This paper presents the results of research on the effect of electrolyte-plasma hardening on tribological and mechanical properties of hollow needles of 12Kh18N10Т steel applicators for liquid fertilizer application. For the application of liquid fertilizers for processing and testing, the hollow needles of the applicator are made of 12Kh18N10Т steel of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 20 mm. To ensure uniformity of the hardening process, the part was rotated clockwise during the entire procedural cycle. To reveal the influence of the sample rotation speed on the uniform surface hardening, an experiment was conducted for three applicators with rotation speeds of 4, 6, and 8 rev/min. As a result of electrolyte-plasma surface hardening (EPSH), the phase composition of the specimen's surface is characterized by the presence of austenite (γ-Fe) and ferrite (α-Fe). It is revealed that the maximum value of microhardness after EPSH is 2 times higher than the initial value. According to the results of the performed works, the contract on application of tests in field conditions and revealing of perspectivity of needle applicators for liquid fertilizers application was concluded.
Citation: Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Moldir Bayandinova, Rinat Kussainov, Almasbek Maulit. Electrolyte-plasma surface hardening of hollow steel applicator needles for point injection of liquid mineral fertilizers[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(2): 295-308. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024016
| [1] | Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Rinat Kussainov, Aisulu Kalitova, Zarina Satbayeva, Aibek Shynarbek . The impact of technological parameters of electrolytic-plasma treatment on the changes in the mechano-tribological properties of steel 45. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(4): 666-683. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024034 |
| [2] | Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Lyaila Bayatanova, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Ravil Sulyubayev, Nurdaulet Shektibayev, Nurbol Berdimuratov . Investigation on the effect of technological parameters of electrolyte-plasma cementation method on phase structure and mechanical properties of structural steel 20X. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(5): 934-947. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023050 |
| [3] | Vinda Puspasari, Satrio Herbirowo, Alvin Muhammad Habieb, Dedi Pria Utama, Rahadian Roberto, Bintang Adjiantoro . Effect of sub-zero treatments on hardness and corrosion properties of low-alloy nickel steel. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(1): 55-69. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023004 |
| [4] | Mochamad Asrofi, Mochammad Agus Vian Hidayatulloh, Gaguk Jatisukamto, Hary Sutjahjono, Rahma Rei Sakura . The effect of temperature and volume fraction of mahoni (Swietenia mahogani) wood charcoal on SS400 steel using pack carburizing method: Study of hardness and microstructure characteristics. AIMS Materials Science, 2020, 7(3): 354-363. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2020.3.354 |
| [5] | Falko Böttger-Hiller, Klaus Nestler, Henning Zeidler, Gunther Glowa, Thomas Lampke . Plasma electrolytic polishing of metalized carbon fibers. AIMS Materials Science, 2016, 3(1): 260-269. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.1.260 |
| [6] | Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M. C., Manjunath Shettar, Sathyashankara Sharma, Jayashree P. K., Suhas Kowshik . Influence of normalizing post carburizing treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of low alloy gear steels. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(5): 836-851. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021051 |
| [7] | Alexandre Lavrov, Benjamin Werner, Anna Stroisz, Thomas Monge Øia, Kamila Gawel, Malin Torsæter, Narjes Jafariesfad . Effect of electric field on push-out strength of cemented steel pipes. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(3): 373-389. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021024 |
| [8] | Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Ainur Zhassulan, Daryn Baizhan, Aibek Shynarbek, Kuanysh Ormanbekov, Tamara Aldabergenova . The effect of the electrolyte composition on the microstructure and properties of coatings formed on a titanium substrate by microarc oxidation. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(3): 547-564. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024027 |
| [9] | Marcin Kargul, Marek Konieczny . Copper matrix composites reinforced with steel particles. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(3): 321-342. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021021 |
| [10] | Fabian Pöhl, Corinna Hardes, Werner Theisen . Scratch behavior of soft metallic materials. AIMS Materials Science, 2016, 3(2): 390-403. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2016.2.390 |
This paper presents the results of research on the effect of electrolyte-plasma hardening on tribological and mechanical properties of hollow needles of 12Kh18N10Т steel applicators for liquid fertilizer application. For the application of liquid fertilizers for processing and testing, the hollow needles of the applicator are made of 12Kh18N10Т steel of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 20 mm. To ensure uniformity of the hardening process, the part was rotated clockwise during the entire procedural cycle. To reveal the influence of the sample rotation speed on the uniform surface hardening, an experiment was conducted for three applicators with rotation speeds of 4, 6, and 8 rev/min. As a result of electrolyte-plasma surface hardening (EPSH), the phase composition of the specimen's surface is characterized by the presence of austenite (γ-Fe) and ferrite (α-Fe). It is revealed that the maximum value of microhardness after EPSH is 2 times higher than the initial value. According to the results of the performed works, the contract on application of tests in field conditions and revealing of perspectivity of needle applicators for liquid fertilizers application was concluded.
