Citation: Elzbieta Ratajczyk, Urszula Ledzewicz, Maciej Leszczynski, Avner Friedman. The role of TNF-α inhibitor in glioma virotherapy: A mathematical model[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2017, 14(1): 305-319. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2017020
[1] | Gesham Magombedze, Winston Garira, Eddie Mwenje . Modelling the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and the effect of multidrug therapy: The role of fusion inhibitors in HAART. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2008, 5(3): 485-504. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.485 |
[2] | Joseph Malinzi, Rachid Ouifki, Amina Eladdadi, Delfim F. M. Torres, K. A. Jane White . Enhancement of chemotherapy using oncolytic virotherapy: Mathematical and optimal control analysis. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2018, 15(6): 1435-1463. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2018066 |
[3] | Donggu Lee, Aurelio A. de los Reyes V, Yangjin Kim . Optimal strategies of oncolytic virus-bortezomib therapy via the apoptotic, necroptotic, and oncolysis signaling network. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2024, 21(3): 3876-3909. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024173 |
[4] | Yangjin Kim, Seongwon Lee, You-Sun Kim, Sean Lawler, Yong Song Gho, Yoon-Keun Kim, Hyung Ju Hwang . Regulation of Th1/Th2 cells in asthma development: A mathematical model. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2013, 10(4): 1095-1133. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2013.10.1095 |
[5] | Nikolay L. Martirosyan, Erica M. Rutter, Wyatt L. Ramey, Eric J. Kostelich, Yang Kuang, Mark C. Preul . Mathematically modeling the biological properties of gliomas: A review. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2015, 12(4): 879-905. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.879 |
[6] | Shengqiang Liu, Lin Wang . Global stability of an HIV-1 model with distributed intracellular delays and a combination therapy. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2010, 7(3): 675-685. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2010.7.675 |
[7] | B. M. Adams, H. T. Banks, Hee-Dae Kwon, Hien T. Tran . Dynamic Multidrug Therapies for HIV: Optimal and STI Control Approaches. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2004, 1(2): 223-241. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2004.1.223 |
[8] | Hakan Özcan, Bülent Gürsel Emiroğlu, Hakan Sabuncuoğlu, Selçuk Özdoğan, Ahmet Soyer, Tahsin Saygı . A comparative study for glioma classification using deep convolutional neural networks. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(2): 1550-1572. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021080 |
[9] | Donggu Lee, Sunju Oh, Sean Lawler, Yangjin Kim . Bistable dynamics of TAN-NK cells in tumor growth and control of radiotherapy-induced neutropenia in lung cancer treatment. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2025, 22(4): 744-809. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2025028 |
[10] | Baba Issa Camara, Houda Mokrani, Evans K. Afenya . Mathematical modeling of glioma therapy using oncolytic viruses. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2013, 10(3): 565-578. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2013.10.565 |
Oncolytic viruses are genetically altered replication-competent viruses which infect and reproduce in cancer cells but do not harm normal cells. When an infected cell dies many newly formed viruses are released and spread out, infecting neighbouring tumor cells. Treatment by oncolytic viruses (OV) has been and continues to be actively tested in clinical trials for various types of cancer with the use of variety of viruses, [4], [10], [12], [13], [14], including ONYX-15 [7], [11], herpes simplex virus (HSV) [16] and prostate-specific adenovirus CN706 and CN708 [18].
This therapy, although based on quite promising assumptions, encounters one major obstacle: the innate immune system recognizes the infected cells and destroys them before the viruses within them get a chance to multiply [3].
It was reported in [6] that CD 163+ macrophages, in rat experiments for glioma, inhibited OV therapy making it unsuccessful. The solution suggested in [6] was to use cyclophosphamide (CPA) as a suppressant of the immune response through the inhibition of CD 163+ and thus enhance the effectiveness of the OV therapy. This approach has been studied from the mathematical point of view by Friedman et al. in [5]. The authors formulated a mathematical model of virotherapy following the earlier work by Wu et al.[21,22], but focusing on the data from glioma rather than from head and neck cancer. The model in [5] was described by a system of PDEs and the effects of the therapy with and without CPA was analysed.
