Global dynamics of IAV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection model with eclipse phase and antibody immunity

A. M. Elaiw; Raghad S. Alsulami; A. D. Hobiny; A. M. Elaiw; Raghad S. Alsulami; A. D. Hobiny

doi:10.3934/mbe.2023182

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

2023, Volume 20, Issue 2: 3873-3917. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023182

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Research article

Global dynamics of IAV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection model with eclipse phase and antibody immunity

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Academic Editor: Yang Kuang

Received: 08 October 2022 Revised: 12 November 2022 Accepted: 25 November 2022 Published: 13 December 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza are two respiratory infectious diseases of high importance widely studied around the world. COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while influenza is caused by one of the influenza viruses, A, B, C, and D. Influenza A virus (IAV) can infect a wide range of species. Studies have reported several cases of respiratory virus coinfection in hospitalized patients. IAV mimics the SARS-CoV-2 with respect to the seasonal occurrence, transmission routes, clinical manifestations and related immune responses. The present paper aimed to develop and investigate a mathematical model to study the within-host dynamics of IAV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with the eclipse (or latent) phase. The eclipse phase is the period of time that elapses between the viral entry into the target cell and the release of virions produced by that newly infected cell. The role of the immune system in controlling and clearing the coinfection is modeled. The model simulates the interaction between nine compartments, uninfected epithelial cells, latent/active SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, latent/active IAV-infected cells, free SARS-CoV-2 particles, free IAV particles, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and IAV-specific antibodies. The regrowth and death of the uninfected epithelial cells are considered. We study the basic qualitative properties of the model, calculate all equilibria, and prove the global stability of all equilibria. The global stability of equilibria is established using the Lyapunov method. The theoretical findings are demonstrated via numerical simulations. The importance of considering the antibody immunity in the coinfection dynamics model is discussed. It is found that without modeling the antibody immunity, the case of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 coexistence will not occur. Further, we discuss the effect of IAV infection on the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 single infection and vice versa.
- COVID-19,
- SARS-CoV-2,
- influenza a virus,
- coinfection,
- global stability,
- Lyapunov function
Citation: A. M. Elaiw, Raghad S. Alsulami, A. D. Hobiny. Global dynamics of IAV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection model with eclipse phase and antibody immunity[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(2): 3873-3917. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023182

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza are two respiratory infectious diseases of high importance widely studied around the world. COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while influenza is caused by one of the influenza viruses, A, B, C, and D. Influenza A virus (IAV) can infect a wide range of species. Studies have reported several cases of respiratory virus coinfection in hospitalized patients. IAV mimics the SARS-CoV-2 with respect to the seasonal occurrence, transmission routes, clinical manifestations and related immune responses. The present paper aimed to develop and investigate a mathematical model to study the within-host dynamics of IAV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with the eclipse (or latent) phase. The eclipse phase is the period of time that elapses between the viral entry into the target cell and the release of virions produced by that newly infected cell. The role of the immune system in controlling and clearing the coinfection is modeled. The model simulates the interaction between nine compartments, uninfected epithelial cells, latent/active SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, latent/active IAV-infected cells, free SARS-CoV-2 particles, free IAV particles, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and IAV-specific antibodies. The regrowth and death of the uninfected epithelial cells are considered. We study the basic qualitative properties of the model, calculate all equilibria, and prove the global stability of all equilibria. The global stability of equilibria is established using the Lyapunov method. The theoretical findings are demonstrated via numerical simulations. The importance of considering the antibody immunity in the coinfection dynamics model is discussed. It is found that without modeling the antibody immunity, the case of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 coexistence will not occur. Further, we discuss the effect of IAV infection on the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 single infection and vice versa.

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