Protection of agricultural machinery from corrosion and wear is an important and complex task, requiring large expenditures of material resources both in the manufacture of machines and the period of their operation, storage, and repair [1,2]. Machines for mineral fertilizer application are the most subject to corrosion and wear [3]. This is explained by specific working conditions in which machine parts are in contact with mineral fertilizers and abrasive soil particles that cause corrosion and wear of metal.
Today the market of agricultural machinery offers a sufficient number of various machines for mineral fertilizer application. Among them, the most promising are the systems for liquid mineral fertilizer application using rotary point injectors, which place fertilizer more optimally [4,5,6,7]. These systems use spikes attached to a rotating wheel to inject liquid fertilizer into the soil at precise intervals and depths with minimal root damage and soil disturbance. Root zone fertilizer application systems improve nutrient use efficiency and increase crop yields [8].
One of the problems preventing the widespread use of units for spot application of liquid fertilizers into the soil is the frequent replacement of needle (nozzle) wheels on this device due to the destruction of its working surface from corrosive wear. Usually, the needle wheels of the unit for spot application of liquid fertilizers are made of stainless steel, titanium alloy, and stainless steel with tungsten carbide tips [9,10,11]. Needle wheels made of stainless steel with tungsten carbide tips and titanium alloy will be relatively long lasting. However, they are expensive. Because of the relatively low cost of stainless-steel needles, domestic agricultural enterprises widely use needles made of 12Kh18N10T stainless steel [12]. However, 12Kh18Н10Т stainless steel is highly susceptible to wear due to the influence of aggressive composition of fertilizers and abrasive soil particles.
Resisting wear on parts mainly requires surface treatment. Today, electrolyte plasma surface hardening (EPSH) can be considered one of the most promising and relevant surface treatment technologies. This method has been proven to improve the desired physical and mechanical properties in a much shorter time (a few seconds) compared to traditional heat treatment processes, which can take from several hours to several days [13].
In our previous works [14,15], a comparative study of the effect of volumetric and surface heat treatment on the structural phase state of medium carbon steels was carried out. Surface hardening was carried out by the electrolyte plasma method. Bulk quenching was carried out by heating to 900 ℃ followed by cooling in water and oil, and some quenched samples were annealed at 510 ℃. The results showed that surface quenching by electrolytic plasma increased the microhardness by two times due to the formation of fine-needle martensite. This proves that the electrolyte plasma quenching method can be considered as an alternative to the conventional furnace heating and cooling method.
The authors in [16] presented the results of electrolytic plasma heat treatment of AISI1040 steel. The results show that the hardness of AISI1040 steel is about 250 HV0.2 and the hardness after surface heat treatment is about 1000–1050 HV0.2. The treated samples show better wear resistance. The overlapped zone is a tempering zone and consists of sorbitite and tempered martensite. The hardness of sorbitite is much lower than that of martensite. Thus, the wear resistance of AISI1040 samples is reduced. Based on this, the results obtained by these authors also confirm that EPSH improves the physical and mechanical properties and positively affects the service life under service conditions [17,18,19].
