A series of consolidated drained and undrained tests are conducted on unreinforced, fibre, cement, and fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand specimens with varying relative densities. Three different types of materials e.g., Toyoura sand, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are employed in this study. Specimens in dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and height of 100 mm are prepared in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mold to a target dry density value, ρd = 1.40 g/cm3 (Dr = 20%) and ρd = 1.489 g/cm3 (Dr = 60%) of Toyoura sand using under-compaction moist tamping technique. Fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand samples were prepared with 10% moisture content by weight of sand-fibre-cement mixtures. The results on density variation shows that due to a better contact between sand-fibre interaction or sand-cement-fibre bonding and interaction for the denser specimens, a greater increase in shear strength is observed. However, the general effectiveness of fibre and cement additives alone and when mixed together also enhances the strength of unreinforced specimens for loose conditions based on the variation of fibre and cement contents. The results and findings in the current study can be used for the construction of economical and sustainable geotechnical infrastructures.
Citation: Muhammad Safdar, Tim Newson, Hamza Ahmad Qureshi. Shear strength of fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand[J]. AIMS Geosciences, 2022, 8(1): 68-83. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2022005
[1] | Saima Rashid, Abdulaziz Garba Ahmad, Fahd Jarad, Ateq Alsaadi . Nonlinear fractional differential equations and their existence via fixed point theory concerning to Hilfer generalized proportional fractional derivative. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 382-403. doi: 10.3934/math.2023018 |
[2] | Muhammad Tariq, Sotiris K. Ntouyas, Hijaz Ahmad, Asif Ali Shaikh, Bandar Almohsen, Evren Hincal . A comprehensive review of Grüss-type fractional integral inequality. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(1): 2244-2281. doi: 10.3934/math.2024112 |
[3] | Ahmed Alsaedi, Bashir Ahmad, Afrah Assolami, Sotiris K. Ntouyas . On a nonlinear coupled system of differential equations involving Hilfer fractional derivative and Riemann-Liouville mixed operators with nonlocal integro-multi-point boundary conditions. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(7): 12718-12741. doi: 10.3934/math.2022704 |
[4] | Pinghua Yang, Caixia Yang . The new general solution for a class of fractional-order impulsive differential equations involving the Riemann-Liouville type Hadamard fractional derivative. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(5): 11837-11850. doi: 10.3934/math.2023599 |
[5] | Ugyen Samdrup Tshering, Ekkarath Thailert, Sotiris K. Ntouyas . Existence and stability results for a coupled system of Hilfer-Hadamard sequential fractional differential equations with multi-point fractional integral boundary conditions. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(9): 25849-25878. doi: 10.3934/math.20241263 |
[6] | Donny Passary, Sotiris K. Ntouyas, Jessada Tariboon . Hilfer fractional quantum system with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and integrals in boundary conditions. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(1): 218-239. doi: 10.3934/math.2024013 |
[7] | Ravi Agarwal, Snezhana Hristova, Donal O'Regan . Integral presentations of the solution of a boundary value problem for impulsive fractional integro-differential equations with Riemann-Liouville derivatives. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(2): 2973-2988. doi: 10.3934/math.2022164 |
[8] | Bashir Ahmad, Manal Alnahdi, Sotiris K. Ntouyas, Ahmed Alsaedi . On a mixed nonlinear boundary value problem with the right Caputo fractional derivative and multipoint closed boundary conditions. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(5): 11709-11726. doi: 10.3934/math.2023593 |
[9] | Asghar Ahmadkhanlu, Hojjat Afshari, Jehad Alzabut . A new fixed point approach for solutions of a p-Laplacian fractional q-difference boundary value problem with an integral boundary condition. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(9): 23770-23785. doi: 10.3934/math.20241155 |
[10] | Muath Awadalla, Manigandan Murugesan, Subramanian Muthaiah, Bundit Unyong, Ria H Egami . Existence results for a system of sequential differential equations with varying fractional orders via Hilfer-Hadamard sense. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(4): 9926-9950. doi: 10.3934/math.2024486 |
A series of consolidated drained and undrained tests are conducted on unreinforced, fibre, cement, and fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand specimens with varying relative densities. Three different types of materials e.g., Toyoura sand, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are employed in this study. Specimens in dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and height of 100 mm are prepared in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mold to a target dry density value, ρd = 1.40 g/cm3 (Dr = 20%) and ρd = 1.489 g/cm3 (Dr = 60%) of Toyoura sand using under-compaction moist tamping technique. Fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand samples were prepared with 10% moisture content by weight of sand-fibre-cement mixtures. The results on density variation shows that due to a better contact between sand-fibre interaction or sand-cement-fibre bonding and interaction for the denser specimens, a greater increase in shear strength is observed. However, the general effectiveness of fibre and cement additives alone and when mixed together also enhances the strength of unreinforced specimens for loose conditions based on the variation of fibre and cement contents. The results and findings in the current study can be used for the construction of economical and sustainable geotechnical infrastructures.
Segre [1] made a pioneering attempt in the development of special algebra. He conceptualized the commutative generalization of complex numbers, bicomplex numbers, tricomplex numbers, etc. as elements of an infinite set of algebras. Subsequently, in the 1930s, researchers contributed in this area [2,3,4]. The next fifty years failed to witness any advancement in this field. Later, Price [5] developed the bicomplex algebra and function theory. Recent works in this subject [6,7] find some significant applications in different fields of mathematical sciences as well as other branches of science and technology. An impressive body of work has been developed by a number of researchers. Among these works, an important work on elementary functions of bicomplex numbers has been done by Luna-Elizaarrarˊas et al. [8]. Choi et al. [9] proved some common fixed point theorems in connection with two weakly compatible mappings in bicomplex valued metric spaces. Jebril [10] proved some common fixed point theorems under rational contractions for a pair of mappings in bicomplex valued metric spaces. In 2017, Dhivya and Marudai [11] introduced the concept of a complex partial metric space, suggested a plan to expand the results and proved some common fixed point theorems under a rational expression contraction condition. In 2019, Mani and Mishra [12] proved coupled fixed point theorems on a complex partial metric space using different types of contractive conditions. In 2021, Gunaseelan et al. [13] proved common fixed point theorems on a complex partial metric space. In 2021, Beg et al.[14] proved fixed point theorems on a bicomplex valued metric space. In 2021, Zhaohui et al. [15] proved common fixed theorems on a bicomplex partial metric space. In this paper, we prove coupled fixed point theorems on a bicomplex partial metric space. An example is provided to verify the effectiveness and applicability of our main results. An application of these results to Fredholm integral equations and nonlinear integral equations is given.
