Home composting (HC) can be a cost-effective strategy for organic solid waste management. This option is also desirable since HC is increasingly automated, with HC machines composting faster than conventional composting in outdoor settings. Besides, HC may reduce organic solid waste management costs, especially for developing countries with scarcer resources. Taking Iran as a study case, the paper examines the influence of variables pertaining to the theory of planned behavior, the value-belief-norm framework, and the technology acceptance model. This study uses data collected from a territory-wide survey (n = 367) of Isfahan's residents to predict HC intentions. The results show that both attitude and subjective norms appear as the most impactful of all variables. These results further vary according to sex, with women being significantly more prone to HC than men. The findings may provide a reference to implement HC in Iran and other developing countries and possibly developed ones.
Citation: Hamid Rastegari Kopaei, Mehdi Nooripoor, Ayatollah Karami, Myriam Ertz. Modeling consumer home composting intentions for sustainable municipal organic waste management in Iran[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2021, 8(1): 1-17. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2021001
[1] | Jiafan Zhang . On the distribution of primitive roots and Lehmer numbers. Electronic Research Archive, 2023, 31(11): 6913-6927. doi: 10.3934/era.2023350 |
[2] | Yang Gao, Qingzhong Ji . On the inverse stability of zn+c. Electronic Research Archive, 2025, 33(3): 1414-1428. doi: 10.3934/era.2025066 |
[3] | J. Bravo-Olivares, E. Fernández-Cara, E. Notte-Cuello, M.A. Rojas-Medar . Regularity criteria for 3D MHD flows in terms of spectral components. Electronic Research Archive, 2022, 30(9): 3238-3248. doi: 10.3934/era.2022164 |
[4] | Zhefeng Xu, Xiaoying Liu, Luyao Chen . Hybrid mean value involving some two-term exponential sums and fourth Gauss sums. Electronic Research Archive, 2025, 33(3): 1510-1522. doi: 10.3934/era.2025071 |
[5] |
Jorge Garcia Villeda .
A computable formula for the class number of the imaginary quadratic field |
[6] | Li Wang, Yuanyuan Meng . Generalized polynomial exponential sums and their fourth power mean. Electronic Research Archive, 2023, 31(7): 4313-4323. doi: 10.3934/era.2023220 |
[7] | Qingjie Chai, Hanyu Wei . The binomial sums for four types of polynomials involving floor and ceiling functions. Electronic Research Archive, 2025, 33(3): 1384-1397. doi: 10.3934/era.2025064 |
[8] | Hai-Liang Wu, Li-Yuan Wang . Permutations involving squares in finite fields. Electronic Research Archive, 2022, 30(6): 2109-2120. doi: 10.3934/era.2022106 |
[9] | Li Rui, Nilanjan Bag . Fourth power mean values of one kind special Kloosterman's sum. Electronic Research Archive, 2023, 31(10): 6445-6453. doi: 10.3934/era.2023326 |
[10] | Hongliang Chang, Yin Chen, Runxuan Zhang . A generalization on derivations of Lie algebras. Electronic Research Archive, 2021, 29(3): 2457-2473. doi: 10.3934/era.2020124 |
Home composting (HC) can be a cost-effective strategy for organic solid waste management. This option is also desirable since HC is increasingly automated, with HC machines composting faster than conventional composting in outdoor settings. Besides, HC may reduce organic solid waste management costs, especially for developing countries with scarcer resources. Taking Iran as a study case, the paper examines the influence of variables pertaining to the theory of planned behavior, the value-belief-norm framework, and the technology acceptance model. This study uses data collected from a territory-wide survey (n = 367) of Isfahan's residents to predict HC intentions. The results show that both attitude and subjective norms appear as the most impactful of all variables. These results further vary according to sex, with women being significantly more prone to HC than men. The findings may provide a reference to implement HC in Iran and other developing countries and possibly developed ones.