In order to improve mechanical properties, it is recommended to develop an EPSH regime based on the application of cyclic thermal effects. The obtained hardening structures have high hardness, wear resistance, and crack resistance. Therefore, we studied the influence of electrolyte-plasma hardening on tribological and mechanical properties of hollow needles of 12Kh18N10T steel applicator for liquid fertilizer application.
As a material of the study for electrolyte-plasma surface hardening (EPSH), 4 samples from 12Kh18N10T steel were taken. EPSH of steel was carried out in the cathodic regime at the electrolyte-plasma treatment unit [20,21]. The power source was a powerful rectifier giving a maximum output value of 360 V/100 A in the form of direct current [22,23]. A sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution was used as the heating and cooling source. The composition of the electrolyte is 80 wt.% distilled water and 20 wt.% Na2CO3. The voltage value (V) and treatment time (s) were different for each specimen. The samples were hardened at voltages of 320,300 V, in sequence. To determine the optimal quenching regimen, a series of experiments were conducted. Each of the four samples utilized a homogeneous electrolyte composition. Parameters such as voltage, quenching duration, and cooling were varied. The sample processing modes are shown in Table 1.
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 | 75 | 2 s heating–cooling |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 320 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 4 | Sample No.4 | 320 | 75 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling |
DownLoad:
CSV
The first sample underwent quenching for 2 s at a voltage of 320 V, followed by cooling with electrolyte to room temperature. The second sample underwent cyclic treatment: initial quenching for 2 s at 320 V, followed by a 7s pause. In the second cycle, treatment was carried out for 2 s at a voltage of 300 V, followed by cooling in the electrolyte to room temperature. The third sample also underwent cyclic treatment: initial quenching for 2 s at 320 V, followed by a 7s pause. In the second cycle, treatment was carried out for 2 s at a voltage of 300 V, followed by another 7s pause. In the third cycle, treatment was carried out for 2 s at a voltage of 300 V, followed by cooling in the electrolyte to room temperature. The fourth sample underwent quenching for 2 s at a voltage of 320 V, followed by cooling in the electrolyte for 7 s, after which the supply of electrolyte was interrupted.
According to the results of sample tests, the most effective and successful is regime 3. Therefore, regime 3 was chosen for further processing. To ensure uniformity of the hardening process, the part was rotated clockwise during the whole procedural cycle. To reveal the influence of the sample rotation speed on the uniform surface hardening, an experiment was conducted for three applicators with rotation speeds of 4, 6, and 8 rpm. The regimes for the EPSH liquid fertilizer applicator are shown in Table 2.
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) | Sample rotation speed, rpm |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 4 |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 6 | |||
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 2 s heating –7 s cooling | 8 |
DownLoad:
CSV
X-ray phase analysis was performed on the Xpert PRO PANalytical instrument. During the study, a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA, Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.541 Å) was applied to the anode copper tube in the range from 10 to 90°, the imaging step was 0.02, and the counting time was 0.5 s/step. Phase analysis from the obtained diffractogram lines was performed using the additional software package HighScore Plus and Mach 3. Sample preparation, selection of imaging regimes, and calculation of diffractograms were carried out according to the methods described in [24].
The wear resistance of the surface hardening was determined as the mass loss per unit time in the process of abrasive wear. The tests were carried out on an abrasion test rig using the method described in [25]. The test conditions were as follows: load 44 N, dwell time 10 min, abrasive material–corundum powder with grain size < 100 μm.
The friction coefficient was determined on the universal tribometer TRB3 (Anton Paar, Austria) according to the scheme of friction "ball-on-disk" by sliding the samples without lubrication on the steel plane of the counterbody with a linear speed of 0.05 m/s at room temperature 25 ± 1 ℃. The vertical load is 10 N. The counterbody material is 100Cr6. The friction coefficient of the tested materials was determined after passing the friction path (L) equal to 100 m [26]. Wear marks and roughness were investigated using a Mitutoyo profilometer model Surftest 410.
