Improvement in growth of plants under the effect of magnetized water

Etimad Alattar; Eqbal Radwan; Khitam Elwasife; Etimad Alattar; Eqbal Radwan; Khitam Elwasife

doi:10.3934/biophy.2022029

AIMS Biophysics

2022, Volume 9, Issue 4: 346-387. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022029

Previous Article Next Article

Review Special Issues

Improvement in growth of plants under the effect of magnetized water

1.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
2.
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine

Received: 28 August 2022 Revised: 30 September 2022 Accepted: 20 October 2022 Published: 25 November 2022

The magnetic field can change the polarity characteristics and hydrogen-bond structure of water; therefore, magnetized water can affect plant growth and development. Magnetized water is hexagonal water created by passing water through a specific magnet that can activate and ionize water molecules to change its structure. This review highlights the use of magnetized water in the agricultural sector to enhance plant growth and food productivity. We discussed the impact of magnetized water on seed germination, vegetative growth, fruit production, soil and pigments of treated plants. Plant growth and development can be improved both qualitatively and quantitatively via irrigation with magnetized water. It can promote seed germination, seedling early vegetative development, improvement of the mineral content of fruits and seeds, the enzyme activity of the soil, improved water use efficiency, higher nutrient content, and better transformation and consumption efficiency of nutrients; it can also mitigate soil salinity. Furthermore, magnetized water had a substantial good influence on the mobility and uptake of micronutrient concentrations, as well as promoted better growth criteria, all of which increased biomass and total yield. Also, irrigating plants with magnetized water resulted in a considerable increase in chloroplast pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and b) and photosynthetic activity. Magnetizing low-quality water (brackish water, saline water or water contaminated with metals) can be considered as an alternative tool to overcome the problem of scarcity and shortage of water resources. As a result, magnetic treatment of irrigation water could be a promising technique to boost agricultural production while also being environmentally beneficial in the future. The major challenge in using magnetized water in agriculture is creating pumps that are compatible with the technical and practical needs of magnetic systems while also effectively integrating irrigation components.
- magnetized water,
- magnetic field,
- plant growth,
- seed germination,
- yield,
- soil salinity
Citation: Etimad Alattar, Eqbal Radwan, Khitam Elwasife. Improvement in growth of plants under the effect of magnetized water[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2022, 9(4): 346-387. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022029

Related Papers:

Abstract

The magnetic field can change the polarity characteristics and hydrogen-bond structure of water; therefore, magnetized water can affect plant growth and development. Magnetized water is hexagonal water created by passing water through a specific magnet that can activate and ionize water molecules to change its structure. This review highlights the use of magnetized water in the agricultural sector to enhance plant growth and food productivity. We discussed the impact of magnetized water on seed germination, vegetative growth, fruit production, soil and pigments of treated plants. Plant growth and development can be improved both qualitatively and quantitatively via irrigation with magnetized water. It can promote seed germination, seedling early vegetative development, improvement of the mineral content of fruits and seeds, the enzyme activity of the soil, improved water use efficiency, higher nutrient content, and better transformation and consumption efficiency of nutrients; it can also mitigate soil salinity. Furthermore, magnetized water had a substantial good influence on the mobility and uptake of micronutrient concentrations, as well as promoted better growth criteria, all of which increased biomass and total yield. Also, irrigating plants with magnetized water resulted in a considerable increase in chloroplast pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and b) and photosynthetic activity. Magnetizing low-quality water (brackish water, saline water or water contaminated with metals) can be considered as an alternative tool to overcome the problem of scarcity and shortage of water resources. As a result, magnetic treatment of irrigation water could be a promising technique to boost agricultural production while also being environmentally beneficial in the future. The major challenge in using magnetized water in agriculture is creating pumps that are compatible with the technical and practical needs of magnetic systems while also effectively integrating irrigation components.

Conflict of interest

All authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this paper.

Author contribution

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript. Etimad Alattar led the conceptualization, analysis, interpretation and writing of the manuscript. Eqbal Radwan contributed to writing the first draft of the manuscript, prepared the tables and analyzed the data. Khitam Elwasife contributed to the revision and editing of the manuscript.

