Research article

Dynamical behavior and control of a new hyperchaotic Hamiltonian system

  • Received: 13 September 2021 Revised: 15 December 2021 Accepted: 23 December 2021 Published: 31 December 2021
  • MSC : 34K18, 34H10, 65P20

  • In this paper, we firstly formulate a new hyperchaotic Hamiltonian system and demonstrate the existence of multi-equilibrium points in the system. The characteristics of equilibrium points, Lyapunov exponents and Poincaré sections are studied. Secondly, we investigate the complex dynamical behaviors of the system under holonomic constraint and nonholonomic constraint, respectively. The results show that the hyperchaotic system can generated by introducing constraint. Additionally, the hyperchaos control of the system is achieved by applying linear feedback control. The numerical simulations are carried out in order to analyze the complex phenomena of the systems.

    Citation: Junhong Li, Ning Cui. Dynamical behavior and control of a new hyperchaotic Hamiltonian system[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(4): 5117-5132. doi: 10.3934/math.2022285

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  • In this paper, we firstly formulate a new hyperchaotic Hamiltonian system and demonstrate the existence of multi-equilibrium points in the system. The characteristics of equilibrium points, Lyapunov exponents and Poincaré sections are studied. Secondly, we investigate the complex dynamical behaviors of the system under holonomic constraint and nonholonomic constraint, respectively. The results show that the hyperchaotic system can generated by introducing constraint. Additionally, the hyperchaos control of the system is achieved by applying linear feedback control. The numerical simulations are carried out in order to analyze the complex phenomena of the systems.



    The most papular Banach contraction mapping principle (BCMP) [1] is the largest powerful fundamental fixed point result. This principle has a lot of applications in pure and applied mathematics (see [2,3,4]). In the past few decades, many authors extended and generalized the (BCMP) in several ways (see [5,6,7,8,9,10]). Ran and Reurings [11] obtained positive definite solutions of matrix equations using the aid of the Banach contraction principle in partially ordered sets. Nieto and Rodriguez-Lopez [12] also used partially ordered spaces and fixed point theorems to find solutions of some differential equations. Very recently, Wardowski [13] furnished the idea of an F-contraction, which is an extension of the (BCMP). Furthermore, common fixed point theorems for rational FR -contractive pairs of mappings with applications are announced in [14] as an extension of F-contractions in relation theoretic metric spaces. On the other hand, Matthews [15] introduced the notion of a partial metric space as a part of the study of semantics of dataflow network, and for more results in this direction see ([16,17,18,19,20]). One of the latest extensions of a metric space and a partial metric space is initiated through the concept of a m-metric space [21], and some researchers work in this direction (see more [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]). In our article, we utilize two last notions to give an interesting type of generalized FmR-contractions in the frame of relation theoretic m-metric spaces and to prove some fixed point results.

    Generally saying that, we generalize and extend some recent results in [31]. We also extend the earlier mentioned results in the setting of relation theoretic m-metric spaces, that contain only the last two conditions imposed on the Wardowski function F in the first section. Furthermore, the consequences of our main results improve and generalize some corresponding theorems appearing in the literature.

    Our article consists four sections. In the first section, we recall some fundamental definitions and theorems concerning m-metric spaces and different types of F-contractions. In the second section, we define the notion of generalized FmR-contractions of rational type and generalized FmR-contractions of cyclic type. In the third section, we use the whole Wardowski function in the setting of FmR-contractions of rational type as consequences of main results in section Ⅱ. Using these ideas, we prove some new fixed point results in the frame of relation theoretic m-metric spaces and we present some examples to show that our obtained results are meaningful. In section Ⅳ, we present an application and we ensure the existence of a solution of a class of nonlinear matrix equations.

    Throughout this article, N indicates a set of all natural numbers, R indicates set of real numbers and R+ indicates set of positive real numbers, respectively. We also denote N0=N{0}. Henceforth, U will denote a non-empty set. Given a self mapping γ:UU. A Picard sequence based on an arbitrary ζ0 in U is given by ζμ=γ(ζμ1)=γμ(ζ0) for all μ in N, where γμ denotes the μth-iteration of γ.

    In 2013, the notion of a m-metric space was introduced by Asadi et al. [21]. They also extended the well known Banach contraction fixed point theorem from partial metric spaces to m-metric spaces. We start recalling some definitions and properties:

    Definition 1.1. [21] Let U. The function m:U×UR+ is a m-metric on the set U if for all ζ,,U,

    (i) ζ=m(ζ,ζ)=m(,)=m(ζ,)(T0 -separation axiom);

    (ii) mζm(ζ,) (minimum self distance axiom);

    (iii) m(ζ,)=m(,ζ) (symmetry);

    (iv) m(ζ,)mζ(m(ζ,)mζ)+(m(,)m) (modified triangle inequality),

    where

    mζ=min{m(ζ,ζ),m(,)},Mζ=max{m(ζ,ζ),m(,)}.