Hardness and modulus of elasticity were determined using the FISCHERSCOPE HM2000 S measuring system in accordance with the requirements of DIN EN ISO 14577-1. The test results were processed using WIN-HCU software. The Martens hardness (HM) was chosen as a characteristic parameter and calculated according to the following Eq 1 [27]:
| (1) |
where, HM is Martens hardness (N/mm2); F is the test load (N); As is the indenter cross-sectional area, (mm2); and h is the indenter penetration depth (mm). A load of 1000 mN and a dwell time of 20 s were used during the test to determine the hardness. Ten tests were performed for each sample and the values obtained were averaged to obtain the final value.
The microhardness of the samples was determined on a Metolab 502 instrument according to the Vickers hardness (HV) method [18]. The measurement parameters were as follows: load 20 g, dwell time 10 s. Microhardness is calculated by the Eq 2:
| (2) |
where, HV is Vickers hardness (kgf/mm2); P is the applied load (kgf); d is the average diagonal of the indenter (mm).
The method of measuring microhardness and Young's modulus (Figure 1) consists in selecting the parameters of the step function describing the experimental dependence of the indentation depth and contact area on the applied force and calculating the hardness and modulus of elasticity using these data according to [28]. Figure 1 and Table 3 show the results of these studies.
| Samples | Martens hardness (MPa) | Modulus of elasticity (GPa) | Hardness (HV) |
| initial | 2733.3 | 198.6 | 325.6 |
| No. 1 | 2016.5 | 174.0 | 233.4 |
| No. 2 | 2173.2 | 182.1 | 243.0 |
| No. 3 | 2191.0 | 185.9 | 254.8 |
| No. 4 | 1995.2 | 189.6 | 229.1 |
DownLoad:
CSV
The higher hardness of the EPSH samples in this experiment significantly limits the deformation depth of the wear surface, which leads to a significant decrease in friction coefficients in accordance with [29]. As can be seen in Figure 2, comparing the friction coefficient values, it can be said that the lower hardness of the sample surface leads to a more pronounced deformation of the material. The relative error of measurements did not exceed 8%.
Based on the data obtained, the following regularities can be identified. As can be seen in Figure 3a, the initial structure of the sample of steel 12Kh18N10Т is an austenitic (γ) phase. Figure 3b shows the results of X-ray phase analysis of sample No. 3, selected as the hardest sample according to the results of the tests. The X-ray diffractometry analysis showed that after EPSH, the near-surface layer mainly contains austenite (γ-Fe) and ferrite (α-Fe). Austenite has FCC structure, and ferrite has BCC structure. The appearance of new phases can be deduced from the Fe-C state diagram. The presence of austenite phase can be associated with an increase in the temperature of heating for quenching, as there is a complete dissolution of carbide phases and this leads to the stability of residual austenite. According to [30], high cooling rates lead to the formation of ferrite phases in the range of 10%–45% at EPSH.
The microstructure of sample No. 3 after EPSH treatment is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen from the optical micrographs, EPSH gives the steel surface the desired aesthetic appearance. This parameter is evaluated by measuring the surface gloss-reflection compared to a reference (mirror, ρ = 100%) and is expressed in percent. After EPSH, the surface gloss increases from 2% to 60%–65% [31].
Intermittent coupling of the electric potential leads to a periodic increase and stabilizes or slows down the growth of the heating rate, which then allows longer time and a thicker heated layer [29]. The thickness of the layer was measured in cross section using an optical microscope, according to which the average thickness of the coating is 885 μm.
The sliding friction coefficients of the samples under different thermal cycling conditions are shown in Figure 5. The studies show that after EPSH of the sample the coefficient of friction decreases. If the friction coefficient is ~0.8 in the initial state, then it decreases to 0.17 after EPSH. The decrease in the coefficient of friction characterizes the decrease in wear. These data are similar to those obtained in [32], where samples were tested for wear in Ringer's solution. The authors showed that electrolyte-plasma hardening causes a significant decrease in the coefficient of friction. This index is several times lower than for untreated samples.
