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Research article

Time-dependent asymptotic behavior of the solution for evolution equation with linear memory

  • Received: 09 February 2023 Revised: 06 April 2023 Accepted: 17 April 2023 Published: 06 May 2023
  • MSC : 35B40, 35B41, 37L30

  • In this article, by using the operator decomposition technique, we discuss the existence of a time-dependent global attractor for a nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory within the theory of time-dependent space. Furthermore, the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are proved, which means that the time-dependent attractor of the evolution equation converges to the attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)0 as t.

    Citation: Tingting Liu, Tasneem Mustafa Hussain Sharfi, Qiaozhen Ma. Time-dependent asymptotic behavior of the solution for evolution equation with linear memory[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(7): 16208-16227. doi: 10.3934/math.2023829

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  • In this article, by using the operator decomposition technique, we discuss the existence of a time-dependent global attractor for a nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory within the theory of time-dependent space. Furthermore, the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are proved, which means that the time-dependent attractor of the evolution equation converges to the attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)0 as t.



    Let ΩR3 be a bounded domain with smooth boundary Ω. For any τR, we consider the following equation:

    {uttk(0)uutε(t)utt0k(s)u(ts)ds+f(u)=g(x),inΩ×(τ,),u(x,t)=u0(x,t),ut(x,t)=tu0(x,t),xΩ,tτ,u(x,t)=0,xΩ,tR, (1.1)

    where u=u(x,t):Ω×(τ,)R is an unknown function, and u0:Ω×(,τ]R is a given past history of u, k(0),k()>0 and k(s)0 for every sR+, g(x)L2(Ω). ε(t)C1(R) is a decreasing bounded function with

    limt+ε(t)=0; (1.2)

    especially, there exists a positive constant L such that

    suptR[|ε(t)|+|ε(t)|]L. (1.3)

    The function fC1(R),f(0)=0, satisfies the conditions

    |f(s)|C(1+|s|2),sR, (1.4)

    and

    lim inf|s|+f(s)s>λ1,sR, (1.5)

    where C is a positive constant, and λ1 is the first eigenvalue of A= with Dirichlet boundary value condition.

    Nonlinear evolution equations of this type arise as models of a vibration of a nonlinear elastic rod, which are used to represent the propagation of lengthwise-waves in nonlinear elastic rods and ion-sonic of space transformation by weak nonlinear effect; see for details [1,2,3].

    Equation (1.1) becomes a strongly damped wave equation with a linear memory term when the coefficient function ε(t)0, and it was discussed clearly in [4] and the references therein. When ε(t)ε, Eq (1.1) becomes an autonomous evolution equation, and the long-time behavior of the solutions can be well characterized by using the concept of global attractors under the framework of semigroups. In this case, when μ(s)=k(s) vanishes, Eq (1.1) reduces to the damped wave equation, which has been extensively discussed by many authors. For instance, Xie and Zhong [5,6] systematically investigated the existence of global attractors for (1.1) on weak and strong Hilbert spaces, respectively. Based on the global well-posedness results given in [7], Sun, Yang and Duan [8] constructed the uniformly asymptotic regularity of solution with respect to ε[0,1] for (1.1) when gL2(Ω) and gH1(Ω), respectively, and they also obtained the existence of exponential attractors as well as the upper-semicontinuity of global attractors.

    If ε(t) is dependent on t, then Eq (1.1) becomes more complex and interesting. In this case, the long-time behavior of the solutions for (1.1) can be well characterized by the concept of time-dependent global attractors under the framework of processes, which have been discussed in [9,10,11,12,13]. Recently, Ma, Wang and Liu [14] investigated the existence and regularity of the time-dependent attractors for wave equations by using the operator decomposition technique along with compactness of translation theorem, also they proved the asymptotic structure as in [13]. In [15], they verified the asymptotic compactness of wave equations with nonlinear damping and linear memory by using the contractive functions method which was introduced in [10].

    For our problem, by using the method of contractive functions [10], Liu and Ma [16] have obtained the existence of time-dependent global attractors of a nonlinear evolution equation with nonlinear damping and μ(s)=k(s)=0 in (1.1). For problem (1.1), we first introduce a new variable that is used to construct a relatively complicated triple solution space. Second, in order to prove compactness and regularity we use the decomposition technique as in [14]. Finally, we also prove the asymptotic structure of time-dependent global attractor as ε(t)0 when t.

    The rest of this article is organized as follows: In the next section, we define some function set, and we recall some basic definitions and abstract results. In Section 3, the existence and regularity of time-dependent global attractor are obtained. Finally, in Section 4 we prove the asymptotic structure of time-dependent global attractor.

    As in [4], we introduce the new variable

    ηt(x,s)=u(x,t)u(x,ts),

    and differentiating the above equation, we get

    ηtt(s)=ηts(s)+ut(t), (2.1)

    with

    ηt=tη,ηs=sη.

