Existence of solutions for modified Kirchhoff-type equation without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition

Zhongxiang Wang; Gao Jia; Zhongxiang Wang; Gao Jia

doi:10.3934/math.2021272

AIMS Mathematics

2021, Volume 6, Issue 5: 4614-4637. doi: 10.3934/math.2021272

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Research article

Existence of solutions for modified Kirchhoff-type equation without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition

Zhongxiang Wang ¹,
Gao Jia ^{2
,
,}

1.
Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
2.
College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China

Received: 22 December 2020 Accepted: 04 February 2021 Published: 24 February 2021
MSC : 35J20, 35J60

This paper is devoted to studying a class of modified Kirchhoff-type equations

$\begin{equation*} -\Big(a+b\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}|\nabla u|^{2}dx\Big)\Delta u+V(x)u-u\Delta(u^2) = f(x,u), \quad \mbox{in}\ \mathbb{R}^3, \end{equation*}$

where $a > 0, b\geq 0$ are two constants and $V:{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}$ is a potential function. The existence of non-trivial solution to the above problem is obtained by the perturbation methods. Moreover, when $u > 0$ and $f(x, u) = f(u)$ , under suitable hypotheses on $V(x)$ and $f(u)$ , we obtain the existence of a positive ground state solution by using a monotonicity trick and a new version of global compactness lemma. The character of this work is that for $f(u)\sim|u|^{p-2}u$ we prove the existence of a positive ground state solution in the case where $p\in(2, 3]$ , which has few results for the modified Kirchhoff equation. Hence our results improve and extend the existence results in the related literatures.

Keywords:

Citation: Zhongxiang Wang, Gao Jia. Existence of solutions for modified Kirchhoff-type equation without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(5): 4614-4637. doi: 10.3934/math.2021272

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Abstract

This paper is devoted to studying a class of modified Kirchhoff-type equations

$\begin{equation*} -\Big(a+b\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}|\nabla u|^{2}dx\Big)\Delta u+V(x)u-u\Delta(u^2) = f(x,u), \quad \mbox{in}\ \mathbb{R}^3, \end{equation*}$

1. Introduction and preliminaries

We begin with the following definitions of notations:

$\begin{equation*} \mathbb{N = }\left\{ 1, 2, 3, \cdots \right\} \text{ and }\mathbb{N}_{0}: = \mathbb{ N\cup }\left\{ 0\right\} \text{.} \end{equation*}$

Also, as usual, $\mathbb{R}$ denotes the set of real numbers and $\mathbb{C}$ denotes the set of complex numbers.

The two variable Laguerre polynomials $L_{n}(u, v)$ ^[1] are defined by the Taylor expansion about $\tau = 0$ (also popularly known as generating function) as follows:

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }L_{p}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ), \end{equation*}$

where is the $0$ -th order Tricomi function ^[19] given by

$\begin{equation*} C_{0}(u) = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1)^{p}u^{p}}{(p!)^{2}} \end{equation*}$

and has the series representation

$\begin{equation*} L_{p}(u, v) = \sum\limits_{s = 0}^{p}\; \frac{p!(-1)^{s}v^{p-s}u^{s}}{(p-s)!(s!)^{2}}. \end{equation*}$

The classical Euler polynomials $E_{p}(u)$ , Genocchi polynomials $G_{p}(u)$ and the Bernoulli polynomials $B_{p}(u)$ are usually defined by the generating functions (see, for details and further work, ^{[1,2,4,5,6,7,9,11,12,20]}):

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }E_{p}(u)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{2}{e^{\tau }+1} e^{u\tau }\quad (|\tau | \lt \pi ), \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }G_{p}(u)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{2\tau }{e^{\tau }+1} e^{u\tau }\quad (|\tau | \lt \pi ) \end{equation*}$

and

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }B_{p}(u)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{\tau }{e^{\tau }-1} e^{u\tau }\quad (|\tau | \lt 2\pi ). \end{equation*}$

The Daehee polynomials, recently originally defined by Kim et al. ^[9], are defined as follows

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }D_{p}(u)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{\log (1+\tau )}{\tau } (1+\tau )^{u}, \end{equation}$

(1.1)

where, for $u = 0$ , $D_{p}(0) = D_{p}$ stands for Daehee numbers given by

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }D_{p}\, \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{\log (1+\tau )}{\tau }. \end{equation}$

(1.2)

Due to Kim et al.'s idea ^[9], Jang et al. ^[3] gave the partially degenarate Genocchi polynomials as follows:

$\begin{equation} \frac{2\log (1+\tau \lambda )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{u\tau } = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }G_{p, \lambda }(u)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}, \end{equation}$

(1.3)

which, for the case $u = 0$ , yields the partially degenerate Genocchi numbers $G_{n, \lambda }: = G_{n, \lambda }(0)$ .