    Here, the pair (U,m) is called a m-metric space.

    On among the classical examples of m-metric spaces is the pair (ζ,m) where U={ζ,,} and m(ζ,ζ)=1, m(,)=9, m(,)=5. Other examples of m-metric spaces may be found, for instance in [21]. Clearly, each partial metric is a m -metric space, but the converse does not hold (see [32,33,34]).

    Every m-metric m on U generates a T0 topology τm(say) on U which has a base of collection of m-open balls

    {Bm(ζ,ϵ):ζU,ϵ>0},

    where

    Bm(ζ,ϵ)={U:m(ζ,)<mζ+ϵ}for all ζU,ε>0.

    If m is a m-metric space on U, then the functions mw, ms:U×UR+ given by:

    mw(ζ,)=m(ζ,)2mζ+Mζ,
    ms={m(ζ,)mζ, if ζ0, if ζ=.

    define ordinary metrics on U. It is easy to see that mw and ms are equivalent metrics on U.

    Definition 1.2. According to [21],

    (i) a sequence {ζμ} in a m-metric space (U,m) converges with respect to τm to ζ if and only if

    limμ(m(ζμ,ζ)mζμζ)=0,

    (ii) a sequence {ζμ} in a m-metric space (U,m) is called m-Cauchy if limμ,ν(m(ζμ,ζν)mζμζν) and limμ,ν(Mζμ,ζνmζμζν) exist and are finite,

    (iii) (U,m) is said to be complete if every m -Cauchy sequence {ζμ} in U is m-convergent to ζ with respect to τm in U such that

    limμ(m(ζμ,ζ)mζμζ)=0, and limμ(Mζμ,ζmζμζ)=0,

    (iv) {ζμ} is a Cauchy sequence in (U,m) if and only if it is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space (U,mw),

    (v) (U,m) is complete if and only if (U,mw) is complete.

    Consider a function F:(0,)R so that:

    (F1) F(ζ)<F() for all ζ<,

    (F2) for each sequence {ϖμ}(0,), limμϖμ=0 iff limμF(ϖμ)=,

    (F3) there exists p(0,1) such that limϖμ0+ϖpF(ϖ)=0.

    According to [13], denote by (F) the collection of functions F:(0,)R satisfying (F2) and (F3). Take also

    Π(F)={FF:F,verifies(F1)}.

    Example 1.1. [13] The following below functions belong to Π(F):

    (1) F(s)=lns,

    (2) F(s)=s+lns,

    (3) F(s)=ln(s2+s),

    (4) F(s)=1s,

    for all s>0.

    Example 1.2. The following functions are not strictly increasing and belong to (F):

    (1) F(s)=100ln(s2+sins),

    (2) F(s)=sins+lns,

    (3) F(s)=sins1s,

    for all s>0.

    Let γ be a self-mapping on a mm-space U. The following are some valuable notations that are useful for the rest.

    (i) (γ)Fix is the set of all fixed points of γ,

    (ii) Θ(Ψ,S)={ζU:(ζ,γ(ζ))R},

    (iii) ϝ(ζ,,) is thefashion of all paths in from ζ to .

    Altun et al. [35] gave two fixed point results for multivalued F -contractions on mm-spaces. We ensure the existence of fixed point results for generalized FmR-contractions by using the concept given in [35] to the metric space setup. The motivation of this study is to solve nonlinear matrix equations. First, inspired by Altun et al. [31] and Wardowski [13], we give the following concepts.

    Theoretic relations have been used in many research articles, for examples see [36]. A non-empty subset R of U2 is said to be a relation on the m-metric space (U,m) if R={(ζ,)U2:ζ,U}. If (ζ,)R, then we say that ζ (ζ precede ) under R denoted by (ζ,)R, and the inverse of R is denoted as R1={(ζ,)U2:(,ζ)R}. Set S=RR1U2. Consequently, we illustrate another relation on U denoted S and is given as (ζ,)S(,ζ)S and Ω.

    Definition 1.3. [36] Let U and R be a binary relation on U. Then R is transitive if (ζ,ξ)R and (ξ,)R (ζ,)R, for all ζ,,ξU.

    Definition 1.4. [36] Let U. A sequence ζμU is called R-preserving, if (ζμ,ζμ+1)R.

    Definition 1.5. [36] Let U and γ:UU. A binary relation R on U is called γ-closed if for any ζ, in U, we deduce (ζ,)R(γ(ζ),γ())R.

    We begin with the following definitions.

    Definition 2.1. We say that (U,m,R) is regular if for each sequence {ζμ} in U,

    (ζμ,ζμ+1)R  for all μNlimμ(m(ζμ,ζ)mζμζ)=0, i.e., ζμtmζR,}(ζμ,ζ)R,  for all μN.

