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Research article

Properties for fourth order discontinuous differential operators with eigenparameter dependent boundary conditions

  • Received: 09 December 2021 Revised: 31 March 2022 Accepted: 07 April 2022 Published: 13 April 2022
  • MSC : 34B05, 34L30, 47E05

  • In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. A new operator associated with the problem is established, and the self-adjointness of this operator in an appropriate Hilbert space H is proved. The fundamental solutions are constructed. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues are investigated. Then asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions are given. Finally, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H is given and the Green function is also involved.

    Citation: Kun Li, Peng Wang. Properties for fourth order discontinuous differential operators with eigenparameter dependent boundary conditions[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(6): 11487-11508. doi: 10.3934/math.2022640

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  • In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. A new operator associated with the problem is established, and the self-adjointness of this operator in an appropriate Hilbert space H is proved. The fundamental solutions are constructed. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues are investigated. Then asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions are given. Finally, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H is given and the Green function is also involved.



    In recent years, more and more researchers are interested in the discontinuous differential operators for its wide application in physics and engineering (see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]). Such problems are connected with discontinuous material properties, such as heat and mass transfer which can be found in [10], vibrating string problems when the string loaded additionally with point masses, the heat transfer problems of the laminated plate of membrane (that is, the plate which is formed by overlap of materials with different characteristics) and diffraction problems, etc. Lots of important results in this field have been obtained for the case when the eigenparameter appears not only in the differential equation but also in the boundary conditions. Particularly, more and more researchers have paid close attention to Sturm-Liouville problems with the boundary condition depending on eigenparameter and its inverse problem, asymptotic of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, oscillation theory, etc. The various physics applications of this kind of problem are found in many literature, such as Hinton[17], Fulton[16], Binding [22]. While the general theory and methods of such second-order boundary value problems are highly developed (see[6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]), little is known about a general characteristic of the high-order problems, and the case of fourth-order is also very little[31,32].

    Yang and Wang studied a class of fourth order differential operators with transmission conditions and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at one endpoint (see[19]), and obtained Green function, asymptotic formulas of eigenvalues and the completeness of eigenfunctions. In [20], Erdoǧan Ṣen studied spectral properties of a fourth order differential operators with transmission conditions and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at one endpoint, the completeness of eigenfunctions and the asymptotic formulas of eigenvalues and fundamental solutions are discussed.

    In this paper, we shall consider the following fourth-order boundary value transmission problems

    lu:=(p(x)u(x))+q(x)u(x)=λω(x)u(x),  xJ=[1,0)(0,1] (1.1)

    with eigenparameter dependent boundary conditions at endpoints

    l1u:=λu(1)u(1)=0, (1.2)
    l2u:=λu(1)+u(1)=0, (1.3)
    l3u:=λ(γ1u(1)γ2u(1))(γ1u(1)γ2u(1))=0, (1.4)
    l4u:=λ(γ3u(1)γ4u(1))+(γ3u(1)γ4u(1))=0, (1.5)

    and transmission conditions at discontinuous point x=0

    Bu(0+)=BBu(0), (1.6)

    where p(x)=p41 for x[1,0), p(x)=p42 for x(0,1]; ω(x)=ω41 for x[1,0), ω(x)=ω42 for x(0,1], pi>0 and ωi>0 are given real numbers (i=1,2). The real-valued function q(x)L1[J,R], λC is a complex eigenparameter, γi,γi,(i=1,2,3,4) are real numbers, Bu(x)=(u(x),u(x),u(x),u(x))T.

    B=(δ1α10α2δ2α3α40δ3β1β20δ4β30β4)

    is a 4×4 real matrix,

    We assume that ρ0=|δ1α2δ4β4| = |α3α4β1β2|>0, ρ1=|γ1γ1γ2γ2|>0,ρ2=|γ3γ3γ4γ4|>0, ρ3=|α1α2β3β4|=|δ2α4δ3β2|=0, ρ4=|δ1α1δ4β3| = |δ2α3δ3β1|>0.

    In order to investigate the problems (1.1)–(1.6), we define the inner product in L2(J) as

    f,g1=ρ0ω41p41caf¯gdx+ω42p42bcf¯gdx, f,gL2(J),

    where

    f(x)={f1(x), x[1,0),f2(x), x(0,1].

    It is easy to verify that H1=L2(J,,1) is a Hilbert space.

    Here we consider a class of fourth order differential operators with discontinuous coefficient and containing eigenparameter in the boundary conditions at two endpoints. By using the classical analysis techniques and spectral theory of linear operator, a new linear operator A associated with the problem in an appropriate Hilbert space H is defined such that the eigenvalues of the problem coincide with those of A. The main results of the present paper are to discuss its eigenvalues, obtain asymptotic formulas for fundamental solutions and characteristic function, prove that the eigenfunctions of A are complete in H, and give its Green function, which promote and deepen the previous conclusions.