Pathan et al. ^[17] considered the generalization of Hermite-Bernoulli polynomials of two variables ${}_{H}B_{p}^{(\alpha)}(u, v)$ as follows

$\begin{equation} \left( \frac{\tau }{e^{\tau }-1}\right) ^{\alpha }e^{u\tau +v\tau ^{2}} = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{H}B_{p}^{(\alpha )}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{equation}$

(1.4)

On taking $\alpha = 1$ in (1.4) yields a well known result of [2,p. 386 (1.6)] given by

$\begin{equation} \left( \frac{\tau }{e^{\tau }-1}\right) e^{u\tau +v\tau ^{2}} = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{H}B_{p}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{equation}$

(1.5)

The two variable Laguerre-Euler polynomials (see ^[7,8]) are defined as

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}E_{p}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{2}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ). \end{equation}$

(1.6)

The alternating sum $T_{k}(p)$ , where $k\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , (see ^[14]) is given as

$\begin{equation*} T_{k}(p) = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^{p}(-1)^{j}j^{k} \end{equation*}$

and possess the generating function

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\infty }T_{k}(p)\frac{\tau ^{r}}{r!} = \frac{1-(-e^{\tau })^{(p+1)} }{e^{\tau }+1}. \end{equation}$

(1.7)

The idea of degenerate numbers and polynomials found existence with the study related to Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials. Lately, many researchers have begun to study the degenerate versions of the classical and special polynomials (see ^{[3,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18]}, for a systematic work). Influenced by their works, we introduce partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials and also a new generalization of partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials and then give some of their applications. We also derive some implicit summation formula and general symmetry identities.

2. Partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

Let $\lambda, \tau \in \mathbb{C}$ with $|\tau \lambda |\leq 1$ and $\tau \lambda \neq -1$ . We introduce and investigate the partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials as follows:

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{ 2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ). \end{equation}$

(2.1)

In particular, when $\lambda\to 0$ , ${}_LG_{p, \lambda}(u, v)\to {}_LG_p(u, v)$ and they have the closed form given as

$\begin{equation*} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}G_{q, \lambda }L_{p-q}(u, v). \end{equation*}$

Clearly, $u = 0$ in (2.1) gives ${}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(0, 0): = G_{p, \lambda }$ that stands for the partially degenerate Genocchi polynomials ^[3].

Theorem 1. For $p \in \mathbb{N}_{o}$ , the undermentioned relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_LG_{p, \lambda}(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p} \binom{p}{q+1}\, q!(-\lambda)^{q}{}_LG_{p-q-1}(u, v). \end{equation}$

(2.2)

Proof. With the help of (2.1), one can write

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = & \frac{ 2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ) \\ = & \tau\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1)^{q}}{q+1}(\lambda \tau )^{q}\right\} \left\{ \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p! }\right\} \\ = & \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\frac{(-\lambda )^{q}}{q+1}q!{}_{L}G_{p-q}(u, v)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p+1}}{p!}, \end{align*}$

where, ${}_{L}G_{p-q}(u, v)$ are the Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials (see ^[8]). Finally, the assertion easily follows by equating the coefficients $\frac{ \tau ^{p}}{p!}$ .