    For simplicity, we set μ(s)=k(s) and k()=1, where the memory component μ satisfies the following conditions:

    μC1(R+)L1(R+),0μ(s)ds=m0<+,sR+, (2.2)
    μ(s)ρμ(s)0,sR+and someρ>0. (2.3)

    Then, we can reformulate (1.1) as the following dynamical system:

    {uttuutε(t)utt0μ(s)ηt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),ηtt+ηts=ut, (2.4)

    with initial boundary conditions

    {u(x,t)=0,xΩ,tτ,ηt(x,s)=0,(x,s)Ω×R+,tτ,u(x,τ)=u0(x),ut(x,τ)=u1(x),ηt(x,0)=0,xΩ,ητ(x,s)=η0(x,s),(x,s)Ω×R+, (2.5)

    where

    u0(x)=u0(x,τ),u1(x)=tu0(x,t)|t=τ,

    and

    η0=η0(x,s)=u0(x,τ)u0(x,τs).

    Without loss of generality, set H=L2(Ω) with inner product, and norm . For sR+ we define the hierarchy of (compactly) nested Hilbert spaces

    Hs=D(As2),w,vs=As2w,As2v,ws=As2w.

    Especially, we have the embedding Hs+1Hs. Also, we denote A=Δ with domain D(A)=H2(Ω)H10(Ω).

    For sR+, let L2μ(R+;Hs) be the family of Hilbert spaces of functions φ:R+Hs, endowed with the inner product and norm, respectively,

    φ1,φ2μ,s=φ1,φ2μ,Hs=0μ(s)φ1(s),φ2(s)Hsds,
    φ2μ,s=φ2μ,Hs=0μ(s)φ(s)2sds.

    We also need the spaces

    H1μ(R+;Hs)={φ:φ(r),rφ(r)L2μ(R+;Hs)}.

    Now, for tR and sR+, we introduce the following time-dependent spaces

    Hst=Hs+1×Hs+1t×L2μ(R+;Hs+1),

    with norms

    z2Hst={u,v,ηt}2Hst=u2s+1+v2s+ε(t)v2s+1+ηt2μ,s+1,

    where the space Hs+1t is endowed with the time-dependent norm v2s+ε(t)v2s+1.

    The symbol is always omitted whenever zero. In particular, the time-dependent phase space where we settle the problem is

    Ht=H1×H1t×L2μ(R+;H1),

    endowed with the time-dependent product norms

    z2Ht={u,v,ηt}2Ht=u21+v2+ε(t)v21+ηt2μ,1.

    Now we recall some basic definitions and abstract results that will help us to get our main results.

    Definition 2.1. [9,12] Let {Xt}tR be a family of normed spaces. A process is a two parameter family of mappings U(t,τ):XτXt,tτ,t,τR with properties

    (i) U(τ,τ)=Id is the identity operator on Xτ, τR;

    (ii) U(t,s)U(s,τ)=U(t,τ), tsτ,τR.

    For every tR, let Xt be a family of normed spaces, and we define the Rball of Xt as follows:

    Bt(R)={zXt:zXtR}.

    We denote the Hausdorff semi-distance of two nonempty sets A,BXt by

    distXt(A,B)=supxAinfyBxyXt.

    Definition 2.2. [9,12] A family C={Ct}tR of bounded sets CtXt is called uniformly bounded if there exists R>0 such that CtBt(R),tR.

    Definition 2.3. [9,12] We say B={Bt}tR is a time-dependent absorbing set for the process U(t,τ), if BtBt(R) is uniformly bounded and there exist t0=t0(C)0 such that

    U(t,τ)CτBt,τtt0,

    for every uniformly bounded family C={Ct}tR.

    Definition 2.4. [9,12] A family K={Kt}tR is called pullback attracting if it is uniformly bounded and

    limτdistXt(U(t,τ)Cτ,Kt)=0,

    for every uniformly bounded family C={Ct}tR.

    Definition 2.5. [9,12] The time-dependent global attractor is the smallest family A={At}tRK, where K={K={Kt}tR:KtXt compact, K pullback attracting}, i.e. AtKt,tR, for any element K={Kt}tRK.

    Definition 2.6. [12] The process U(t,τ) is called

    closed if U(t,τ) is a closed map for any pair of fixed times tτ;

    T-closed for some T>0 if U(t,tT) is a closed map for all t.

    Definition 2.7. [12] We say that A={At}tR is invariant if

    U(t,τ)Aτ=At,tτ.

    Remark 2.1. [12] If the time-dependent global attractor A exists, and the process U(t,τ) is strongly continuous (or norm-to-weak continuous, or closed, or T-closed), then A is invariant.

    Theorem 2.1. [12] If U(t,τ) is asymptotically compact, then there exists a unique time-dependent attractor A={At}tR.

    If U(t,τ) is a T-closed process for some T>0 and possesses a time-dependent global attractor A={At}tR, then A is invariant.

    In order to prove the asymptotic structure of the time-dependent global attractors for the process U(t,τ), we recall some results from [13,14].