    The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we define a new self-adjoint operator A such that the eigenvalues of such a problem coincide with those of A. In Section 3, we construct its fundamental solutions, discuss some properties of eigenvalues. In Section 4, we get the asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic function. The completeness of eigenfunctions are discussed in Section 5. In Section 6, we constructed its Green function.

    In this section, we introduce a special inner product in the Hilbert space H=H1C4, where H1=L2[1,0)L2(0,1] (for any interval IR, L2(I) denotes all the complex valued functions which satisfy I|f(x)|2dx<), C4 denotes the Hilbert space of complex numbers, a symmetric operator A defined on the Hilbert space such that (1.1)–(1.6) can be considered as the eigenvalue problem of this operator. Namely, we define an inner product on H by

    F,G=f,g1+ρ0(h1,k12+h2,k22)+1ρ1h3,k32+1ρ2h4,k42

    for F:=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4), G:=(g(x),k1,k2,k3,k4)H, where h,k2=h¯k for h,kC.

    For convenience, we shall use the following notations:

    M1(f)=f(1), M1(f)=f(1),
    M2(f)=f(1), M2(f)=f(1),
    N1(f)=γ1f(1)γ2f(1), N1(f)=γ1f(1)γ2f(1),
    N2(f)=γ3f(1)γ4f(1), N2(f)=γ3f(1)γ4f(1).

    In the Hilbert space H, we consider the operator A with domain

    and the rule

    AF=(1ω(x)((p(x)f)+q(x)f),M1(f),M2(f),N1(f),N2(f)) (2.1)

    with

    F=(f(x),M1(f),M2(f),N1(f),N2(f))D(A).

    Now we rewrite the problems (1.1)–(1.6) in the operator form

    AF=λF.

    Thus the problems (1.1)–(1.6) can be considered as the eigenvalue problem of the operator A.

    Lemma 2.1. The eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)(1.6) are defined as the eigenvalues and the first component of corresponding eigenelements of the operator A respectively.

    Lemma 2.2. The domain D(A) is dense in H.

    Proof. Let F=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4)H, FD(A) and C0 be a functional set such that

    φ(x)={φ1(x),x[1,0),φ2(x),x(0,1],

    for φ1(x)C0[1,0), φ2(x)C0(0,1]. Since C00000D(A) (0C), any U=(u(x),0,0,0,0)C00000 is orthogonal to F, namely,

    F,U=f,u1=0.

    We can learn that f(x) is orthogonal to C0 in H1, this implies f(x)=0. So for all V=(v(x),M1(v),0,0,0)D(A), F,V=ρ0h1M1(¯v)=0. Thus h1=0 since M1(v) can be chosen as an arbitrary function. Similarly, we can prove h2=h3=h4=0. Hence F=(0,0,0,0,0,) is null element in the Hilbert space H. Thus, the orthogonal complement of D(A) consists of only the null element, and therefore is dense in the Hilbert space H.

    Theorem 2.1. The operator A is self-adjoint in H.

    Proof. Let F,GD(A). Integration by parts yields

    AF,GF,AG=ρ0[W(f,¯g;0)W(f,¯g;1)]+[W(f,¯g;1)W(f,¯g;0+)]+ρ0[M1(f)M1(¯g)M1(f)M1(¯g)M2(f)M2(¯g)+M2(f)M2(¯g)]+1ρ1[N1(f)N1(¯g)N1(f)N1(¯g)]1ρ2[N2(f)N2(¯g)N2(f)N2(¯g)], (2.2)

    where, as usual, W(f,g;x) denotes the Wronskians of f and g:

    W(f,g;x)=f(x)g(x)f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)f(x)g(x). (2.3)

    By the transmission condition (1.6), we get

    W(f,¯g;0+)=ρ0W(f,¯g;0). (2.4)

    Further, it is easy to verify that

    M1(f)M1(¯g)M1(f)M1(¯g)M2(f)M2(¯g)+M2(f)M2(¯g)=W(f,¯g;1), (2.5)
    1ρ1[N1(f)N1(¯g)N1(f)N1(¯g)]1ρ2[N2(f)N2(¯g)N2(f)N2(¯g)]=W(f,¯g;1). (2.6)

    Now, substituting (2.4)–(2.6) into (2.2) yields that

    AF,G=F,AG (F,GD(A)).

    Hence A is symmetric.