Theorem 2. For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{o}$ , the undermentioned relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p+1, \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\lambda ^{q}(p+1){}_{L}G_{p-q+1}(u, v)D_{q}. \end{equation}$

(2.3)

Proof. We first consider

$\begin{align*} I_{1} = \frac{1}{\tau }\frac{2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{ e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ) = & \left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }D_{q}\frac{ (\lambda \tau )^{q}}{q!}\right\} \left\{ \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p}(u, v) \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}\right\} \\ = & \sum\limits_{p = 1}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}(\lambda )^{q} D_{q}{}_{L}G_{p-q}(u, v)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Next we have,

$\begin{align*} I_{2} = \frac{1}{\tau}\frac{2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{\frac{1}{\lambda}}}{ e^{\tau}+1}e^{v\tau}C_{o}(u\tau) = &\frac{1}{\tau}\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}{}_LG_{p, \lambda}(u, v)\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!} \\ = &\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\frac{{}_LG_{p+1, \lambda}(u, v)}{p+1}\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Since $I_{1} = I_{2}$ , we conclude the assertion (2.3) of Theorem 2.

Theorem 3. For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , the undermentioned relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = p\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p-1}\binom{p-1}{q}(\lambda )^{q}{}_{L}E_{p-q-1}(u, v)D_{q}. \end{equation}$

(2.4)

Proof. With the help of (2.1), one can write

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(x, y)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = & \left\{ \frac{\tau \log (1+\lambda \tau )}{\lambda \tau }\right\} \left\{ \frac{2}{ e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau )\right\} \\ = & \tau \left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }D_{q}\frac{(\lambda \tau )^{q}}{q!} \right\} \left\{ \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}E_{p}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} \right\} \\ = & \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}(\lambda )^{q}D_{q}\, {}_{L}E_{p-q}(u, v)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p+1}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Finally, the assertion (2.4) straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of same powers of $\tau$ above.

Theorem 4. For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{o}$ , the following relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v+1) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}{}\; _{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v). \end{equation}$

(2.5)

Proof. Using (2.1), we find

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }& \left\{ {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v+1)-{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\right\}\frac{\tau^p}{p!} = \frac{2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1} \\ \times & e^{(v+1)\tau }C_{0}(u\tau )-\frac{2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{ \lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ) \\ = & \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }\frac{\tau ^{q}}{q!}-\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} \\ = & \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\; {}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v)-{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Hence, the assertion (2.5) straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of $\tau ^{p}$ above.

Theorem 5. For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{o}$ , the undermentioned relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\sum\limits_{l = 0}^{q}\binom{p}{q}\binom{q}{l }G_{p-q}D_{q-l}\; \lambda ^{q-l}L_{l}(u, v). \end{equation}$

(2.6)

Proof. Since

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = & \frac{ 2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ) \\ = & \left\{ \frac{2\tau }{e^{\tau }+1}\right\} \left\{ \frac{2\log (1+\lambda \tau )}{\lambda \tau }\right\} e^{v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ) \\ = & \left\{ \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }G_{p}\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}\right\} \left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }D_{q}\frac{(\lambda \tau )^{q}}{q!}\right\} \left\{ \sum\limits_{l = 0}^{\infty }L_{l}(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{l}}{l!}\right\} , \end{align*}$

we have

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\sum\limits_{l = 0}^{q}\binom{p}{q}\binom{q }{l}G_{p-q}D_{q-l}\lambda ^{q-l}L_{l}(u, v)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{equation*}$

We thus complete the proof of Theorem 5.

Theorem 6. (Multiplication formula). For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{o}$ , the undermentioned relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = f^{p-1}\sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1}{}_{L}G_{p, \frac{\lambda }{f }}\left( u, \frac{v+a}{f}\right). \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \end{equation}$

(2.7)

Proof. With the help of (2.1), we obtain

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}{}_LG_{p, \lambda}(u, v)\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!} = &\frac{ 2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{\frac{1}{\lambda}}}{e^{\tau}+1}e^{v\tau}C_{0}(u\tau) \\ = &\frac{2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{\frac{1}{\lambda}}}{e^{\tau}+1} C_{0}(u\tau)\sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1}e^{(a+v)\tau} \\ = &\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\left\lbrace f^{p-1}\sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1}{}_LG_{p, \frac{ \lambda}{f}}\left(u, \frac{v+a}{f}\right)\right\rbrace\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Thus, the result in (2.7) straightforwardly follows by comparing the coefficients of $\tau^{p}$ above.

