Low noise amplifier (LNA) is a ubiquitous Radio Frequency (RF) component employed in the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) front end receiver to amplify the degraded RF signals captured by the antenna to the desired level. GNSS LNA boosts the desired signal power by adding minimal noise and distortion to mitigate the impact of noise added by subsequential components of the RF receiver chain thereby improving the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the overall performance of the system. This paper explores the various GNSS LNA topologies that improve the system's overall performance with minimum power consumption, low noise figure (NF), high gain, good input-output matching, stability, and linearity. The outcome of this research work would help to design a successful LNA for enhancing the performance of the GNSS receiver.
Citation: Ch Priyanka, D Venkata Ratnam, Sai Krishna Santosh G. A Review on design of low noise amplifiers for global navigational satellite system[J]. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2021, 5(3): 206-228. doi: 10.3934/electreng.2021012
Low noise amplifier (LNA) is a ubiquitous Radio Frequency (RF) component employed in the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) front end receiver to amplify the degraded RF signals captured by the antenna to the desired level. GNSS LNA boosts the desired signal power by adding minimal noise and distortion to mitigate the impact of noise added by subsequential components of the RF receiver chain thereby improving the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the overall performance of the system. This paper explores the various GNSS LNA topologies that improve the system's overall performance with minimum power consumption, low noise figure (NF), high gain, good input-output matching, stability, and linearity. The outcome of this research work would help to design a successful LNA for enhancing the performance of the GNSS receiver.
[1] | Hofmann-Wellenhof B, Lichtenegger H, Wasle E (2007) GNSS–global navigation satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and more. Springer Science & Business Media. |
[2] | Hegarty CJ, Chatre E (2008) Evolution of the global navigation satellitesystem (gnss). P IEEE 96: 1902–1917. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090 |
[3] | Hurskainen H, Paakki T, Liu Z, et al. (2008) GNSS receiver reference design. 2008 4th Advanced Satellite Mobile Systems. IEEE. |
[4] | Spilker Jr, James J (1978) GPS signal structure and performancecharacteristics. Navigation 25: 121‒146. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-4296.1978.tb01325.x |
[5] | Enge PK (1994) The global positioning system: Signals, measurements, and performance. Int J Wirel Inf Netw 1: 83‒105. doi: 10.1007/BF02106512 |
[6] | Misra P, Enge P (1999) Special issue on global positioning system. P IEEE 87: 3‒15. doi: 10.1109/5.736342 |
[7] | Available from: https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/civilsignals/ |
[8] | Yao Z, Lu M (2020) Next-Generation GNSS Signal Design: Theories, Principles and Technologies. Vol. 6, Springer Nature. |
[9] | Available from: https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/guide/. |
[10] | Zaidi AS, Suddle MR (2006) Global navigation satellite systems: a survey. 2006 international conference on advances in space technologies. IEEE. |
[11] | Betz JW (2015) Engineering satellite-based navigation and timing: global navigation satellite systems, signals, and receivers. John Wiley & Sons. |
[12] | Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signals in Bands L1, L2, Edition 5.1, 2008. Available from: http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/. |
[13] | EUROPEAN GNSS (GALILEO) OPEN SERVICE SIGNAL-IN-SPACE INTERFACE CONTROL DOCUMENT, January 2021. |
[14] | Bartolomé JP, Maufroid X, Hernandez IF, et al. (2015) Overview of Galileo system. GALILEO Positioning Technology, 9‒33. Springer, Dordrecht. |
[15] | Update on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. Twelfth Meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems 2-7 December 2017 Kyoto, Japan. Available from: https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2017/05_icg12.pdf |
[16] | Available from: http://en.beidou.gov.cn/SYSTEMS/System/ |
[17] | Available from: https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/QZSS. |