In the present paper we intend to pick up on this work, but pursue a different avenue based on a very recent paper by Auffinger et al. [2]. In that paper it was suggested that in order to enable the effective action of the virotherapy one should try to block the main "weapon" used by macrophages, namely the TNF-
Thus our goal here is to construct a model which captures the interactions between healthy tumor cells, infected tumor cells, viruses, and macrophages and the TNF-
The approach pursued in our paper will be to target the tumor by combining the two therapies: the viral injection and the TNF-
Both therapeutic agents, the virus and the TNF-
Let
The burst number is the number of virus that emerge from a dying cancer cell. We shall take it in the range of
The dynamics of the model is expressed mathematically by the following system of ODEs:
dxdt=αx−βxv−δxx, | (1) |
dydt=βxv−kyTK+T−δyy, | (2) |
dMdt=A+syM−δMM, | (3) |
dTdt=λ1+u2M−κyTK+T−δTT, | (4) |
dvdt=b1kyTK+T+bδyy−ρxv−δvv+u1, | (5) |
All the densities and concentrations are in unit of
In the present paper, we take
We denote by
dndt=kyTK+T+δyy+δxx+δMM−μn, | (6) |
where
Although we do not intend to directly focus on this equation, it will be taken into account in the calculation of the tumor radius.
We assume that the tumor is spherical with variable radius
dmdt=αx−δxx+A+syM−μn. |
The total mass of the tumor then increases at rate
V(t)(α˜x−δx˜x+A+s~yM−μ˜n) |
where
θ0dVdt=V(t)(α˜x−δx˜x+A+s˜y˜M−μ˜n). |
Since
1VdVdt=3RdRdt, |
we get
θ03RdRdt=(α˜x−δx˜x+A+s˜y˜M)−μ˜n. |
Hence
θ03RdRdt=(α˜x−δx˜x+A+s˜y˜M)−μ(θ0−˜x−˜y−˜M). |
Finally, in order to simplify the calculations, we assume that the averages
θ03RdRdt=(αx−δxx+A+syM)−μ(θ0−x−y−M). | (7) |
Table 1 gives the values of the parameters which will be used in our analysis. Explanations concerning the calculations of the parameter values are given in the Appendix.
Parameter | Description | Num. values | Dimension |
Proliferation rate of uninfected tumor cells | 1/day | ||
Infection rate of tumor cells by viruses | |||
Rate of loss of viruses during infection | |||
Effectiveness of the inhibitory action of TNF- | 1/day | ||
Infected tumor cell death rate | 1/day | ||
TNF- | 1/day | ||
TNF - | 1/day | ||
Macrophages death rate | 1/day | ||
Burst size of infected cells during apoptosis | |||
Burst size of infected cells during necrosis | |||
Carrying capacity of the TNF- | |||
Degradation of TNF- | 1/day | ||
due to its action on infected cells | |||
Virus lysis rate | 1/day | ||
Constant source of macrophages | |||
Stimulation rate of macrophages by infected cells | |||
without stimulus | |||
death rate of uninfected cancer cells | 1/day | ||
removal rate of dead cells | 1/day | ||
average of total densitiy of cells | |||
constant infusion of the virus | |||
constant infusion of the TNF- |
In this section we simulate the model (1)-(7) in order to determine how the state of the system responds to a combined therapy. Values of the parameters for the simulations will be taken from Table 1, unless specified otherwise. We assume that the process starts with the following initial conditions:
x(0)=0.7,y(0)=0.1,n(0)=0,M(0)=0.1,T(0)=10−7,4π3R(0)3=0.9, |
so that approximately
We assume that initially a dose of viruses given by
Figure 2 shows the profile of all the variables of the model for the first 50 days for different values of the burst number
The simulation of
Moving on to the case with
The observed behavior shows that if we would want to achieve the tumor size reduction without continuous therapy, but just with initial viral injection at time
We will now study the behavior of the system assuming that we apply constant viral injection
In case
Figures 4 and 5 show the profile of
Figure 5 suggests that, for
Additionally, in that case we do not have to use
Next we will assume that the combined therapy is given at the constant rates, i.e.,
Firstly, for
For
Now it becomes natural to look closer at the therapy itself and see how the two main agents, viral infusion and TNF-
In Figure 8, we take the range of
Summarizing, our goal of shrinking the tumor size can be achieved under different scenarios, so in choosing the best combination, one should take into consideration potential serious side-effects of the treatment. This brings us to the main topic of this work, which is the evaluation of the efficacy of both treatments.