References

[1]	Abdulraheem LH, Jameel W (2021) Effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on plant growth. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 779: 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012030
[2]	Abuslima ER, Saleh AH, Mohamed AI (2020) Irrigation with magnetically treated water enhances growth and defense mechanisms of broad bean (Vicia Faba L.) and rehabilitates the toxicity of nickel and lead. Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt. Cham: Springer 307-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30375-4_14
[3]	Zhou B, Yang L, Chen X, et al. (2021) Effect of magnetic water irrigation on the improvement of salinized soil and cotton growth in Xinjiang. Agr Water Manage 248: 106784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106784
[4]	Okasha AM, Eldib EM, Elmetwalli AH, et al. (2022) Maximization of water productivity and yield of two iceberg lettuce cultivars in hydroponic farming system using magnetically treated saline water. Agriculture 12: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010101
[5]	Wei K, Zhang J, Wang Q, et al. (2022) Irrigation with ionized brackish water affects cotton yield and water use efficiency. Ind Crop Prod 175: 114244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114244
[6]	Tkáč I, Benneyworth MA, Nichols-Meade T, et al. (2021) Long-term behavioral effects observed in mice chronically exposed to static ultra-high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 86: 1544-1559. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28799
[7]	Abdel-Azeem AS, Tantawy SS, Hassan HA, et al. (2022) Effect of magnetized water on blood indices and histomorphometric parameters of intestinal sections of Japanese quail. Anim Biotechnol 8: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2021.2023558
[8]	Altalib AA, Ali WM, Al-Ogaidi AAM, et al. (2022) Effects of magnetic field treatment of broad bean seeds and irrigation water on the growth and yield of plants. Irrig Drain . https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2729
[9]	de Almeida RC, de Deus FP, Diotto AV, et al. (2020) Desenvolvimento vegetativo do tomateiro sweet heaven irrigado com água tratada magneticamente. Braz J Dev 6: 5428-5434. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n2-007
[10]	Zolin Lorenzoni M, Rezende R, Seron CC, et al. (2021) Aplicación de agua tratada magnéticamente en el crecimiento inicial de las plantas de pimiento. Idesia (Arica) 39: 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292021000200067
[11]	Pizetta SC, de Deus FP, de Oliveira Paiva PD, et al. (2022) Post-harvest growth and longevity of ornamental sunflowers irrigated using magnetised water with different irrigation depths. New Zeal J Crop Hort Sci 50: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2021.2019061
[12]	Mohrazi A, Ghasemi-Fasaei R, Ronaghi A, et al. (2021) Zinc behavior in maize cropping system as influenced by coal application and magnetized Zn contaminated water. J Plant Nutr 45: 583-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1936023
[13]	Zhou B, Liang C, Chen X, et al. (2022) Magnetically-treated brackish water affects soil water-salt distribution and the growth of cotton with film mulch drip irrigation in Xinjiang, China. Agr Water Manage 263: 107487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107487
[14]	Pang XF, Deng B (2008) Investigation of changes in properties of water under the action of a magnetic field. Sc China Ser G 51: 1621-1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-008-0182-7
[15]	Chang KT, Weng CI (2008) An investigation into the structure of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutions under magnetic fields. Comp Mater Sci 43: 1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.02.020
[16]	Niaz N, Tang C, Zhang R, et al. (2021) Application of magnetic treated water irrigation increased soil salt leachate by altering water property. Eurasian Soil Sci 54: S26-S32. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322030103
[17]	Zhao G, Mu Y, Wang Y, et al. (2022) Magnetization and oxidation of irrigation water to improve winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and water-use efficiency. Agr Water Manage 259: 107254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107254
[18]	Torino S, Iodice M, Rendina I, et al. (2017) Microfluidic technology for cell hydrodynamic manipulation. AIMS Biophys 4: 178-191. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2017.2.178