Throughout this paper, we denote the set of real, complex and bicomplex numbers, respectively, as C0, C1 and C2. Segre [1] defined the complex number as follows:
z=ϑ1+ϑ2i1, |
where ϑ1,ϑ2∈C0, i21=−1. We denote the set ofcomplex numbers C1 as:
C1={z:z=ϑ1+ϑ2i1,ϑ1,ϑ2∈C0}. |
Let z∈C1; then, |z|=(ϑ21+ϑ22)12. The norm ||.|| of an element in C1 is the positive real valued function ||.||:C1→C+0 defined by
||z||=(ϑ21+ϑ22)12. |
Segre [1] defined the bicomplex number as follows:
ς=ϑ1+ϑ2i1+ϑ3i2+ϑ4i1i2, |
where ϑ1,ϑ2,ϑ3,ϑ4∈C0, and independent units i1,i2 are such that i21=i22=−1 and i1i2=i2i1. We denote the set of bicomplex numbers C2 as:
C2={ς:ς=ϑ1+ϑ2i1+ϑ3i2+ϑ4i1i2,ϑ1,ϑ2,ϑ3,ϑ4∈C0}, |
i.e.,
C2={ς:ς=z1+i2z2,z1,z2∈C1}, |
where z1=ϑ1+ϑ2i1∈C1 and z2=ϑ3+ϑ4i1∈C1. If ς=z1+i2z2 and η=ω1+i2ω2 are any two bicomplex numbers, then the sum is ς±η=(z1+i2z2)±(ω1+i2ω2)=z1±ω1+i2(z2±ω2), and the product is ς.η=(z1+i2z2)(ω1+i2ω2)=(z1ω1−z2ω2)+i2(z1ω2+z2ω1).
There are four idempotent elements in C2: They are 0,1,e1=1+i1i22,e2=1−i1i22 of which e1 and e2 are nontrivial, such that e1+e2=1 and e1e2=0. Every bicomplex number z1+i2z2 can be uniquely expressed as the combination of e1 and e2, namely
ς=z1+i2z2=(z1−i1z2)e1+(z1+i1z2)e2. |
This representation of ς is known as the idempotent representation of a bicomplex number, and the complex coefficients ς1=(z1−i1z2) and ς2=(z1+i1z2) are known as the idempotent components of the bicomplex number ς.
An element ς=z1+i2z2∈C2 is said to be invertible if there exists another element η in C2 such that ςη=1, and η is said to be inverse (multiplicative) of ς. Consequently, ς is said to be the inverse(multiplicative) of η. An element which has an inverse in C2 is said to be a non-singular element of C2, and an element which does not have an inverse in C2 is said to be a singular element of C2.
An element ς=z1+i2z2∈C2 is non-singular if and only if ||z21+z22||≠0 and singular if and only if ||z21+z22||=0. When it exists, the inverse of ς is as follows.
ς−1=η=z1−i2z2z21+z22. |
Zero is the only element in C0 which does not have a multiplicative inverse, and in C1, 0=0+i10 is the only element which does not have a multiplicative inverse. We denote the set of singular elements of C0 and C1 by O0 and O1, respectively. However, there is more than one element in C2 which does not have a multiplicative inverse: for example, e1 and e2. We denote this set by O2, and clearly O0={0}=O1⊂O2.
A bicomplex number ς=ϑ1+ϑ2i1+ϑ3i2+ϑ4i1i2∈C2 is said to be degenerated (or singular) if the matrix
(ϑ1ϑ2ϑ3ϑ4) |
is degenerated (or singular). The norm ||.|| of an element in C2 is the positive real valued function ||.||:C2→C+0 defined by
||ς||=||z1+i2z2||={||z21||+||z22||}12=[|z1−i1z2|2+|z1+i1z2|22]12=(ϑ21+ϑ22+ϑ23+ϑ24)12, |
where ς=ϑ1+ϑ2i1+ϑ3i2+ϑ4i1i2=z1+i2z2∈C2.
The linear space C2 with respect to a defined norm is a normed linear space, and C2 is complete. Therefore, C2 is a Banach space. If ς,η∈C2, then ||ςη||≤√2||ς||||η|| holds instead of ||ςη||≤||ς||||η||, and therefore C2 is not a Banach algebra. For any two bicomplex numbers ς,η∈C2, we can verify the following:
1. ς⪯i2η⟺||ς||≤||η||,
2. ||ς+η||≤||ς||+||η||,
3. ||ϑς||=|ϑ|||ς||, where ϑ is a real number,
4. ||ςη||≤√2||ς||||η||, and the equality holds only when at least one of ς and η is degenerated,
5. ||ς−1||=||ς||−1 if ς is a degenerated bicomplex number with 0≺ς,
6. ||ςη||=||ς||||η||, if η is a degenerated bicomplex number.
The partial order relation ⪯i2 on C2 is defined as follows. Let C2 be the set of bicomplex numbers and ς=z1+i2z2, η=ω1+i2ω2∈C2. Then, ς⪯i2η if and only if z1⪯ω1 and z2⪯ω2, i.e., ς⪯i2η if one of the following conditions is satisfied:
1. z1=ω1, z2=ω2,
2. z1≺ω1, z2=ω2,
3. z1=ω1, z2≺ω2,
4. z1≺ω1, z2≺ω2.
