In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. A new operator associated with the problem is established, and the self-adjointness of this operator in an appropriate Hilbert space H is proved. The fundamental solutions are constructed. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues are investigated. Then asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions are given. Finally, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H is given and the Green function is also involved.
Citation: Kun Li, Peng Wang. Properties for fourth order discontinuous differential operators with eigenparameter dependent boundary conditions[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(6): 11487-11508. doi: 10.3934/math.2022640
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In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. A new operator associated with the problem is established, and the self-adjointness of this operator in an appropriate Hilbert space H is proved. The fundamental solutions are constructed. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues are investigated. Then asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions are given. Finally, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H is given and the Green function is also involved.
In recent years, more and more researchers are interested in the discontinuous differential operators for its wide application in physics and engineering (see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]). Such problems are connected with discontinuous material properties, such as heat and mass transfer which can be found in [10], vibrating string problems when the string loaded additionally with point masses, the heat transfer problems of the laminated plate of membrane (that is, the plate which is formed by overlap of materials with different characteristics) and diffraction problems, etc. Lots of important results in this field have been obtained for the case when the eigenparameter appears not only in the differential equation but also in the boundary conditions. Particularly, more and more researchers have paid close attention to Sturm-Liouville problems with the boundary condition depending on eigenparameter and its inverse problem, asymptotic of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, oscillation theory, etc. The various physics applications of this kind of problem are found in many literature, such as Hinton[17], Fulton[16], Binding [22]. While the general theory and methods of such second-order boundary value problems are highly developed (see[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]), little is known about a general characteristic of the high-order problems, and the case of fourth-order is also very little[31,32].
Yang and Wang studied a class of fourth order differential operators with transmission conditions and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at one endpoint (see[19]), and obtained Green function, asymptotic formulas of eigenvalues and the completeness of eigenfunctions. In [20], Erdoǧan Ṣen studied spectral properties of a fourth order differential operators with transmission conditions and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at one endpoint, the completeness of eigenfunctions and the asymptotic formulas of eigenvalues and fundamental solutions are discussed.
In this paper, we shall consider the following fourth-order boundary value transmission problems
lu:=(p(x)u″(x))″+q(x)u(x)=λω(x)u(x), x∈J=[−1,0)∪(0,1] | (1.1) |
with eigenparameter dependent boundary conditions at endpoints
l1u:=λu(−1)−u‴(−1)=0, | (1.2) |
l2u:=λu′(−1)+u″(−1)=0, | (1.3) |
l3u:=λ(γ′1u(1)−γ′2u‴(1))−(γ1u(1)−γ2u‴(1))=0, | (1.4) |
l4u:=λ(γ′3u′(1)−γ′4u″(1))+(γ3u′(1)−γ4u″(1))=0, | (1.5) |
and transmission conditions at discontinuous point x=0
Bu(0+)=B⋅Bu(0−), | (1.6) |
where p(x)=p41 for x∈[−1,0), p(x)=p42 for x∈(0,1]; ω(x)=ω41 for x∈[−1,0), ω(x)=ω42 for x∈(0,1], pi>0 and ωi>0 are given real numbers (i=1,2). The real-valued function q(x)∈L1[J,R], λ∈C is a complex eigenparameter, γi,γ′i,(i=1,2,3,4) are real numbers, Bu(x)=(u(x),u′(x),u″(x),u‴(x))T.
B=(δ1α10α2δ2α3α40δ3β1β20δ4β30β4) |
is a 4×4 real matrix,
We assume that ρ0=|δ1α2δ4β4| = |α3α4β1β2|>0, ρ1=|γ′1γ1γ′2γ2|>0,ρ2=|γ′3γ3γ′4γ4|>0, ρ3=|α1α2β3β4|=|δ2α4δ3β2|=0, ρ4=|δ1α1δ4β3| = |δ2α3δ3β1|>0.
In order to investigate the problems (1.1)–(1.6), we define the inner product in L2(J) as
⟨f,g⟩1=ρ0ω41p41∫caf¯gdx+ω42p42∫bcf¯gdx, ∀f,g∈L2(J), |
where
f(x)={f1(x), x∈[−1,0),f2(x), x∈(0,−1]. |
It is easy to verify that H1=L2(J,⟨⋅,⋅⟩1) is a Hilbert space.
Here we consider a class of fourth order differential operators with discontinuous coefficient and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at two endpoints. By using the classical analysis techniques and spectral theory of linear operator, a new linear operator A associated with the problem in an appropriate Hilbert space H is defined such that the eigenvalues of the problem coincide with those of A. The main results of the present paper are to discuss its eigenvalues, obtain asymptotic formulas for fundamental solutions and characteristic function, prove that the eigenfunctions of A are complete in H, and give its Green function, which promote and deepen the previous conclusions.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we define a new self-adjoint operator A such that the eigenvalues of such a problem coincide with those of A. In Section 3, we construct its fundamental solutions, discuss some properties of eigenvalues. In Section 4, we get the asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic function. The completeness of eigenfunctions are discussed in Section 5. In Section 6, we constructed its Green function.