    It remains to show that if AF,W=F,U for all F=(f(x),M1(f),M1(f),N1(f),N2(f))D(A), then WD(A) and AW=U, where W=(w(x),h1,h2,h3,h4), U=(u(x),k1,k2,k3,k4), i.e.,

    (i) w(i)1(x)ACloc((1,0)), w(i)2(x)ACloc((0,1)) (i=0,1,2,3), lwH1;

    (ii) h1=M1(w)=w(1), h2=M2(w)=w(1), h3=N1(w)=γ1w(1)γ2w(1),

    h4=N2(w)=γ3w(1)γ4w(1);

    (iii) Bw(0+)=BBw(0);

    (iv) u(x)=lw;

    (v) k1=M1(w)=w(1), k2=M2(w)=w(1), k3=N1(w)=γ1w(1)γ2w(1),

    k4=N2(w)=(γ3w(1)γ4w(1)).

    For an arbitrary point FC004D(A) such that

    ρ0ω41p4101(lf)¯wdx+ω42p4210(lf)¯wdx=ρ0ω41p4101f¯udx+ω42p4210f¯udx,

    that is, lf,w1=f,u1. According to classical Sturm-Liouville theory, (i) and (iv) hold. By (iv), equation AF,W=F,U, FD(A), becomes

    lf,w1=f,lw1+ρ0(M1(f)¯k1+M2(f)¯k2M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2)+1ρ1(N1(f)¯k3N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N2(f)¯k4N2(f)¯h4).

    However,

    lf,w1=f,lw1+ρ0[W(f,¯g;0)W(f,¯g;1)]+[W(f,¯g;1)W(f,¯g;0+)].

    So

    (2.7)

    By Naimark Patching Lemma 2, there is an FD(A) such that

    f(i1)(1)=f(i1)(0)=f(i1)(0+)=0, i=1,2,3,4,
    f(1)=γ2, f(1)=f(1)=0, f(1)=γ1.

    For such an F,

    M1(f)=M2(f)=M1(f)=M2(f)=0.
    W(f,¯g;0)=W(f,¯g;1)=W(f,¯g;0+)=0.

    Then from (2.7) we have

    1ρ1(N1(f)¯k3N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N2(f)¯k4N2(f)¯h4)=W(f,¯g;1).

    On the one hand,

    W(f,¯g;1)=f(1)¯w(1)f(1)¯w(1)+f(1)¯w(1)f(1)¯w(1)=γ1¯w(1)γ2¯w(1)=N1(¯w).

    On the other hand,

    1ρ1(N1(f)¯k3N1(f)¯h3+(1ρ2(N2(f)¯k4N2(f)¯h4)=1ρ1(¯h3(γ1γ2γ2γ1)=¯h3.

    So h3=N1(w). Similarly, we can prove that h4=N2(w), k3=N1(w), k4=N2(w).

    For an arbitrary FD(A) such that

    f(i1)(1)=f(i1)(0)=f(i1)(0+)=0, i=1,2,3,4,
    f(1)=f(1)=f(1)=0, f(1)=1.

    For such an F,

    N1(f)=N2(f)=N1(f)=N2(f)=0,
    W(f,¯g;0)=W(f,¯g;1)=W(f,¯g;0+)=0.

    Then from (2.7) we have

    M1(f)¯k1+M2(f)¯k2M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2=W(f,¯g;1).

    On the one hand,

    M1(f)¯k1+M2(f)¯k2M1(f)¯h1+M2(f)¯h2=¯h2.

    On the other hand,

    So h2=M2(¯w). Similarly, we can proof h1=M1(w), k1=M1(w), k2=M2(w). So (ii) and (v) hold.

    Next choose FD(A) such that

    f(i1)(1)=f(i1)(1)=0, i=1,2,3,4,
    f(0+)=f(0+)=f(0+)=0, f(0+)=ρ0,
    f(0)=α2, f(0)=0, f(0)=α1, f(0)=δ1,

    thus Mi(f)=Mi(f)=Ni(f)=Ni(f)=0 (i=1,2), W(f,¯g;1)=W(f,¯g;1)=0. Then from (3.1) we have W(f,¯g;0+)=ρ0W(f,¯g;0), that is

    ρ0w(0+)=ρ0(δ1w(0)+α1w(0)+α2w(0)),

    so

    w(0+)=δ1w(0)+α1w(0)+α2w(0).

    However, B is a 4×4 real matrix, then using the same method, we can prove

    Bw(0+)=BBw(0).

    So (iii) holds.

    From the above discussion, we get that A is a self-adjoint operator.

    Corollary 2.1. All eigenvalues of the problems (1.1)(1.6) are real.

    Corollary 2.2. Let λ1 and λ2 be two different eigenvalues of the problems (1)–(6). Then the corresponding eigenfunctions f and g is orthogonal in the sense that

    Since all eigenvalues are real, it is necessary to study the real-valued eigenfunctions only. Therefore, we can now assume that all eigenfunctions are real-valued.