    Definition 2.2. A relation theoretic m-metric space (U,m,R) is said to be R-complete if for an R-preserving m-Cauchy sequence {ζμ} in U, there exists some ζ in U such that

    limμm(ζμ,ζ)mζμζ=0, and limμ(Mζμ,ζmζμζ)=0.

    Definition 2.3. Let (U,m) be a m-metric space endowed with a binary relation R on U and γ be a self-mapping on U. Then, γ is said to be a FmR-contractions, if there exist FmRΠ() and ξ>0, such that

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ()))FmR(m(ζ,)) (2.1)

    for all ζ,U with (ζ,)S.

    Now, we introduce the concept of a generalized rational type FmR-contraction.

    Definition 2.4. Let (U,m) be a m-metric space endowed with a binary relation R on U. Let γ:UU be a self-mapping on U. It is called a generalized rational type FmR-contraction if there are FmR(F) and ξ>0 such that

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ()))FmR(max{m(ζ,),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(ζ,)}), (2.2)

    for all ζ,U with (ζ,)S.

    Theorem 2.1. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space with a binary relation R on U and γ be a self-mapping on U such that:

    (i) the class Θ(γ,R) is nonempty;

    (ii) R is γ-closed;

    (iii) the mapping γ is R-continuous;

    (iv) γ is a generalized rational type FmR-contraction mapping.

    Then γ possesses a fixed point in U.

    Proof. Let ζ0Θ([γ,R]). We define a sequence {ζμ} by ζμ+1=γ(ζμ)=γμ(ζ0) for each μN. If there is μ0 in N so that γ(ζμ0)=ζμ0, then γ has a fixed point ζμ0 and the proof is complete. Let ζμ+1ζμ for all μ in N, so m(ζμ+1,ζμ)>0. Since (γ(ζ0),ζ0)S, using γ-closedness of R, we get (γ(ζμ+1),ζμ)S. Then using the fact that γ is a generalized rational type FmR-contraction mapping, one writes

    FmRm(ζμ+1,ζμ)=FmR(m(ζμ+1,ζμ)).
    FmR(max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,γ(ζμ)),m(ζμ1,γ(μ1)),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)[1+m(ζμ1,ζμ)]1+m(ζμ1,ζμ)})ξ (2.3)
    FmR(max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,ζμ+1),m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)[1+m(ζμ1,ζμ)]1+m(ζμ1,ζμ)})ξFmR(max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)})ξ.

    If max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ,ζμ+1), then from (2.3), we have

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))ξ<FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1)),

    which is a contradiction. Thus, max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ,ζμ1) and so from (2.3), we have

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ1,ζμ)) for all μN. (2.4)

    Denote δμ=m(ζμ,ζμ+1). We have δμ>0 for all μN and using (2.4) we deduce that

    FmR(δμ)FmR(δμ1)ξFmR(δμ1)2ξ...FmR(δμ1)μξ. (2.5)

    It implies that limμFmR(δμ)=, then by (F2), we have limμδμ=0. Due to (F3), there exists k(0,1) such that limμδkμFmR(δμ)=0.

    From (2.4) the following is true for all μN,

    δkμ(FmR(δμ)FmR(δ0))δkμμτ0. (2.6)

    Letting μ in (2.6), we get

    limμμδkμ=0. (2.7)

    From (2.7), there exists μ1N so that μδkn1 for all μμ1, then we deduce

    δμ1μ1k for all μμ1.

    We claim that {ζμ} is a m-Cauchy sequence in the m-metric space. Let ν,μN such that ν>μμ1. Using the triangle inequality of a m-metric space, one writes

    m(ζμ,ζν)mζμ,ζνm(ζμ,ζμ+1)mζμ,ζμ+1+m(ζμ+1,ζμ+2)mζμ+1,ζμ+2+...+m(ζν1,ζν)mζν1,ζνm(ζμ,ζμ+1)+m(ζμ+1,ζμ+2)++m(ζν1,ζν)δμ+δμ+1++δv1=ν1i=μδii=μδii=μ1i1k.

    The convergence of the series i=μ1i1k yields that m(ζμ,ζν)mζμ,ζν0. Thus, {ζμ} is a M-Cauchy sequence in (U,m). Since (U,m,R) is R-complete, there exists ζU such that {ζμ} converges to ζ with respect to tκ, that is, m(ζμ,ζ)mζμ,ζ0 as μ. Now, the R-continuity of γ implies that

    ζ=limμζμ+1=limμγ(ζμ)=γ(ζ).

    Hence, ζ is a fixed point of γ.