In this section, we introduce a special inner product in the Hilbert space H=H1⨁C4, where H1=L2[−1,0)⨁L2(0,−1] (for any interval I⊂R, L2(I) denotes all the complex valued functions which satisfy ∫I|f(x)|2dx<∞), C4 denotes the Hilbert space of complex numbers, a symmetric operator A defined on the Hilbert space such that (1.1)–(1.6) can be considered as the eigenvalue problem of this operator. Namely, we define an inner product on H by
⟨F,G⟩=⟨f,g⟩1+ρ0(⟨h1,k1⟩2+⟨h2,k2⟩2)+1ρ1⟨h3,k3⟩2+1ρ2⟨h4,k4⟩2 |
for F:=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4), G:=(g(x),k1,k2,k3,k4)∈H, where ⟨h,k⟩2=h¯k for h,k∈C.
For convenience, we shall use the following notations:
M1(f)=f‴(−1), M′1(f)=f(−1), |
M2(f)=f″(−1), M′2(f)=f′(−1), |
N1(f)=γ1f(1)−γ2f‴(1), N′1(f)=γ′1f(1)−γ′2f‴(1), |
N2(f)=γ3f′(1)−γ4f″(1), N′2(f)=γ′3f′(1)−γ′4f″(1). |
In the Hilbert space H, we consider the operator A with domain
![]() |
and the rule
AF=(1ω(x)((p(x)f″)″+q(x)f),M1(f),−M2(f),N1(f),−N2(f)) | (2.1) |
with
F=(f(x),M′1(f),M′2(f),N′1(f),N′2(f))∈D(A). |
Now we rewrite the problems (1.1)–(1.6) in the operator form
AF=λF. |
Thus the problems (1.1)–(1.6) can be considered as the eigenvalue problem of the operator A.
Lemma 2.1. The eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)–(1.6) are defined as the eigenvalues and the first component of corresponding eigenelements of the operator A respectively.
Lemma 2.2. The domain D(A) is dense in H.
Proof. Let F=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4)∈H, F⊥D(A) and C∞0 be a functional set such that
φ(x)={φ1(x),x∈[−1,0),φ2(x),x∈(0,1], |
for φ1(x)∈C∞0[−1,0), φ2(x)∈C∞0(0,1]. Since C∞0⊕0⊕0⊕0⊕0⊂D(A) (0∈C), any U=(u(x),0,0,0,0)∈C∞0⊕0⊕0⊕0⊕0 is orthogonal to F, namely,
⟨F,U⟩=⟨f,u⟩1=0. |
We can learn that f(x) is orthogonal to C∞0 in H1, this implies f(x)=0. So for all V=(v(x),M′1(v),0,0,0)∈D(A), ⟨F,V⟩=ρ0h1M′1(¯v)=0. Thus h1=0 since M′1(v) can be chosen as an arbitrary function. Similarly, we can prove h2=h3=h4=0. Hence F=(0,0,0,0,0,) is null element in the Hilbert space H. Thus, the orthogonal complement of D(A) consists of only the null element, and therefore is dense in the Hilbert space H.
Theorem 2.1. The operator A is self-adjoint in H.
Proof. Let F,G∈D(A). Integration by parts yields
⟨AF,G⟩−⟨F,AG⟩=ρ0[W(f,¯g;0−)−W(f,¯g;−1)]+[W(f,¯g;1)−W(f,¯g;0+)]+ρ0[M1(f)M′1(¯g)−M′1(f)M1(¯g)−M2(f)M′2(¯g)+M′2(f)M2(¯g)]+1ρ1[N1(f)N′1(¯g)−N′1(f)N1(¯g)]−1ρ2[N2(f)N′2(¯g)−N′2(f)N2(¯g)], | (2.2) |
where, as usual, W(f,g;x) denotes the Wronskians of f and g:
W(f,g;x)=f‴(x)g(x)−f(x)g‴(x)+f′(x)g″(x)−f″(x)g′(x). | (2.3) |
By the transmission condition (1.6), we get
W(f,¯g;0+)=ρ0W(f,¯g;0−). | (2.4) |
Further, it is easy to verify that
M1(f)M′1(¯g)−M′1(f)M1(¯g)−M2(f)M′2(¯g)+M′2(f)M2(¯g)=W(f,¯g;−1), | (2.5) |
1ρ1[N1(f)N′1(¯g)−N′1(f)N1(¯g)]−1ρ2[N2(f)N′2(¯g)−N′2(f)N2(¯g)]=−W(f,¯g;1). | (2.6) |
Now, substituting (2.4)–(2.6) into (2.2) yields that
⟨AF,G⟩=⟨F,AG⟩ (F,G∈D(A)). |
Hence A is symmetric.
It remains to show that if ⟨AF,W⟩=⟨F,U⟩ for all F=(f(x),M′1(f),M′1(f),N′1(f),N′2(f))∈D(A), then W∈D(A) and AW=U, where W=(w(x),h1,h2,h3,h4), U=(u(x),k1,k2,k3,k4), i.e.,
(i) w(i)1(x)∈ACloc((−1,0)), w(i)2(x)∈ACloc((0,1)) (i=0,1,2,3), lw∈H1;
(ii) h1=M′1(w)=w(−1), h2=M′2(w)=w′(−1), h3=N′1(w)=γ′1w(1)−γ′2w‴(1),
h4=N′2(w)=γ′3w′(1)−γ′4w″(1);
(iii) Bw(0+)=B⋅Bw(0−);
(iv) u(x)=lw;
(v) k1=M1(w)=w‴(−1), k2=−M2(w)=−w″(−1), k3=N1(w)=γ1w(1)−γ2w‴(1),
k4=−N′2(w)=−(γ3w′(1)−γ4w″(1)).