Let Fq be the finite field of q elements with characteristic p, where q=pr, p is a prime number. Let F∗q=Fq∖{0} and Z+ denote the set of positive integers. Let s∈Z+ and b∈Fq. Let f(x1,…,xs) be a diagonal polynomial over Fq of the following form
f(x1,…,xs)=a1xm11+a2xm22+⋯+asxmss, |
where ai∈F∗q, mi∈Z+, i=1,…,s. Denote by Nq(f=b) the number of Fq-rational points on the affine hypersurface f=b, namely,
Nq(f=b)=#{(x1,…,xs)∈As(Fq)∣f(x1,…,xs)=b}. |
In 1949, Hua and Vandiver [1] and Weil [2] independently obtained the formula of Nq(f=b) in terms of character sum as follows
Nq(f=b)=qs−1+∑ψ1(a−11)⋯ψs(a−ss)J0q(ψ1,…,ψs), | (1.1) |
where the sum is taken over all s multiplicative characters of Fq that satisfy ψmii=ε, ψi≠ε, i=1,…,s and ψ1⋯ψs=ε. Here ε is the trivial multiplicative character of Fq, and J0q(ψ1,…,ψs) is the Jacobi sum over Fq defined by
J0q(ψ1,…,ψs)=∑c1+⋯+cs=0,ci∈Fqψ1(c1)⋯ψs(cs). |
Though the explicit formula for Nq(f=b) are difficult to obtain in general, it has been studied extensively because of their theoretical importance as well as their applications in cryptology and coding theory; see[3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In this paper, we use the Jacobi sums, Gauss sums and the results of quadratic form to deduce the formula of the number of Fq2-rational points on a class of hypersurfaces over Fq2 under certain conditions. The main result of this paper can be stated as
Theorem 1.1. Let q=2r with r∈Z+ and Fq2 be the finite field of q2 elements. Let f(X)=a1xm11+a2xm22+⋯+asxmss, g(Y)=y1y2+y3y4+⋯+yn−1yn+y2n−2t−1+… +y2n−3+y2n−1+bty2n−2t+⋯+b1y2n−2+b0y2n, and l(X,Y)=f(X)+g(Y), where ai,bj∈F∗q2, mi≠1, (mi,mk)=1, i≠k, mi|(q+1), mi∈Z+, 2|n, n>2, 0≤t≤n2−2, TrFq2/F2(bj)=1 for i,k=1,…,s and j=0,1,…,t. For h∈Fq2, we have
(1) If h=0, then
Nq2(l(X,Y)=0)=q2(s+n−1)+∑γ∈F∗q2(s∏i=1((γai)mimi−1)(qs+2n−3+(−1)tqs+n−3)). |
(2) If h∈F∗q2, then
Nq2(l(X,Y)=h)=q2(s+n−1)+(qs+2n−3+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qs+n−3)s∏i=1((hai)mimi−1)+∑γ∈F∗q2∖{h}[s∏i=1((γai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3+(−1)tqn+s−3)]. |
Here,
(γai)mi={1,ifγaiisaresidueofordermi,0,otherwise. |
To prove Theorem 1.1, we need the lemmas and theorems below which are related to the Jacobi sums and Gauss sums.
Definition 2.1. Let χ be an additive character and ψ a multiplicative character of Fq. The Gauss sum Gq(ψ,χ) in Fq is defined by
Gq(ψ,χ)=∑x∈F∗qψ(x)χ(x). |
In particular, if χ is the canonical additive character, i.e., χ(x)=e2πiTrFq/Fp(x)/p where TrFq/Fp(y)=y+yp+⋯+ypr−1 is the absolute trace of y from Fq to Fp, we simply write Gq(ψ):=Gq(ψ,χ).
Let ψ be a multiplicative character of Fq which is defined for all nonzero elements of Fq. We extend the definition of ψ by setting ψ(0)=0 if ψ≠ε and ε(0)=1.
Definition 2.2. Let ψ1,…,ψs be s multiplicative characters of Fq. Then, Jq(ψ1,…,ψs) is the Jacobi sum over Fq defined by
Jq(ψ1,…,ψs)=∑c1+⋯+cs=1,ci∈Fqψ1(c1)⋯ψs(cs). |
The Jacobi sums Jq(ψ1,…,ψs) as well as the sums J0q(ψ1,…,ψs) can be evaluated easily in case some of the multiplicative characters ψi are trivial.
Lemma 2.3. ([10,Theorem 5.19,p. 206]) If the multiplicative characters ψ1,…,ψs of Fq are trivial, then
Jq(ψ1,…,ψs)=J0q(ψ1,…,ψs)=qs−1. |
If some, but not all, of the ψi are trivial, then
Jq(ψ1,…,ψs)=J0q(ψ1,…,ψs)=0. |
Lemma 2.4. ([10,Theorem 5.20,p. 206]) If ψ1,…,ψs are multiplicative characters of Fq with ψs nontrivial, then
J0q(ψ1,…,ψs)=0 |
if ψ1⋯ψs is nontrivial and
J0q(ψ1,…,ψs)=ψs(−1)(q−1)Jq(ψ1,…,ψs−1) |
if ψ1⋯ψs is trivial.
If all ψi are nontrivial, there exists an important connection between Jacobi sums and Gauss sums.
Lemma 2.5. ([10,Theorem 5.21,p. 207]) If ψ1,…,ψs are nontrivial multiplicative characters of Fq and χ is a nontrivial additive character of Fq, then
Jq(ψ1,…,ψs)=Gq(ψ1,χ)⋯Gq(ψs,χ)Gq(ψ1⋯ψs,χ) |
if ψ1⋯ψs is nontrivial and
Jq(ψ1,…,ψs)=−ψs(−1)Jq(ψ1,…,ψs−1)=−1qGq(ψ1,χ)⋯Gq(ψs,χ) |
if ψ1⋯ψs is trivial.