[19]	Alavi SA, Ghehsareh AM, Soleymani A, et al. (2020) Pepermint (Mentha piperita L.) growth and biochemical properties affected by magnetized saline water. Ecotox Environ Safe 201: 110775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110775
[20]	Ercan I, Tombuloglu H, Alqahtani N, et al. (2022) Magnetic field effects on the magnetic properties, germination, chlorophyll fluorescence, and nutrient content of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Physiol Bioch 170: 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.033
[21]	Singh R, Kishor R, Singh V, et al. (2022) Radio-frequency (RF) room temperature plasma treatment of sweet basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.) for germination potential enhancement by immaculation. J Appl Res Med Aroma Plants 26: 100350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100350
[22]	Singh R, Prasad P, Mohan R, et al. (2019) Radiofrequency cold plasma treatment enhances seed germination and seedling growth in variety CIM-Saumya of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Appl Res Med Aroma Plants 12: 78-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2018.11.005
[23]	Rani D, Kobtrakul K, De-Eknamkul W, et al. (2022) Magnetized water: A way to enhance isoflavonoids in cultured Pueraria candollei var. mirifica cells. Ind Crop Prod 180: 114779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114779
[24]	Sronsri C, Sittipol W, Kongpop U (2022) Quantity and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown by a circulating hydroponic method with a Halbach array magnetizer. J Food Compos Anal 108: 104460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104460
[25]	Elhindi KM, Al-Mana FA, Algahtani AM, et al. (2020) Effect of irrigation with saline magnetized water and different soil amendments on growth and flower production of Calendula officinalis L. plants. Saudi J Biol Sci 27: 3072-3078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.015
[26]	Luo J, He W, Qi S, et al. (2020) A novel phytoremediation method assisted by magnetized water to decontaminate soil Cd based on harvesting senescent and dead leaves of Festuca arundinacea. J Hazard Mater 383: 121115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121115
[27]	Niu H, Bian C, Long A, et al. (2021) Impacts of root pruning and magnetized water irrigation on the phytoremediation efficiency of Celosia argentea. Ecotox Environ Safe 211: 111963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111963
[28]	Al-Ogaidi AAM, Wayayok A, Rowshon MK, et al. (2017) The influence of magnetized water on soil water dynamics under drip irrigation systems. Agr Water Manage 180: 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.11.001
[29]	Maffei ME (2014) Magnetic field effects on plant growth, development, and evolution. Front Plant Sci 5: 445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00445
[30]	Agliassa C, Maffei ME (2019) Reduction of geomagnetic field (GMF) to near null magnetic field (NNMF) affects some Arabidopsis thaliana clock genes amplitude in a light independent manner. J Plant Physiol 232: 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.008
[31]	Steingroewer J, Bley T, Georgiev V, et al. (2013) Bioprocessing of differentiated plant in vitro systems. Eng Life Sci 13: 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201100226
[32]	Wang Y, Wei H, Li Z (2018) Effect of magnetic field on the physical properties of water. Results Phys 8: 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.12.022
[33]	Othman A, Sohaili J, Supian NS (2019) A review: methodologies review of magnetic water treatment as green approach of water pipeline system. Pertanika J Sci Technol 27: 281-296. http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/88914/
[34]	Yap ACW, Lee HS, Loo JL, et al. (2021) Electron generation in water induced by magnetic effect and its impact on dissolved oxygen concentration. Sustain Environ Res 31: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-021-00080-0
[35]	Esmaeilnezhad E, Choi HJ, Schaffie M, et al. (2017) Characteristics and applications of magnetized water as a green technology. J Clean Prod 161: 908-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.166
[36]	Wu T, Brant JA (2020) Magnetic field effects on pH and electrical conductivity: Implications for water and wastewater treatment. Environ Eng Sci 37: 717-727. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2020.0182
[37]	Chibowski E, Szcześ A (2018) Magnetic water treatment–a review of the latest approaches. Chemosphere 203: 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.160
[38]	Lassoued A, Li JF (2020) Magnetic and photocatalytic properties of Ni–Co ferrites. Solid State Sci 104: 106199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106199