For an arbitrary point F∈C∞0⊕04∈D(A) such that
ρ0ω41p41∫0−1(lf)¯wdx+ω42p42∫10(lf)¯wdx=ρ0ω41p41∫0−1f¯udx+ω42p42∫10f¯udx, |
that is, ⟨lf,w⟩1=⟨f,u⟩1. According to classical Sturm-Liouville theory, (i) and (iv) hold. By (iv), equation ⟨AF,W⟩=⟨F,U⟩, ∀F∈D(A), becomes
⟨lf,w⟩1=⟨f,lw⟩1+ρ0(M′1(f)¯k1+M′2(f)¯k2−M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2)+1ρ1(N′1(f)¯k3−N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N′2(f)¯k4−N2(f)¯h4). |
However,
⟨lf,w⟩1=⟨f,lw⟩1+ρ0[W(f,¯g;0−)−W(f,¯g;−1)]+[W(f,¯g;1)−W(f,¯g;0+)]. |
So
![]() |
(2.7) |
By Naimark Patching Lemma 2, there is an F∈D(A) such that
f(i−1)(−1)=f(i−1)(0−)=f(i−1)(0+)=0, i=1,2,3,4, |
f(1)=γ′2, f′(1)=f″(1)=0, f‴(1)=γ′1. |
For such an F,
M′1(f)=M′2(f)=M1(f)=M2(f)=0. |
W(f,¯g;0−)=W(f,¯g;−1)=W(f,¯g;0+)=0. |
Then from (2.7) we have
1ρ1(N′1(f)¯k3−N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N′2(f)¯k4−N2(f)¯h4)=W(f,¯g;1). |
On the one hand,
W(f,¯g;1)=f‴(1)¯w(1)−f(1)¯w‴(1)+f′(1)¯w″(1)−f″(1)¯w′(1)=γ′1¯w(1)−γ′2¯w‴(1)=N′1(¯w). |
On the other hand,
1ρ1(N′1(f)¯k3−N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N′2(f)¯k4−N2(f)¯h4)=−1ρ1(¯h3(γ1γ′2−γ2γ′1)=¯h3. |
So h3=N′1(w). Similarly, we can prove that h4=N′2(w), k3=N1(w), k4=−N2(w).
For an arbitrary F∈D(A) such that
f(i−1)(1)=f(i−1)(0−)=f(i−1)(0+)=0, i=1,2,3,4, |
f(−1)=f′(−1)=f‴(−1)=0, f″(−1)=1. |
For such an F,
N′1(f)=N′2(f)=N1(f)=N2(f)=0, |
W(f,¯g;0−)=W(f,¯g;1)=W(f,¯g;0+)=0. |
Then from (2.7) we have
M′1(f)¯k1+M′2(f)¯k2−M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2=−W(f,¯g;−1). |
On the one hand,
M′1(f)¯k1+M′2(f)¯k2−M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2=¯h2. |
On the other hand,
![]() |
So h2=M′2(¯w). Similarly, we can proof h1=M′1(w), k1=M1(w), k2=−M2(w). So (ii) and (v) hold.
Next choose F∈D(A) such that
f(i−1)(1)=f(i−1)(−1)=0, i=1,2,3,4, |
f(0+)=f′(0+)=f″(0+)=0, f‴(0+)=ρ0, |
f(0−)=−α2, f′(0−)=0, f″(0−)=−α1, f‴(0−)=δ1, |
thus Mi(f)=M′i(f)=Ni(f)=N′i(f)=0 (i=1,2), W(f,¯g;−1)=W(f,¯g;1)=0. Then from (3.1) we have W(f,¯g;0+)=ρ0W(f,¯g;0−), that is
ρ0w(0+)=ρ0(δ1w(0−)+α1w(0−)+α2w(0−)), |
so
w(0+)=δ1w(0−)+α1w(0−)+α2w(0−). |
However, B is a 4×4 real matrix, then using the same method, we can prove
Bw(0+)=B⋅Bw(0−). |
So (iii) holds.
From the above discussion, we get that A is a self-adjoint operator.
Corollary 2.1. All eigenvalues of the problems (1.1)–(1.6) are real.
Corollary 2.2. Let λ1 and λ2 be two different eigenvalues of the problems (1)–(6). Then the corresponding eigenfunctions f and g is orthogonal in the sense that
![]() |
Since all eigenvalues are real, it is necessary to study the real-valued eigenfunctions only. Therefore, we can now assume that all eigenfunctions are real-valued.
Lemma 3.1. Let the real-valued function q(x) be continuous in [−1,1] and fi(λ) (i=1,2,3,4) be given entire functions. Then for ∀λ∈C, the Eq (1.1) has a unique solution u(x,λ), satisfying the initial conditions
u(−1)=f1(λ), u′(−1)=f2(λ), u″(−1)=f3(λ), u‴(−1)=f4(λ), |
( or u(1)=f1(λ), u′(1)=f2(λ), u″(1)=f3(λ), u‴(1)=f4(λ)). |
Proof. In terms of existence and uniqueness in ordinary differential equation theory, we can conclude this conclusion.