We turn to another special formula for Gauss sums which applies to a wider range of multiplicative characters but needs a restriction on the underlying field.
Lemma 2.6. ([10,Theorem 5.16,p. 202]) Let q be a prime power, let ψ be a nontrivial multiplicative character of Fq2 of order m dividing q+1. Then
Gq2(ψ)={q,ifmoddorq+1meven,−q,ifmevenandq+1modd. |
For h∈Fq2, define v(h)=−1 if h∈F∗q2 and v(0)=q2−1. The property of the function v(h) will be used in the later proofs.
Lemma 2.7. ([10,Lemma 6.23,p. 281]) For any finite field Fq, we have
∑c∈Fqv(c)=0, |
for any b∈Fq,
∑c1+⋯+cm=bv(c1)⋯v(ck)={0,1⩽k<m,v(b)qm−1,k=m, |
where the sum is over all c1,…,cm∈Fq with c1+⋯+cm=b.
The quadratic forms have been studied intensively. A quadratic form f in n indeterminates is called nondegenerate if f is not equivalent to a quadratic form in fewer than n indeterminates. For any finite field Fq, two quadratic forms f and g over Fq are called equivalent if f can be transformed into g by means of a nonsingular linear substitution of indeterminates.
Lemma 2.8. ([10,Theorem 6.30,p. 287]) Let f∈Fq[x1,…,xn], q even, be a nondegenerate quadratic form. If n is even, then f is either equivalent to
x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn |
or to a quadratic form of the type
x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn+x2n−1+ax2n, |
where a∈Fq satisfies TrFq/Fp(a)=1.
Lemma 2.9. ([10,Corollary 3.79,p. 127]) Let a∈Fq and let p be the characteristic of Fq, the trinomial xp−x−a is irreducible in Fq if and only if TrFq/Fp(a)≠0.
Lemma 2.10. ([10,Lemma 6.31,p. 288]) For even q, let a∈Fq with TrFq/Fp(a)=1 and b∈Fq. Then
Nq(x21+x1x2+ax22=b)=q−v(b). |
Lemma 2.11. ([10,Theorem 6.32,p. 288]) Let Fq be a finite field with q even and let b∈Fq. Then for even n, the number of solutions of the equation
x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn=b |
in Fnq is qn−1+v(b)q(n−2)/2. For even n and a∈Fq with TrFq/Fp(a)=1, the number of solutions of the equation
x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn+x2n−1+ax2n=b |
in Fnq is qn−1−v(b)q(n−2)/2.
Lemma 2.12. Let q=2r and h∈Fq2. Let g(Y)∈Fq2[y1,y2,…,yn] be a polynomial of the form
g(Y)=y1y2+y3y4+⋯+yn−1yn+y2n−2t−1+⋯+y2n−3+y2n−1+bty2n−2t+⋯+b1y2n−2+b0y2n, |
where bj∈F∗q2, 2|n, n>2, 0≤t≤n2−2, TrFq2/F2(bj)=1, j=0,1,…,t. Then
Nq2(g(Y)=h)=q2(n−1)+(−1)t+1qn−2v(h). | (2.1) |
Proof. We provide two proofs here. The first proof is as follows. Let q1=q2. Then by Lemmas 2.7 and 2.10, the number of solutions of g(Y)=h in Fq2 can be deduced as
Nq2(g(Y)=h)=∑c1+c2+⋯+ct+2=hNq2(y1y2+y3y4+⋯+yn−2t−3yn−2t−2=c1)⋅Nq2(yn−2t−1yn−2t+y2n−2t−1+bty2n−2t=c2)⋯Nq2(yn−1yn+y2n−1+b0y2n=ct+2)=∑c1+c2+⋯+ct+2=h(qn−2t−31+v(c1)q(n−2t−4)/21)(q1−v(c2))⋯(q1−v(ct+2))=∑c1+c2+⋯+ct+2=h(qn−2t−21+v(c1)q(n−2t−2)/21−v(c2)qn−2t−31−v(c1)v(c2)q(n−2t−4)/21)⋅(q1−v(c3))⋯(q1−v(ct+2))=∑c1+c2+⋯+ct+2=h(qn−t−21+v(c1)q(n−2)/21−v(c2)qn−t−31+⋯+(−1)t+1v(c1)v(c2)⋯v(ct+2)q(n−2t−4)/21)=qn−11+q(n−2)/21∑c1∈Fq2v(c1)+⋯+(−1)t+1∑c1+c2+⋯+ct+2=hv(c1)v(c2)⋯v(ct+2)q(n−2t−4)/21. | (2.2) |
By Lamma 2.7 and (2.2), we have
Nq2(g(Y)=h)=qn−11+(−1)t+1v(h)q(n−2)/21=q2(n−1)+(−1)t+1v(h)qn−2. |
Next we give the second proof. Note that if f and g are equivalent, then for any b∈Fq2 the equation f(x1,…,xn)=b and g(x1,…,xn)=b have the same number of solutions in Fq2. So we can get the number of solutions of g(Y)=h for h∈Fq2 by means of a nonsingular linear substitution of indeterminates.