    Lemma 3.1. Let the real-valued function q(x) be continuous in [1,1] and fi(λ) (i=1,2,3,4) be given entire functions. Then for λC, the Eq (1.1) has a unique solution u(x,λ), satisfying the initial conditions

    u(1)=f1(λ), u(1)=f2(λ), u(1)=f3(λ), u(1)=f4(λ),
    ( or u(1)=f1(λ), u(1)=f2(λ), u(1)=f3(λ), u(1)=f4(λ)).

    Proof. In terms of existence and uniqueness in ordinary differential equation theory, we can conclude this conclusion.

    Let ϕ11(x,λ) be the solution of Eq (1.1) on the interval [1,0), satisfying the initial conditions

    ϕ11(1)=1, ϕ11(1)=ϕ11(1)=0, ϕ11(1)=λ.

    By virtue of Lemma 3.1, after defining this solution we can define the solution ϕ12(x,λ) of Eq (1.1) on the interval (0, 1] by the initial conditions

    Bϕ12(0)=BBϕ11(0).

    Again let ϕ21(x,λ) still be the solution of (1.1) on the interval [1,0), satisfying the initial conditions

    ϕ21(1)=0, ϕ21(1)=1, ϕ21(1)=λ, ϕ21(1)=0.

    After defining this solution, we can also define the solution ϕ22(x,λ) of Eq (1.1) on the interval (0, 1] by the initial conditions

    Bϕ22(0)=BBϕ21(0).

    Analogously, we shall define the solutions χ12(x,λ) and χ11(x,λ) by the initial conditions

    χ12(1)=λγ2γ2, χ12(1)=χ12(1)=0, χ12(1)=λγ1γ1,
    Bχ11(0)=CBχ12(0),

    where

    C=(β4ρ000α2ρ00β2ρ0α4ρ00δ2β4α4ρ0β1ρ0α3ρ0α2δ2α4ρ0δ4ρ0α1β2α2ρ0α1α4α2ρ0δ1ρ0)

    is a 4×4 real matrix.

    In addition, we shall define the solution χ22(x,λ) and χ21(x,λ), satisfying the initial conditions

    χ22(1)=0, χ22(1)=λγ4+γ4,χ22(1)=λγ3+γ3, χ22(1)=0,
    Bχ21(0)=CBχ22(0).

    Let us consider the Wronskians

    W1(λ):=|ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ21(x,λ)ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ21(x,λ)ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ21(x,λ)ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ21(x,λ)|

    and

    W2(λ):=|ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)|,

    which are independent of x and are entire functions. Short calculation gives W2(λ)=ρ20W1(λ). Now we may introduce, in consideration, the characteristic function as W(λ)=W1(λ).

    Theorem 3.1. The eigenvalues of the problems (1.1)(1.6) consist of the zeros of the function W(λ).

    Proof. Assume that W(λ)=0. Then the functions ϕ11(x,λ), ϕ21(x,λ) and χ11(x,λ), χ21(x,λ) are linearly dependent, i.e.,

    k1ϕ11(x,λ)+k2ϕ21(x,λ)+k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ)=0

    for some k10 or k20 and k30 or k40. From this, it follows that k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ) satisfies the boundary conditions (1.2) and (1.3). Therefore,

    u(x)={k3χ11(x,λ)+k4χ21(x,λ),   x[1,0),k3χ12(x,λ)+k4χ22(x,λ),   x(0,1],

    is an eigenfunction of the problems (1.1)–(1.6) corresponding to the eigenvalue λ.

    Now we let u(x) be any eigenfunction corresponding to eigenvalue λ, but W(λ)0. Then the function u(x) may be represented in the form

    u(x)={c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ),  x[1,0),c5ϕ12(x,λ)+c6ϕ22(x,λ)+c7χ12(x,λ)+c8χ22(x,λ),  x(0,1], (3.1)

    where at least one of the constants ci (i=1,2,,8) is not zero. Applying the transmission condition (1.6) and the boundary conditions (1.2)–(1.5) to this representation of u(x), we can get a homogenous system of linear equations of the variables ci (i=1,2,,8) and taking into account the initial conditions, it follows that the determinant of this system is

    |00l1χ11l1χ21000000l2χ11l2χ2100000000l3ϕ12l3ϕ22000000l4ϕ12l4ϕ2200ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)ϕ12(0)ϕ22(0)χ12(0)χ22(0)|=W2(λ)3.

    Therefore, the system has only the trivial solution ci=0(i=1,2,,8). Thus we get a contradiction, which completes the proof.

    In this section, we start by proving several lemmas.