    Here, we will focus on the case of a process U(t,τ) acting on a family of spaces {Zt}tR of the form

    Zt=X×Yt,

    where X is a normed space, and {Yt}tR is a family of normed space, endowed with the product norm

    (x,y)2Zt=x2X+y2Yt.

    Let Πt:ZtX be the projection on the first component of Zt, that is, Πt(x,y)=x. Accordingly, if CtZt, then ΠtCt={xX:(x,y)Ct}. If C={Ct}tR, then ΠC={ΠtCt}tR.

    Definition 2.8. [13,14] Let A={At}tR be the time-dependent global attractor of U(t,τ). If A is invariant, then At={z(t)Zt:zCBTofU(t,τ)}. Accordingly, we can write

    A={z:tz(t)ZtwithzaCBTofU(t,τ)},

    where z:tz(t)Zt is a complete bounded trajectory CBT of U(t,τ) if

    suptRz(t)Zt  and  z(t)=U(t,τ)z(τ),tτ,τR.

    Lemma 2.1. [13] Assume that, for any sequence zn=(xn,yn) of a complete bounded trajectory (CBT) of the process U(t,τ) and any tn, there exists a complete bounded trajectory (CBT) w of a semigroup S(t) and sR for which

    xn(s+tn)w(s)X0,

    as n up to a subsequence. Then,

    limtdistX(ΠtAt,A)=0,

    where A is the global attractor in the phase space X for the autonomous system corresponding to the non-autonomous system with the coefficient ε(t)0.

    Let F(u)=u0f(s)ds, and we can obtain the following lemma:

    Lemma 2.2. [14] From dissipation condition (1.5), there exist two positive constants k1 and k2 and for some 0<ν<1 such that

    f(u),u(1ν)u21k1,uH10(Ω), (2.6)
    2F(u),1(1ν)u21k2,uH10(Ω). (2.7)

    Lemma 2.3. [14] Let Y(t):[τ,)R+ be an absolutely continuous function satisfying the inequality

    ddtY(t)+2ϵY(t)h(t)Y(t)+k,

    for some ϵ>0,k0 and where h:[τ,)R+ fulfills

    τh(s)dsm,

    with m0. Then,

    Y(t)Y(τ)emeϵ(tτ)+kϵ1em.

    Within this article, we often use Hölder and Young inequalities and denote positive constants by C, which will change in different lines or even in the same line.

    In order to obtain the well-posedness of the solution associated with (2.4)–(2.5), we first make a priori estimates as follows:

    Lemma 3.1. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5) and (2.2)–(2.3) hold, and then for any initial data zτ=z(τ)=(u0,u1,η0)Bτ(R0)Hτ, there exists a constant R>0, such that

    U(t,τ)z(τ)HtR,τt.

    Proof. Multiplying (2.4)1 with 2ut+2δu and integrating on Ω, we find that

    ddt(ut2+ε(t)ut21+(1+δ)u21+2δut,u+2δε(t)ut,u+ηt(s)2μ,1+2F(u),12g,u)+2ut21+2δu212δut2(2δε(t)+ε(t))ut21+2ηt,ηtsμ,12δ0μ(s)ηt(s),u(t)ds+2δf,u2δg,u=2δε(t)ut,u. (3.1)

    First, from condition (1.3), and by the Hölder, Young and Poincaré inequalities, there holds

    2δε(t)ut,u2δLut1u112ut21+2δ2L2u21,

    where u21λ1u2,uH2(Ω).

    Let

    E(t)=ut2+ε(t)ut21+(1+δ)u21+2δut,u+2δε(t)ut,u+ηt(s)2μ,1+2F(u),12g,u, (3.2)

    and

    I(t)=(322δε(t)ε(t))ut21+(2δ2δ2L2)u212δut2+2ηt,ηtsμ,12δ0μ(s)ηt(s),u(t)ds+2δf,u2δg,u. (3.3)

    Then,

    ddtE(t)+I(t)0. (3.4)

    Integrating (3.4) from τ to t, we have

    E(t)tτI(s)ds+E(τ). (3.5)

    Next, we estimate (3.2) and (3.3), respectively. By using (1.3), (2.7) and the Hölder, Young, Poincaré inequalities, it follows that

    2δ|ut,u|2δutuδut2+δλ1u21,
    2δε(t)|ut,u|δε(t)ut21+δLu21,
    2|g,u|ν2u21+2λ1νg2.

    Then,

    E(t)(1δ)ut2+(ν2δλ1Lδ)u21+ε(t)(1δ)ut21+ηt(s)2μ,1(2λ1νg2+k2). (3.6)

    Using (2.2), (2.3) there holds

    2ηt,ηtsμ,12ρ2ηt(s)2μ,1=ρηt(s)2μ,1,

    and

    2δ|0μ(s)ηt(s)ds,u(t)|ρ2ηt(s)2μ,1+2δ2m0ρu21.