3. Generalized partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

Consider a Dirichlet character $\chi$ and let $d\; \; (d\in \mathbb{N})$ be the conductor connected with it such that $d\equiv 1(\mod 2)$ (see ^[22]). Now we present a generalization of partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials attached to $\chi$ as follows:

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \chi , \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{f\tau }+1} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1}(-1)^{a}\chi (a)e^{(v+a)\tau }C_{0}(u\tau ). \end{equation}$

(3.1)

Here, $G_{p, \chi, \lambda } = {}_{L}G_{p, \chi, \lambda }(0, 0)$ are in fact, the generalized partially degenerate Genocchi numbers attached to the Drichlet character $\chi$ . We also notice that

$\underset{\begin{smallmatrix} \lambda \to 0 \\ v = 0 \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop \lim\limits }\, \ {{\ }_{L}}{{G}_{p, \chi , \lambda }}(u, v) = {{G}_{p, \chi }}(u),$

is the familiar looking generalized Genocchi polynomial (see ^[20]).

Theorem 7. For $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , the following relation holds:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \chi , \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\lambda ^{q}D_{q}\, {}_{L}G_{p-q, \chi }(u, v). \end{equation}$

(3.2)

Proof. In view of (3.1), we can write

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}{}_LG_{p, \chi, \lambda}(u, v)\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!} = \frac{ 2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{\frac{1}{\lambda}}}{e^{f\tau}+1} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) e^{(v+a)\tau} C_{0}(u\tau) \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} = \left\lbrace\frac{\log(1+\lambda \tau)}{\lambda \tau}\right\rbrace\left \lbrace \frac{2\tau}{e^{f\tau}+1}\sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) e^{(v+a)\tau} C_{0}(u\tau)\right\rbrace \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} = \left\lbrace\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty}D_{q}\frac{\lambda^{q}}{\tau^{q}}{q!} \right\rbrace\left\lbrace \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}{}_LG_{p, \chi}(u, v)\frac{ \tau^{p}}{p!}\right\rbrace. \end{equation*}$

Finally, the assertion (3.2) of Theorem 7 can be achieved by equating the coefficients of same powers of $\tau$ .

Theorem 8. The undermentioned formula holds true:

$\begin{equation} {}_LG_{p, \chi, \lambda}(u, v) = f^{p-1} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) {}_LG_{p, \frac{\lambda}{f}}\left(u, \frac{a+v}{f}\right). \end{equation}$

(3.3)

Proof. We first evaluate

$\begin{align*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}{}_LG_{p, \chi, \lambda}(u, v)\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!} = &\frac{ 2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{\frac{1}{\lambda}}}{e^{f\tau}+1} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) e^{(v+a)\tau} C_{0}(u\tau) \\ = &\frac{1}{f} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) \frac{2\log(1+\lambda \tau)^{ \frac{f}{\lambda}}}{e^{f\tau}+1} e^{\left(\frac{a+v}{f}\right)f\tau} C_{0}(u\tau) \\ = &\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty}\left\lbrace f^{p-1} \sum\limits_{a = 0}^{f-1} (-1)^{a} \chi(a) {}_LG_{p, \frac{\lambda}{f}}\left(u, \frac{a+v}{f}\right)\right\rbrace\frac{ \tau^{p}}{p!}. \end{align*}$

Now, the Theorem 8 can easily be concluded by equating the coefficients $\frac{\tau^{p}}{p!}$ above.

Using the result in (3.1) and with a similar approach used just as in above theorems, we provide some more theorems given below. The proofs are being omitted.

Theorem 9. The undermentioned formula holds true:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \chi , \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\frac{G_{p-q, \chi , \lambda }(v)\; (-u)^{q}\; p!}{(q!)^{2}\, (p-q)!}. \end{equation}$

(3.4)

Theorem 10. The undermentioned formula holds true:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{p, \chi , \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p, l}\frac{G_{p-q-l, \chi , \lambda }\; (v)^{q}\; (-u)^{l}\; p!}{(p-q-l)!\; (q)!\; (l!)^{2}}. \end{equation}$

(3.5)

4. Implicit summation formulae

Theorem 11. The undermentioned formula holds true:

$\begin{equation} {}_{L}G_{l+h, \lambda }(u, \nu ) = \sum\limits_{p, n = 0}^{l, h}\binom{l}{p}\binom{h}{n} (u -v)^{p+n}{}_{L}G_{l+h-n-p, \lambda }(u, v). \end{equation}$

(4.1)

Proof. On changing $\tau$ by $\tau+\mu$ and rewriting (2.1), we evaluate

$\begin{equation*} e^{-v(\tau+\mu)} \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, v) \frac{ \tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!} = \frac{2\log(1+\lambda (\tau+\mu))^{\frac{1}{\lambda}} }{e^{\tau+\mu}+1} C_{o}(u(\tau+\mu)), \end{equation*}$

which, upon replacing $v$ by $u$ and solving further, gives

$\begin{equation*} e^{(u-v)(\tau+\mu)} \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, v) \frac{ \tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!} = \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, \nu) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!}, \end{equation*}$

and also

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{P = 0}^{\infty} \frac{(u-v)^{P}(\tau+u)^{P}}{P!}\sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, v) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!} = \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, \nu) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!}. \end{equation}$

(4.2)

Now applying the formula [21,p.52(2)]

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{P = 0}^{\infty} f(P) \frac{(u+v)^{P}}{P!} = \sum\limits_{p, q = 0}^{\infty} f(p+q) \frac{u^{p}}{p!}\frac{v^{q}}{q!}, \end{equation*}$

in conjunction with (4.2), it becomes

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{p, n = 0}^{\infty} \frac{(u-v)^{p+n}\tau^{p}\mu^{n}}{p!n!} \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, v) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h!} = \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, \nu) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{l!h! }.\; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \end{equation}$

(4.3)

Further, upon replacing $l$ by $l-p$ , $h$ by $h-n$ , and using the result in [21,p.100 (1)], in the left of (4.3), we obtain

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p, n = 0}^{\infty} \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} \frac{(u-v)^{p+n}}{p!\, n!} {} _LG_{l+h-p-n, \lambda}(u, v) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{(l-p)!(h-n)!} = \sum\limits_{l, h = 0}^{\infty} {}_LG_{l+h, \lambda}(u, \nu) \frac{\tau^{l}\mu^{h}}{ l!\, h!}. \end{equation*}$

Finally, the required result can be concluded by equating the coefficients of the identical powers of $\tau^{l}$ and $\mu^{h}$ above.

Corollary 4.1. For $h = 0$ in (4.1), we get

$\begin{equation*} {}_{L}G_{l, \lambda }(u, \nu ) = \sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{l}\binom{l}{\rho } \; {(u-v)^p}_{L}G_{l-\rho , \lambda }(u, v). \end{equation*}$

Some identities of Genocchi polynomials for special values of the parameters $u$ and $\nu$ in Theorem 11 can also be obtained. Now, using the result in (2.1) and with a similar approach, we provide some more theorems given below. The proofs are being omitted.

Theorem 12. The undermentioned formula holds good:

$\begin{equation*} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v+\mu ) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\mu ^{q}{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v) \end{equation*}$

Theorem 13. The undermentioned implicit holds true:

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v)\frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} = \frac{ 2\log (1+\lambda \tau )^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}}{e^{\tau }+1}e^{v\tau }C_{o}(u\tau ) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}G_{p-q, \lambda }\; L_{p}(u, v) \end{equation*}$

and

$\begin{equation*} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v)\; L_{p}(u, v)\mathit{\text{.}} \end{equation*}$

Theorem 14. The undermentioned implicit summation formula holds:

$\begin{equation*} {}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v+1)+{}_{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u, v) = 2p\; \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p-1} \binom{p-1}{q}\frac{(-\lambda )^{q}q!}{q+1}L_{p-q-1}(u, v). \end{equation*}$

Theorem 15. The undermentioned formula holds true:

$\begin{equation*} {}_LG_{p, \lambda}(u, v+1) = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p} {}_LG_{p-q, \lambda}(u, v). \end{equation*}$

5. Symmetry identities

Symmetry identities involving various polynomials have been discussed (e.g., ^{[7,9,10,11,17]}). As in above-cited work, here, in view of the generating functions (1.3) and (2.1), we obtain symmetry identities for the partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials ${}_{L}G_{n, \lambda }(u, v)$ .