In particular, we can write ς⋦i2η if ς⪯i2η and ς≠η, i.e., one of 2, 3 and 4 is satisfied, and we will write ς≺i2η if only 4 is satisfied.
Now, let us recall some basic concepts and notations, which will be used in the sequel.
Definition 2.1. [15] A bicomplex partial metric on a non-void set U is a function ρbcpms:U×U→C+2, where C+2={ς:ς=ϑ1+ϑ2i1+ϑ3i2+ϑ4i1i2,ϑ1,ϑ2,ϑ3,ϑ4∈C+0} and C+0={ϑ1∈C0|ϑ1≥0} such that for all φ,ζ,z∈U:
1. 0⪯i2ρbcpms(φ,φ)⪯i2ρbcpms(φ,ζ) (small self-distances),
2. ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=ρbcpms(ζ,φ) (symmetry),
3. ρbcpms(φ,φ)=ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=ρbcpms(ζ,ζ) if and only if φ=ζ (equality),
4. ρbcpms(φ,ζ)⪯i2ρbcpms(φ,z)+ρbcpms(z,ζ)−ρbcpms(z,z) (triangularity) .
A bicomplex partial metric space is a pair (U,ρbcpms) such that U is a non-void set and ρbcpms is a bicomplex partial metric on U.
Example 2.2. Let U=[0,∞) be endowed with bicomplex partial metric space ρbcpms:U×U→C+2 with ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=max{φ,ζ}ei2θ, where ei2θ=cosθ+i2sinθ, for all φ,ζ∈U and 0≤θ≤π2. Obviously, (U,ρbcpms) is a bicomplex partial metric space.
Definition 2.3. [15] A bicomplex partial metric space U is said to be a T0 space if for any pair of distinct points of U, there exists at least one open set which contains one of them but not the other.
Theorem 2.4. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space; then, (U,ρbcpms) is T0.
Definition 2.5. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space. A sequence {φτ} in U is said to be convergent and converges to φ∈U if for every 0≺i2ϵ∈C+2 there exists N∈N such that φτ∈Bρbcpms(φ,ϵ)={ω∈U:ρbcpms(φ,ω)<ϵ+ρbcpms(φ,φ)} for all τ≥N, and it is denoted by limτ→∞φτ=φ.
Lemma 2.6. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space. A sequence {φτ}∈U is converges to φ∈U iff ρbcpms(φ,φ)=limτ→∞ρbcpms(φ,φτ).
Definition 2.7. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space. A sequence {φτ} in U is said to be a Cauchy sequence in (U,ρbcpms) if for any ϵ>0 there exist ϑ∈C+2 and N∈N such that ||ρbcpms(φτ,φυ)−ϑ||<ϵ for all τ,υ≥N.
Definition 2.8. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space. Let {φτ} be any sequence in U. Then,
1. If every Cauchy sequence in U is convergent in U, then (U,ρbcpms) is said to be a complete bicomplex partial metric space.
2. A mapping S:U→U is said to be continuous at φ0∈U if for every ϵ>0, there exists δ>0 such that S(Bρbcpms(φ0,δ))⊂Bρbcpms(S(φ0,ϵ)).
Lemma 2.9. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space and {φτ} be a sequence in U. Then, {φτ} is a Cauchy sequence in U iff limτ,υ→∞ρbcpms(φτ,φυ)=ρbcpms(φ,φ).
Definition 2.10. Let (U,ρbcpms) be a bicomplex partial metric space. Then, an element (φ,ζ)∈U×U is said to be a coupled fixed point of the mapping S:U×U→U if S(φ,ζ)=φ and S(ζ,φ)=ζ.
Theorem 2.11. [15] Let (U,ρbcpms) be a complete bicomplex partial metric space and S,T:U→U be two continuous mappings such that
ρbcpms(Sφ,Tζ)⪯i2lmax{ρbcpms(φ,ζ),ρbcpms(φ,Sφ),ρbcpms(ζ,Tζ),12(ρbcpms(φ,Tζ)+ρbcpms(ζ,Sφ))}, |
for all φ,ζ∈U, where 0≤l<1. Then, the pair (S,T) has a unique common fixed point, and ρbcpms(φ∗,φ∗)=0.
Inspired by Theorem 2.11, here we prove coupled fixed point theorems on a bicomplex partial metric space with an application.
Theorem 3.1. Let (U,ρbcpms) be a complete bicomplex partial metric space. Suppose that the mapping S:U×U→U satisfies the following contractive condition:
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,μ))⪯i2λρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),φ)+lρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν), |
for all φ,ζ,ν,μ∈U, where λ,l are nonnegative constants with λ+l<1. Then, S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Proof. Choose ν0,μ0∈U and set ν1=S(ν0,μ0) and μ1=S(μ0,ν0). Continuing this process, set ντ+1=S(ντ,μτ) and μτ+1=S(μτ,ντ). Then,
ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)=ρbcpms(S(ντ−1,μτ−1),S(ντ,μτ))⪯i2λρbcpms(S(ντ−1,μτ−1),ντ−1)+lρbcpms(S(ντ,μτ),ντ)=λρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)+lρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ)ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)⪯i2λ1−lρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1), |
which implies that
||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||≤z||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)|| | (3.1) |
where z=λ1−l<1. Similarly, one can prove that
||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤z||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||. | (3.2) |
From (3.1) and (3.2), we get
||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤z(||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||+||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||), |
where z<1.