    Hence, from (2.6) and the condition (1.3), we get

    I(t)(322δε(t)ε(t))ut21+(2δ2δ2L22δ2m0ρ)u212δut2+ρ2ηt(s)2μ,1+2δf,u2δg,u(122δε(t)ε(t))ut21+2δ(νδδL2δm0ρ)u21+(λ12δ)ut2+ρ2ηt(s)2μ,12δk112λ1g2δε(t)ut21+δνu21+δut2+ρ2ηt(s)2μ,1(12λ1g2+2δk1), (3.7)

    where we have chosen 0<δ small enough such that

    1δδ,ν2δλ1Lδν4,122δε(t)ε(t)>δε(t),νδδL2δm0ρ>ν2,λ12δ>δ.

    Let M1=min{ν4,δ}, M2=min{δ,νδ,ρ2}, m1=2λ1νg2+k2, m2=12λ1g2+2δk1, and then from (3.5) we arrive at

    M1[ut2+ε(t)ut21+u21+ηt(s)2μ,1]m1tτ(M2[ut(r)2+ε(r)ut(r)21+u(r)21+ηr(s)2μ,1]m2)dr+E(τ).

    Therefore, taking K0>m2M2, we have

    ut(t)2+ε(t)ut(t)21+u(t)21+ηt(s)2μ,1K0,tt0.

    As a result, if (u,ut,η) is the solution of the system, let Bt=tτU(t,τ)Bτ, where

    Bτ={(u0,u1,η0)Hτ:u12+ε(τ)u121+u021+η0(s)2μ,1K0}.

    Then, Bt is a bounded absorbing set for process {U(t,τ)}tτ.

    On the other hand, from the above discussion, there exists a positive constant R(R0)>0 such that

    u21+ut2+ε(t)ut21+ηt2μ,1R,tt0τ.

    The proof is completed.

    Lemma 3.2. Let the assumptions (1.2)–(1.5) and (2.2)–(2.3) hold, and then for any initial data zτ=z(τ)=(u0,u1,η0)Hτ, on any interval [τ,t] with t>τ, there exists a unique solution (u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)) of the system (2.4)–(2.5) satisfying

    uC([τ,t];H10(Ω)),utC([τ,t];H10(Ω)),ηtC([τ,t];L2μ(R+;H10(Ω))).

    Furthermore, let zi(τ)Hτ be the initial data such that zi(τ)HτR0,(i=1,2), and zi(t) be the solution of problem(2.4)–(2.5). Then, there exists ˜C=˜C(R0)>0, such that

    z1(t)z2(t)Hte˜C(tτ)z1(τ)z2(τ)Hτ,tτ. (3.8)

    Thus, the system (2.4)–(2.5) generates a strongly continuous process U(t,τ), whereU(t,τ):HτHt acting as U(t,τ)z(τ)={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)}, with the initial data zτ={u0,u1,η0}Hτ.

    Proof. Based on Lemma 3.1, we can obtain the existence of a solution for problem (2.4)–(2.5) by using the Faedo-Galerkin approximation method, and the degenerate coefficient function ε(t) in (2.4) is not causing a new difficult. See for details [5,12,17].

    Consequently, we only need to verify the estimate (3.8). For this purpose, we assume that zi(t)={ui(t),uit(t),ηti(s)}(i=1,2) are the solutions of (2.4)–(2.5) with the corresponding initial data zi(τ)={u0i(τ),u1i(τ),η0i(s)}(i=1,2), and there exists R0>0 such that zi(τ)HτR0,i=1,2.

    According to Lemma 3.1 we ensure that

    U(t,τ)zi(τ)HtR,i=1,2. (3.9)

    Let ¯z(t)={¯u(t),¯ut(t),¯ηt(s)}=U(t,τ)z1(τ)U(t,τ)z2(τ), and then ¯z(t) satisfies the following equation:

    ¯utt¯u¯utε(t)¯utt0μ(s)¯ηt(s)ds+f(u1)f(u2)=0. (3.10)

    Taking the inner product of (3.10) with 2¯ut in L2(Ω), we get

    ddt[¯ut2+¯u21+ε(t)¯ut21+¯ηt2μ,1]ε(t)¯ut21+2¯ut21+2¯ηt,¯ηtsμ,1=2f(u1)f(u2),¯ut. (3.11)

    In line with (1.4), (3.9), Hölder inequality, Young inequality and embedding H10(Ω)L6(Ω), it follows that

    2f(u1)f(u2),¯utCΩ(1+|u1|2+|u2|2)|¯u||¯ut|dxC(1+u12L6+u22L6)¯uL6¯utC(1+u121+u221)¯u1¯utC¯u1¯utCR(¯u21+¯ut2); (3.12)

    meanwhile, (2.2) and (2.3) mean

    ¯ηt(s),¯ηts(s)μ,1ρ2¯ηt(s)2μ,1. (3.13)

    Together with (3.12) and (3.13), from (3.11) we deduce

    ddt[¯ut2+¯u21+ε(t)¯ut21+¯ηt2μ,1]CR(¯u21+¯ut2)+ρ¯ηt(s)2μ,1.