In order to capture more clearly the benefits of the dual therapy by
E(C,D)=R(0,0)−R(C,D)R(0,0) |
Figure 9 is an efficacy map for the case
Figure 10 is the efficacy map for the case
Virotherapy represents a promising treatment of glioma. However the innate immune response, in particular by macrophages, reduces significantly the effectiveness of the treatment, by killing virus infected cancer cells prematurely. Recent experiments [15] show that blocking macrophages-produced TNF-
The model in [5] was based on mice experiments. Prorating some of the parameters to humans, we take
α=0.2/day,δx=0.1/day,μ=0.2/day. |
We assume that the infected cells die faster than
7⋅10−10<β<1.7⋅10−8inmm3virus⋅day. |
We take
β=10−9mm3virus⋅day |
which in units of
β=10−810−32⋅10−15cm3g⋅day=2⋅104cm3g⋅day. |
The parameter
ρ=β5⋅105=2⋅1045⋅105=4⋅10−2cm3g⋅day. |
The value of
κ=10−9k=0.4⋅10−9/day=4⋅10−10/day |
In [9] the death rate of macrophages depends of their phenotype: for
According to [9] macrophages infected by M. tuberculosis produce TNF-
The research of U. Ledzewicz is partially supported by the National Science Foundation under research Grant No. DMS 1311729. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. A. Friedman has been partially supported by the Mathematical Biosciences Institute (MBI) of The Ohio State University.
[1] | [ C. Antoni,J. Braun, Side effects of anti-TNF therapy: Current knowledge, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 22 (2002): 152-157. |
[2] | [ B. Auffinger,A.U. Ahmed,M.S. Lesniak, Oncolytic virotherapy for malignant glioma: Translating laboratory insights into clinical practice, Front. Oncol., 3 (2013): 1-32. |
[3] | [ E.A. Chiocca, Oncolytic viruses, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2 (2002): 938-950. |
[4] | [ L.K. Csatary,G. Gosztonyi,J. Szeberenyi,Z. Fabian,V. Liszka,B. Bodey,C.M. Csatary, MTH-68/H oncolytic viral treatment in human highgrade gliomas, J. Neurooncol, 67 (2004): 83-93. |
[5] | [ A. Friedman,J. Tian,G. Fulci,E. Chioca,J. Wang, Glioma virotherapy: Effects of innate immune suppression and increased viral replication capacity, Cancer Res., 66 (2006): 2314-2319. |
[6] | [ G. Fulci,L. Breymann,D. Gianni,K. Kurozomi,S.S. Rhee,J. Yu,B. Kaur,D.N. Louis,R. Weissleder,M.A. Caligiuri,E.A. Chiocca, Cyclophosphamide enhances glioma virotherapy by inhibiting innate immune responses, PNAS, 103 (2006): 12873-12878. |
[7] | [ I. Ganly,D. Kirn,G. Eckhardt,G.I. Rodriguez,D.S. Soutar,R. Otto,A.G. Robertson,O. Park,M.L. Gulley,C. Heise,D.D. Von Hoff,S.B. Kaye,S.G. Eckhardt, A phase I study of ONYX-015, an EiBattenuated adenovirus, administered intratumorally to patients with recurrent head and neck cancer, Clin. Cancer Res., 6 (2000): 798-806. |
[8] | [ M.P. Hallsworth,C.P. Soh,S.J. Lane,J.P. Arm,T.H. Lee, Selective enhancement of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-8 production by monocytes and macrophages of asthmatic subjects, Eur Respir J., 7 (1994): 1096-1102. |
[9] | [ W. Hao,E.D. Crouser,A. Friedman, Mathematical model of sarcoidosis, PNAS, 111 (2014): 16065-16070. |
[10] | [ K. Jacobsen,L. Russel,B. Kaur,A. Friedman, Effects of CCN1 and macrophage content on glioma virotherapy: A mathematical model, Bull Math Biol, 77 (2015): 984-1012. |
[11] | [ F.R. Khuri,J. Nemunaitis,I. Ganly,J. Arseneau,I.F. Tannock,L. Romel,M. Gore,J. Ironside,R.H. MacDougall,C. Heise,B. Randley,A.M. Gillenwater,P. Bruse,S.B. Kaye,W.K. Hong,D.H. Kirn, A controlled trial of ONYX-015, a selectively-replicating adenovirus, in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer, Nat. Med., 6 (2000): 879-885. |