    Lemma 4.1. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the following integral equations hold for k=0,1,2,3,

    dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=12dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p112p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14+14p31sω31)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1(14p31sω3114)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3x1dkdxk(sinω1s(xy)p112eω1s(xy)p1+12eω1s(xy)p1)q(y)ϕ11(y)dy, (4.1)
    (4.2)
    dkdxkϕ21(x,λ)=12p21s2ω21dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p1+12p1ω1sdkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14p1ω1s14p21s2ω21)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1(14p1ω1s+14p21s2ω21)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3x1dkdxk(sinω1s(xy)p112eω1s(xy)p1+12eω1s(xy)p1)q(y)ϕ21(y)dy, (4.3)
    (4.4)

    Proof. Regarding ϕ11(x,λ) as the solution of the following non-homogeneous Cauchy problem:

    {(p(x)u)(x)+q(x)u(x)=λω(x)u(x),ϕ11(1)=1, ϕ11(1)=0,ϕ11(1)=0, ϕ11(1)=λ.

    Using the method of constant variation, ϕ11(x,λ) satisfies

    dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=12dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p112p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+(14+14p31sω31)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1(14p31sω3114)dkdxkeω1s(x+1)p1+12ω31p1s3x1dkdxk(sinω1s(xy)p112eω1s(xy)p1+12eω1s(xy)p1)q(y)ϕ11(y)dy.

    Then differentiating it with respect to x, we have (4.1). The proof for (4.2)–(4.4) are similar.

    Lemma 4.2. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the following integral equations hold for k=0,1,2,3,

    dkdxkϕ11(x,λ)=12p31sω31dkdxksinω1s(x+1)p1+14p31sω31dkdxk(eω1s(x+1)p1eω1s(x+1)p1)+O(|s|ke|s|ω1(x+1)p1), (4.5)
    (4.6)
    dkdxkϕ21(x,λ)=12p21s2ω21dkdxkcosω1s(x+1)p114p21s2ω21dkdxk(eω1s(x+1)p1+eω1s(x+1)p1)+O(|s|k1e|s|ω1(x+1)p1), (4.7)
    (4.8)

    Each of these asymptotic equalities hold uniformly for xJ, as |λ|.

    Proof. Let ϕ11(x,λ)=|s|e|s|ω1(x+1)p1F(x,λ). We can easily get that F(x,λ) is bounded. So ϕ11(x,λ)=O(|s|e|s|ω1(x+1)p1). Substituting it into (4.1) and differentiating it with respect to x for k=0,1,2,3, we obtain (4.5). Next according to transmission condition (1.6), we have

    ϕ12(0)α2ϕ11(0), ϕ12(0)α4ϕ11(0),
    ϕ12(0)β2ϕ11(0), ϕ12(0)β4ϕ11(0),

    as |λ|. Substituting these asymptotic expressions into (4.2) for k=0, we get

    (4.9)

    Multiplying through by |s|4e|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2], and denoting

    F12(x,λ):=O(|s|4e|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2])ϕ12(x,λ).

    Denoting M(λ):=maxx[1,0)|F12(x,λ)|, from the last formula, short calculation yields M(λ)<M0 for some M0>0. It follows that M(λ)=O(1) as |λ|, so

    ϕ12(x,λ)=O(|s|4e|s|[ω1p1+ω2xp2]).

    Substituting this back into the integral on (4.9) yields (4.6) for k=0. The other assertions can be proved similarly.

    Theorem 4.1. Let λ=s4, s=σ+it. Then the characteristic function W(λ) has the following asymptotic representations:

    Case 1. γ20, γ40,

    W(λ)=α2α4γ2γ4ω42s204ρ20p42[1+(eω1sp1+eω1sp1)cosω1sp1][112(eω2sp2+eω2sp2)cosω2sp2]+O(|s|19e2|s|[ω1p2+ω2p1p1p2]);

    Case 2. γ20, γ4=0,

    Case 3. γ2=0, γ40,

    Case 4. γ2=0, γ4=0,

    W(λ)=α2α4γ1γ3s164ρ20[1+(eω1sp1+eω1sp1)cosω1sp1][1+12(eω2sp2+eω2sp2)cosω2sp2]+O(|s|15e2|s|[ω1p2+ω2p1p1p2]).

    Proof. The proof is obtained by substituting asymptotic equalities dkdxkϕ12(1,λ) and dkdxkϕ22(1,λ) into the representation

    W(λ)=1ρ20W2(λ)=|ϕ12(1,λ)ϕ22(1,λ)λγ2γ20ϕ12(1,λ)ϕ22(1,λ)0λγ4+γ4ϕ12(1,λ)ϕ22(1,λ)0λγ3+γ3ϕ12(1,λ)ϕ22(1,λ)λγ1γ10|,

    short calculation, we can get the above conclusions.

    Corollary 4.1. The eigenvalues of the problems (1)–(6) are bounded below.