Let ϕ11(x,λ) be the solution of Eq (1.1) on the interval [−1,0), satisfying the initial conditions
ϕ11(−1)=1, ϕ′11(−1)=ϕ″11(−1)=0, ϕ‴11(−1)=λ. |
By virtue of Lemma 3.1, after defining this solution we can define the solution ϕ12(x,λ) of Eq (1.1) on the interval (0, 1] by the initial conditions
Bϕ12(0)=B⋅Bϕ11(0). |
Again let ϕ21(x,λ) still be the solution of (1.1) on the interval [−1,0), satisfying the initial conditions
ϕ21(−1)=0, ϕ′21(−1)=1, ϕ″21(−1)=−λ, ϕ‴21(−1)=0. |
After defining this solution, we can also define the solution ϕ22(x,λ) of Eq (1.1) on the interval (0, 1] by the initial conditions
Bϕ22(0)=B⋅Bϕ21(0). |
Analogously, we shall define the solutions χ12(x,λ) and χ11(x,λ) by the initial conditions
χ12(1)=λγ′2−γ2, χ′12(1)=χ″12(1)=0, χ‴12(1)=λγ′1−γ1, |
Bχ11(0)=C⋅Bχ12(0), |
where
C=(β4ρ000−α2ρ00β2ρ0−α4ρ00−δ2β4α4ρ0−β1ρ0α3ρ0α2δ2α4ρ0−δ4ρ0−α1β2α2ρ0α1α4α2ρ0δ1ρ0) |
is a 4×4 real matrix.
In addition, we shall define the solution χ22(x,λ) and χ21(x,λ), satisfying the initial conditions
χ22(1)=0, χ′22(1)=λγ′4+γ4,χ″22(1)=λγ′3+γ3, χ‴22(1)=0, |
Bχ21(0)=C⋅Bχ22(0). |
Let us consider the Wronskians
W1(λ):=|ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ21(x,λ)ϕ′11(x,λ)ϕ′21(x,λ)χ′11(x,λ)χ′21(x,λ)ϕ″11(x,λ)ϕ″21(x,λ)χ″11(x,λ)χ″21(x,λ)ϕ‴11(x,λ)ϕ‴21(x,λ)χ‴11(x,λ)χ‴21(x,λ)| |
and
W2(λ):=|ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)ϕ′12(x,λ)ϕ′22(x,λ)χ′12(x,λ)χ′22(x,λ)ϕ″12(x,λ)ϕ″22(x,λ)χ″12(x,λ)χ″22(x,λ)ϕ‴12(x,λ)ϕ‴22(x,λ)χ‴12(x,λ)χ‴22(x,λ)|, |
which are independent of x and are entire functions. Short calculation gives W2(λ)=ρ20W1(λ). Now we may introduce, in consideration, the characteristic function as W(λ)=W1(λ).
Theorem 3.1. The eigenvalues of the problems (1.1)–(1.6) consist of the zeros of the function W(λ).
Proof. Assume that W(λ)=0. Then the functions ϕ11(x,λ), ϕ21(x,λ) and χ11(x,λ), χ21(x,λ) are linearly dependent, i.e.,
k1ϕ11(x,λ)+k2ϕ21(x,λ)+k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ)=0 |
for some k1≠0 or k2≠0 and k3≠0 or k4≠0. From this, it follows that k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ) satisfies the boundary conditions (1.2) and (1.3). Therefore,
u(x)={k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),k3χ12(x,λ)+k4χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1], |
is an eigenfunction of the problems (1.1)–(1.6) corresponding to the eigenvalue λ.
Now we let u(x) be any eigenfunction corresponding to eigenvalue λ, but W(λ)≠0. Then the function u(x) may be represented in the form
u(x)={c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),c5ϕ12(x,λ)+c6ϕ22(x,λ)+c7χ12(x,λ)+c8χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1], | (3.1) |
where at least one of the constants ci (i=1,2,⋯,8) is not zero. Applying the transmission condition (1.6) and the boundary conditions (1.2)–(1.5) to this representation of u(x), we can get a homogenous system of linear equations of the variables ci (i=1,2,⋯,8) and taking into account the initial conditions, it follows that the determinant of this system is
|00l1χ11l1χ21000000l2χ11l2χ2100000000l3ϕ12l3ϕ22000000l4ϕ12l4ϕ2200−ϕ12(0)−ϕ22(0)−χ12(0)−χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)−ϕ′12(0)−ϕ′22(0)−χ′12(0)−χ′22(0)ϕ′12(0)ϕ′22(0)χ′12(0)χ′22(0)−ϕ″12(0)−ϕ″22(0)−χ″12(0)−χ″22(0)ϕ″12(0)ϕ″22(0)χ″12(0)χ″22(0)−ϕ‴12(0)−ϕ‴22(0)−χ‴12(0)−χ‴22(0)ϕ‴12(0)ϕ‴22(0)χ‴12(0)χ‴22(0)|=−W2(λ)3. |
Therefore, the system has only the trivial solution ci=0(i=1,2,⋯,8). Thus we get a contradiction, which completes the proof.