[12] | [ Y. Kim, H. G. Lee, N. Dmitrieva, J. Kim, B. Kaur and A. Friedman, Choindroitinase ABC I-mediated enhancement of oncolytic virus spread and anti tumor efficacy: A mathematical model PLOS ONE 9 (2014), e102499. |
[13] | [ R.M. Lorence,A.L. Pecora,P.P. Major,S.J. Hotte,S.A. Laurie,M.S. Roberts,W.S. Groene,M.K. Bamat, Overview of phase I studies of intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic virus, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 5 (2003): 618-624. |
[14] | [ J.M. Markert, Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: Results of a phase I trial, Gene. Ther., 7 (2000): 867-874. |
[15] | [ W.H. Meisen,E.S. Wohleb,A.C. Jaime-Ramirez,C. Bolyard,J.Y. Yoo,L. Russel,J. Hardcastle,S. Dubin,K. Muili,J. Yu,M. Callgiuri,J. Godbout,B. Kaur, The impact of macrophage-and microglia-secreted TNF-α on oncolitic hsv-1 therapy in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment, Clin Cancer Res., 21 (2015): 3274-3285. |
[16] | [ T. Mineta,S. Rabkin,T. Yazaki,W. Hunter,R. Martuza, Attenuated multi-mutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas, Nat. Med., 1 (1995): 938-943. |
[17] | [ J.C. Oliver,L.A. Bland,C.W. Oettinger,M.J. Arduino,S.K. McAllister,S.M. Aguero,M.S. Favero, Cytokine kinetics in an in vitro whole blood model following an endotoxin challenge, Lymphokine Cytokine Res., 12 (1993): 115-120. |
[18] | [ R. Rodriguez,E.R. Schuur,H.Y. Lim,G.A. Henderson,J.W. Simons,D.R. Henderson, Prostate attenuated replication competent daenovirus (ARCA) CN706: A selective cytotoxic for prostate-specific anti-positive prostate cancer cells, Cancer Res., 57 (2000): 2559-2563. |
[19] | [ H. Schättler and U. Ledzewicz, Optimal Control for Mathematical Models of Cancer Therapies Springer Publishing Co., New York, USA, 2015. |
[20] | [ G. Wollmann,K. Ozduman,A. N. van den Pol, Oncolytic virus therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: Concepts and candidates, Cancer J., 18 (2012): 69-81. |
[21] | [ J.T. Wu,H.M. Byrne,D.H. Kirn,L.M. Wein, Modeling and analysis of a virus that replicates selectively in tumor cells, Bull. Math. Biol., 63 (2001): 731-768. |
[22] | [ J.T. Wu,D.H. Kirn,L.M. Wein, Analysis of a three-way race between tumor growth, a replication-competent virus and an immune response, Bull. Math. Biol., 66 (2004): 605-625. |
1. | Elzbieta Ratajczyk, Urszula Ledzewicz, Maciej Leszczyński, Heinz Schättler, Treatment of glioma with virotherapy and TNF-α inhibitors: Analysis as a dynamical system, 2018, 23, 1553-524X, 425, 10.3934/dcdsb.2018029 | |
2. | Talal Alzahrani, Raluca Eftimie, Dumitru Trucu, Multiscale modelling of cancer response to oncolytic viral therapy, 2019, 310, 00255564, 76, 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.12.018 | |
3. |
Elzbieta Ratajczyk, Urszula Ledzewicz, Heinz Schättler,
Optimal Control for a Mathematical Model of Glioma Treatment with Oncolytic Therapy and TNF-α Inhibitors,
2018,
176,
0022-3239,
456,
10.1007/s10957-018-1218-4
|
|
4. | Avner Friedman, Xiulan Lai, Francesco Bertolini, Combination therapy for cancer with oncolytic virus and checkpoint inhibitor: A mathematical model, 2018, 13, 1932-6203, e0192449, 10.1371/journal.pone.0192449 | |
5. | A. M. Elaiw, A. D. Al Agha, A reaction–diffusion model for oncolytic M1 virotherapy with distributed delays, 2020, 135, 2190-5444, 10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00188-z | |