    So, according to the norm of (2.5), we can claim

    ddt¯z(t)2Ht˜C¯z(t)2Ht, (3.14)

    where ˜C=max{CR,ρ}. Thus, by using the Gronwall lemma with (3.14), we conclude the result (3.8).

    Remark 3.1. Based on the argument, there exists R such that B={Bt(R)}tR is a time-dependent absorbing set for the process {U(t,τ)}tτ associated with (2.4) and (2.5), and for M0(R0)>0 there holds

    supzτBτ(R0){U(t,τ)zτ2Ht+τut(y)21dy}M0,τR. (3.15)

    Proof. Let δ0 in equality (3.4), and we get that

    ddt[ut2+ε(t)ut21+u21+ηt(s)2μ,1+2F(u),12g,u]+ut(y)210.

    Integrating on [τ,t] and using inequality (3.6), we have τut(y)21dyM0(>0). Then, together with Lemma 3.1, we conclude that (3.15) is true.

    In this section, we do as in [14]. We find a suitable decomposition of the process, which is the sum of a decaying part and compact part. By a direct application of the abstract Theorem 2.1, we do this strategy to show that the process is asymptotically compact, and then the existence of the time-dependent global attractor is obtained.

    For decomposition we write f=f0+f1, where f0,f1C2(R) satisfy

    |f1(u)|C(1+|u|γ1),1<γ<3,uR, (3.16)
    |f0(u)|C(1+|u|),uR, (3.17)
    lim inf|u|f1(u)u>λ1,uR, (3.18)
    f0(0)=f0(0)=0,f0(u)u0,uR. (3.19)

    Let B={Bt(M0)}tR be a time-dependent absorbing set. Then, for any zBτ(M0) and fixed τR, we decompose the process U(t,τ) as follows:

    U(t,τ)z={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)}=U0(t,τ)z+U1(t,τ)z,

    where

    U0(t,τ)z={v(t),vt(t),ζt(s)}  and  U1(t,τ)z={w(t),wt(t),ξt(s)},

    solve respectively the systems

    {vtt+Av+Avt+ε(t)Avtt+0μ(s)Aζt(s)ds+f0(v)=0,ζtt(s)=ζts(s)+vt(t),v|Ω=0,v(x,τ)=u0(x),vt(x,τ)=u1(x),ζt|Ω=0,ζ0(x,s)=u0(x)u0(x,τs), (3.20)

    and

    {wtt+Aw+Awt+ε(t)Awtt+0μ(s)Aξt(s)ds+f(u)f0(v)=g(x),ξtt(s)=ξts(s)+wt(t),w|Ω=0,w(x,τ)=0,wt(x,τ)=0,ξt|Ω=0,ξ0(x,s)=0. (3.21)

    In the following lemma, the constant C>0 depends only on B.

    Lemma 3.3. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3) and (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists δ=δ(B)>0 such that

    U0(t,τ)z(τ)HtCeδ(tτ). (3.22)

    Proof. Repeating word by word the proof of Lemma 3.1 in the case of U0(t,τ), we can get the bound

    U0(t,τ)z(τ)HtC. (3.23)

    Multiplying Eq (3.20)1 by 2vt+2δv and integrating on Ω, we find that

    ddt(vt2+ε(t)vt21+(1+δ)v21+2δvt,v+2δε(t)vt,v+ζt(s)2μ,1+2F0(v),1)+2vt21+2δv212δvt2(2δε(t)+ε(t))vt21+2ζt,ζtsμ,1+2δ0μ(s)Aζt(s),v(t)ds+2δf0,v=2δε(t)Avt,Av. (3.24)

    Define

    E0(t)=vt2+ε(t)vt21+(1+δ)v21+2δvt,v+2δε(t)vt,v+ζt(s)2μ,1+2F0(v),1,

    where

    F0(s)=s0f0(y)dy.

    Then, we get

    ddtE0(t)+2vt21+2δv212δv2(2δε(t)+ε(t))vt21+2ζt,ζtsμ,1+2δ0μ(s)Aζt(s),v(t)ds+2δf0,v=2δε(t)Avt,Av. (3.25)

    From (3.17) and (3.23), we have

    12U0(t,τ)z(τ)2HtE0(t)CU0(t,τ)z(τ)2Ht. (3.26)

    Therefore, by the same steps of the proof of Lemma 3.1, we deduce

    ddtE0(t)+δU0(t,τ)z(τ)2Ht0.

    Thus, combining with (3.26) and using the Gronwall lemma with the above, we complete the proof.