[39]	Zaidi NS, Sohaili J, Muda K, et al. (2014) Magnetic field application and its potential in water and wastewater treatment systems. Sep Purif Rev 43: 206-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2013.794148
[40]	Li J, Sun Y, Liang L, et al. (2019) Improving the reactivity of ZVI and NZVI toward various metals and metal(loid)s with weak magnetic field. Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95340-3_12
[41]	Panczyk T, Camp PJ (2021) Lorentz forces induced by a static magnetic field have negligible effects on results from classical molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 330: 115701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115701
[42]	Ben Amor H, Elaoud A, Ben Hassen H, et al. (2020) Characteristic study of some parameters of soil irrigated by magnetized waters. Arab J Geosci 13: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06015-0
[43]	Hozayn M, Elaoud A, Abd El-Monem A, et al. (2021) Effect of magnetic field on growth and yield of barley treated with different salinity levels. Arab J Geosci 14: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07077-4
[44]	Hu Y, Li J, Li R, et al. (2022) Influence of magnetized water irrigation on characteristics of antioxidant enzyme, ferritin, and Cd excretion in Festuca arundinacea during phytoextraction. J Hazard Mater 438: 129527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129527
[45]	Okba SK, Mazrou Y, Mikhael GB, et al. (2022) Magnetized water and proline to boost the growth, productivity and fruit quality of ‘Taifi’ pomegranate subjected to deficit irrigation in saline clay soils of semi-arid Egypt. Horticulturae 8: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070564
[46]	Al Samarrai GF, Mahdi WM, Khaleel RI, et al. (2022) Effect of using magnetized water and chemical fertilizer on some vegetative traits and seed content of some nutrients of chickpea plant, Cicer arietinum L. Int J Agricult Stat Sci 18: 47-55. https://connectjournals.com/03899.2022.18.47
[47]	de Sousa MB, da Silva Júnior J, Ribeiro SA, et al. (2022) Evaluation of the germination of corn seeds treated and irrigated with magnetized water. Water . https://doi.org/10.14294/WATER.2022.S9
[48]	Alsuvaid M, Demir Y, Kiremit MS, et al. (2022) Interaction effect of water magnetization and water salinity on yield, water productivity and morpho-physiological of balkız bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Gesunde Pflanz 74: 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00606-x
[49]	Ospina-Salazar DI, Cortez-Hernández LG, Benavides-Bolaños JA, et al. (2022) Fruit yield of tabasco pepper under water deficit with magnetically treated water. Cienc Tecnol Agropecuaria 23: e2476. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol23_num2_art:2476
[50]	Yadollahi AH, Khoshravesh M, Gholami Sefidkouhi MA (2022) Effect of regulated deficit irrigation with magnetized water on quantitative, qualitative properties and water productivity of green pea. J Water Res Agr 35: 373-389. https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2021.356340.897
[51]	Zhang J, Wang Q, Wei K, et al. (2022) Magnetic water treatment: an eco-friendly irrigation alternative to alleviate salt stress of brackish water in seed germination and early seedling growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plants 11: 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111397
[52]	Yang X, Fan J, Ge J, et al. (2022) Effect of irrigation with activated water on root morphology of hydroponic rice and wheat seedlings. Agronomy 12: 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051068
[53]	Wang H, Fan J, Fu W (2022) Effect of activated water irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat under irrigation deficit. Agronomy 12: 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061315
[54]	Shabani E, Bolandnazar S, Tabatabaei SJ (2022) Magnetized nutrient solution and arbuscular mycorrhizal affect essential oil and physiological aspects of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in various P concentrations. J Plant Nutr 45: 883-895. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1998527
[55]	Alemán EI, Hernández VRF, Dubois AEF, et al. (2022) Magnetically treated water influences soil properties, water absorption and nutrients in Beta vulgaris L. Res Soc Dev 11: e45111730203-e45111730203. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i7.30203
[56]	Liu X, Wang L, Ma F, et al. (2022) Magnetic treatment improves the seedling growth, nitrogen metabolism, and mineral nutrient contents in Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’under cadmium stress. Forests 13: 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060947