6. | A.M. Elaiw, A.D. Al Agha, Analysis of a delayed and diffusive oncolytic M1 virotherapy model with immune response, 2020, 55, 14681218, 103116, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2020.103116 | |
7. | Johannes P. W. Heidbuechel, Daniel Abate-Daga, Christine E. Engeland, Heiko Enderling, 2020, Chapter 21, 978-1-4939-9793-0, 307, 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_21 | |
8. | Handoko Handoko, Setyanto Tri Wahyudi, Ardian Arif Setyawan, Agus Kartono, A dynamical model of combination therapy applied to glioma, 2022, 48, 0092-0606, 439, 10.1007/s10867-022-09618-8 | |
9. | S.N. Antontsev, A.A. Papin, M.A. Tokareva, E.I. Leonova, E.A. Gridushko, Modeling of Tumor Occurrence and Growth-III, 2021, 1561-9451, 71, 10.14258/izvasu(2021)4-11 | |
10. | Salaheldin Omer, Hermane Mambili-Mamboundou, Assessing the impact of immunotherapy on oncolytic virotherapy in the treatment of cancer, 2024, 1598-5865, 10.1007/s12190-024-02139-8 | |
11. | Weizhong Zhang, Zhiyuan Yan, Feng Zhao, Qinggui He, Hongbo Xu, TGF-β Score based on Silico Analysis can Robustly Predict Prognosis and Immunological Characteristics in Lower-grade Glioma: The Evidence from Multicenter Studies, 2024, 19, 15748928, 610, 10.2174/1574892819666230915143632 | |
12. | Dayong Qi, Xueyan Tao, Jiashan Zheng, Boundedness of the solution to a higher-dimensional triply haptotactic cross-diffusion system modeling oncolytic virotherapy, 2025, 25, 1424-3199, 10.1007/s00028-024-01040-y |
Parameter | Description | Num. values | Dimension |
Proliferation rate of uninfected tumor cells | 1/day | ||
Infection rate of tumor cells by viruses | |||
Rate of loss of viruses during infection | |||
Effectiveness of the inhibitory action of TNF- | 1/day | ||
Infected tumor cell death rate | 1/day | ||
TNF- | 1/day | ||
TNF - | 1/day | ||
Macrophages death rate | 1/day | ||
Burst size of infected cells during apoptosis | |||
Burst size of infected cells during necrosis | |||
Carrying capacity of the TNF- | |||
Degradation of TNF- | 1/day | ||
due to its action on infected cells | |||
Virus lysis rate | 1/day | ||
Constant source of macrophages | |||
Stimulation rate of macrophages by infected cells | |||
without stimulus | |||
death rate of uninfected cancer cells | 1/day | ||
removal rate of dead cells | 1/day | ||
average of total densitiy of cells | |||
constant infusion of the virus | |||
constant infusion of the TNF- |
Parameter | Description | Num. values | Dimension |
Proliferation rate of uninfected tumor cells | 1/day | ||
Infection rate of tumor cells by viruses | |||
Rate of loss of viruses during infection | |||
Effectiveness of the inhibitory action of TNF- | 1/day | ||
Infected tumor cell death rate | 1/day | ||
TNF- | 1/day | ||
TNF - | 1/day | ||
Macrophages death rate | 1/day | ||
Burst size of infected cells during apoptosis | |||
Burst size of infected cells during necrosis | |||
Carrying capacity of the TNF- | |||
Degradation of TNF- | 1/day | ||
due to its action on infected cells | |||
Virus lysis rate | 1/day | ||
Constant source of macrophages | |||
Stimulation rate of macrophages by infected cells | |||
without stimulus | |||
death rate of uninfected cancer cells | 1/day | ||
removal rate of dead cells | 1/day | ||
average of total densitiy of cells | |||
constant infusion of the virus | |||
constant infusion of the TNF- |