    Remark 3.2. Under the assumptions of Lemma 3.3, the following uniformly bounded holds:

    suptτ[U(t,τ)z(τ)Ht+U0(t,τ)z(τ)Ht+U1(t,τ)z(τ)Ht]C. (3.27)

    Lemma 3.4. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3) and (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists M=M(B)>0 such that

    U1(t,τ)z(τ)HσtM,tτ,

    where

    0<σmin{12,3γ2}. (3.28)

    Proof. Multiplying Eq (3.21)1 by 2Aσwt+2δAσw and integrating it over Ω, we get

    ddtE1(t)+2wt2σ+1+2δw2σ+12δwt2σ(2δε(t)+ε(t))wt2σ+1+2ξt,ξtsμ,σ+1+2δ0μ(s)Aξt(s),Aσw(t)ds+2δf(u)f0(v)g,Aσw=2δε(t)Awt,Aσw+I1+I2+I3, (3.29)

    where

    E1(t)=U1(t,τ)z2Hσt+δw2σ+1+2δwt,Aσw+2δε(t)Awt,Aσw+2f(u)f0(v)g,Aσw+C,I1=2[f0(u)f0(v)]ut,Aσw,I2=2f0(v)wt,Aσw,I3=2f1(u)ut,Aσw.

    Now, by using (1.3), (3.17), (3.27) and the embedding inequality (σ<σ+12), we have

    2f(u)f0(v),Aσw2f(u)f0(v)AσwCAσwCAσ+12w14w2σ+1+C,
    2g,Aσw2gAσwCg2+14w2σ+1.

    Then, using the Hölder, Young inequalities, we get

    2δwt,Aσw2δwtσwσ2δwt2σ+δ2w2σ;2δε(t)Awt,Aσw2δε(t)wtσ+1wσε(t)2wt2σ+1+2Lδ2w2σ.

    Choose δ small enough and C>0 large enough, and we can obtain

    12U1(t,τ)z(τ)2HσtE1(t)2U1(t,τ)z(τ)2Hσt+2C. (3.30)

    Hence, exploiting (3.17), (3.27) and some Sobolev embeddings H1+σL612σ, H1σL61+2σ, and the continuous embedding H(3p6)2pLp(Ω)(p>2), we have

    I1CΩ(1+|u|+|v|)|w||ut||Aσw|dxC(1+uL6+vL6)wL612σutAσwL61+2σC(1+u1+v1)w2σ+1utCutw2σ+1δ4w2σ+1+C2δut2w2σ+1δ4E1(t)+Cut2w2σ+1;I2C(vL6+v2L6)wtL632σAσwL61+2σC(v1+v21)wtσAσw1σCv1wtσwσ+1+Cv21wtσwσ+1δ2wt2σ+C(v21+v41)w2σ+1.

    Also, by using (3.16), we have

    I3CΩ(1+|u|γ1).|ut|.|Aσw|dxCuγ1L6(γ1)2(1σ).ut.AσwL61+2σ+CutAσwut2w2σ+1+C.

    In addition, (2.2) and (2.3) mean

    2ξt,ξtsμ,σ+1ρξt(s)2μ,σ+1,

    and

    2δ0μ(s)ξt(s),Aσw(t)dsρ2ξt(s)2μ,σ+1+2m0δ2ρw2σ+1.

    As a consequence, we can write (3.29) as

    ddtE1(t)+δE1(t)+Γδ2E1(t)+Cut2w2σ+1+C(v21+v41)w2σ+1+C.

    We can see that for 0<δ small enough,

    Γ=(1ε(t)3δε(t))wt2σ+1+(λ123δδ2)wt2σ+(ρ2δ)ξt2μ,σ+1+(δδ2δ2L22m0δ2ρ)w2σ+12δ2wt,Aσw2δ2ε(t)Awt,Aσw>0.

    According to (3.24) and taking δ small enough, we get

    ddtE1(t)+δ2E1(t)q(t)E1(t)+C,

    where q(t)=C(ut2+v21+v41). Remark 3.1 and Lemma 3.3 imply that

    τq(y)dyC.

    Now, applying Lemma 2.3, we get

    E1(t)CE1(τ)eδ4(tτ)+CC.

    Together with (3.22), the proof is completed.

    Especially, taking σ=13, we directly get

    U1(t,τ)z(τ)H13tC. (3.31)

    The proof is similar the above estimation, here we omit it.

    Remark 3.3. In order to obtain a compact subset of Ht, we also need the compactness of the memory term which is verified and proved in Lemma 3.6 in [14].

    Theorem 3.1. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold. The process U(t,τ):HτHt generated by problem (2.4)–(2.5) has an invarianttime-dependent global attractor A={At}tR.

    Proof. Denote the closure of Ct in L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) by ¯Ct. According to Lemma 3.4 and Remark 3.3, we consider the family K={Kt}tR, where

    Kt={(u,ut)Hσ+1×Hσ+1t:uσ+1+ε(t)utσ+1+utσM}ׯCtHt.