    Example 2.1. Let U=[0,) and m be defined by m(ζ,)=min{ζ,} for all ζ,U. (U,m) is a complete m-metric space. Consider the sequence {zμ}U given by zμ=μ(μ+1)(2μ+1)6 for all μ2. Set an binary relation on U denoted by R given by R={(z1,z1),(zμ1,zμ):μ=2,3,...100}. Now, give γ:UU as

    γ(ζ)={ζ,                                                 if 0ζz1,z1,                                                 if z1ζz2,zμ+(zμzμ1zμ+1zμ)(ζzμ),           if  zμ+1ζzμforallμ=2,3,,100.

    Obviously, R is γ-closed and γ is continuous. Choosing ζ=zμ and =zμ+1 (for μ=1,2,3,,100), for first condition of F (which is (F1)), we have

    FmR(m(γ(zμ),γ(zμ+1)))=FmR(m(zμ1,zμ))=FmR(zμ1)=100ln(zμ12sinzμ1),

    and

    FmR(max{m(zμ,zμ+1),m(zμ,γ(zμ)),m(zμ+1,γ(zμ+1)),m(zμ,γ(zμ))(1+m(zμ+1,γ(zμ+1)))1+m(zμ,zμ+1)})=FmR(max{m(zμ,zμ+1),m(zμ,zμ1),m(zμ+1,zμ),m(zμ,zμ1)(1+m(zμ+1,zμ))1+m(zμ,zμ+1)}).=FmR(zμ).

    Now, for μ=2,3,4,,100, we have

    ξ+100ln(zμ12+sinzμ1)100ln(zμ2+sinzμ), (2.9)

    implies that

    ξ100ln(zμ2+sinzμzμ12+sinzμ1). (2.10)

    Let

    f(μ)=100ln(zμ2+sinzμzμ12+sinzμ1). (2.11)

    In view of Table 1 and Figure 1, since the function {f(μ)}μ2 is decreasing and discontinuous, the smallest value in (2.11) is 5.02. Therefore, the Eq (2.10) holds for 0<ξ<5. So

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ()))FmR(max{m(ζ,),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(ζ,)}),
    Table 1.  Iterations and f(μ).
    Iter f(μ) Iter f(μ)
    μ=2 13.87 μ=13 25.21
    μ=3 164.6 μ=14 23.21
    μ=4 56.16 μ=15 21.20
    μ=5 63.72 μ=16 20.20
    μ=6 54.28 μ=17 18.71
    μ=7 44.23 μ=18 17.64
    μ=8 36.45 μ=19 16.53
    μ=9 33.78 ... ...
    μ=10 33.78 μ=60 5.02

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Figure 1.  Behaviour of f(μ), for μ[2,60].

    for all ζ,U such that (ζ,)S with mm-space. Hence, γ is a generalized rational type FmR-contraction mapping with 0<ξ<5. Generally, we can say that γ has infinite (F.Ps).

    Theorem 2.2. Theorem 2.1 remains true if the condition (ii) is replaced by the following:

    (i) (ii),

    (ii) (X,κ,) is regular.

    Proof. It is a same argument as Theorem 2.1. Here, the sequence {ζμ} is m-Cauchy and converges to some Ω in U such that m(ζμ,ζ)mζμ,ζ as limit μ which implies that

    limμm(ζμ,ζ)=limμmζμ,ζ=limμmin{m(ζμζμ),m(ζ,ζ)}=m(ζ,ζ)=limμ,νm(ζμ,ζν)=0 and limμ,νmζμ,ζν=0.

    As (ζμ,ζμ+1)R, then (ζμ,ζ)R for all μN. Set μ={μN:γ(ζμ)=γ(ζ)}. We will take two cases depending on μ

    C-1. If μ is a finite set, then there exists μ0 in N, so that γ(ζμ)γ(ζ) for every μμ0. In particular, (ζμ,ζ)S and (γ(ζμ),γ(ζ))S, then for all μμ0,

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζμ),γ(ζ)))F(m(ζμ,ζ)).

    Since limμm(ζμ,ζ)=0 implies that limμFmR(m(ζμ,ζ))=, one writes limμFmR(m(γ(ζμ),γ(ζ)))=. Therefore, limμm(γ(ζμ),γ(ζ))=0, which yields that γ(ζ)=ζ, that is, ζ is a fixed point of γ.

    C-2. If μ is an infinite set, then there exists a subsequence {ζμk} of {ζμ} so that ζμk+1=γ(ζμk)=γ(ζ) for kN, so γ(ζμk)γ(ζ) with respect to tm as ζμ converges ζ, then γ(ζ)=ζ, i.e., γ has a fixed point. Hence, the proof is complete.

    Now, we prove a result of uniqueness.

    Theorem 2.3. Following Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 γ possesses a unique fixed point if ϝ(ζ,,), for all ζ,(γ)Fix.