Also,
||ρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ+2)||≤z||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)|| | (3.3) |
||ρbcpms(μτ+1,μτ+2)||≤z||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||. | (3.4) |
From (3.3) and (3.4), we get
||ρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ+2)||+||ρbcpms(μτ+1,μτ+2)||≤z(||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||). |
Repeating this way, we get
||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤z(||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||)≤z2(||ρbcpms(μτ−2,μτ−1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−2,ντ−1)||)≤⋯≤zτ(||ρbcpms(μ0,μ1)||+||ρbcpms(ν0,ν1)||). |
Now, if ||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||=γτ, then
γτ≤zγτ−1≤⋯≤zτγ0. | (3.5) |
If γ0=0, then ||ρbcpms(ν0,ν1)||+||ρbcpms(μ0,μ1)||=0. Hence, ν0=ν1=S(ν0,μ0) and μ0=μ1=S(μ0,μ0), which implies that (ν0,μ0) is a coupled fixed point of S. Let γ0>0. For each τ≥υ, we have
ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)⪯i2ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)−ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−2,ντ−3)+ρbcpms(ντ−3,ντ−4)−ρbcpms(ντ−3,ντ−3)+⋯+ρbcpms(νυ+2,νυ+1)+ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ)−ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ+1)⪯i2ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)+⋯+ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ), |
which implies that
||ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)||≤||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)||+⋯+||ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ)||. |
Similarly, one can prove that
||ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)||≤||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ−1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ−2)||+⋯+||ρbcpms(μυ+1,μυ)||. |
Thus,
||ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)||≤γτ−1+γτ−2+γτ−3+⋯+γυ≤(zτ−1+zτ−2+⋯+zυ)γ0≤zυ1−zγ0→0asυ→∞, |
which implies that {ντ} and {μτ} are Cauchy sequences in (U,ρbcpms). Since the bicomplex partial metric space (U,ρbcpms) is complete, there exist ν,μ∈U such that {ντ}→ν and {μτ}→μ as τ→∞, and
ρbcpms(ν,ν)=limτ→∞ρbcpms(ν,ντ)=limτ,υ→∞ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)=0,ρbcpms(μ,μ)=limτ→∞ρbcpms(μ,μτ)=limτ,υ→∞ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)=0. |
We now show that ν=S(ν,μ). We suppose on the contrary that ν≠S(ν,μ) and μ≠S(μ,ν), so that 0≺i2ρbcpms(ν,S(ν,μ))=l1 and 0≺i2ρbcpms(μ,S(μ,ν))=l2. Then,
l1=ρbcpms(ν,S(ν,μ))⪯i2ρbcpms(ν,ντ+1)+ρbcpms(ντ+1,S(ν,μ))=ρbcpms(ν,ντ+1)+ρbcpms(S(ντ,μτ),S(ν,μ))⪯i2ρbcpms(ν,ντ+1)+λρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)+lρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν)⪯i211−lρbcpms(ν,ντ+1)+λ1−lρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ), |
which implies that
||l1||≤11−l||ρbcpms(ν,ντ+1)||+λ1−l||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||. |
As τ→∞, ||l1||≤0. This is a contradiction, and therefore ||ρbcpms(ν,S(ν,μ))||=0 implies ν=S(ν,μ). Similarly, we can prove that μ=S(μ,ν). Thus (ν,μ) is a coupled fixed point of S. Now, if (g,h) is another coupled fixed point of S, then
ρbcpms(ν,g)=ρbcpms(S(ν,μ),S(g,h))⪯i2λρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν)+lρbcpms(S(g,h),g)=λρbcpms(ν,ν)+lρbcpms(g,g)=0. |
Thus, we have g=ν. Similarly, we get h=μ. Therefore S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Corollary 3.2. Let (U,ρbcpms) be a complete bicomplex partial metric space. Suppose that the mapping S:U×U→U satisfies the following contractive condition:
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,μ))⪯i2λ(ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),φ)+ρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν)), | (3.6) |
for all φ,ζ,ν,μ∈U, where 0≤λ<12. Then, S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Theorem 3.3. Let (U,ρbcpms) be a complete complex partial metric space. Suppose that the mapping S:U×U→U satisfies the following contractive condition:
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,μ))⪯i2λρbcpms(φ,ν)+lρbcpms(ζ,μ), |
for all φ,ζ,ν,μ∈U, where λ,l are nonnegative constants with λ+l<1. Then, S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Proof. Choose ν0,μ0∈U and set ν1=S(ν0,μ0) and μ1=S(μ0,ν0). Continuing this process, set ντ+1=S(ντ,μτ) and μτ+1=S(μτ,ντ). Then,
ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)=ρbcpms(S(ντ−1,μτ−1),S(ντ,μτ))⪯i2λρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)+lρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ), |
which implies that
||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||≤λ||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||+l||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||. | (3.7) |
Similarly, one can prove that
||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤λ||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||+l||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||. | (3.8) |
From (3.7) and (3.8), we get
||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤(λ+l)(||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||)=α(||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||), |
where α=λ+l<1. Also,
||ρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ+2)||≤λ||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+l||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)|| | (3.9) |
||ρbcpms(μτ+1,μτ+2)||≤λ||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||+l||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||. | (3.10) |
From (3.9) and (3.10), we get
||ρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ+2)||+||ρbcpms(μτ+1,μτ+2)||≤(λ+l)(||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||)=α(||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||). |
Repeating this way, we get
||ρbcpms(ντ,νn+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||≤α(||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ)||)≤α2(||ρbcpms(μτ−2,μτ−1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−2,ντ−1)||)≤⋯≤ατ(||ρbcpms(μ0,μ1)||+||ρbcpms(ν0,ν1)||). |
Now, if ||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ+1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ+1)||=γτ, then
γτ≤αγτ−1≤⋯≤ατγ0. | (3.11) |
If γ0=0, then ||ρbcpms(ν0,ν1)||+||ρbcpms(μ0,μ1)||=0. Hence, ν0=ν1=S(ν0,μ0) and μ0=μ1=S(μ0,ν0), which implies that (ν0,μ0) is a coupled fixed point of S. Let γ0>0. For each τ≥υ, we have
ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)⪯i2ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)−ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−2,ντ−3)+ρbcpms(ντ−3,ντ−4)−ρbcpms(ντ−3,ντ−3)+⋯+ρbcpms(νυ+2,νυ+1)+ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ)−ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ+1)⪯i2ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)+ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)+⋯+ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ), |
which implies that
||ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)||≤||ρbcpms(ντ,ντ−1)||+||ρbcpms(ντ−1,ντ−2)||+⋯+||ρbcpms(νυ+1,νυ)||. |
Similarly, one can prove that
||ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)||≤||ρbcpms(μτ,μτ−1)||+||ρbcpms(μτ−1,μτ−2)||+⋯+||ρbcpms(μυ+1,μυ)||. |
Thus,
||ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)||+||ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)||≤γτ−1+γτ−2+γτ−3+⋯+γυ≤(ατ−1+ατ−2+⋯+αυ)γ0≤αυ1−αγ0asτ→∞, |
which implies that {ντ} and {μτ} are Cauchy sequences in (U,ρbcpms). Since the bicomplex partial metric space (U,ρbcpms) is complete, there exist ν,μ∈U such that {ντ}→ν and {μτ}→μ as τ→∞, and
ρbcpms(ν,ν)=limτ→∞ρbcpms(ν,ντ)=limτ,υ→∞ρbcpms(ντ,νυ)=0,ρbcpms(μ,μ)=limτ→∞ρbcpms(μ,μτ)=limτ,υ→∞ρbcpms(μτ,μυ)=0. |
Therefore,
ρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν)≤ρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ντ+1)+ρbcpms(ντ+1,ν)−ρbcpms(ντ+1,ντ+1),≤ρbcpms(S(ν,μ)),S(ντ,μτ)+ρbcpms(ντ+1,ν)≤λρbcpms(ντ,ν)+lρbcpms(μτ,μ)+ρbcpms(ντ+1,ν). |
As τ→∞, from (3.6) and (3.12) we obtain ρbcpms(S(ν,μ),ν)=0. Therefore S(ν,μ)=ν. Similarly, we can prove S(μ,ν)=μ, which implies that (ν,μ) is a coupled fixed point of S. Now, if (g1,h1) is another coupled fixed point of S, then
ρbcpms(g1,ν)=ρbcpms(S(g1,h1),S(ν,μ))⪯i2λρbcpms(g1,ν)+lρbcpms(h1,μ),ρbcpms(h1,μ)=ρbcpms(S(h1,g1),S(μ,ν))⪯i2λρbcpms(h1,μ)+lρbcpms(g1,ν), |
which implies that
||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||≤λ||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||+l||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||, | (3.12) |
||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||≤λ||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||+l||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||. | (3.13) |
From (3.12) and (3.13), we get
||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||+||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||≤(λ+l)[||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||+||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||]. |
Since λ+l<1, this implies that ||ρbcpms(g1,ν)||+||ρbcpms(h1,μ)||=0. Therefore, ν=g1 and μ=h1. Thus, S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Corollary 3.4. Let (U,ρbcpms) be a complete bicomplex partial metric space. Suppose that the mapping S:U×U→U satisfies the following contractive condition:
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,μ))⪯i2λ(ρbcpms(φ,ν)+ρbcpms(ζ,μ)), | (3.14) |
for all φ,ζ,ν,μ∈U, where 0≤λ<12. Then, S has a unique coupled fixed point.
Example 3.5. Let U=[0,∞) and define the bicomplex partial metric ρbcpms:U×U→C+2 defined by
ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=max{φ,ζ}ei2θ,0≤θ≤π2. |
We define a partial order ⪯ in C+2 as φ⪯ζ iff φ≤ζ. Clearly, (U,ρbcpms) is a complete bicomplex partial metric space.
Consider the mapping S:U×U→U defined by
S(φ,ζ)=φ+ζ4∀φ,ζ∈U. |
Now,
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,μ))=ρbcpms(φ+ζ4,ν+μ4)=14max{φ+ζ,ν+μ}ei2θ⪯i214[max{φ,ν}+max{ζ,μ}]ei2θ=14[ρbcpms(φ,ν)+ρbcpms(ζ,μ)]=λ(ρbcpms(φ,ν)+ρbcpms(ζ,μ)), |
for all φ,ζ,ν,μ∈U, where 0≤λ=14<12. Therefore, all the conditions of Corollary 3.4 are satisfied, then the mapping S has a unique coupled fixed point (0,0) in U.
As an application of Theorem 3.3, we find an existence and uniqueness result for a type of the following system of nonlinear integral equations:
φ(μ)=∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,φ(p))+G2(p,ζ(p))]dp+δ(μ),ζ(μ)=∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,ζ(p))+G2(p,φ(p))]dp+δ(μ),μ,∈[0,M],M≥1. | (4.1) |
Let U=C([0,M],R) be the class of all real valued continuous functions on [0,M]. We define a partial order ⪯ in C+2 as x⪯y iff x≤y. Define S:U×U→U by
S(φ,ζ)(μ)=∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,φ(p))+G2(p,ζ(p))]dp+δ(μ). |
Obviously, (φ(μ),ζ(μ)) is a solution of system of nonlinear integral equations (4.1) iff (φ(μ),ζ(μ)) is a coupled fixed point of S. Define ρbcpms:U×U→C2 by
ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=(|φ−ζ|+1)ei2θ, |
for all φ,ζ∈U, where 0≤θ≤π2. Now, we state and prove our result as follows.
Theorem 4.1. Suppose the following:
1. The mappings G1:[0,M]×R→R, G2:[0,M]×R→R, δ:[0,M]→R and κ:[0,M]×R→[0,∞) are continuous.
2. There exists η>0, and λ,l are nonnegative constants with λ+l<1, such that
|G1(p,φ(p))−G1(p,ζ(p))|⪯i2ηλ(|φ−ζ|+1)−12,|G2(p,ζ(p))−G2(p,φ(p))|⪯i2ηl(|ζ−φ|+1)−12. |
3. ∫M0η|κ(μ,p)|dp⪯i21.
