖w‖σ+1+C‖v‖21⋅‖wt‖σ⋅‖w‖σ+1≤δ2‖wt‖2σ+C(‖v‖21+‖v‖41)⋅‖w‖2σ+1. |
Also, by using (3.16), we have
I3≤C∫Ω(1+|u|γ−1).|ut|.|Aσw|dx≤C‖u‖γ−1L6(γ−1)2(1−σ).‖ut‖.‖Aσw‖L61+2σ+C‖ut‖⋅‖Aσw‖≤‖ut‖2⋅‖w‖2σ+1+C. |
In addition, (2.2) and (2.3) mean
2⟨ξt,ξts⟩μ,σ+1≥ρ‖ξt(s)‖2μ,σ+1, |
and
2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨△ξt(s),Aσw(t)⟩ds≤ρ2‖ξt(s)‖2μ,σ+1+2m0δ2ρ‖w‖2σ+1. |
As a consequence, we can write (3.29) as
ddtE1(t)+δE1(t)+Γ≤δ2E1(t)+C‖ut‖2‖w‖2σ+1+C(‖v‖21+‖v‖41)‖w‖2σ+1+C. |
We can see that for 0<δ small enough,
Γ=(1−ε′(t)−3δε(t))‖wt‖2σ+1+(λ12−3δ−δ2)‖wt‖2σ+(ρ2−δ)‖ξt‖2μ,σ+1+(δ−δ2−δ2L2−2m0δ2ρ)‖w‖2σ+1−2δ2⟨wt,Aσw⟩−2δ2ε(t)⟨Awt,Aσw⟩>0. |
According to (3.24) and taking δ small enough, we get
ddtE1(t)+δ2E1(t)≤q(t)E1(t)+C, |
where q(t)=C(‖ut‖2+‖v‖21+‖v‖41). Remark 3.1 and Lemma 3.3 imply that
∫∞τq(y)dy≤C. |
Now, applying Lemma 2.3, we get
E1(t)≤CE1(τ)e−δ4(t−τ)+C≤C. |
Together with (3.22), the proof is completed.
Especially, taking σ=13, we directly get
‖U1(t,τ)z(τ)‖H13t≤C. | (3.31) |
The proof is similar the above estimation, here we omit it.
Remark 3.3. In order to obtain a compact subset of Ht, we also need the compactness of the memory term which is verified and proved in Lemma 3.6 in [14].
Theorem 3.1. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold. The process U(t,τ):Hτ→Ht generated by problem (2.4)–(2.5) has an invarianttime-dependent global attractor A={At}t∈R.
Proof. Denote the closure of Ct in L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) by ¯Ct. According to Lemma 3.4 and Remark 3.3, we consider the family K={Kt}t∈R, where
Kt={(u,ut)∈Hσ+1×Hσ+1t:‖u‖σ+1+ε(t)‖ut‖σ+1+‖ut‖σ≤M}ׯCt⊂Ht. |
Applying the compact embedding Hσ+1×Hσ+1t↪H10(Ω)×H10(Ω), together with the compactness of Ct in L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)), we know that Kt is compact in Ht; since the injection constant M is independent of t, the set K is uniformly bounded. Finally, by Theorem 2.1 and Lemmas 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4, we conclude that there exists a unique time-dependent global attractor A={At}t∈R, Furthermore, from the strong continuity of the process state in Lemma 3.2 and from Remark 2.1, the A is invariant.