Let k(X)∈Fq2[x1,x2,x3,x4] and k(X)=x1x2+x21+Ax22+x3x4+x23+Bx24, where TrFq2/F2(A)=TrFq2/F2(B)=1. We first show that k(x) is equivalent to x1x2+x3x4.
Let x3=y1+y3 and xi=yi for i≠3, then k(X) is equivalent to y1y2+y1y4+y3y4+Ay22+y23+By24.
Let y2=z2+z4 and yi=zi for i≠2, then k(X) is equivalent to z1z2+z3z4+Az22+z23+Az24+Bz24.
Let z1=α1+Aα2 and zi=αi for i≠1, then k(X) is equivalent to α1α2+α23+α3α4+(A+B)α24.
Since TrFq2/F2(A+B)=0, we have α23+α3α4+(A+B)α24 is reducible by Lemma 2.9. Then k(X) is equivalent to x1x2+x3x4. It follows that if t is odd, then g(Y) is equivalent to x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn, and if t is even, then g(Y) is equivalent to x1x2+x3x4+⋯+xn−1xn+x2n−1+ax2n with TrFq2/F2(a)=1. By Lemma 2.11, we get the desired result.
From (1.1), we know that the formula for the number of solutions of f(X)=0 over Fq2 is
Nq2(f(X)=0)=q2(s−1)+d1−1∑j1=1⋯ds−1∑js=1¯ψj11(a1)⋯¯ψjss(as)J0q2(ψj11,…,ψjss), |
where di=(mi,q2−1) and ψi is a multiplicative character of Fq2 of order di. Since mi|q+1, we have di=mi. Let H={(j1,…,js)∣1≤ji<mi, 1≤i≤s}. It follows that ψj11⋯ψjss is nontrivial for any (j1,…,js)∈H as (mi,mj)=1. By Lemma 2, we have J0q2(ψj11,…,ψjss)=0 and hence Nq2(f(X)=0)=q2(s−1).
Let Nq2(f(X)=c) denote the number of solutions of the equation f(X)=c over Fq2 with c∈F∗q2. Let V={(j1,…,js)|0≤ji<mi,1≤i≤s}. Then
Nq2(f(X)=c)=∑γ1+⋯+γs=cNq2(a1xm11=γ1)⋯Nq2(asxmss=γs)=∑γ1+⋯+γs=cm1−1∑j1=0ψj11(γ1a1)⋯ms−1∑js=0ψjss(γsas). |
Since ψi is a multiplicative character of Fq2 of order mi, we have
Nq2(f(X)=c)=∑γ1c+⋯+γsc=1∑(j1,…,js)∈Vψj11(γ1c)ψj11(ca1)⋯ψjss(γsc)ψjss(cas)=∑(j1,…,js)∈Vψj11(ca1)⋯ψjss(cas)∑γ1c+⋯+γsc=1ψj11(γ1c)⋯ψjss(γsc)=∑(j1,…,js)∈Vψj11(ca1)⋯ψjss(cas)Jq2(ψj11,…,ψjss). |
By Lemma 2.3,
Nq2(f(X)=c)=q2(s−1)+∑(j1,…,js)∈Hψj11(ca1)⋯ψjss(cas)Jq2(ψj11,…,ψjss). |
By Lemma 2.5,
Jq2(ψj11,…,ψjss)=Gq2(ψj11)⋯Gq2(ψjss)Gq2(ψj11⋯ψjss). |
Since mi|q+1 and 2∤mi, by Lemma 2.6, we have
Gq2(ψj11)=⋯=Gq2(ψjss)=Gq2(ψj11⋯ψjss)=q. |
Then
Nq2(f(X)=c)=q2(s−1)+qs−1m1−1∑j1=1ψj11(ca1)…ms−1∑js=1ψjss(cas)=q2(s−1)+qs−1(m1−1∑j1=0ψj11(ca1)−1)⋯(ms−1∑js=0ψjss(cas)−1). |
It follows that
Nq2(f(X)=c)=q2(s−1)+qs−1s∏i=1((cai)mimi−1), | (3.1) |
where
(cai)mi={1,ifcai is a residue of ordermi,0,otherwise. |
For a given h∈Fq2. We discuss the two cases according to whether h is zero or not.