In this section, we start by proving several lemmas.
Lemma 4.1. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the following integral equations hold for k=0,1,2,3,
dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=12dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p1−12p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14+14p31sω31)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1−(14p31sω31−14)dkdxke−ω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3∫x−1dkdxk(sinω1s(x−y)p1−12eω1s(x−y)p1+12e−ω1s(x−y)p1)q(y)ϕ11(y)dy, | (4.1) |
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(4.2) |
dkdxkϕ21(x,λ)=12p21s2ω21dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p1+12p1ω1sdkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14p1ω1s−14p21s2ω21)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1−(14p1ω1s+14p21s2ω21)dkdxke−ω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3∫x−1dkdxk(sinω1s(x−y)p1−12eω1s(x−y)p1+12e−ω1s(x−y)p1)q(y)ϕ21(y)dy, | (4.3) |
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(4.4) |
Proof. Regarding ϕ11(x,λ) as the solution of the following non-homogeneous Cauchy problem:
{(p(x)u″)″(x)+q(x)u(x)=λω(x)u(x),ϕ11(−1)=1, ϕ′11(−1)=0,ϕ″11(−1)=0, ϕ‴11(−1)=λ. |
Using the method of constant variation, ϕ11(x,λ) satisfies
dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=12dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p1−12p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14+14p31sω31)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1−(14p31sω31−14)dkdxke−ω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3∫x−1dkdxk(sinω1s(x−y)p1−12eω1s(x−y)p1+12e−ω1s(x−y)p1)q(y)ϕ11(y)dy. |
Then differentiating it with respect to x, we have (4.1). The proof for (4.2)–(4.4) are similar.
Lemma 4.2. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the following integral equations hold for k=0,1,2,3,
dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=−12p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+14p31sω31dkdxk(eω1s(x+1)p1−e−ω1s(x+1)p1)+O(|s|ke|s|ω1(x+1)p1), | (4.5) |
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(4.6) |
dkdxkϕ21(x,λ)=12p21s2ω21dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p1−14p21s2ω21dkdxk(eω1s(x+1)p1+e−ω1s(x+1)p1)+O(|s|k−1e|s|ω1(x+1)p1), | (4.7) |
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(4.8) |
Each of these asymptotic equalities hold uniformly for x∈J, as |λ|→∞.
Proof. Let ϕ11(x,λ)=|s|e|s|ω1(x+1)p1F(x,λ). We can easily get that F(x,λ) is bounded. So ϕ11(x,λ)=O(|s|e|s|ω1(x+1)p1). Substituting it into (4.1) and differentiating it with respect to x for k=0,1,2,3, we obtain (4.5). Next according to transmission condition (1.6), we have
ϕ12(0)≈α2ϕ‴11(0), ϕ′12(0)≈α4ϕ″11(0), |
ϕ″12(0)≈β2ϕ″11(0), ϕ‴12(0)≈β4ϕ‴11(0), |
as |λ|→∞. Substituting these asymptotic expressions into (4.2) for k=0, we get
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(4.9) |
Multiplying through by |s|−4e|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2], and denoting
F12(x,λ):=O(|s|−4e−|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2])ϕ12(x,λ). |
Denoting M(λ):=maxx∈[−1,0)|F12(x,λ)|, from the last formula, short calculation yields M(λ)<M0 for some M0>0. It follows that M(λ)=O(1) as |λ|→∞, so
ϕ12(x,λ)=O(|s|4e|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2]). |
Substituting this back into the integral on (4.9) yields (4.6) for k=0. The other assertions can be proved similarly.
Theorem 4.1. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the characteristic function W(λ) has the following asymptotic representations:
Case 1. γ′2≠0, γ′4≠0,
W(λ)=−α2α4γ′2γ′4ω42s204ρ20p42[1+(eω1sp1+e−ω1sp1)cosω1sp1][1−12(eω2sp2+e−ω2sp2)cosω2sp2]+O(|s|19e2|s|[ω1p2+ω2p1p1p2]); |
Case 2. γ′2≠0, γ′4=0,
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Case 3. γ′2=0, γ′4≠0,
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Case 4. γ′2=0, γ′4=0,
W(λ)=α2α4γ′1γ′3s164ρ20[1+(eω1sp1+e−ω1sp1)cosω1sp1][1+12(eω2sp2+e−ω2sp2)cosω2sp2]+O(|s|15e2|s|[ω1p2+ω2p1p1p2]). |
Proof. The proof is obtained by substituting asymptotic equalities dkdxkϕ12(1,λ) and dkdxkϕ22(1,λ) into the representation
W(λ)=1ρ20W2(λ)=|ϕ12(1,λ)ϕ22(1,λ)λγ′2−γ20ϕ′12(1,λ)ϕ′22(1,λ)0λγ′4+γ4ϕ″12(1,λ)ϕ″22(1,λ)0λγ′3+γ3ϕ‴12(1,λ)ϕ‴22(1,λ)λγ′1−γ10|, |
short calculation, we can get the above conclusions.
Corollary 4.1. The eigenvalues of the problems (1)–(6) are bounded below.