Then, the integral equation (4.1) has a unique solution in U.
Proof. Consider
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,Φ))=(|S(φ,ζ)−S(ν,Φ)|+1)ei2θ=(|∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,φ(p))+G2(p,ζ(p))]dp+δ(μ)−(∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,ν(p))+G2(p,Φ(p))]dp+δ(μ))|+1)ei2θ=(|∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,φ(p))−G1(p,ν(p))+G2(p,ζ(p))−G2(p,Φ(p))]dp|+1)ei2θ⪯i2(∫M0|κ(μ,p)|[|G1(p,φ(p))−G1(p,ν(p))|+|G2(p,ζ(p))−G2(p,Φ(p))|]dp+1)ei2θ⪯i2(∫M0|κ(μ,p)|dp(ηλ(|φ−ν|+1)−12+ηl(|ζ−Φ|+1)−12)+1)ei2θ=(∫M0η|κ(μ,p)|dp(λ(|φ−ν|+1)+l(|ζ−Φ|+1)))ei2θ⪯i2(λ(|φ−ν|+1)+l(|ζ−Φ|+1))ei2θ=λρbcpms(φ,ν)+lρbcpms(ζ,Φ) |
for all φ,ζ,ν,Φ∈U. Hence, all the hypotheses of Theorem 3.3 are verified, and consequently, the integral equation (4.1) has a unique solution.
Example 4.2. Let U=C([0,1],R). Now, consider the integral equation in U as
φ(μ)=∫10μp23(μ+5)[11+φ(p)+12+ζ(p)]dp+6μ25ζ(μ)=∫10μp23(μ+5)[11+ζ(p)+12+φ(p)]dp+6μ25. | (4.2) |
Then, clearly the above equation is in the form of the following equation:
φ(μ)=∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,φ(p))+G2(p,ζ(p))]dp+δ(μ),ζ(μ)=∫M0κ(μ,p)[G1(p,ζ(p))+G2(p,φ(p))]dp+δ(μ),μ,∈[0,M], | (4.3) |
where δ(μ)=6μ25, κ(μ,p)=μp23(μ+5), G1(p,μ)=11+μ, G2(p,μ)=12+μ and M=1. That is, (4.2) is a special case of (4.1) in Theorem 4.1. Here, it is easy to verify that the functions δ(μ), κ(μ,p), G1(p,μ) and G2(p,μ) are continuous. Moreover, there exist η=10, λ=13 and l=14 with λ+l<1 such that
|G1(p,φ)−G1(p,ζ)|≤ηλ(|φ−ζ|+1)−12,|G2(p,ζ)−G2(p,φ)|≤ηl(|ζ−φ|+1)−12 |
and ∫M0η|κ(μ,p)|dp=∫10ημp23(μ+5)dp=μη23(μ+5)<1. Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem 3.3 are satisfied. Hence, system (4.2) has a unique solution (φ∗,ζ∗) in U×U.
As an application of Corollary 3.4, we find an existence and uniqueness result for a type of the following system of Fredholm integral equations:
φ(μ)=∫EG(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))dp+δ(μ),μ,p∈E,ζ(μ)=∫EG(μ,p,ζ(p),φ(p))dp+δ(μ),μ,p∈E, | (4.4) |
where E is a measurable, G:E×E×R×R→R, and δ∈L∞(E). Let U=L∞(E). We define a partial order ⪯ in C+2 as x⪯y iff x≤y. Define S:U×U→U by
S(φ,ζ)(μ)=∫EG(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))dp+δ(μ). |
Obviously, (φ(μ),ζ(μ)) is a solution of the system of Fredholm integral equations (4.4) iff (φ(μ),ζ(μ)) is a coupled fixed point of S. Define ρbcpms:U×U→C2 by
ρbcpms(φ,ζ)=(|φ−ζ|+1)ei2θ, |
for all φ,ζ∈U, where 0≤θ≤π2. Now, we state and prove our result as follows.
Theorem 4.3. Suppose the following:
1. There exists a continuous function κ:E×E→R such that
|G(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))−G(μ,p,ν(p),Φ(p))|⪯i2|κ(μ,p)|(|φ(p)−ν(p)|+|ζ(p)−Φ(p)|−2), |
for all φ,ζ,ν,Φ∈U, μ,p∈E.
2. ∫E|κ(μ,p)|dp⪯i214⪯i21.
Then, the integral equation (4.4) has a unique solution in U.
Proof. Consider
ρbcpms(S(φ,ζ),S(ν,Φ))=(|S(φ,ζ)−S(ν,Φ)|+1)ei2θ=(|∫EG(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))dp+δ(μ)−(∫EG(μ,p,ν(p),Φ(p))dp+δ(μ))|+1)ei2θ=(|∫E(G(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))−G(μ,p,ν(p),Φ(p)))dp|+1)ei2θ⪯i2(∫E|G(μ,p,φ(p),ζ(p))−G(μ,p,ν(p),Φ(p))|dp+1)ei2θ⪯i2(∫E|κ(μ,p)|(|φ(p)−ν(p)|+|ζ(p)−Φ(p)|−2)dp+1)ei2θ⪯i2(∫E|κ(μ,p)|dp(|φ(p)−ν(p)|+|ζ(p)−Φ(p)|−2)+1)ei2θ⪯i214(|φ(p)−ν(p)|+|ζ(p)−Φ(p)|−2+4)ei2θ⪯i214(ρbcpms(φ,ν)+ρbcpms(ζ,Φ))=λ(ρbcpms(φ,ν)+ρbcpms(ζ,Φ)), |
for all φ,ζ,ν,Φ∈U, where 0≤λ=14<12. Hence, all the hypotheses of Corollary 3.4 are verified, and consequently, the integral equation (4.4) has a unique solution.