    Proof. Let ζ,(γ)Fix such that ζ. Since ϝ(ζ,,), there exists a path ({a0,a1,...aμ}) of some finite length μ in from Ω to (with asas+1 for all s[0,p1]). Then a0=ζ, ak=, (as,as+1)S for every s[0,p1]. As asγ(U), γ(as)=as for all s[0,p1] we deduce that

    FmR(m(as,as+1))=FmR(m(γ(as),γ(as+1)))FmR{max{m(as,as+1),m(as,γ(as)),m(as+1,γ(as+1)),m(as,γ(as)),[1+m(as,γ(as+1))]1+m(as,as+1)}}ξ=FmR{max{m(as,as+1),m(as,as),m(as+1,as+1),m(as,as)[1+m(as,as+1)]1+m(as,as+1)}}ξ<FmR{(m(as,as+1))}.

    It is a contradiction. Hence, γ possesses a unique fixed point.

    Now, we say that γ:UU has the property P if

    (γμ)Fix=(γ)Fix for each μ is member of N.

    In this theorem, we use above condition having property P.

    Theorem 2.4. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space with a binary relation R on U and γ be a self-mapping such that:

    (i) the class Θ(γ,R) is nonempty,

    (ii) the binary relation R is γ-closed,

    (iii) γ is R-continuous,

    (iv) there are FmR(F) and ξ>0 so that

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ2(ζ)))FmR(max{m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(γ(ζ),γ2(ζ)),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(γ(ζ),γ2(ζ))]1+m(γ(ζ),γ2(ζ))})

    for all ζU, with (γ(ζ),γ2(ζ))S.

    Then γ has a fixed point. Furthermore, if

    (v) (iv);

    (vi) ζ(γμ)Fix (forsomeμN) which implies that (ζ,γ(ζ))R,

    then γ has a property P.

    Proof. Let ζ0Θ([γ,R]), i.e., (ζ0,γ(ζ0))R ,therefore using assumption (ii), we get (ζμ,ζμ+1)R for each μN. Denote ζμ+1=γ(ζμ)= γμ+1(ζ0), for all μN. If there exists μ0N so that γ(ζμ0)=ζμ0, then γ has a fixed point ζμ0 and it completes the proof. Otherwise, assume that ζμ+1ζμ for every μN. Then (ζμ,ζμ+1)R (forallμN). Continuing this process and using the assumption (iv), we deduce (forallμN)

    FmR(m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1)))FmR(max{m(ζμ1,γ(ζμ1)),m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1)),m(ζμ1,γ(ζμ1))[1+m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1))]1+m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1))})ξ=FmR(max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)m(ζμ1,ζμ)[1+m(ζμ,ζμ+1)]1+m(ζμ,ζμ+1)})ξFmR(max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)})ξ.

    Assume that max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ,ζμ+1), then we get

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))ξ<FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1)).

    It is a contradiction. Hence, max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ1,ζμ), and so

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ1,ζμ))ξforallμN.

    This yields that (forallμN)

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ1,ζμ))ξFmR(m(ζμ2,ζμ1))2ξ...FmR(m(ζ0,ζ1))μξ. (2.1)

    By applying limit as μ goes to in above equation, we deduce limμFmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))=. Since FmR(F), we deduce that limμm(ζμ,ζμ+1)=0. Using (F3), there is k(0,1) so that

    limμ(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))kFmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))=0.

    Now, from (2.9), we have

    (m(ζμ,ζμ+1))kFmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))kFmR(m(ζ0,ζ1))(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))kμ0. (2.2)

    Letting μ in (2.10), we get limμ(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))k=0. There is μ1 in N so that

    μ(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))k1forallμμ1.

    That is,

    m(ζμ,ζμ+1)1μ1kforallμμ1.

    Now, for ν>μ>μ1, we have

    m(ζμ,ζν)mζμ,ζνν1i=μm(ζμ,ζν)mζμ,ζνν1i=μm(ζμ,ζν)ν1i=μ1i1k.

    Since the series ν1i=μ1i1k is convergent, i.e., m(ζμ,ζν)mζμ,ζν converges to 0, the sequence {ζμ} is a m-Cauchy sequence. Since (U,m,R) is R-complete and (ζμ,ζμ+1)R for all μN, {ζμ} converges to ζU. Now, using the R-continuity of γ, we deduce that

    ζ=limμζμ+1=limμγ(ζμ)=γ(ζ).

    Finally, we will prove that (γμ)Fix=(γ)Fix where μN. Assume on contrary that ζ(γμ)Fix and ζ(γ)Fix for some μN. Then m(ζ,γ(ζ))>0, (ζ,γ(ζ))R(fromcondition(iv)). From assumption (ii) we obtain (γμ(ζ),γμ+1(ζ))R for all μN. Assumption (iv) implies that

    FmR(m(ζ,γ(ζ)))=FmR(m(γ(γμ1(ζ)),γ2(γμ1(ζ))))FmR(m(γμ1(ζ)),γμ(ζ))ξFmR(m(γμ2(ζ)),γμ1(ζ))2ξ...FmR(m(ζ,γ(ζ)))μξ.