    Proof. Putting s2=it (t>0) in the above formulae, it follows that W(t2) as t. Hence W(λ)0 for λ negative and sufficiently large in modulus.

    Theorem 5.1. The operator A has only point spectrum, i.e., σ(A)=σp(A).

    Proof. It suffices to prove that if λ is not an eigenvalue of A, then λρ(A). Here we investigate the equation (Aλ)Y=FH, where λR, F=(f(x),h1,h2,h3,h4). Consider the initial-value problem

    {lyλω(x)y(x)=f(x)ω(x),By(0+)=BBy(0), (5.1)

    and the system of equations

    {M1(y)λM1(y)=h1,M2(y)+λM2(y)=h2,N1(y)λN1(y)=h3,N2(y)+λN2(y)=h4. (5.2)

    Let

    u(x)={u1(x), x[1,0),u2(x), x(0,1],

    be the solution of the equation lyλω(x)y(x)=0 satisfying the transmission condition (1.6). Let

    v(x)={v1(x), x[1,0),v2(x), x(0,1],

    be a special solution of (5.1). Then (5.1) has general solution in the form

    y(x)={du1(x)+v1(x), x[1,0),du2(x)+v2(x), x(0,1], (5.3)

    where dC.

    Since γ is not an eigenvalue of (1.1)–(1.6), we have

    λu1(1)u1(1)0, (5.4)

    or

    λu1(1)+u1(1)0, (5.5)

    or

    λ(γ1u2(1)γ2u2(1))(γ1u2(1)γ2u2(1))0, (5.6)

    or

    λ(γ3u2(1)γ4u2(1))+(γ3u2(1)γ4u2(1))0. (5.7)

    The second, third, fourth, and fifth components of the equation (Aλ)Y=F involves the Eq (5.2), so substituting (5.3) into (5.2), and we get

    (u1(1)λu1(1))d=h1+λv1(1)v1(1),
    (u1(1)+λu1(1))d=h2λv1(1)v1(1),
    (λ(γ2u2(1)γ1u2(1))(γ2u2(1)γ1u2(1)))d=h3λ(γ2v2(1)γ1v2(1))+γ2v2(1)γ1v2(1),
    (λ(γ3u2(1)γ4u2(1))+(γ3u2(1)γ4u2(1)))d=h4λ(γ3v2(1)γ4v2(1))+γ4v2(1)γ3v2(1).

    In view of (5.4)–(5.7), we know that d is a unique solution. Thus if λ is not an eigenvalue of (1.1)–(1.6), d is uniquely solvable. Hence y is uniquely determined.

    The above arguments show that (AλI)1 is defined on all of H. We get that (AλI)1 is bounded by Theorem 2.1 and the Closed Graph Theorem. Thus λρ(A). Hence σ(A)=σp(A).

    Lemma 5.1. The eigenvalues of the boundary value problems (1.1)(1.6) are bounded below, and form a finite or infinite sequence without finite accumulation point.

    Proof. By the Corollary 4.1, we know that the eigenvalues of boundary value problems (1)–(6) are bounded below. By Theorem 3.1, we obtain that the zeros of the entire function W(λ) are the eigenvalues of A. And all the eigenvalues of A are real by the self-adjointness of A, that is to say, for any λC with its imaginary part not vanishing, then W(λ)0. Therefore, by the distribution of zeros of entire functions, the conclusion holds.

    Lemma 5.2. The operator A has compact resolvents, i.e., for each δR/σp(A), (AδI)1 is compact on H.

    Proof. Let {λ1,λ2,} be the eigenvalues of (AδI)1, and let {P1,P2,} be the finite rank orthogonal projection on the corresponding eigensubspace. Since {λ1,λ2,} is a bounded sequence and Pn are mutual orthogonality, n=1λnPn is strong convergence to (AδI)1, that is, n=1λnPn=(AδI)1. In light of the number of |λn|>α for any α>0 is finite and Pn are finite rank, we have that (AδI)1 is compact.

    By the above Lemmas and the spectral theorem for compact operator, we obtain the following theorem:

    Theorem 5.2. The eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)(1.6), augmented to become eigenfunctions of A, are complete in H, i.e., if we let {Φn=(ϕn(x),M1(ϕn),M2(ϕn),N1(ϕn),N2(ϕn));nN} be a maximum set of orthonormal eigenfunctions of A, where {ϕn(x);nN} are eigenfunctions of the problems (1.1)(1.6), then for all FH, F=n=1F,ΦnΦn.