Case 1: h=0. If f(X)=0, then g(Y)=0; if f(X)≠0, then g(Y)≠0. Then
Nq2(l(X,Y)=0)=∑c1+c2=0Nq2(f(X)=c1)Nq2(g(Y)=c2)=q2(s−1)(q2(n−1)+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qn−2)+∑c1+c2=0c1,c2∈F∗q2Nq2(f(X)=c1)Nq2(g(Y)=c2). | (3.2) |
By Lemma 2.12, (3.1) and (3.2), we have
Nq2(l(X,Y)=0)=q2(s+n−2)+(−1)t+1q2(s−1)+hn−(−1)t+1q2(s−2)+n+∑c1∈F∗q2[q2(s+n−2)−(−1)t+1q2(s−2)+n+s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3−(−1)t+1qn+s−3)]=q2(s+n−2)+(−1)t+1q2(s−1)+n−(−1)t+1q2(s−2)+n+q2(s+n−1)−(−1)t+1q2(s−1)+n−q2(s+n−2)+(−1)t+1q2(s−2)+n+∑c1∈F∗q2[s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3−(−1)t+1qn+s−3)]=q2(s+n−1)+∑c1∈F∗q2[s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3−(−1)t+1qn+s−3)]. | (3.3) |
Case 2: h∈F∗q2. If f(X)=h, then g(Y)=0; if f(X)=0, then g(Y)=h; if f(X)∉{0,h}, then g(Y)∉{0,h}. So we have
Nq2(l(X,Y))=h)=∑c1+c2=hNq2(f(X)=c1)Nq2(g(Y)=c2)=Nq2(f(X)=0)Nq2(g(Y)=h)+Nq2(f(X)=h)Nq2(g(Y)=0)+∑c1+c2=hc1,c2∈F∗q2∖{h}Nq2(f(X)=c1)Nq2(g(Y)=c2). | (3.4) |
By Lemma 2.12, (3.1) and (3.4),
Nq2(l(X,Y)=h)=2q2(s+n−2)+(−1)t+1q2s+n−2−(−1)t+12q2s+n−4+(qs+2n−3+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qs+n−3)s∏i=1((hai)mimi−1)+∑c1∈F∗q2∖{h}[q2(s+n−2)−(−1)t+1q2s+n−4+s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3−(−1)t+1qn+s−3)]. |
It follows that
Nq2(l(X,Y)=h)=2q2(s+n−2)+(−1)t+1q2s+n−2−(−1)t+12q2s+n−4+(qs+2n−3+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qs+n−3)s∏i=1((hai)mimi−1)+∑c1∈F∗q2∖{h}[q2(s+n−2)−(−1)t+1q2s+n−4+s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3−(−1)t+1qn+s−3)]=q2(s+n−1)+(qs+2n−3+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qs+n−3)s∏i=1((hai)mimi−1)+∑c1∈F∗q2∖{h}[s∏i=1((c1ai)mimi−1)⋅(q2n+s−3+(−1)tqn+s−3)]. | (3.5) |
By (3.3) and (3.5), we get the desired result. The proof of Theorem 1.1 is complete.
There is a direct corollary of Theorem 1.1 and we omit its proof.
Corollary 4.1. Under the conditions of Theorem 1.1, if a1=⋯=as=h∈F∗q2, then we have
Nq2(l(X,Y)=h)=q2(s+n−1)+(qs+2n−3+(−1)t+1(q2−1)qs+n−3)s∏i=1(mi−1)+∑γ∈F∗q2∖{h}[s∏i=1((γh)mimi−1)(q2n+s−3+(−1)tqn+s−3)], |
where
(γh)mi={1,ifγhisaresidueofordermi,0,otherwise. |
Finally, we give two examples to conclude the paper.
Example 4.2. Let F210=⟨α⟩=F2[x]/(x10+x3+1) where α is a root of x10+x3+1. Suppose l(X,Y)=α33x31+x112+y23+α10y24+y1y2+y3y4. Clearly, TrF210/F2(α10)=1, m1=3, m2=11, s=2, n=4, t=0, a2=1. By Theorem 1.1, we have
N210(l(X,Y)=0)=10245+(327+323)×20=1126587102265344. |
Example 4.3. Let F212=⟨β⟩=F2[x]/(x12+x6+x4+x+1) where β is a root of x12+x6+x4+x+1. Suppose l(X,Y)=x51+x132+y23+β10y24+y1y2+y3y4. Clearly, TrF212/F2(β10)=1, m1=5, m2=13, s=2, n=4, t=0, a1=a2=1. By Corollary 1, we have
N212(l(X,Y)=1)=25×12+(647−643×4095)×48=1153132559312355328. |
This work was jointly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China under Grant No. 2022J02046, Fujian Key Laboratory of Granular Computing and Applications (Minnan Normal University), Institute of Meteorological Big Data-Digital Fujian and Fujian Key Laboratory of Data Science and Statistics.
The authors declare there is no conflicts of interest.