In this paper, we proved coupled fixed point theorems on a bicomplex partial metric space. An illustrative example and an application on a bicomplex partial metric space were given.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
[1] |
Gray DH, Ohashi H (1983) Mechanics of Fibre Reinforcement in Sand. J Geotech Eng 109: 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(335) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(335)
![]() |
[2] |
Gray DH, Al-Refeai T (1986) Behaviour of fabric-versus fibre-reinforced sand. J Geotech Eng 112: 804-820. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:8(804) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:8(804)
![]() |
[3] |
Michalowski RL (1997) Limit stress for granular composites reinforced with continuous filaments. J Eng Mech 123: 852-859. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:8(852) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:8(852)
![]() |
[4] | Ghiassian H, Ghazi F (2009) Liquefaction analysis of fine sand reinforced with carpet waste fibres under triaxial tests. In: 2th Int conf new develop in soil mech and geotech eng, Nicosia North Cyprus, 28-30. Available from: https://zm2009.neu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2020/01/13/Liquefaction-analysis-of-fine-sand-reinforced-with-carpet-waste.pdf. |
[5] |
Rao KMM, Rao KM, Prasad AVR (2010) Fabrication and testing of natural fibre composites: Vakka, sisal, bamboo and banana. Mater Des 31: 508-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.023 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.023
![]() |
[6] |
Babu GLS, Vasudevan AK, Haldar S (2008) Numerical simulation of fibre-reinforced sand behavior. Geotext Geomembr 26: 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.06.004 doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.06.004
![]() |
[7] |
Ghazavi M, Roustaie M (2010) The influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the unconfined compressive strength of fibre-reinforced clay. Cold Reg Sci Technol 61: 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.005 doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.005
![]() |
[8] |
Hejazi SM, Sheikhzadeh M, Abtahi SM, et al. (2012) A simple review of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibres. Constr Build Mater 30: 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.045 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.045
![]() |
[9] |
Park SS (2009) Effect of fibre reinforcement and distribution on unconfined compressive strength of fibre-reinforced cemented sand. Geotext Geomembr 27: 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.001 doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.001
![]() |
[10] | Michalowski RL, Čermák J (2003) Triaxial compression of sand reinforced with fibres. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(2): 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:2(125) |
[11] |
Michalowski RL, Zhao A (1996) Failure of fibre-reinforced granular soils. J Geotech Eng 122: 226-234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(226) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(226)
![]() |
[12] |
Maher MH, Ho YC (1994) Mechanical properties of kaolinite/fibre soil composite. J Geotech Eng 120: 1381-1393. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:8(1381) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:8(1381)
![]() |
[13] |
Santoni RL, Tingle JS, Webster SL (2001) Engineering properties of sand-fibre mixtures for road construction. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127: 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(258). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(258)
![]() |
[14] | Diambra A (2010) Fibre reinforced sands: experiments and constitutive modelling. PhD Dissertation, University of Bristol, UK. Available from: https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/fibre-reinforced-sands-experiments-and-constitutive-modelling. |
[15] | Wei J (2013) Experimental investigation of the behaviour of fibre-reinforced sand. Thesis (M.Phil.) Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1783.1/62289. |
[16] |
Ranjan G, Vasan RM, Charan HD (1996) Probabilistic analysis of randomly distributed fibre-reinforced soil. J Geotech Eng 122: 419-426. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:6(419) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:6(419)
![]() |
[17] |
Casagrande MDT, Coop MR, Consoli NC (2006) Behaviour of a fibre reinforced bentonite at large shear displacements. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132: 1505-1508. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1505) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1505)
![]() |
[18] | Bueno BS, Lima DC, Teixeira SHC, et al. (1996) Soil fibre reinforcement: basic understanding. In: Proceeding International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology San Diego, 1: 878-884. |
[19] | Stauffer SD, Holtz RD (1995) Stress-strain and strength behaviour of staple fibre and continuous filament-reinforced sand. Transp Res Rec 1474: 82-95. |
[20] |
Shewbridge SE, Sitar N (1989) Deformation characteristics of reinforced soil in direct shear. J Geotech Eng 115: 1134-1147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:8(1134) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:8(1134)
![]() |
[21] |
Maher MH, Gray DH (1990) Static Response of Sands Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Fibres. J Geotech Eng 116: 1661-1677. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:11(1661) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:11(1661)
![]() |
[22] |
Al-Refeai TO (1991) Behaviour of granular soils reinforced with discrete randomly oriented inclusions. Geotext Geomembr 10: 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(91)90009-L doi: 10.1016/0266-1144(91)90009-L
![]() |
[23] |
Consoli NC, Casagrande MDT, Coop MR (2007) Performance of a fibre-reinforced sand at large shear strains. Géotechnique 57: 751-756. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.9.751 doi: 10.1680/geot.2007.57.9.751
![]() |
[24] |
Michalowski RL, C̆ermák J (2002) Strength anisotropy of fibre-reinforced sand. Comput Geotech 29: 279-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00032-5. doi: 10.1016/S0266-352X(01)00032-5
![]() |
[25] |
Michalowski RL (2008) Limit analysis with anisotropic fibre-reinforecd soil. Géotechnique 58: 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.489 doi: 10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.489
![]() |
[26] | Shukla SK (2017) Basic Description of Fibre-Reinforced Soil. In: Shukla SK, eds. Fundamentals of Fibre-Reinforced Soil Engineering. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3063-5_2 |
[27] |
Sariosseiri F, Muhunthan B (2009) Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington State soils. Eng Geol 104: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003 doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003
![]() |
[28] |