[57]	Mohamed TMK, Gao J, Abuarab ME, et al. (2022) Applying different magnetic water densities as irrigation for aeroponically and hydroponically grown strawberries. Agriculture 12: 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060819
[58]	El-Mugrbi W, Bashasha J, Mohammeda S (2022) Protective role of magnetic treatments for seeds and sea water on germination of Triticum Aestivum L. (Wheat). Alq J Med Appl Sci 5: 89-97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6026924
[59]	Ataya SM, Osman SEM, Diab SM, et al. (2022) Improving of hayany date palm production by using K-Humate as soil application and magnetic water irrigation at south Sinai governorate Egypt. J Hort 49: 129-146. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2022.137290.1199
[60]	Nikbakht J, Talei A, Vaezi A (2022) Combined effect of tape drip irrigation system looping and magnetic water on hydraulic performance of irrigation system and water use efficiency in Maize. Environ Water Eng 8: 440-452. https://doi.org/10.22034/jewe.2021.301186.1618
[61]	Rashad RT, Shaban KAH, Ashmaye SH, et al. (2022) Effect of pre-sowing magnetic treatment of seeds with bio-and mineral fertilization on the soybean cultivated in a saline calcareous soil. ST-JSSA 19: 132-144. https://doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v19i2.59833
[62]	Dastorani M, Albaji M, Nasab SB (2022) Crop response and water productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) drip-irrigated with magnetically treated and non-magnetically treated water with variable salinity. Water SA 48: 90-96. https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2022.v48.i1.3888
[63]	Bagherifard A, Ghasemnezhad A, Bagheri A, et al. (2021) Evaluation of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plant quality under irrigation by magnetized water. EPP 2: 38-44.
[64]	Fayed MH, Ghanem HG, Sheta MH, et al. (2021) Effect of magnetized water on water use efficiency of spinach under north sinai conditions. MJAE 38: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2021.66391.1027
[65]	Olowolaju ED, Adelusi AA (2021) Effects of magnetized water on growth performance, photosynthetic pigments accumulation and yield attributes of Vigna unguiculata (l.) Walp. J Plant Physiol 9: 9.
[66]	Abbas SZ, Attia GF, Mahdi WM (2021) Efficiency of using magnetized water and chemical fertilizer in the growth and production of chickpea Plant, Cicer arietinum L. Samarra J Pure Appl Sci 3: 79-88.
[67]	Rahimian MH, Zabihi HR (2021) Investigation of the reaction of potato plant to magnetized saline water. ATIC 1: 149-153. https://doi.org/10.22126/atic.2022.7145.1025
[68]	Yoness AS, Mohammed SJ, Alasedi KK (2021) Enzymatic and anatomical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivar IPA 99 to irrigation with magnetized water. IJI 8: 280-289.
[69]	Alavi SA, Ghehsareh AM, Soleymani A, et al. (2021) Enhanced nutrient uptake in salt-stressed Mentha piperita using magnetically treated water. Protoplasma 258: 403-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01547-4
[70]	Mohammed HJ, Abed YM, Dalia TA, et al. (2021) The effect of binary interference between magnetized water and biofertilization in the growth and yield of eggplant Solanum Mebongena L planted under tunnels. AJAS 19: 55-68.
[71]	Banejad H, Metanat M, Gholizadeh M, et al. (2021) Investigation on the effect of duration of irrigation water in magnetic field on quantitative and qualitative indices of Radish plant. Water Res Agr 34: 615-623. https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2021.123629
[72]	Zhao G, Zhou B, Mu Y, et al. (2021) Irrigation with activated water promotes root growth and improves water use of winter wheat. Agronomy 11: 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122459
[73]	Ramsey CL (2021) Application of a structured water generator for crop irrigation: structured water, drought tolerance, and alteration of plant defense mechanisms to abiotic stressors. J Basic Appl Sci 17: 127-152. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2021.17.14
[74]	Zhao G, Mu Y, Wang Y, et al. (2021) Response of winter-wheat grain yield and water-use efficiency to irrigation with activated water on Guanzhong Plain in China. Irrig Sci 39: 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-020-00706-y
[75]	Alghabari F (2021) Evaluation of the effects of magnetically treated saline water on physiological, antioxidant and agronomic traits of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]. Sustainability 13: 13199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313199