The main result of this subsection is to prove At is bounded in H1t. Fix τ∈R, and for z∈Aτ we decompose again the process U(t,τ)z into the sum U2(t,τ)z+U3(t,τ)z, where
U2(t,τ)z={v(t),vt(t),ζt(s)}andU3(t,τ)z={w(t),wt(t),ξt(s)}, |
solve respectively the systems
{vtt+Av+Avt+ε(t)Avtt+∫∞0μ(s)Aζt(s)ds=0,ζtt(s)=−ζts(s)+vt(t),U2(t,τ)z(τ)=(u0,u1,ζ0), | (3.32) |
and
{wtt+Aw+Awt+ε(t)Awtt+∫∞0μ(s)Aξt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),ξtt(s)=−ξts(s)+wt(t),U3(t,τ)z(τ)=0. | (3.33) |
As a particular case of Lemma 3.3, we learn that
‖U2(t,τ)z(τ)‖Ht≤Ce−δ(t−τ),∀t≥τ. | (3.34) |
Lemma 3.5. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists M1=M1(A)>0 such that
‖U3(t,τ)z‖H1t≤M1,∀t≥τ. |
Proof. Multiplying equation of (3.33)1 by 2Awt+2δAw and integrating it over Ω, using (3.33)2 we get
ddtE3(t)+2‖wt‖22−2δ‖wt‖21+2δ‖w‖22−(ε′(t)+2δε(t))‖wt‖22+2⟨ξt,ξts⟩μ,2+2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨Aξt(s),Aw(t)⟩ds−2δ⟨g,Aw⟩=2δε′(t)⟨Awt,Aw⟩−2⟨f(u),Awt⟩−2δ⟨f(u),Aw⟩, | (3.35) |
where
E3(t)=‖U3(t,τ)z‖2H1t+δ‖w‖22+2δ⟨wt,Aw⟩+2δε(t)⟨Awt,Aw⟩−2⟨g,Aw⟩+C, |
and
2⟨ξt,ξts⟩μ,2≥ρ‖ξt(s)‖2μ,2; |
2δ∫∞0μ(s)⟨△ξt(s),Aw(t)⟩ds≤ρ2‖ξt(s)‖2μ,2+2m0δ2ρ‖w‖22. |
Choose δ>0 small enough and C>0 large enough, and then we can obtain
14‖U3(t,τ)z‖2H1t≤E3(t)≤2‖U3(t,τ)z‖2H1t+2C. | (3.36) |
By some calculation as in Lemma 3.4 and taking δ small enough, we deduce
ddtE3(t)+δE3(t)≤−2⟨f(u),Awt⟩−2δ⟨f(u),Aw⟩+δC. |
We know from (3.31) that At is bounded in H13t. Consequently, exploiting some Sobolev embeddings H(3p−6)2p↪Lp(p≥2), H13↪L187(Ω), H43↪L18(Ω), there holds
‖f(u)‖1=‖f′(u)A12u‖≤‖f′(u)‖L9‖A12u‖L187≤C(1+‖u‖2L18)≤C, |
so
−2⟨f(u),Awt⟩−2δ⟨f(u),Aw⟩≤2‖f(u)‖1(‖wt‖1+‖w‖1)≤δ2E3(t)+C, |
where C depends on δ, L. We finally get
ddtE3(t)+δ2E3(t)≤C, |
and then applying the Gronwall lemma and calling (3.36) we get the result.
Theorem 3.2. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold. Then At is bounded in H1t, with a bound independent of t.
Proof. From (3.34) and Lemma 3.5, for all t∈R, it yields
limτ→−∞distt(U(t,τ)Aτ,K1t)=0, |
where
K1t={z∈H1t:‖z‖H1t≤M1}. |
Since A is invariant, this means
distt(At,K1t)=0. |
Hence, At⊂¯K1t=K1t, and we get that At is bounded in H1t with a bound independent of t∈R.
Lemma 3.6. For any τ∈R,z=(u,ut,ηt)∈At, there exists a positive constant C, such that
supt≥τ{‖ut‖21+‖u‖22+ε(t)‖ut‖22+‖ηt‖2μ,2+∫∞τ‖ut(y)‖22dy}≤C. | (3.37) |
Proof. Similar to the proof of Remark 3.1, we can easily get the result.
In this section we investigate the relationship between the time-dependent global attractor of U(t,τ) for problem (2.4) and the global attractor of the limit equation formally corresponding to (2.4) when t→+∞. If ε(t)=0 in (2.4), we can obtain the following wave equation:
{utt−△u−△ut−∫∞0μ(s)△ηt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),x∈Ω,t>0,ηtt+ηts=ut,u(x,0)=u0(x),ut(x,0)=u1(x),x∈Ω,u|∂Ω=0,x∈∂Ω. | (4.1) |
Within our assumptions on Sections 1 and 2, it is well known that Eq (4.1) generates a strongly continuous semigroup {S(t)}t≥0 acting on the space H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) associated with the problem (4.1), such that S(t){u0,u1,η0}={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)} is the solution of (4.1), where {u0,u1,η0} is the initial data of (4.1). Furthermore, {S(t)}t≥0 admits the (classical) global attractor A∞ in the space of H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)). See [4,17] for details.
Also, we know that, for any fixed s∈R,
A∞={ω(s):ωCBTofS(t)}, |
where ω:R→H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) is called a CBT of S(t).
Next, we establish the asymptotic closeness of the time-dependent global attractor A={At}t∈R of the process generated by (2.4) and the global attractor A∞ of the semigroup {S(t)}t≥0 generated by (4.1).
That is, we can obtain the following result.
Theorem 4.1. Under the assumptions (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19), the following limits holds
limt→∞distH10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))(ΠtAt,A∞)=0. | (4.2) |
To prove (4.2), we need to prove the following Lemma which is based on Lemma 4.1.
Lemma 4.1. For any sequence zn=(un,∂tun,ηtn) of CBT for the process U(t,τ) and any tn→∞, there exists a CBT y=(w,wt,ξt) of the semigroup S(t) such that, for every T>0,
supt∈[−T,T]‖un(t+tn)−w(t)‖1→0, | (4.3) |
supt∈[−T,T]‖∂tun(t+tn)−wt(t)‖→0, | (4.4) |
and
supt∈[−T,T]‖ηt+tnn(s)−ξt(s)‖μ,1→0, | (4.5) |
as n→∞, up to a subsequence.