    Applying the compact embedding Hσ+1×Hσ+1tH10(Ω)×H10(Ω), together with the compactness of Ct in L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)), we know that Kt is compact in Ht; since the injection constant M is independent of t, the set K is uniformly bounded. Finally, by Theorem 2.1 and Lemmas 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4, we conclude that there exists a unique time-dependent global attractor A={At}tR, Furthermore, from the strong continuity of the process state in Lemma 3.2 and from Remark 2.1, the A is invariant.

    The main result of this subsection is to prove At is bounded in H1t. Fix τR, and for zAτ we decompose again the process U(t,τ)z into the sum U2(t,τ)z+U3(t,τ)z, where

    U2(t,τ)z={v(t),vt(t),ζt(s)}andU3(t,τ)z={w(t),wt(t),ξt(s)},

    solve respectively the systems

    {vtt+Av+Avt+ε(t)Avtt+0μ(s)Aζt(s)ds=0,ζtt(s)=ζts(s)+vt(t),U2(t,τ)z(τ)=(u0,u1,ζ0), (3.32)

    and

    {wtt+Aw+Awt+ε(t)Awtt+0μ(s)Aξt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),ξtt(s)=ξts(s)+wt(t),U3(t,τ)z(τ)=0. (3.33)

    As a particular case of Lemma 3.3, we learn that

    U2(t,τ)z(τ)HtCeδ(tτ),tτ. (3.34)

    Lemma 3.5. If (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold, then there exists M1=M1(A)>0 such that

    U3(t,τ)zH1tM1,tτ.

    Proof. Multiplying equation of (3.33)1 by 2Awt+2δAw and integrating it over Ω, using (3.33)2 we get

    ddtE3(t)+2wt222δwt21+2δw22(ε(t)+2δε(t))wt22+2ξt,ξtsμ,2+2δ0μ(s)Aξt(s),Aw(t)ds2δg,Aw=2δε(t)Awt,Aw2f(u),Awt2δf(u),Aw, (3.35)

    where

    E3(t)=U3(t,τ)z2H1t+δw22+2δwt,Aw+2δε(t)Awt,Aw2g,Aw+C,

    and

    2ξt,ξtsμ,2ρξt(s)2μ,2;
    2δ0μ(s)ξt(s),Aw(t)dsρ2ξt(s)2μ,2+2m0δ2ρw22.

    Choose δ>0 small enough and C>0 large enough, and then we can obtain

    14U3(t,τ)z2H1tE3(t)2U3(t,τ)z2H1t+2C. (3.36)

    By some calculation as in Lemma 3.4 and taking δ small enough, we deduce

    ddtE3(t)+δE3(t)2f(u),Awt2δf(u),Aw+δC.

    We know from (3.31) that At is bounded in H13t. Consequently, exploiting some Sobolev embeddings H(3p6)2pLp(p2), H13L187(Ω), H43L18(Ω), there holds

    f(u)1=f(u)A12uf(u)L9A12uL187C(1+u2L18)C,

    so

    2f(u),Awt2δf(u),Aw2f(u)1(wt1+w1)δ2E3(t)+C,

    where C depends on δ, L. We finally get

    ddtE3(t)+δ2E3(t)C,

    and then applying the Gronwall lemma and calling (3.36) we get the result.

    Theorem 3.2. Assume that (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19) hold. Then At is bounded in H1t, with a bound independent of t.

    Proof. From (3.34) and Lemma 3.5, for all tR, it yields

    limτdistt(U(t,τ)Aτ,K1t)=0,

    where

    K1t={zH1t:zH1tM1}.

    Since A is invariant, this means

    distt(At,K1t)=0.

    Hence, At¯K1t=K1t, and we get that At is bounded in H1t with a bound independent of tR.

    Lemma 3.6. For any τR,z=(u,ut,ηt)At, there exists a positive constant C, such that

    suptτ{ut21+u22+ε(t)ut22+ηt2μ,2+τut(y)22dy}C. (3.37)

    Proof. Similar to the proof of Remark 3.1, we can easily get the result.

    In this section we investigate the relationship between the time-dependent global attractor of U(t,τ) for problem (2.4) and the global attractor of the limit equation formally corresponding to (2.4) when t+. If ε(t)=0 in (2.4), we can obtain the following wave equation:

    {uttuut0μ(s)ηt(s)ds+f(u)=g(x),xΩ,t>0,ηtt+ηts=ut,u(x,0)=u0(x),ut(x,0)=u1(x),xΩ,u|Ω=0,xΩ. (4.1)

    Within our assumptions on Sections 1 and 2, it is well known that Eq (4.1) generates a strongly continuous semigroup {S(t)}t0 acting on the space H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) associated with the problem (4.1), such that S(t){u0,u1,η0}={u(t),ut(t),ηt(s)} is the solution of (4.1), where {u0,u1,η0} is the initial data of (4.1). Furthermore, {S(t)}t0 admits the (classical) global attractor A in the space of H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)). See [4,17] for details.

    Also, we know that, for any fixed sR,

    A={ω(s):ωCBTofS(t)},

    where ω:RH10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)) is called a CBT of S(t).