The specified unit of EPSH is a complex system consisting of two fundamental nodes, each of which performs its specific functions (Figure 6). The first node is represented as a direct current (DC) power supply (Figure 6a), which provides the necessary energy supply for the quenching process. The main component of the power supply is a transformer unit, which has the following characteristics: input voltage 380 V ± 5%, output voltage from the transformer to a maximum of 360 V ± 5%, and power of 40 kW. The transformer is controlled by a thyristor unit consisting of six power thyristors of T142-80-12 brand, which are cooled by radiators of O241 brand. The thyristors work in pairs and each one opens its own arm. The six thyristors are controlled by Arduino Atmega 8 microcontroller through homemade pulse transformers. The pulse transformers are signaled through the ULN2003 chip, which consists of a set of transistors. This node regulates and maintains the specified power supply parameters, which is critical to ensure the stability and efficiency of the quenching process.
Power supply specifications:
- Input: alternating current
- 3 phase voltages: 380~440 V; 50 Hz
- Output: direct (pulsating) current
- Voltage (effective): 100–390 B
- Maximum allowable current: 150 A
- Control: software
The second node is the place where the quenching process of unit applicators is directly carried out (Figure 6b). Its design includes specialized elements and fixtures for fastening and positioning the work pieces to be processed during heat treatment. This provides optimal conditions for uniform heating and subsequent hardening of each applicator, which in turn contributes to improving the quality and durability of liquid fertilizer units.
Technical characteristics of the quenching unit:
- Input: alternating current
- Voltage: 220~240 V; 50 Hz
- Sample rotation speed 0–9 rpm
- Electrolyte feed rate 0–120 L/min
- Control: software
For the applicator hardening process, a fixture based on the MINI-15 welding rotator was specially designed and manufactured, in which the applicators are mounted securely and conveniently (see Figure 7). This fixture is designed to provide optimal conditions during quenching operations, which contributes to the quality of the final product. This device allows to ensure correct positioning of the applicator during the quenching process, which in turn guarantees uniform temperature distribution over the entire surface of each applicator, eliminating the risk of deformation or damage to the material. The applicator is mounted in the fixture in such a way as to ensure that they are securely fastened and that they cannot move or fall during the heat treatment process.
After analyzing the results and comparing them with the characteristics of the needle before treatment, it was concluded that the distribution of microhardness on the surface at 8 rpm was homogeneous and more uniform (Figure 8) and the value of microhardness was about 1.5–2 times higher in HV than the original sample.
The microhardnesses of samples No.1 and No.2 are uneven and in some points of measurement there is a sharp decrease or increase in hardness. In our opinion, this is due to the rotation turnover; the more revolutions, the less irregularities in the distribution of microhardness on the surface of applicators.
On average, the microhardness of the modified surface area reached ~650 HV, with a maximum value of 887.13 HV characteristic of the regime of sample No. 3. The surface microhardness of the initial sample amounted to 392.32 HV.
B. Bordman in his paper [33] presents a table of different hardened steels commonly used for gear manufacturing. He shows, in Rockwell hardness (HRC) units, that the endurance limit of the steel will start to decrease depending on the steel in the range of HRC 40 and above. Therefore, the study of HRC in the range of 20–32 is in agreement with the results of B. Boardman's work.
In connection with the above studies of EPSH in different regimes of thermocycling, the optimum regime is that of sample No. 3, which has improved structural-phase and mechanical properties in many parameters. It was found that, as a result of EPSH, the phase composition of the surface of the samples is characterized by the presence of austenite (γ-Fe) and ferrite (α-Fe). Heating of the surface under hardening as a result of EPSH led to stability of residual austenite.
An increase in surface microhardness was observed, with the maximum value reaching 887.13 HV, which corresponds to the regime of sample No. 3. It is revealed that the maximum value of microhardness after EPSH is 2 times higher than the initial value. Also, friction tests revealed that the friction coefficient after EPSH decreased to 0.17, when in the initial state it was ~0.8. This change in friction will contribute to the reduction of wear.