    In this section, we will find the Green function defined by (1.1)–(1.6). For convenience, we assume that p(x)1, ω(x)1. Let λ not be an eigenvalue of A, we consider the operator equation (λIA)U=F, F=(f,h1,h2,h3,h4). This operator equation is equivalent to the inhomogeneous differential equation

    u(4)+quλu=f(x) (6.1)

    for xJ, subject to the inhomogeneous boundary conditions

    λu(1)u(1)=h1, (6.2)
    λu(1)+u(1)=h2, (6.3)
    λ(γ1u(1)γ2u(1))(γ1u(1)γ2u(1))=h3, (6.4)
    λ(γ3u(1)γ4u(1))+(γ3u(1)γ4u(1))=h4, (6.5)

    and transmission condition (1.6).

    By applying the standard method of variation of constants, we search the general solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation (6.1) in the form

    (6.6)

    By using the same techniques as in [2], the general solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation (6.1) are obtained as

    y(x,λ)={y1(x,λ),   x[1,0),y2(x,λ),   x(0,1], (6.7)

    where

    y1(x,λ)=1W1(λ)(ϕ11(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ+ϕ21(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξχ11(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ+χ21(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ),   x[1,0), (6.8)
    y2(x,λ)=1W2(λ)(ϕ12(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ5(ξ,λ)dξ+ϕ22(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ6(ξ,λ)dξχ12(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ7(ξ,λ)dξ+χ22(x,λ)x1f(ξ)Δ8(ξ,λ)dξ)+c5ϕ12(x,λ)+c6ϕ22(x,λ)+c7χ12(x,λ)+c8χ22(x,λ),   x(0,1], (6.9)
    Δ1(ξ,λ)=|ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)|,  Δ2(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)|,
    Δ3(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)|,  Δ4(ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)|,

    ,

    Δ5(ξ,λ)=|ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)|,  Δ6(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)|,
    Δ7(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)|,  Δ8(ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)|.

    c1,c2c8 are arbitrary constants. Substituting Eqs (6.8) and (6.9) into transmission condition (1.6), we obtain

    c5=1W1(λ)det(By1(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)),
    c6=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),By1(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)),
    c7=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),By1(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ)),
    c8=1W1(λ)det(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),By1(0,λ)).

    Meanwhile,

    (Bϕ12(0,λ),Bϕ22(0,λ),Bχ12(0,λ),Bχ22(0,λ))(c5,c6,c7,c8)T=B(Bϕ11(0,λ),Bϕ21(0,λ),Bχ11(0,λ),Bχ21(0,λ))(1w1(λ)(01f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+(c1c2c3c4)).

    By the initial conditions, we get

    (c5c6c7c8))=1W1(λ)(01f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ01f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+(c1c2c3c4). (6.10)

    So we can rewrite y1(x,λ) in the form

    y1(x,λ)=11K1(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ11(x,λ)+c2ϕ21(x,λ)+c3χ11(x,λ)+c4χ21(x,λ), x[1,0),

    where

    K1(x,ξ,λ)={Z1(x,ξ,λ)W1(λ),1ξx0,0,1xξ0,0,1x0,0ξ1.
    Z1(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(x,λ)ϕ21(x,λ)χ11(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)|.  

    Substituting (6.10) into (6.9), we have

    y2(x,λ)=1W1(λ)(01ϕ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ1(ξ,λ)dξ+01ϕ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ2(ξ,λ)dξ01χ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ3(ξ,λ)dξ+01χ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ4(ξ,λ)dξ)+1W2(λ)(x0ϕ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ5(ξ,λ)dξ+x0ϕ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ6(ξ,λ)dξ+x0χ12(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ7(ξ,λ)dξx0χ22(x,λ)f(ξ)Δ8(ξ,λ)dξ)+c1ϕ12(x,λ)+c2ϕ22(x,λ)+c3χ12(x,λ)+c4χ22(x,λ),    x(0,1].

    We can rewrite y2(x,λ) in the form

    y2(x,λ)=11K2(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ12(x,λ)+c2ϕ22(x,λ)+c3χ12(x,λ)+c4χ22(x,λ), x(0,1],

    where

    K2(x,ξ,λ)={Z2(x,ξ,λ)W1(λ),1ξ0,0x1,Z3(x,ξ,λ)W2(λ),0ξx1,0,0xξ1.
    Z2(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ11(ξ,λ)ϕ21(ξ,λ)χ11(ξ,λ)χ21(ξ,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)|,  
    Z3(x,ξ,λ)=|ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(ξ,λ)ϕ22(ξ,λ)χ12(ξ,λ)χ22(ξ,λ)ϕ12(x,λ)ϕ22(x,λ)χ12(x,λ)χ22(x,λ)|.  