Clough GW, Sitar N, Bachus RC, et al. (1981) Cemented sands under static loading. J Geotech Eng Div 107: 799-817. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001152 doi: 10.1061/AJGEB6.0001152
![]() |
[29] |
Maher MH, Ho YC (1993) Behaviour of fibre-reinforced cement sand under static and cyclic loads. Geotech Test J 16: 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10054J doi: 10.1520/GTJ10054J
![]() |
[30] |
Chang TS, Woods RD (1992) Effect of particle contact bond on shear modulus. J Geotech Eng 118: 1216-1233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:8(1216) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:8(1216)
![]() |
[31] |
Airey DW (1993) Triaxial testing of naturally cemented carbonate soil. J Geotech Eng 119: 1379-1398. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:9(1379) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:9(1379)
![]() |
[32] |
Coop MR, Atkinson JH (1993) The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands. Géotechnique 43: 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1993.43.1.53 doi: 10.1680/geot.1993.43.1.53
![]() |
[33] |
Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, Ulbrich LA (1998) Influence of fibre and cement addition on behaviour of sandy soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124: 1211-1214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1211) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1211)
![]() |
[34] |
Schnaid F, Prietto PDM, Consoli NC (2001) Characterization of cemented sand in triaxial compression. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127: 857-868. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(857) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(857)
![]() |
[35] | Marri A (2010) The mechanical behaviour of cemented granular materials at high pressures. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham. Available from: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11670/1/The_Mechanical_Behaviour_of_Cemented_Granular_Materials_at_High_Pressures.pdf. |
[36] |
Porcino D, Marcianò V, Granata R (2011) Undrained cyclic response of a silicate-grouted sand for liquefaction mitigation purposes. Geomech Geoengin 6: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2011.560287 doi: 10.1080/17486025.2011.560287
![]() |
[37] |
Porcino D, Marcianò V, Granata R (2012) Static and dynamic properties of a lightly cemented silicate-grouted sand. Can Geotech J 49: 1117-1133. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-069 doi: 10.1139/t2012-069
![]() |
[38] | Salah-ud-din M (2012) Behaviour of fibre reinforced cemented sand at high pressures. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, UK. Available from: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12545/1/Thesis_Salah.pdf. |
[39] | Schmidt CJR (2015) Static and Dynamic Response of Silty Toyoura Sand with PVA Fibre and Cement Additives. Electron Thesis Diss Repos, 2841. Available from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2841/. |
[40] | Ingles OG, Metcalf JB (1973) Soil Stabilization Principles and Practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Soil-stabilization-principles-practice-Ingles/dp/0470427426. |
[41] |
Consoli NC, Vendruscolo MA, Fonini A, Dalla RF (2009) Fibre reinforcement effects on sand considering a wide cementation range. Geotext Geomembr 27: 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.005 doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.005
![]() |
[42] | Safdar M (2018) Monotonic Stress-Strain Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Cemented Toyoura Sand. Ph.D. Dissertation, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Available from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5622. |
[43] |
Safdar M, Newson, T, Schmidt C, et al. (2020) Effect of Fibre and Cement Additives on the Small-Strain Stiffness Behaviour of Toyoura Sand. Sustainability 12: 10468. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410468 doi: 10.3390/su122410468
![]() |
[44] |
Consoli NC, da Fonseca AV, Cruz RC, et al. (2011) Voids/cement ratio controlling tensile strength of cement-treated soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 137: 1126-1131. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000524 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000524
![]() |
[45] |
Consoli NC, Montardo JP, Prietto PDM, et al. (2002) Engineering behaviour of a sand reinforced with plastic waste. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128: 462-472. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462)
![]() |
[46] |
Consoli NC, Casagrande MD, Coop MR (2005) Effect of fibre reinforcement on the isotropic compression behaviour of a sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131: 1434-1436. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1434) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1434)
![]() |
[47] |
Hamidi A, Hooresfand M (2013) Effect of fibre reinforcement on triaxial shear behaviour of cement treated sand. Geotext Geomembr 36: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.10.005
![]() |
[48] | Nakamichi M, Sato K (2013) A Method of Suppressing Liquefaction Using a Solidification Material and Tension Stiffener. In: International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Paris, France. Available from: https://www.cfms-sols.org/sites/default/files/Actes/1547-1550.pdf. |
[49] |
Lam WK, Tatsuoka F (1988) Effects of initial anisotropic fabric and sigma2 on strength and deformation characteristics of sand. Soils Found 28: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.89 doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.28.89
![]() |
[50] |
De S, Basudhar PK (2008) Steady state strength behaviour of Yamuna sand. Geotech Geol Eng 26: 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9160-5 doi: 10.1007/s10706-007-9160-5
![]() |
[51] | ASTM D854-10 (2012) Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA. Available from: www.astm.org. |
[52] | Whitlow R (2011) Basic soil mechanics. Dorchester: Pearson Education Ltd, 2001. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Basic-Soil-Mechanics-R-Whitlow/dp/0582381096. |
[53] | ASTM Standard (C150/C150M-12) (2011) Standard Specification for Portland Cement. ASTM International", West Conshohocken, PA. Available from: www.astm.org. |
[54] |
Ladd RS (1978) Preparing test specimens using undercompaction. Geotech Test J 1: 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10364J doi: 10.1520/GTJ10364J
![]() |
[55] | ASTM Standard (D7181-11) (2011) Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Available from: www.astm.org. |
[56] | Kiss JA (2016) Evaluation of fatigue response of a carbonate clay till beneath wind turbine foundation. Electron Thesis Diss Repos. Available from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3806/. |
1. | Sunisa Theswan, Sotiris K. Ntouyas, Bashir Ahmad, Jessada Tariboon, Existence Results for Nonlinear Coupled Hilfer Fractional Differential Equations with Nonlocal Riemann–Liouville and Hadamard-Type Iterated Integral Boundary Conditions, 2022, 14, 2073-8994, 1948, 10.3390/sym14091948 |