Proof. Putting s2=it (t>0) in the above formulae, it follows that W(−t2)→∞ as t→∞. Hence W(λ)≠0 for λ negative and sufficiently large in modulus.
Theorem 5.1. The operator A has only point spectrum, i.e., σ(A)=σp(A).
Proof. It suffices to prove that if λ is not an eigenvalue of A, then λ∈ρ(A). Here we investigate the equation (A−λ)Y=F∈H, where λ∈R, F=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4). Consider the initial-value problem
{ly−λω(x)y(x)=f(x)ω(x),By(0+)=B⋅By(0−), | (5.1) |
and the system of equations
{M1(y)−λM′1(y)=h1,M2(y)+λM′2(y)=−h2,N1(y)−λN′1(y)=h3,N2(y)+λN′2(y)=−h4. | (5.2) |
Let
u(x)={u1(x), x∈[−1,0),u2(x), x∈(0,1], |
be the solution of the equation ly−λω(x)y(x)=0 satisfying the transmission condition (1.6). Let
v(x)={v1(x), x∈[−1,0),v2(x), x∈(0,1], |
be a special solution of (5.1). Then (5.1) has general solution in the form
y(x)={du1(x)+v1(x), x∈[−1,0),du2(x)+v2(x), x∈(0,1], | (5.3) |
where d∈C.
Since γ is not an eigenvalue of (1.1)–(1.6), we have
λu1(−1)−u‴1(−1)≠0, | (5.4) |
or
λu′1(−1)+u″1(−1)≠0, | (5.5) |
or
λ(γ′1u2(1)−γ′2u‴2(1))−(γ1u2(1)−γ2u‴2(1))≠0, | (5.6) |
or
λ(γ′3u′2(1)−γ′4u″2(1))+(γ3u′2(1)−γ4u″2(1))≠0. | (5.7) |
The second, third, fourth, and fifth components of the equation (A−λ)Y=F involves the Eq (5.2), so substituting (5.3) into (5.2), and we get
(u‴1(−1)−λu1(−1))d=h1+λv1(−1)−v‴1(−1), |
(u″1(−1)+λu′1(−1))d=−h2−λv′1(−1)−v″1(−1), |
(λ(γ′2u‴2(1)−γ′1u2(1))−(γ2u‴2(1)−γ1u2(1)))d=h3−λ(γ′2v‴2(1)−γ′1v2(1))+γ2v‴2(1)−γ1v2(1), |
(λ(γ′3u′2(1)−γ′4u″2(1))+(γ3u′2(1)−γ4u″2(1)))d=−h4−λ(γ′3v′2(1)−γ′4v″2(1))+γ4v″2(1)−γ3v′2(1). |
In view of (5.4)–(5.7), we know that d is a unique solution. Thus if λ is not an eigenvalue of (1.1)–(1.6), d is uniquely solvable. Hence y is uniquely determined.
The above arguments show that (A−λI)−1 is defined on all of H. We get that (A−λI)−1 is bounded by Theorem 2.1 and the Closed Graph Theorem. Thus λ∈ρ(A). Hence σ(A)=σp(A).
Lemma 5.1. The eigenvalues of the boundary value problems (1.1)–(1.6) are bounded below, and form a finite or infinite sequence without finite accumulation point.
Proof. By the Corollary 4.1, we know that the eigenvalues of boundary value problems (1)–(6) are bounded below. By Theorem 3.1, we obtain that the zeros of the entire function W(λ) are the eigenvalues of A. And all the eigenvalues of A are real by the self-adjointness of A, that is to say, for any λ∈C with its imaginary part not vanishing, then W(λ)≠0. Therefore, by the distribution of zeros of entire functions, the conclusion holds.
Lemma 5.2. The operator A has compact resolvents, i.e., for each δ∈R/σp(A), (A−δI)−1 is compact on H.
Proof. Let {λ1,λ2,⋯} be the eigenvalues of (A−δI)−1, and let {P1,P2,⋯} be the finite rank orthogonal projection on the corresponding eigensubspace. Since {λ1,λ2,⋯} is a bounded sequence and Pn are mutual orthogonality, ∑∞n=1λnPn is strong convergence to (A−δI)−1, that is, ∑∞n=1λnPn=(A−δI)−1. In light of the number of |λn|>α for any α>0 is finite and Pn are finite rank, we have that (A−δI)−1 is compact.
By the above Lemmas and the spectral theorem for compact operator, we obtain the following theorem:
Theorem 5.2. The eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)–(1.6), augmented to become eigenfunctions of A, are complete in H, i.e., if we let {Φn=(ϕn(x),M′1(ϕn),M′2(ϕn),N′1(ϕn),N′2(ϕn));n∈N} be a maximum set of orthonormal eigenfunctions of A, where {ϕn(x);n∈N} are eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)–(1.6), then for all F∈H, F=∑∞n=1⟨F,Φn⟩Φn.