    Taking μ in above inequality, we obtain FmR(m(ζ,γ(ζ)))=, a contradiction. So, (γμ)Fix=(γ)Fix for any μN.

    Corollary 2.1. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space with a binary relation R on U and γ be a self-mapping such that:

    (i) the class Θ(γ,R) is nonempty;

    (ii) the binary relation R is γ-closed;

    (iii) γ is R-continuous;

    (iv) γ is a FmR-contraction mapping.

    Then γ possesses a fixed point in U.

    Here, we use the definition of F-contractions with the standard conditions (iiii).

    Definition 2.5. Given a mm-space (U,m) and a binary relation R on U. Suppose that

    ϖ={(ζ,)S:κ(ζ,)>0}.

    We say that a self-mapping γ:UU is a rational type FmR-contraction if there exists FmRΠ() such that

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ()))FmR(max{m(ζ,),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(ζ,)}) (3.1)

    for all (ζ,)Ξ.

    Theorem 2.5. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space, R be a binary relation on U and γ be a self-mapping on U. Assume that:

    (i) the class Θ(γ,R) is non-empty;

    (ii) the binary relation R is γ-closed;

    (iii) γ is R-continuous;

    (iv) γ is a rational type FmR -contraction mapping.

    Then γ possesses a fixed point in U.

    Proof. Let ζ0Θ([γ,R]), i.e., ([ζ0,γ(ζ0)])R  . We define a sequence {ζμ+1} given as ζμ+1=γ(ζμ)= γμ+1(ζ0). We have (ζμ,ζμ+1)R for all μ in N. If there exists μ0  in N such that γ(ζμ0)=ζμ0, then ζμ0 is a fixed point of γ and the proof is finished. Now, assume that ζμ+1ζμ for all μN. Then (ζμ,ζμ+1)R(for all μN). Using the condition (iv), we deduce (for all μN)

    F(m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1)))FmR(max{m(ζμ1,γ(ζμ1)),m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1)),m(ζμ1,γ(ζμ1))[1+m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1))]1+m(γ(ζμ1),γ2(ζμ1))})ξ=FmR(max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1),m(ζμ1,ζμ)[1+m(ζμ,ζμ+1)]1+m(ζμ,ζμ+1)})ξFmR(max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)})ξ. (2.3)

    By (F1), we have max{m(ζμ1,ζμ),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ,ζμ+1), then we get a contradiction. Thus, max{m(ζμ,ζμ1),m(ζμ,ζμ+1)}=m(ζμ,ζμ1) and so from (2.3) we have

    FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ+1))FmR(m(ζμ,ζμ1))ξ for all μN. (3.3)

    The proof of Theorem 2.1 is complete.

    Corollary 2.2. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space, R be a binary relation on U and γ be a self-mapping on U. Assume that:

    (i) the class Θ(γ,R) is non-empty;

    (ii) R is γ-closed;

    (iii) γ is R-continuous;

    (iv) γ is a FmR-contraction mapping.

    Then γ possesses a fixed point in U.

    Example 2.2. Let U=[0,1] and m be a relation theoretic m-metric defined by

    m(ζ,)=ζ+2 for all ζ,U.

    We define the binary relation

    (ζ,)Sm(ζ,ζ)=m(ζ,)ζ+2.

    (U,m) is a complete m-metric space with a binary relation. Define a mapping γ:UU by

    γ(ζ)={ζ5    if ζ[0,1)0        if  ζ=1.

    Obviously, is γ-closed, also and γ is -continuous. Define Fm:(0,)R by

    Fm(a)=ln(a+a2)   forall  ξ(0,).       

    Assume that (ζ,)Ξ={(ζ,)S:m(γ(ζ),γ())>0}. Therefore, for all ζ,U, with 0<ζ<1,=1, we have

    Fm(m(γ(ζ),γ()))=Fm(m(ζ5,0))=Fm(ζ10)=ln(ζ1002+ζ10).

    Now, consider ZA=max{m(ζ,1),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(Ω,1)}

    FmR(max{m(ζ,1),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(ζ,1)})=FmR(max{ζ+12,ζ+ζ52,1+02,ζ+ζ52[1+1+02]1+ζ+12})=FmR(ζ+12)=FmR(ZA)=ln((ζ+12)2+ζ+12).

    From Table Table.2, γ is a rational type FmR -contraction mapping with ξ=2. Moreover, there is ζ0=0.1 in U so that(ξ0,γ(ξ0))S and the class Θ(γ,R) is nonempty. Hence, all conditions of Theorem 2.5 hold, and therefore γ has a fixed point.