[1] |
Tonglet M, Phillips PS, Bates MP (2004) Determining the drivers for householder pro-environmental behavior: Waste minimization compared to recycling. Resour Conserv Recycl 42: 27–48. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.02.001
![]() |
[2] |
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2018) Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization. Egypt J Pet 27: 1275–1290. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.07.003
![]() |
[3] |
Price JL, Joseph JB (2000) Demand management–a basis for waste policy: a critical review of the applicability of the waste hierarchy in terms of achieving sustainable waste management. Sustain Dev 8: 96–105. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(200005)8:2<96::AID-SD133>3.0.CO;2-J
![]() |
[4] |
Mosler HJ, Tamas A, Tobias R, et al. (2008) Deriving Interventions on the Basis of Factors Influencing Behavioral Intentions for Waste Recycling, Composting, and Reuse in Cuba. Environ Behav 40: 522–544. doi: 10.1177/0013916507300114
![]() |
[5] |
Llatas C, Osmani M (2016) Development and validation of a building design waste reduction model. Waste Manage 56: 318–336. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.026
![]() |
[6] |
Morone P, Koutinas A, Gathergood N, et al. (2019) Food waste: Challenges and opportunities for enhancing the emerging bio-economy. J Clean Prod 221: 10–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.258
![]() |
[7] |
Wang J, Li Z, Tam VWY (2015) Identifying best design strategies for construction waste minimization. J Clean Prod 92: 237–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.076
![]() |
[8] |
Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, et al. (2015) Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. Waste Manage 38: 3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.030
![]() |
[9] |
Yau Y (2012) Stakeholder engagement in waste recycling in a high-rise setting. Sustain Dev 20: 115–127. doi: 10.1002/sd.468
![]() |
[10] |
Meng X, Tan X, Wang Y, et al. (2019) Investigation on decision-making mechanism of residents' household solid waste classification and recycling behaviors. Resour Conserv Recycl 140: 224–234. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.021
![]() |
[11] |
Ng SL (2019) An assessment of multi-family dwelling recycling in Hong Kong: A managerial perspective. Waste Manage 89: 294–302. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.014
![]() |
[12] |
Yang H, Zhang S, Ye W, et al. (2020) Emission reduction benefits and efficiency of e-waste recycling in China. Waste Manage 102: 541–549. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.016
![]() |
[13] |
Ertz M, Karakas F, Sarigöllü E (2016) Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. J Bus Res 69: 3971–3980. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.010
![]() |
[14] |
Ertz M, Durif F, Lecompte A, et al. (2018) Does "sharing" mean "socially responsible consuming"? Exploration of the relationship between collaborative consumption and socially responsible consumption. JCM 35: 392–402. doi: 10.1108/JCM-09-2016-1941
![]() |
[15] | Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P (2012) What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. Urban development series; knowledge papers, no. 15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. |
[16] |
Xu Z, Elomri A, Pokharel S, et al. (2017) Global reverse supply chain design for solid waste recycling under uncertainties and carbon emission constraint. Waste Manage 64: 358–370. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.024
![]() |
[17] |
Andersen MS (2007) An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy. Sustain Sci 2: 133–140. doi: 10.1007/s11625-006-0013-6
![]() |
[18] | Shams M, Nabipour I, Dobaradaran S, et al. (2013) An environmental friendly and cheap adsorbent (municipal solid waste compost ash) with high efficiency in removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution. Fresenius Environ Bull 22. |
[19] |
Loan LTT, Takahashi Y, Nomura H, et al. (2019) Modeling home composting behavior toward sustainable municipal organic waste management at the source in developing countries. Resour Conserv Recycl 140: 65–71. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.016
![]() |
[20] |
Edgerton E, McKechnie J, Dunleavy K (2009) Behavioral Determinants of Household Participation in a Home Composting Scheme. Environ Behav 41: 151–169. doi: 10.1177/0013916507311900
![]() |
[21] |
Colón J, Martínez-Blanco J, Gabarrell X, et al. (2010) Environmental assessment of home composting. Resour Conserv Recycl 54: 893–904. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.01.008
![]() |
[22] | Bartelings H, Sterner T (1999) Household Waste Management in a Swedish Municipality: Determinants of Waste Disposal, Recycling and Composting. ERE 13: 473–491. |
[23] |
Andersen JK, Boldrin A, Christensen TH, et al. (2012) Home composting as an alternative treatment option for organic household waste in Denmark: An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment-modelling. Waste Manage 32: 31–40. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.014
![]() |
[24] |
Tanaka M (2007) Waste management for a sustainable society. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Manage 9: 2–6. doi: 10.1007/s10163-006-0164-7