In this section, we will find the Green function defined by (1.1)–(1.6). For convenience, we assume that p(x)≡1, ω(x)≡1. Let λ not be an eigenvalue of A, we consider the operator equation (λI−A)U=F, F=(f,h1,h2,h3,h4). This operator equation is equivalent to the inhomogeneous differential equation
−u(4)+qu−λu=f(x) | (6.1) |
for x∈J, subject to the inhomogeneous boundary conditions
λu(−1)−u‴(−1)=h1, | (6.2) |
λu′(−1)+u″(−1)=h2, | (6.3) |
λ(γ′1u(1)−γ′2u‴(1))−(γ1u(1)−γ2u‴(1))=h3, | (6.4) |
λ(γ′3u′(1)−γ′4u″(1))+(γ3u′(1)−γ4u″(1))=h4, | (6.5) |
and transmission condition (1.6).
By applying the standard method of variation of constants, we search the general solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation (6.1) in the form
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(6.6) |
By using the same techniques as in [2], the general solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation (6.1) are obtained as
y(x,λ)={y1(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),y2(x,λ), x∈(0,1], | (6.7) |
where
y1(x,λ)=1W1(λ)(ϕ11(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ+ϕ21(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ−χ11(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ+χ21(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0), | (6.8) |
y2(x,λ)=1W2(λ)(ϕ12(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ5(ξ,λ)dξ+ϕ22(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ6(ξ,λ)dξ−χ12(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ7(ξ,λ)dξ+χ22(x,λ)∫x−1f(ξ)Δ8(ξ,λ)dξ)+c5ϕ12(x,λ)+c6ϕ22(x,λ)+c7χ12(x,λ)+c8χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1], | (6.9) |
Δ1(ξ,λ)=|ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ′21(ξ,λ)χ′11(ξ,λ)χ′21(ξ,λ)ϕ″21(ξ,λ)χ″11(ξ,λ)χ″21(ξ,λ)|, Δ2(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ′11(ξ,λ)χ′11(ξ,λ)χ′21(ξ,λ)ϕ″11(ξ,λ)χ″11(ξ,λ)χ″21(ξ,λ)|, |
Δ3(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ′11(ξ,λ)ϕ′21(ξ,λ)χ′21(ξ,λ)ϕ″11(ξ,λ)ϕ″21(ξ,λ)χ″21(ξ,λ)|, Δ4(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)ϕ′11(ξ,λ)ϕ′21(ξ,λ)χ′11(ξ,λ)ϕ″11(ξ,λ)ϕ″21(ξ,λ)χ″11(ξ,λ)|, |
,
Δ5(ξ,λ)=|ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ′22(ξ,λ)χ′12(ξ,λ)χ′22(ξ,λ)ϕ″22(ξ,λ)χ″12(ξ,λ)χ″22(ξ,λ)|, Δ6(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ′12(ξ,λ)χ′12(ξ,λ)χ′22(ξ,λ)ϕ″12(ξ,λ)χ″12(ξ,λ)χ″22(ξ,λ)|, |
Δ7(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ′12(ξ,λ)ϕ′22(ξ,λ)χ′22(ξ,λ)ϕ″12(ξ,λ)ϕ″22(ξ,λ)χ″22(ξ,λ)|, Δ8(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)ϕ′12(ξ,λ)ϕ′22(ξ,λ)χ′12(ξ,λ)ϕ″12(ξ,λ)ϕ′22(ξ,λ)χ″12(ξ,λ)|. |
c1,c2⋅⋅⋅c8 are arbitrary constants. Substituting Eqs (6.8) and (6.9) into transmission condition (1.6), we obtain
c5=1W1(λ)det(By1(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)), |
c6=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),By1(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)), |
c7=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),By1(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)), |
c8=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),By1(0,λ)). |
Meanwhile,
(Bϕ12(0,λ),Bϕ22(0,λ),Bχ12(0,λ),Bχ22(0,λ))(c5,c6,c7,c8)T=B⋅(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ))(1w1(λ)(−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+(c1c2c3c4)). |
By the initial conditions, we get
(c5c6c7c8))=1W1(λ)(−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+(c1c2c3c4). | (6.10) |
So we can rewrite y1(x,λ) in the form
y1(x,λ)=∫1−1K1(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0), |
where
K1(x,ξ,λ)={Z1(x,ξ,λ)W1(λ),−1≤ξ≤x≤0,0,−1≤x≤ξ≤0,0,−1≤x≤0,0≤ξ≤1. |
Z1(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ′11(ξ,λ)ϕ′21(ξ,λ)χ′11(ξ,λ)χ′21(ξ,λ)ϕ″11(ξ,λ)ϕ″21(ξ,λ)χ″11(ξ,λ)χ″21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)|. |
Substituting (6.10) into (6.9), we have
y2(x,λ)=1W1(λ)(−∫0−1ϕ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ+∫0−1ϕ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ−∫0−1χ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ+∫0−1χ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+1W2(λ)(−∫x0ϕ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ5(ξ,λ)dξ+∫x0ϕ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ6(ξ,λ)dξ+∫x0χ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ7(ξ,λ)dξ−∫x0χ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ8(ξ,λ)dξ)+c1ϕ12(x,λ)+c2ϕ22(x,λ)+c3χ12(x,λ)+c4χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1]. |
We can rewrite y2(x,λ) in the form
y2(x,λ)=∫1−1K2(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ12(x,λ)+c2ϕ22(x,λ)+c3χ12(x,λ)+c4χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1], |
where
K2(x,ξ,λ)={Z2(x,ξ,λ)W1(λ),−1≤ξ≤0,0≤x≤1,Z3(x,ξ,λ)W2(λ),0≤ξ≤x≤1,0,0≤x≤ξ≤1. |