Proof. From (3.37), for every T>0, un(⋅+tn) is bounded in L∞(−T,T,H2)∩W1,2(−T,T,H10(Ω)), and ∂tun(⋅+tn) is bounded in L∞(−T,T,H1)∩L2(−T,T,H20(Ω))∩W1,2(−T,T,H(Ω)). Then by direct application of Corollary 5 in [18] show that (un(⋅+tn),∂tun(⋅+tn)) is relatively compact in C([−T,T],H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)).
In addition, by Remark 3.3 and together with (3.37), we know that the sequence η⋅+tnt(s) is bounded in the space L∞(−T,T;L2μ(R+,H2)∩H1μ(R+,H10(Ω))), so η⋅+tnt(s) is relatively compact in C([−T,T],L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))). Hence there exists a function
(w(⋅),wt(⋅),ξ⋅(s))=y:R×R×(R,R+)→H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)), |
such that
un(⋅+tn)→w(⋅),∂tun(⋅+tn)→wt(⋅),η⋅+tnn(s)→ξ⋅(s), |
hold.
In particular, y=(w,wt,ξt(s))∈C(R×R×(R,R+),H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))). Also, recalling (3.36), we have
supt∈R‖y(t)‖H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))≤C. | (4.6) |
We are left to show that y solves (4.1). Define
vn(t)=un(t+tn),εn(t)=ε(t+tn),ξtn(s)=ηt+tnn(s); |
then, we write Eq (2.4) of (vn(t),∂tvn,ξtn(s)) in the form
{∂ttvn−△vn−△∂tvn−εn(t)△∂ttvn−∫∞0μ(s)△ξtn(s)ds+f(vn)=g,∂tξtn+∂sξtn=∂tvn. |
We first prove that the sequence εn(t)△∂ttvn converges to zero in the distributional sense. Indeed, for every fixed T>0 and every smooth H-valued function φ supported on (−T,T), we have
∫T−Tεn(t)⟨Δ∂ttvn,φ(t)⟩dt=−∫T−Tεn(t)⟨Δ∂tvn,φ(t)⟩dt−∫T−Tε′n(t)⟨Δ∂tvn,φ(t)⟩dt. |
Then, exploiting (3.37) again, we get
|∫T−Tεn(t)⟨Δ∂ttvn,φ(t)⟩dt|≤c∫T−T√εn(t)√εn(t)‖Δ∂tvn‖dt+C∫T−T|ε′n(t)|√εn(t)√εn(t)‖Δ∂tvn‖dt≤C∫T−T√εn(t)√εn(t)‖∂tvn‖2dt+C∫T−T|ε′n(t)|√εn(t)√εn(t)‖∂tvn‖2dt≤C∫T−T√εn(t)dt+C∫T−T|ε′n(t)|√εn(t)dt≤CTsupt∈[−T,T]√εn(t)+C(√εn(−T)−√εn(T)), |
where the constant C>0 also depends on φ. Since
limn→∞[supt∈[−T,T]εn(t)]=0, |
we reach the desired conclusion
limn→∞∫T−Tεn(t)⟨△∂ttvn,φ(t)⟩dt=0. |
Now, taking into account (1.4), for every T>0, we have the convergence
△vn+f(vn)→△w+f(w), |
in the topology of L∞(−T,T;H−1) for every T>0. At the same time, the convergences
∂ttvn(t)−∂t△vn(t)→wtt(t)−△wt(t),∂tξtn(s)→∂tξt(s), |
hold (up to subsequence) in the distributional sense. Therefore, we end up with the equality
wtt−△w−△wt−∫∞0μ(s)△ξt(s)ds+f(w)=g(x), |
which together with (4.6), proves that y(t) is a CBT of the semigroup S(t).
Proof. Proof of Theorem 4.1. According to Lemma 4.1, for our problem, we can apply Lemma 2.1 with X=H10(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)),Yt=H10(Ω), the latter space endowed with the norm ‖⋅‖Yt=√ε(t)‖⋅‖1+‖⋅‖. Combining with Lemma 2.1, the result here should include the convergence of ut in the space L2(Ω), namely, (4.4). Consequently, we complete the proof of Theorem 4.1.
Based on the theory of time-dependent attractor in time-dependent space, we discussed the asymptotic compactness for the nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory. By the method of operator decomposition, which overcoming the difficulty caused by the degenerate coefficient and memory term, and then the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are also proved, that means the combination for time-dependent attractor with the global attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)→0 as t→∞.
This work was supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11961059, 12101502).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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