    Table 2.  ξ+Fm(m(γ(ζ),γ())) and FmR(ZA).
    ζ ξ+Fm(m(γ(ζ),γ())) FmR(ZA)
    0.1 1 4.595 0.159
    0.2 1 3.892 0.040
    0.3 1 3.479 0.069
    0.4 1 3.179 0.174
    0.5 1 2.947 0.272
    0.6 1 2.755 0.364
    0.7 1 2.591 0.452
    0.8 1 2.448 0.536
    0.9 1 2.321 0.616

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    In [37], Kirk et al. gave the concept of a cyclic contraction, which is the extension of the Banach contraction. It is utilized in the following theorem.

    Theorem 3.1. Suppose that (U,m) is a compete m-metric space, G, H are two nonempty closed subsets of U  and γ:UU verifies the following conditions:

    (i) γ(B)D and γ(D)B;

    (ii) there exists a constant k(0,1) such that

    m(γ(ζ),γ())km(ζ,)forallζB,D.

    Then BD is nonempty and there is ζBD a fixed point of γ.

    By Theorems 2.1 and 3.1, we obtain successive fixed point results for cyclic rational type FmR- generalized contraction mappings.

    Theorem 3.2. Let (U,m) be a complete m-metric space, G and H be two nonempty closed subsets of U and γ:UU be an operator. Assume that the successive axioms hold:

    (i) γ(G)H and γ(H)G;

    (ii) there exist FmR(F) and ξ>0 such that

    ξ+FmR(m(γ(ζ),γ()))FmR(max{m(ζ,),m(ζ,γ(ζ)),m(,γ()),m(ζ,γ(ζ))[1+m(,γ())]1+m(ζ,)}), (2.10)

    for all ζ in G and in H.

    Then there is ζGH a fixed point of γ.

    Proof. Z=GH is closed, so Z is a closed subspace of U. Therefore, (U,m) is a complete m-metric space. Set a binary relation on Z denoted by R given as

    R=G×H.

    It means that

    (ζ,)R(ζ,)B×D for all ζ,Z.

    Set S=RR1 an asymmetric relation. Directly, (U,m,S) is regular. Assume {ζμ}Z is any sequence and ζZ so that

    (ζμ,ζμ+1)S for all μN,

    and

    limμm(ζμ,ζ)=limμmin{m(ζμ,ζμ),m(ζ,ζ)}=m(ζ,ζ).

    Using the definition of S, we obtain

    (ζμ,ζμ+1)(B×D)(D×B) for all μN. (3.2)

    Immediately, the product fashion Z×Z involves a mm-space m given as

    m((ζ1,1),(ζ2,2))=m(ζ1,1)+m(ζ2,2)2.

    Since (U,m) is a complete m-metric space, we obtain (Z×Z,m) is complete. Furthermore, G×H and H×G are closed in (Z×Z,m), because G and H are closed in (U,m). Letting μ in (2.11), we have (ζ,ζ)(B×D)(D×B). This implies that ζBD. Furthermore, from Eq (2.11), we have ζμBD. Thus, we get (ζμ,ζ)S(for all μN). Therefore, our assertions hold. Furthermore, since γ is a self-mapping and from condition (i), we obtain for all ζ,U,

    (ζ,) in G×H which implies (γ(ζ),γ())H×G,(ζ,) in H×G which implies (γ(ζ),γ())G×H.

    The binary relation R is γ-closed. As B, there exists ζ0B, such that γ(ζ0)D that is (ζ0,γ(ζ0))R. Therefore, all the hypotheses of Theorem 2.2 are satisfied. Hence, (γ)Fix and also(γ)FixBD. Finally, as (ζ,)R for all ζ,GH, GH is -directed. Hence, the main conditions of Theorem  2.2 are satisfied, so γ has a unique fixed point. It finishes the proof.

    In this section, we illustrate how to guarantee existence of a solution of a matrix type equation. We shall use the following notations. Let A(μ) be the set of all μ×μ complex matrices, let H(μ)A(μ) be the family of all μ×μ Hermitian matrices, let G(μ)A(μ) be the set of all μ×μ positive definite matrices, H+(μ)F(μ) be the set of all μ×μ positive semidefinite matrices. For Λ in G(μ), we will also denote Λ0. Furthermore, Λ0 means that Λ in H+(μ) . As a different notation for ΛΔ0 and ΛΔ0, we will denote ΛΔ andΛΔ, respectively. Also, for each  Λ,Δ in A(μ) there is a greatest lower bound and least upper bound, see [38]. In addition, take

    .= denote the spectral norm of matrix Q i.e Q=(λ+(QQ))12,

    such that

    λ+(QQ)= is the largest eigenvalue of QQ, where Q is the conjugate transport of Q.

    We use the m-metric induced by the trace norm .tr given as Qtr=μi=1Ξi(Q), where Ξi(Q), i=1,2,...,μ are the singular values of Q in A(μ). The set H(μ) endowed with this norm is a complete m-metric space. Moreover, we see that

    H(μ)=is a partial ordered set with partial order, where ΛΔΛΔ.