![]() |
[25] | Ueta K, Koizumi H (2001) Reducing Household Waste: Japan Learns from Germany. Environ Sci Policy 43: 20–32. |
[26] | Isfahan Municipal Waste Management Organization (2019) Isfahan Municipal Waste Management Organization. Available from: http://pasmand.isfahan.ir/fa |
[27] | Statistical Centre of Iran (2016) Statistical-Yearbook-2016-2017. Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook/Statistical-Yearbook-2016-2017 |
[28] | Ando A W, Gosselin A Y (2005) Recycling in Multifamily Dwellings: Does Convenience Matter? Econ Inq 43: 426–438. |
[29] | Weinstein D, Norton C (2014) Recycling and Waste Reduction—Center for Environmental Policy and Management. Available from: https://louisville.edu/cepm/project-areas-1/recycling-and-waste-reduction |
[30] | Foley M (2009) Indoor Composting Systems. Chowhound. Available from: https://www.chowhound.com/food-news/54730/indoor-composting-systems/ |
[31] | McCandless SG (2010) How Indoor Automatic Composting Systems Work. HowStuffWorks. Available from: https://home.howstuffworks.com/indoor-automatic-composting-system.htm |
[32] | Na W, Gang L, Hongming Z (2019) Design and Research of Home Automatic Kitchen Waste Composting device. In E3S Web of Conferences 136: 04013. EDP Sciences. |
[33] | Fishbein M (1979) A theory of reasoned action: Some applications and implications. Nebr Symp Motiv 27: 65–116. |
[34] | Fishbein M, Ajzen I (2011) Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach (1st Ed.). Psychology Press. |
[35] |
Chase K, Reicks M, Jones J M (2003) Applying the theory of planned behavior to promotion of whole-grain foods by dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc 103: 1639–1642. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.09.026
![]() |
[36] |
Liou D, Bauer K (2007) Exploratory Investigation of Obesity Risk and Prevention in Chinese Americans. J Nutr Educ Behav 39: 134–141. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2006.07.007
![]() |
[37] |
Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50: 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
![]() |
[38] |
Ajzen I (2002) Residual Effects of Past on Later Behavior: Habituation and Reasoned Action Perspectives. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 6: 107–122. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_02
![]() |
[39] |
Taylor S, Todd P (1997) Understanding the Determinants of Consumer Composting Behavior1. J Appl Soc Psychol 27: 602–628. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00651.x
![]() |
[40] |
Thøgersen J (1999) Spillover processes in the development of a sustainable consumption pattern. J Econ Psychol 20: 53–81. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(98)00043-9
![]() |
[41] |
Barr S (2003) Strategies for sustainability: Citizens and responsible environmental behaviour. Area 35: 227–240. doi: 10.1111/1475-4762.00172
![]() |
[42] |
Chen MF, Tung PJ (2010) The Moderating Effect of Perceived Lack of Facilities on Consumers' Recycling Intentions. Environ Behav 42: 824–844. doi: 10.1177/0013916509352833
![]() |
[43] | Tucker P, Speirs D (2003) Attitudes and Behavioural Change in Household Waste Management Behaviours. J Environ Plan. Manag. 46: 289–307. |
[44] |
Meng X, Wen Z, Qian Y (2018) Multi-agent based simulation for household solid waste recycling behavior. Resour Conserv Recycl 128: 535–545. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.033
![]() |
[45] |
Valle POD, Rebelo E, Reis E, et al. (2005) Combining Behavioral Theories to Predict Recycling Involvement. Environ Behav 37: 364–396. doi: 10.1177/0013916504272563
![]() |
[46] |
Knussen C, Yule F, MacKenzie J, et al. (2004) An analysis of intentions to recycle household waste: The roles of past behaviour, perceived habit, and perceived lack of facilities. J Environ Psychol 24: 237–246. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2003.12.001
![]() |
[47] |
Kim TG, Lee JH, Law R (2008) An empirical examination of the acceptance behaviour of hotel front office systems: An extended technology acceptance model. Tour Manag 29: 500–513. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.016
![]() |
[48] | Benbasat I, Barki H (2007) Quo vadis TAM? J Assoc Inf Syst 8: 211–218. |
[49] | Saade R, Kira D (2006) The Emotional State of Technology Acceptance. ⅡSIT 3: 529–539. |
[50] |
Broman TM, Schuitema G, Thøgersen J (2014) Responsible technology acceptance: Model development and application to consumer acceptance of Smart Grid technology. Appl Energy 134: 392–400. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.048
![]() |
[51] |
Davies J, Foxall GR, Pallister J (2002) Beyond the Intention–Behaviour Mythology. Mark Theory 2: 29–113. doi: 10.1177/1470593102002001645
![]() |
[52] |
Bamberg S, Moser G M (2007) Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. J Environ Psychol 27: 14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.12.002
![]() |
[53] |
Zeweld W, Van Huylenbroeck G, Tesfay G, et al. (2017) Smallholder farmers' behavioural intentions towards sustainable agricultural practices. J Environ Manage 187: 71–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.014
![]() |
[54] |
Yuan Y, Nomura H, Takahashi Y, et al. (2016) Model of Chinese Household Kitchen Waste Separation Behavior: A Case Study in Beijing City. Sustainability 8: 1083–1083. doi: 10.3390/su8101083