Experiments aimed at the hardening of applicators of aggregates used for liquid fertilizer application were successfully performed on a specialized electrolyte-plasma surface hardening unit designed and manufactured by the team of authors or scientific group of the laboratory. In order to determine the perspectives of the applicators that came out of the research, a contract was made with an agricultural organization for field trials.
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP13068365).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
| [1] | Nasr GEM, Hamid ZA, Refai M (2023) Agricultural machinery corrosion, In: Singh A, Introduction to Corrosion-Basics and Advances, London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108918 |
| [2] |
Sobirjonov A, Alimova ZX, Niyazova GP, et al. (2021) Prevention of corrosion and accelerated wear of agricultural machinery. IOO-EEO 20: 7482–7486. https://10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.848 doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.848
|
| [3] |
Jain M, Choudhary S, Kumar V (2021) Application of nanotechnology in farm power, machinery and operations: A review. Agr Eng Today 45: 1–9. https://10.52151/aet2021454.1541 doi: 10.52151/aet2021454.1541
|
| [4] | Zabrodin VP (2013) Analysis of factors influencing wear of working surfaces of mineral fertilizer distributors. Mechanization and electrification of animal husbandry, crop production. Bull Agrar Sci 4: 44–47 (in Russian). |
| [5] | Laguë C, Landry H, Roberge M (2005) Engineering of land application systems for livestock manure: A review. Can Agric Eng 47: 17–28. |
| [6] |
Lyons GA, Cathcart A, Frost JP, et al. (2021) Review of two mechanical separation technologies for the sustainable management of agricultural phosphorus in nutrient-vulnerable zones. Agronomy 11: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050836 doi: 10.3390/agronomy11050836
|
| [7] |
Yamin M, bin Wan Ismail WI, Abd Aziz S, et al. (2022) Design considerations of variable rate liquid fertilizer applicator for mature oil palm trees. Precis Agric 23: 1413–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09892-5 doi: 10.1007/s11119-022-09892-5
|
| [8] |
Thorup-Kristensen K, Kirkegaard J (2016) Root system-based limits to agricultural productivity and efficiency: The farming systems context. Ann Bot 118: 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw122 doi: 10.1093/aob/mcw122
|
| [9] |
Zhou W, An T, Wang J, et al. (2023) Design and experiment of a targeted variable fertilization control system for deep application of liquid fertilizer. Agronomy 13: 1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071687 doi: 10.3390/agronomy13071687
|
| [10] | Liu H (2022) Accelerate the process of intelligent agricultural machinery. Contemp Farm Mach. |
| [11] |
Meikandan M, Karthick M, Natrayan L, et al. (2022) Experimental investigation on tribological behaviour of various processes of anodized coated piston for engine application. J Nanomater 2022: 7983390. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7983390 doi: 10.1155/2022/7983390
|
| [12] |
Maksakova OV, Pogrebnjak AD, Buranich VV, et al. (2021) Theoretical and experimental investigation of multiplayer (TiAlSiY)N/CrN coating before and after gold ions implantation. High Temp Mater Processes 25: 57–70. https://10.1615/HighTempMatProc.2021038087 doi: 10.1615/HighTempMatProc.2021038087
|
| [13] |
Dudkina NG, Arisova VN (2021) Surface layer of 40Kh steel after electromechanical treatment with dynamic force impact. Steel Transl 51: 235–240. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091221040021 doi: 10.3103/S0967091221040021
|
| [14] |
Rakhadilov B, Bayatanova L, Kurbanbekov S, et al. (2023) Investigation on the effect of technological parameters of electrolyte-plasma cementation method on phase structure and mechanical properties of structural steel 20X. AIMS Mater Sci 10: 934–947. https://10.3934/matersci.2023050 doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023050
|
| [15] |
Yeskermessov D, Rakhadilov B, Zhurerova L, et al. (2023) Surface modification of coatings based on Ni-Cr-Al by pulsed plasma treatment. AIMS Mater Sci 10: 755–766. https://10.3934/matersci.2023042 doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023042