[18] | Available from: https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme |
[19] | Mruthyunjaya L, Ramasubramanian R (2017) IRNSS SIS ICD for Standard Positioning Service. Available from: https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme. |
[20] | Majithiya P (2011) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Inside GNSS 6: 40‒46. |
[21] | Benton R, Nijjar M, Woo C, et al. (1992) GaAs MMICs for an integrated GPS front-end. GaAs IC Symposium Technical Digest. IEEE. |
[22] | Bonn F (1995) A low current high performance LNA for global positioning receiver applications. Proceedings of 1995 IEEE MTT-S International Topical Symposium on Technologies for Wireless Applications (Conjunction with INTER COMM'95). IEEE. |
[23] | Shaeffer DK, Lee TH (1997) A 1.5-V, 1.5-GHz CMOS low noise amplifier. IEEE J solid-state circ 32: 745‒759. doi: 10.1109/4.568846 |
[24] | Liu Z, Stephen P (2003) A low-voltage low-power 1.5 GHz CMOS LNA design. Proceedings of the 15th Biennial University/Government/Industry Microelectronics Symposium (Cat. No. 03CH37488). IEEE. |
[25] | Thombre S, Heikki H, Jari N (2010) Wideband, high gain, high linearity, low noise amplifier for GNSS frequencies with compensation for low frequency instability. 2010 5th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 11th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop. IEEE. |
[26] | Wu J, Jiang P, Chen D, et al. (2010) A dual-band LNA with active balun for GNSS receivers. 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology. IEEE. |
[27] | Rivela G, Scavini P, Grasso D, et al. (2011) A low power RF front-end for L1/E1 GPS/Galileo and GLONASS s signals in CMOS 65nm technology. 2011 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS). IEEE. |
[28] | Song F, Tan SCG, Shanaa O (2014) An ultra-low-cost ESD-protected 0.65 dB NF+ 10dBm OP1dB GNSS LNA in 0.18-μm SOI CMOS. 2014 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC). IEEE. |
[29] | Deo N, Wernehag J, Thelberg J (2015) Low power, highly stable and wideband LNA for GNSS applications in SiGe technology. 2015 Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NORCAS): NORCHIP & International Symposium on System-on- Chip (SoC). IEEE. |
[30] | Halauko A, Borejko T, Pleskacz WA (2015) Low voltage LNA implementations in 28 nm FD-SOI technology for GNSS applications. 2015 22nd International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits & Systems (MIXDES). IEEE. |
[31] | Singh S, Chopra PK (2016) Artificial neural network approach for LNA design of GPS receiver. Optical Memory and Neural Networks 25: 236‒242. doi: 10.3103/S1060992X16040111 |
[32] | Guo B, Chen J (2017) A wideband common‐gate CMOS LNA employing complementary MGTR technique. Microw Opt Techn Lett 59: 1668‒1671. doi: 10.1002/mop.30601 |
[33] | Hafeez M, Abounemra AME, Ghannouchi FM (2019) High Gain 0.25 μm GaN HEMT Based MMIC LNA for GNSS Applications. 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). IEEE. |
[34] | Ramanaidu M, Ghatak R (2019) A Compact Size Low Noise Amplifier for GNSS upper L Band. 2019 International Conference on Range Technology (ICORT). IEEE. |
[35] | Luo Y, Xia T (2020) Design of Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifier Based on Active Inductor. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA). IEEE. |
[36] | Alali MJ, Tukkee AS, Zarkani MK (2020) Design of a low noise amplifier for L-band GPS applications. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 671. No. 1. IOP Publishing. |
[37] | Rusdiyanto D, Zulkifli FY (2019) Antenna Integrated with Low Noise Amplifier Operating at L1 GPS Application. 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC). IEEE. |
[38] | Yan P, Jiang J, Tang Y, et al. (2020) Flexible reconfigurable GNSS RF receiver for portable application of Internet of Things. Microelectronics J 106: 104912. doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2020.104912 |
[39] | Kanchetla VK, Kharalkar A, Joy J, et al. (2021) A Compact, Reconfigurable Receiver for IRNSS/GPS/Galileo/Beidou. 2021 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC). IEEE. |
[40] | Hartmann M, Hermann S, Marsh PF, et al. (2021) CNTFET technology for RF applications: Review and future perspective. IEEE Journal of Microwaves 1: 275‒287. doi: 10.1109/JMW.2020.3033781 |