    Obviously, the solution for Eq (31) can be represented in the form:

    y(x,λ)=11K(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ+c1ϕ1(x,λ)+c2ϕ2(x,λ)+c3χ1(x,λ)+c4χ2(x,λ), xJ,

    with

    K(x,ξ,λ)={K1(x,ξ,λ),   x[1,0),K2(x,ξ,λ),   x(0,1],
    ϕ1(x,λ)={ϕ11(x,λ),   x[1,0),ϕ12(x,λ),   x(0,1],ϕ2(x,λ)={ϕ21(x,λ),   x[1,0),ϕ22(x,λ),   x(0,1],
    χ1(x,λ)={χ11(x,λ),   x[1,0),χ12(x,λ),   x(0,1],χ2(x,λ)={χ21(x,λ),   x[1,0),χ22(x,λ),   x(0,1].

    Denoting

    U1(y)=λy(1)y(1)=h1,
    U1(y)=λy(1)+y(1)=h2,
    U1(y)=λ(γ1y(1)γ2y(1))(γ1y(1)γ2y(1))=h3,
    U1(y)=λ(γ3y(1)γ4y(1))+(γ3y(1)γ4y(1))=h4.

    Substituting y(x,λ) into the above conditions, we have

    c1U1(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U1(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U1(χ1(x,λ))+c4U1(χ2(x,λ))=11U1(K)f(ξ)dξ+h1,
    c1U2(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U2(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U2(χ1(x,λ))+c4U2(χ2(x,λ))=11U2(K)f(ξ)dξ+h2,
    c1U3(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U3(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U3(χ1(x,λ))+c4U3(χ2(x,λ))=11U3(K)f(ξ)dξ+h3,
    c1U4(ϕ1(x,λ))+c2U4(ϕ2(x,λ))+c3U4(χ1(x,λ))+c4U4(χ2(x,λ))=11U4(K)f(ξ)dξ+h4.

    As the determinant of this system W2(λ) is not zero, so the variables ci (i=1,2,3,4) can be unique solved. Therefore,

    c1=A1(λ)+H1(λ)W2(λ),  c2=A2(λ)+H2(λ)W2(λ),
    c3=A3(λ)+H3(λ)W2(λ),  c4=A4(λ)+H4(λ)W2(λ),

    where

    A1(λ)=|11U1(K)f(ξ)dξU1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))11U2(K)f(ξ)dξU2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))11U3(K)f(ξ)dξU3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))11U4(K)f(ξ)dξU4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))|,  
    H1(λ)=|h1U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))h2U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))h3U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))h4U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))|.  

    By the Cramer's Role, we can solve Ai(λ) and Hi(λ). Substituting ci(i=1,2,3,4) into y(x,λ) yields that

    where

    B(x,ξ,λ)=|U1(ϕ1(x,λ))U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ2(x,λ))U1(K)U2(ϕ1(x,λ))U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ2(x,λ))U2(K)U3(ϕ1(x,λ))U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ2(x,λ))U3(K)U4(ϕ1(x,λ))U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ2(x,λ))U4(K)ϕ1(x,λ)ϕ2(x,λ)χ1(x,λ)χ2(x,λ)0|  
    H(x,ξ,λ)=|U1(ϕ1(x,λ))U1(ϕ2(x,λ))U1(χ1(x,λ))U1(χ2(x,λ))h1U2(ϕ1(x,λ))U2(ϕ2(x,λ))U2(χ1(x,λ))U2(χ2(x,λ))h2U3(ϕ1(x,λ))U3(ϕ2(x,λ))U3(χ1(x,λ))U3(χ2(x,λ))h3U4(ϕ1(x,λ))U4(ϕ2(x,λ))U4(χ1(x,λ))U4(χ2(x,λ))h4ϕ1(x,λ)ϕ2(x,λ)χ1(x,λ)χ2(x,λ)0|.  

    Denoting Green function G(x,ξ,λ)=K(x,ξ,λ)+1W2(λ)B(x,ξ,λ), then y(x,λ) can be represented

    y(x,λ)=11G(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ1W2(λ)H(x,ξ,λ). (6.11)

    Remark 6.1. Through above discussion, the case of eigenparameter appeared in the boundary conditions of both endpoints is different from the usual case [3], also different from the case of eigenparameter appeared in the boundary conditions of one endpoint[19], y(x,λ) is not only determined by 11G(x,ξ,λ)f(ξ)dξ, but also related with 1W2(λ)H(x,ξ,λ).

    In this paper, a class of fourth order differential operators with eigenparameter-dependent boundary conditions and transmission conditions is considered. Using operator theoretic formulation, we transferred the considered problem to an operator in a modified Hilbert space. We investigated some properties of this operator, such as self-adjointness, sufficient and necessary conditions of the eigenvalues, asymptotic formulas for the fundamental solutions and the characteristic functions, the completeness of eigenfunctions in H and the Green function.

    The work of the author is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020QA009, ZR2019MA034), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2019M662313, 2020M682139) and the Youth Creative Team Sci-Tech Program of Shandong Universities (No.2019KJI007).

    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.



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