|
| [16] |
Bayati MR, Molaei R, Janghorban K (2011) Surface alloying of carbon steels from electrolytic plasma. Met Sci Heat Treat 53: 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-011-9347-5 doi: 10.1007/s11041-011-9347-5
|
| [17] |
Ayday A, Kırsever D, Demirkıran AS (2022) The effects of overlapping in electrolytic plasma hardening on wear behavior of carbon steel. Trans Indian Inst Met 75: 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02368-6 doi: 10.1007/s12666-021-02368-6
|
| [18] |
Magazov N, Satbaeva Z, Rakhadilov B, et al. (2023) Study on surface hardening and wear resistance of AISI 52100 steel by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification and electrolytic plasma surface modification technologies. Materials 16: 6824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206824 doi: 10.3390/ma16206824
|
| [19] |
Dayança A, Karaca B, Kumruoglu LC (2017) The cathodic electrolytic plasma hardening of steel and cast iron based automotive camshafts. Acta Phys Pol A 131: 374–378. https://10.12693/APhysPolA.131.374 doi: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.374
|
| [20] |
Rakhadilov B, Seitkhanova A, Satbayeva Z, et al. (2021) Investigation of the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of plasma electrolytic hardened chromium-nickel steel. Lubricants 9: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110108 doi: 10.3390/lubricants9110108
|
| [21] |
Kozlov E, Popova N, Zhurerova L, et al. (2016) Structural and phase transformations in 0.3 C-1Cr-1Mn-1Si-Fe steel after electrolytic plasma treatment. AIP Conf Proc 1783: 020112. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966405 doi: 10.1063/1.4966405
|
| [22] |
Rakhadilov BK, Satbayeva ZA, Bayatanova LB, et al. (2019) Influence of electrolyte-plasma surface hardening on the structure and properties of steel 40KhN. J Phys Conf Ser 1393: 012119. https://10.1088/1742-6596/1393/1/012119 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1393/1/012119
|
| [23] |
Rakhadilov B, Baizhan D (2021) Creation of bioceramic coatings on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation followed by gas detonation spraying. Coatings 11: 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121433 doi: 10.3390/coatings11121433
|
| [24] |
Skakov M, Bayandinova M, Ocheredko I, et al. (2023) Influence of diabase filler on the structure and tribological properties of coatings based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Polymers 15: 3465. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163465 doi: 10.3390/polym15163465
|
| [25] |
Rakhadilov BK, Muktanova N, Zhurerova LG (2023) HVOF technology application for wear resistant WC coatings—Review. NNC RK Bulletin 1: 4–14 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2023-1-4-14 doi: 10.52676/1729-7885-2023-1-4-14
|
| [26] |
Skakov M, Rakhadilov B, Batyrbekov E, et al. (2014) Change of structure and mechanical properties of R6M5 steel surface layer at electrolytic-plasma nitriding. Adv Mat Res 1040: 753–758. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1040.753 doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1040.753
|
| [27] |
Rosentritt M, Hahnel S, Schneider-Feyrer S, et al. (2022) Martens hardness of CAD/CAM resin-based composites. Appl Sci 12: 7698. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157698 doi: 10.3390/app12157698
|
| [28] |
Baizhan D, Rakhadilov B, Zhurerova L, et al. (2022) Investigation of changes in the structural-phase state and the efficiency of hardening of 30CrMnSiA steel by the method of electrolytic plasma thermocyclic surface treatment. Coatings 12: 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111696 doi: 10.3390/coatings12111696
|
| [29] |
Sagdoldina Z, Zhurerova L, Tyurin Y, et al. (2022) Modification of the surface of 40 Kh steel by electrolytic plasma hardening. Metals 12: 2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122071 doi: 10.3390/met12122071
|
| [30] |
Proskuryakov VI, Rodionov IV (2022) Development of technology of thin layer laser modification of 12Kh18N10Т chromium-nickel steel. Eng Sci 3: 85–96 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21685/2072-3059-2022-3-9 doi: 10.21685/2072-3059-2022-3-9