Theorem 16. Let $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , we have

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta ){}_{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha ) \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\alpha ^{q}\beta ^{p-q}{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha ){}_{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\mathit{\text{.}} \end{equation*}$

Proof. We first consider

$\begin{equation*} g(\tau ) = \frac{\left\{ 2\log (1+\lambda )^{\frac{\beta }{\lambda }}\right\} }{(e^{\alpha \tau }+1)}\frac{\left\{ 2\log (1+\lambda )^{\frac{\alpha }{ \lambda }}\right\} }{\; (e^{\beta \tau }+1)}e^{(\alpha +\beta )v\tau }C_{0}(u\alpha \tau )C_{0}(u\beta \tau ). \end{equation*}$

Now we can have two series expansion of $g(\tau)$ in the following ways:

On one hand, we have

$\begin{eqnarray} g(\tau ) & = &\left( \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\; _{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\frac{\left( \alpha \tau \right) ^{p}}{p!}\right) \left( \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }\; _{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha )\frac{ \left( \beta \tau \right) ^{q}}{q!}\right) \\ & = &\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left( \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q} \beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}\; _{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\; _{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha )\right) \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{eqnarray}$

(5.1)

and on the other, we can write

$\begin{eqnarray} g(\tau ) & = &\left( \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\; _{L}G_{p, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha )\frac{\left( \beta \tau \right) ^{p}}{p!}\right) \left( \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{\infty }\; _{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\frac{\left( \alpha \tau \right) ^{q}}{q!}\right) \\ & = &\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left( \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q} \alpha ^{q}\beta ^{p-q}\; _{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha )\; _{L}G_{q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\right) \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!}. \end{eqnarray}$

(5.2)

Finally, the result easily follows by equating the coefficients of $\tau ^{p}$ on the right-hand side of Eqs (5.1) and (5.2).

Theorem 17. Let $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{Z}$ with $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , Then,

$\begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\alpha -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\beta -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v\beta +\frac{\beta }{\alpha }\sigma +\rho )G_{q, \lambda }(z\alpha ) \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} = \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\alpha ^{p}\beta ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\beta -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\alpha -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u, v\alpha +\frac{\beta }{\alpha }\sigma +\rho )G_{q, \lambda }(z\beta ) \mathit{\text{.}} \end{equation*}$

Proof. Let

$\begin{equation*} g(\tau) = \frac{\left\lbrace 2\log(1+\lambda)^{\frac{\alpha}{\lambda} }\right\rbrace}{(e^{\alpha\tau}+1)^{2}}\frac{\left\lbrace 2\log(1+\lambda)^{ \frac{\beta}{\lambda}}\right\rbrace}{(e^{\beta\tau}+1)^{2}} e^{(\alpha\beta\tau+1)^{2}} e^{(\alpha\beta)(v+z)\tau}[Cs_{0}(u\tau)]. \end{equation*}$

Considering $g(\tau)$ in two forms. Firstly,

$\begin{align*} g(\tau)& = \frac{\left\lbrace2\log(1+\lambda)^{\frac{\alpha}{\lambda} }\right\rbrace}{e^{\alpha\tau}+1}e^{\alpha\beta v\tau}C_{o}(u\tau) \left( \frac{e^{\alpha\beta\tau}+1}{e^{\beta\tau}+1}\right) \notag \\ &\times\frac{\left\lbrace2\log(1+\lambda)^{\frac{\beta}{\lambda} }\right\rbrace}{e^{\beta\tau}+1} e^{\alpha\beta z\tau} \left(\frac{ e^{\alpha\beta\tau}+1}{e^{\alpha\tau}+1}\right) \end{align*}$

$\begin{align} & = \frac{\left\{ 2\log (1+\lambda )^{\frac{\alpha }{\lambda }}\right\} }{ e^{\alpha \tau }+1}e^{\alpha \beta v\tau }C_{0}(u\tau )\left( \sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\alpha -1}(-1)^{\sigma }e^{\beta \tau \sigma }\right) \\ & \times \frac{\left\{ 2\log (1+\lambda )^{\frac{\beta }{\lambda }}\right\} }{e^{\beta \tau }+1}e^{\alpha \beta \tau z}C_{0}(u\tau )\left( \sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\beta -1}(-1)^{\rho }e^{\alpha \tau \rho }\right) , \end{align}$