![]() |
[55] |
Bamberg S, Hunecke M, Blöbaum A (2007) Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. J Environ Psychol 27: 190–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.04.001
![]() |
[56] | Byun J, Jang S (2019) Can signaling impact customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions in times of service failure? Evidence from open versus closed kitchen restaurants. J Hosp Mark Manag 28: 785–806. |
[57] |
Onwezen MC, Antonides G, Bartels J (2013) The Norm Activation Model: An exploration of the functions of anticipated pride and guilt in pro-environmental behaviour. J Econ Psychol 39: 141–153. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2013.07.005
![]() |
[58] |
Park J, Ha S (2014) Understanding Consumer Recycling Behavior: Combining the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Norm Activation Model. Fam Consum Sci Res J 42: 278–291. doi: 10.1111/fcsr.12061
![]() |
[59] |
Han H, Hwang J, Lee M J, et al. (2019) Word-of-mouth, buying, and sacrifice intentions for eco-cruises: Exploring the function of norm activation and value-attitude-behavior. Tour Manag 70: 430–443. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.006
![]() |
[60] |
Liao C, Zhao D, Zhang S, et al. (2018) Determinants and the moderating effect of perceived policy effectiveness on residents' separation intention for rural household solid waste. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 726. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040726
![]() |
[61] |
Oztekin C, Teksöz G, Pamuk S, et al. (2017) Gender perspective on the factors predicting recycling behavior: Implications from the theory of planned behavior. Waste Manage 62: 290–302. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.036
![]() |
[62] |
Zhou Y, Zhou Q, Gan S, et al. (2018) Factors affecting farmers' willingness to pay for adopting vegetable residue compost in North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 38: 401–411. doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.04.001
![]() |
[63] | Pedhazur EJ (1997) Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research: Explanation and Prediction, 3rd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1997. (p. 1058). Wadsworth. |
[64] |
Chu PY, Chiu J (2003) Factors Influencing Household Waste Recycling Behavior: Test of an Integrated Model. J Appl Soc Psychol 33: 604–626. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01915.x
![]() |
[65] | Miles J, Shevlin M (2001) Applying Regression and Correlation: A Guide for Students and Researchers (First edition). SAGE Publications Ltd. |
[66] | Hair JF, Hult GTM, Ringle C M, et al. (2017) Mirror, mirror on the wall: A comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. J Acad Mark. 45: 616–632. |
[67] |
Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. J Mark Res 18: 382–388. doi: 10.1177/002224378101800313
![]() |
[68] |
Tenenhaus M, Vinzi V E, Chatelin Y-M, et al. (2005) PLS path modeling. Comput Stat Data An, 48: 159–205. doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005
![]() |
[69] | Ipsos (2018) Global views on the environment–2018. Available from: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/Global_Views_on_the_Environment.pdf (accessed on 17-02-2020). |
[70] |
Stern PC (2000) New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior. J Soc Issues 56: 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175 doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00175
![]() |
[71] |
de Leeuw A, Valois P, Ajzen I, et al. (2015) Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. J Environ Psychol 42: 128–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005
![]() |
[72] |
Ertz M, Huang R, Jo MS, et al. (2017) From single-use to multi-use: Study of consumers' behavior toward consumption of reusable containers. J Environ Manage 193: 334–344. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.060
![]() |
[73] | Dutta S, Bhaskar S (2018) Bengaluru's All Women Trio Teaches Composting Via WhatsApp To Learners Across The World | Women's Day. NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India. Available from: https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/bengalurus-all-women-trio-teaches-composting-via-whatsapp-to-learners-across-the-world-17788/ |
[74] | CCAP (2015) Tackling waste through community-based composting – Bangladesh. Available from: https://ccap.org/assets/CCAP-Booklet_BangladeshCompost.pdf (accessed on 17-02-2020). |
[75] | Sutta S, Bhaskar S (2018) Bengaluru's All Women Trio Teaches Composting via WhatsApp to Learners across the World. Available from: https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/bengalurus-all-women-trio-teaches-composting-via-whatsapp-to-learners-across-the-world-17788/ (accessed on 17-02-2020). |
[76] | Pearson AR, Ballew MT, Naiman S, et al. (2017) Race, Class, Gender and Climate Change Communication. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.412 |
[77] | Ballew M, Marlon J, Leiserowitz A, et al. (2018) Gender Differences in Public Understanding of Climate Change. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. Available from: https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/gender-differences-in-public-understanding-of-climate-change/ |
![]() |
![]() |