|
| [31] |
Dai W, Korolev AY, Alekseev YG (2020) Influence of chemical and electrolyte-plasma treatment on the characteristics of working surfaces of ultrasonic waveguides. Sci Technol Park Poly 6: 499–506 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-6-499-506 doi: 10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-6-499-506
|
| [32] |
Nie X, Tsotsos C, Wilson A, et al. (2001) Characteristics of a plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising treatment for stainless steels. Surf Coat Technol 139: 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01025-8 doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01025-8
|
| [33] | Boardman B (1990) Fatigue resistance of steels, In: ASM Handbook Committee, Properties and Selection, Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys, Kinsman Road: ASM International, 1: 673–688. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001038 |
| 1. | Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Aidar Kengesbekov, Manarbek Kylyshkanov, Lyaila Bayatanova, Abdulina Saule Amangeldyevna, Moldir Bayandinova, Environmental Benefits of Fluorogypsum Reuse in the Production of Construction Materials, 2024, 14, 2075-5309, 3618, 10.3390/buildings14113618 | |
| 2. | Z. A. Satbayeva, A. Maulit, A. Amanov, A. Rustemov, THE EFFECT OF THE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL 45 AFTER CATHODIC ELECTROLYTE-PLASMA NITRIDING, 2024, 3006-0524, 405, 10.53360/2788-7995-2024-3(15)-50 | |
| 3. | Mazhyn Skakov, Moldir Bayandinova, Yernat Kozhakhmetov, Bauyrzhan Tuyakbaev, Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Composite Based on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Acidic Media, 2025, 15, 2079-6412, 89, 10.3390/coatings15010089 | |
| 4. | Rinat Kurmangaliyev, Yeldos Mukhametov, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Rinat Kussainov, Nurlat Kadyrbolat, The Impact of Electrolytic Cell Parameters on the Boiling Rate of the Electrolyte During Electrolytic Plasma Processing, 2025, 13, 2079-3197, 44, 10.3390/computation13020044 |
Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Moldir Bayandinova, Rinat Kussainov, Almasbek Maulit. Electrolyte-plasma surface hardening of hollow steel applicator needles for point injection of liquid mineral fertilizers[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(2): 295-308. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024016
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 | 75 | 2 s heating–cooling |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 320 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 4 | Sample No.4 | 320 | 75 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling |
DownLoad:
CSV
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) | Sample rotation speed, rpm |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 4 |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 6 | |||
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 2 s heating –7 s cooling | 8 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Samples | Martens hardness (MPa) | Modulus of elasticity (GPa) | Hardness (HV) |
| initial | 2733.3 | 198.6 | 325.6 |
| No. 1 | 2016.5 | 174.0 | 233.4 |
| No. 2 | 2173.2 | 182.1 | 243.0 |
| No. 3 | 2191.0 | 185.9 | 254.8 |
| No. 4 | 1995.2 | 189.6 | 229.1 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 | 75 | 2 s heating–cooling |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 320 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | |
| 4 | Sample No.4 | 320 | 75 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling |
| No. | Regimes | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | Time (s) | Sample rotation speed, rpm |
| 1 | Sample No.1 | 20 wt.% Na2CO3 80 wt.% distilled water |
320 300 300 |
80 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 4 |
| 2 | Sample No.2 | 2 s heating–7 s cooling | 6 | |||
| 3 | Sample No.3 | 2 s heating –7 s cooling | 8 |
| Samples | Martens hardness (MPa) | Modulus of elasticity (GPa) | Hardness (HV) |
| initial | 2733.3 | 198.6 | 325.6 |
| No. 1 | 2016.5 | 174.0 | 233.4 |
| No. 2 | 2173.2 | 182.1 | 243.0 |
| No. 3 | 2191.0 | 185.9 | 254.8 |
| No. 4 | 1995.2 | 189.6 | 229.1 |