(5.3)

Secondly,

$\begin{align} & g(\tau ) \\ & = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\; \beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\alpha -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\beta -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }\left( u\alpha , v\beta +\frac{\beta }{\alpha } \sigma +\rho \right) G_{q, \lambda }(\alpha z)\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p}}{p!} \\ & = \sum\limits_{p = 0}^{\infty }\left\{ \sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\; \alpha ^{q}\beta ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\alpha -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\beta -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{\sigma -\rho , \lambda }\left( u, v\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{ \beta }\sigma +\rho \right) G_{q, \lambda }(z\beta )\right\} \frac{\tau ^{p}}{ p!}.\; \; \; \; \end{align}$

(5.4)

Finally, the result straightforwardly follows by equating the coefficients of $\tau^{p}$ in Eqs (5.3) and (5.4).

We now give the following two Theorems. We omit their proofs since they follow the same technique as in the Theorems 16 and 17.

Theorem 18. Let $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , Then,

$\begin{eqnarray*} &&\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\alpha -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\beta -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }\left( u, v\beta +\frac{\beta }{\alpha }\sigma \right) G_{q, \lambda }\left( z\alpha + \frac{\alpha }{\beta }\rho \right) \\ & = &\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\alpha ^{q}\beta ^{p-q}\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{\beta -1}\sum\limits_{\rho = 0}^{\alpha -1}(-1)^{\sigma +\rho }{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }\left( u, v\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{\beta }\sigma +\rho \right) {}_{L}G_{q, \lambda }\left( z\beta +\frac{\beta }{\alpha }\rho \right) \mathit{\text{.}} \end{eqnarray*}$

Theorem 19. Let $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $p\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$ , Then,

$\begin{eqnarray*} &&\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\beta ^{q}\alpha ^{p-q}{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\beta , v\beta )\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{q}\binom{q}{\sigma }T_{\sigma }(\alpha -1)G_{q-\sigma , \lambda }(u\alpha ) \\ & = &\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{p}\binom{p}{q}\beta ^{p-q}\alpha ^{q}{}_{L}G_{p-q, \lambda }(u\alpha , v\alpha )\sum\limits_{\sigma = 0}^{q}\binom{q}{\sigma }T_{\sigma }(\beta -1)G_{q-\sigma , \lambda }(u\beta ). \end{eqnarray*}$

6. Concluding remark and observation

Motivated by importance and potential for applications in certain problems in number theory, combinatorics, classical and numerical analysis and other fields of applied mathematics, various special numbers and polynomials, and their variants and generalizations have been extensively investigated (for example, see the references here and those cited therein). The results presented here, being very general, can be specialized to yield a large number of identities involving known or new simpler numbers and polynomials. For example, the case $u = 0$ of the results presented here give the corresponding ones for the generalized partially degenerate Genocchi polynomials ^[3].

Acknowledgment

The authors express their thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which help to improve the paper in the current form.

Conflict of interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interests.

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AIMS Mathematics

Existence of solutions for modified Kirchhoff-type equation without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition

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Abstract

1. Introduction and preliminaries

2. Partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

3. Generalized partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

4. Implicit summation formulae

5. Symmetry identities

6. Concluding remark and observation

Acknowledgment

Conflict of interest

References

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Abstract

1. Introduction and preliminaries

2. Partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

3. Generalized partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

4. Implicit summation formulae

5. Symmetry identities

6. Concluding remark and observation

Acknowledgment

Conflict of interest

References

AIMS Mathematics

Existence of solutions for modified Kirchhoff-type equation without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction and preliminaries

2. Partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

3. Generalized partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

4. Implicit summation formulae

5. Symmetry identities

6. Concluding remark and observation

Acknowledgment

Conflict of interest

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Abstract

1. Introduction and preliminaries

2. Partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

3. Generalized partially degenerate Laguerre-Genocchi polynomials

4. Implicit summation formulae

5. Symmetry identities

6. Concluding remark and observation

Acknowledgment

Conflict of interest

References