Z2(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ′11(ξ,λ)ϕ′21(ξ,λ)χ′11(ξ,λ)χ′21(ξ,λ)ϕ″11(ξ,λ)ϕ″21(ξ,λ)χ″11(ξ,λ)χ″21(ξ,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)|, |
Z3(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ′12(ξ,λ)ϕ′22(ξ,λ)χ′12(ξ,λ)χ′22(ξ,λ)ϕ″12(ξ,λ)ϕ″22(ξ,λ)χ″12(ξ,λ)χ″22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)|. |
Obviously, the solution for Eq (31) can be represented in the form:
y(x,λ)=∫1−1K(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ1(x,λ)+c2ϕ2(x,λ)+c3χ1(x,λ)+c4χ2(x,λ), x∈J, |
with
K(x,ξ,λ)={K1(x,ξ,λ), x∈[−1,0),K2(x,ξ,λ), x∈(0,1], |
ϕ1(x,λ)={ϕ11(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),ϕ12(x,λ), x∈(0,1],ϕ2(x,λ)={ϕ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),ϕ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1], |
χ1(x,λ)={χ11(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),χ12(x,λ), x∈(0,1],χ2(x,λ)={χ21(x,λ), x∈[−1,0),χ22(x,λ), x∈(0,1]. |
Denoting
U1(y)=λy(−1)−y‴(−1)=h1, |
U1(y)=λy′(−1)+y″(−1)=h2, |
U1(y)=λ(γ′1y(1)−γ′2y‴(1))−(γ1y(1)−γ2y‴(1))=h3, |
U1(y)=λ(γ′3y′(1)−γ′4y″(1))+(γ3y′(1)−γ4y″(1))=h4. |
Substituting y(x,λ) into the above conditions, we have
c1U1(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U1(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U1(χ1(x,λ))+c4U1(χ2(x,λ))=−∫1−1U1(K)f(ξ)dξ+h1, |
c1U2(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U2(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U2(χ1(x,λ))+c4U2(χ2(x,λ))=−∫1−1U2(K)f(ξ)dξ+h2, |
c1U3(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U3(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U3(χ1(x,λ))+c4U3(χ2(x,λ))=−∫1−1U3(K)f(ξ)dξ+h3, |
c1U4(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U4(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U4(χ1(x,λ))+c4U4(χ2(x,λ))=−∫1−1U4(K)f(ξ)dξ+h4. |
As the determinant of this system W2(λ) is not zero, so the variables ci (i=1,2,3,4) can be unique solved. Therefore,
c1=A1(λ)+H1(λ)W2(λ), c2=A2(λ)+H2(λ)W2(λ), |
c3=A3(λ)+H3(λ)W2(λ), c4=A4(λ)+H4(λ)W2(λ), |
where
A1(λ)=|−∫1−1U1(K)f(ξ)dξU1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))−∫1−1U2(K)f(ξ)dξU2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))−∫1−1U3(K)f(ξ)dξU3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))−∫1−1U4(K)f(ξ)dξU4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))|, |
H1(λ)=|h1U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))h2U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))h3U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))h4U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))|. |
By the Cramer's Role, we can solve Ai(λ) and Hi(λ). Substituting ci(i=1,2,3,4) into y(x,λ) yields that
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where
B(x,ξ,λ)=|U1(ϕ1(x,λ))U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ2(x,λ))U1(K)U2(ϕ1(x,λ))U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ2(x,λ))U2(K)U3(ϕ1(x,λ))U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ2(x,λ))U3(K)U4(ϕ1(x,λ))U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ2(x,λ))U4(K)ϕ1(x,λ)ϕ2(x,λ)χ1(x,λ)χ2(x,λ)0| |
H(x,ξ,λ)=|U1(ϕ1(x,λ))U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ2(x,λ))h1U2(ϕ1(x,λ))U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ2(x,λ))h2U3(ϕ1(x,λ))U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ2(x,λ))h3U4(ϕ1(x,λ))U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ2(x,λ))h4ϕ1(x,λ)ϕ2(x,λ)χ1(x,λ)χ2(x,λ)0|. |
Denoting Green function G(x,ξ,λ)=K(x,ξ,λ)+1W2(λ)B(x,ξ,λ), then y(x,λ) can be represented
y(x,λ)=∫1−1G(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ−1W2(λ)H(x,ξ,λ). | (6.11) |
Remark 6.1. Through above discussion, the case of eigenparameter appeared in the boundary conditions of both endpoints is different from the usual case [3], also different from the case of eigenparameter appeared in the boundary conditions of one endpoint[19], y(x,λ) is not only determined by ∫1−1G(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ, but also related with 1W2(λ)H(x,ξ,λ).
In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. Using operator theoretic formulation, we transferred the considered problem to an operator in a modified Hilbert space. We investigated some properties of this operator, such as self-adjointness, sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues, asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H and the Green function.
The work of the author is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020QA009, ZR2019MA034), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2019M662313, 2020M682139) and the Youth Creative Team Sci-Tech Program of Shandong Universities (No.2019KJI007).
All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.
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