    Next, we establish the asymptotic closeness of the time-dependent global attractor A={At}tR of the process generated by (2.4) and the global attractor A of the semigroup {S(t)}t0 generated by (4.1).

    That is, we can obtain the following result.

    Theorem 4.1. Under the assumptions (1.2)–(1.5), (2.2)–(2.3), (3.16)–(3.19), the following limits holds

    limtdistH10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))(ΠtAt,A)=0. (4.2)

    To prove (4.2), we need to prove the following Lemma which is based on Lemma 4.1.

    Lemma 4.1. For any sequence zn=(un,tun,ηtn) of CBT for the process U(t,τ) and any tn, there exists a CBT y=(w,wt,ξt) of the semigroup S(t) such that, for every T>0,

    supt[T,T]un(t+tn)w(t)10, (4.3)
    supt[T,T]tun(t+tn)wt(t)0, (4.4)

    and

    supt[T,T]ηt+tnn(s)ξt(s)μ,10, (4.5)

    as n, up to a subsequence.

    Proof. From (3.37), for every T>0, un(+tn) is bounded in L(T,T,H2)W1,2(T,T,H10(Ω)), and tun(+tn) is bounded in L(T,T,H1)L2(T,T,H20(Ω))W1,2(T,T,H(Ω)). Then by direct application of Corollary 5 in [18] show that (un(+tn),tun(+tn)) is relatively compact in C([T,T],H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)).

    In addition, by Remark 3.3 and together with (3.37), we know that the sequence η+tnt(s) is bounded in the space L(T,T;L2μ(R+,H2)H1μ(R+,H10(Ω))), so η+tnt(s) is relatively compact in C([T,T],L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))). Hence there exists a function

    (w(),wt(),ξ(s))=y:R×R×(R,R+)H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)),

    such that

    un(+tn)w(),tun(+tn)wt(),η+tnn(s)ξ(s),

    hold.

    In particular, y=(w,wt,ξt(s))C(R×R×(R,R+),H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))). Also, recalling (3.36), we have

    suptRy(t)H10(Ω)×L2(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω))C. (4.6)

    We are left to show that y solves (4.1). Define

    vn(t)=un(t+tn),εn(t)=ε(t+tn),ξtn(s)=ηt+tnn(s);

    then, we write Eq (2.4) of (vn(t),tvn,ξtn(s)) in the form

    {ttvnvntvnεn(t)ttvn0μ(s)ξtn(s)ds+f(vn)=g,tξtn+sξtn=tvn.

    We first prove that the sequence εn(t)ttvn converges to zero in the distributional sense. Indeed, for every fixed T>0 and every smooth H-valued function φ supported on (T,T), we have

    TTεn(t)Δttvn,φ(t)dt=TTεn(t)Δtvn,φ(t)dtTTεn(t)Δtvn,φ(t)dt.

    Then, exploiting (3.37) again, we get

    |TTεn(t)Δttvn,φ(t)dt|cTTεn(t)εn(t)Δtvndt+CTT|εn(t)|εn(t)εn(t)ΔtvndtCTTεn(t)εn(t)tvn2dt+CTT|εn(t)|εn(t)εn(t)tvn2dtCTTεn(t)dt+CTT|εn(t)|εn(t)dtCTsupt[T,T]εn(t)+C(εn(T)εn(T)),

    where the constant C>0 also depends on φ. Since

    limn[supt[T,T]εn(t)]=0,

    we reach the desired conclusion

    limnTTεn(t)ttvn,φ(t)dt=0.

    Now, taking into account (1.4), for every T>0, we have the convergence

    vn+f(vn)w+f(w),

    in the topology of L(T,T;H1) for every T>0. At the same time, the convergences

    ttvn(t)tvn(t)wtt(t)wt(t),tξtn(s)tξt(s),

    hold (up to subsequence) in the distributional sense. Therefore, we end up with the equality

    wttwwt0μ(s)ξt(s)ds+f(w)=g(x),

    which together with (4.6), proves that y(t) is a CBT of the semigroup S(t).

    Proof. Proof of Theorem 4.1. According to Lemma 4.1, for our problem, we can apply Lemma 2.1 with X=H10(Ω)×L2μ(R+,H10(Ω)),Yt=H10(Ω), the latter space endowed with the norm Yt=ε(t)1+. Combining with Lemma 2.1, the result here should include the convergence of ut in the space L2(Ω), namely, (4.4). Consequently, we complete the proof of Theorem 4.1.

    Based on the theory of time-dependent attractor in time-dependent space, we discussed the asymptotic compactness for the nonlinear evolution equation with linear memory. By the method of operator decomposition, which overcoming the difficulty caused by the degenerate coefficient and memory term, and then the regularity and asymptotic structure of the time-dependent attractor are also proved, that means the combination for time-dependent attractor with the global attractor of the limit wave equation when the coefficient ε(t)0 as t.

    This work was supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11961059, 12101502).

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.



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