    Consider the following nonlinear matrix equation

    Λ=S+μi=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi, (4.1)

    where ϑ is a positive definite matrix, Q1,Q2,,Qm are μ×μ matrices and Ξ is an order persevering continuous map from H(μ) to G(μ). Then, FmR(F) and (A(μ),m) is a complete mm-space, where

    m(Λ,Δ)=Λ+Δ2tr=12(tr(Λ+Δ)). (4.2)

    In this section, we prove the existence of the positive definite solution to the nonlinear matrix Eq (4.1).

    Theorem 4.1. Assume that there are positive real numbers C and ξ such that:

    (i) for each Λ,Δ in H(μ) such that (Λ,Δ) in with μi=1QiΞ(Λ)Qiμi=1QiΞ(Δ)Qi,

    |tr(Ξ(Λ)+Ξ(Δ))2||tr(Λ+Δ)2|C(1+ξtr(Λ+Δ)2)2,

    (ii) there exists a positive number N for which μi=1QiQi<CIμ and μi=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi>0.

    Then the matrix Eq (4.1) has a solution. Furthermore, the iteration

    Λμ=S+μi=1QiΞ(Λμ1)Qi, (4.2)

    where Λ0 in F(μ) satisfies Λ0ϑ+μi=1QiΞ(Sμ1)Qi, converges in the sense of trace norm .tr to the solution of the matrix Eq (4.1).

    Proof. We define the mapping γ:H(μ)H(μ) and FmR:R+R by

    γ(Λ)=S+μi=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi, for all ΛF(μ),

    and set

    H+(μ)(γ,)={QF(μ):Qγ(Q) or γ(Q)Q 0}.

    Then, γ is well defined and is a relation under R, and on F(μ) is γ-closed. FmR(a)=1a for all aR+. Furthermore, a fixed point of γ is a positive solution of (4.1). Now, we want to prove that γ is a FmR-contraction mapping with ξ Let (Λ,Δ)ϖ={((Λ,Δ)R:Ξ(Λ)Ξ(Δ))} which implies that ΛΔ. Since Ξ is an order preserving mapping, we deduce that Ξ(Λ)Ξ(Δ). We have

    γ(Λ)+γ((Δ))2tr=12(tr(γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)))=mi=112(tr(QiQi(γ(Λ)+γ(Δ))))=12tr((mi=1QiQi)γ(Λ)+γ(Δ))mi=1EiEi12γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)1mi=1EiEiC(Λ+Δ2(1+ξΛ+Δ2)2)<(Λ+Δ2(1+ξΛ+Δ2)2),

    and so

    (1+ξΛ+Δ2tr)2Λ+Δ2tr1γ(Λ)+γ(Λ)2tr.

    This implies that

    (ξ+1Λ+Δ2tr)21γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)2tr,

    and then

    ξ+1Λ+Δ2tr1γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)2tr.

    Consequently,

    ξ1γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)2tr1Λ+Δ2tr.

    Now, we get

    ξ+FmR(γ(Λ)+γ(Δ)2tr)FmR(Λ+Δ2tr).

    This shows that γ is a FmR-contraction. Using μi=1QiΞ(ϑ)Qi0, we deduce that ϑγ(ϑ). This means that ϑ in H+(γ,). From Corollary 2.2, there exists Λ0H(μ) such that γ(Λ0)= Λ0. Hence, the matrix Eq (4.1) has a solution.

    Example 4.1. Now, consider the matrix equation

    Λ=S+2i=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi,

    where

     ϑ=(0.10.010.010.010.10.010.010.010.1),
    Q1=(0.20.010.010.010.40.010.010.010.4),
    Q2=(0.60.010.010.010.60.010.010.010.6),

    and Define FmR:R+R by

    FmR(a)=1a,

    for all aR+, and Ξ:H(μ)H(μ) is given by Ξ(Λ)=Λ3. Then, all conditions of Corollary 2.2 are satisfied for N=610 by using the iterative sequence

    Λμ+1=S+2i=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi,
    Λ0=(000000000).

    After some iterations, we get the approximation solution

    ϑ15=(0.02330.01020.09120.01020.04660.02140.09120.05320.0326).

    Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 4.1 are satisfied.

    In this paper, a relation theoretic M-metric fixed point algorithm under rational type  FmR-contractions (respectively, rational type generalized FmR-contractions) is proposed to solve the nonlinear matrix equation Λ=S+μi=1QiΞ(Λ)Qi. Some numerical comparison experiments with existing algorithms are presented within given tables and figures. Analogously, this proposed work can be extended to generalized distance spaces, such as symmetric spaces, mbm -spaces rmm-spaces, rmbm-spaces, pm-spaces, pbm-spaces, etc. Some problems of fixed point results could be studied in near future.

    The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work grant code: 23UQU4331214DSR001.

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.



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