[76]	Al-Ghamdi AAM (2020) The effect of magnetic water on soil characteristics and Raphanus sativus L. growth. World J Environ Biosci 9: 16-20.
[77]	Alkhatib R, Abdo N, Al-Eitan L, et al. (2020) Impact of magnetically treated water on the growth and development of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Turkish). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 6: 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00787-1
[78]	Hassan M, Ehtaiwesh AF (2020) Effect of magnetized water on water uptake, germination and seedling growth of four plant species. University Bulletin 22: 17-40.
[79]	Ye Wet, Lu Wang, Hong Zhu, et al. (2020) Effects of magnetized water irrigation on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of grape under nitrogen application. J Nucl Agr Sci 34: 849-859.
[80]	Zhang Y, Song N, Shan Z, et al. (2020) Effects of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. J Irrig Drain 39: 60-66.
[81]	Hasan MM, Alharby HF, Hajar AS, et al. (2019) The effect of magnetized water on the growth and physiological conditions of Moringa species under drought stress. Pol J Environ Stud 28: 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/85879
[82]	Yusuf KO, Sakariyah SA, Baiyeri MR (2019) Influence of magnetized water and seed on yield and uptake of heavy metals of tomato. Not Sci Biol 11: 122-129. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb11110360
[83]	Mohammadi R, Dastorani MT, Akbari M, et al. (2019) The impacts of magnetized water treatment on different morphological and physiological factors of plant species in arid regions. Water Supply 19: 1587-1596. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.027
[84]	Massah J, Dousti A, Khazaei J, et al. (2019) Effects of water magnetic treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. J Plant Nutr 42: 1283-1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1617309
[85]	Mohamed HH, Elnasri M (2019) The impact of magnetized water on some physiological characters of parsley Petroselinum Crispum (Mill). Int J Innov Sci Rec Technol 4: 725-729.
[86]	Mehdaoui HY, Castanheira N, Oliveira MR, et al. (2019) Effect of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on spinach matador (Spinacia Oleracea L) growth and soil characteristics. Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_251
[87]	Hozayn MM, Salim MA, El-Monem A, et al. (2019) Effect of magnetic brackish-water treatments on morphology, anatomy and yield productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). ASEJ 40: 604-617. https://doi.org/10.21608/ASEJAIQJSAE.2019.63578
[88]	Ali AF, Alsaady MH, Salim HA (2019) Impact of bio fertilizer and magnetic irrigation water on growth and yield of melon Cucumis melo L. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 388: 012070. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/388/1/012070
[89]	Alattar EM, Elwasife KY, Radwan ES (2021) Effects of magnetic field treated water on some growth parameters of corn (Zea mays) plants. AIMS Biophys 8: 267-280. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2021021
[90]	Alattar EM, Elwasife KY, Radwan ES (2021) Growth characteristics of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) under the effect of magnetizing water with neodymium magnets (NdFeB). J Agr Sci 43: 398-408. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v43i2.2908
[91]	Lorenzoni MZ, Rezende R, de Castro Seron C, et al. (2021) Yield and quality of bell pepper fruits irrigated with magnetically treated water. Rev Agric Neotrop 8: e6153. https://doi.org/10.32404/rean.v8i3.6153
[92]	Salman B, Hozayn M, Abd Elhay YB, et al. (2021) Influence of magnetized saline irrigation water on germination and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. Plant Cell Biotechnol Mol Biol 22: 27-40.
[93]	Yusuf KO, Ogunbamowo TR, Obalowu RO (2020) Effect of magnetized water on water use efficiency, yield and nutritional qualities of watermelon under deficit irrigation. Agr Eng Int: CIGR J 22: 51-60.
[94]	Cui H, Liu X, Jing R, et al. (2020) Irrigation with magnetized water affects the soil microenvironment and fruit quality of eggplants in a covered vegetable production system in Shouguang City, China. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20: 2684-2697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00334-7
[95]	Ben Hassen H, Hozayn M, Elaoud A, et al. (2020) Inference of magnetized water impact on salt-stressed wheat. Arab J Sci Eng 45: 4517-4529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04506-6
[96]	Liu X, Zhu H, Meng S, et al. (2019) The effects of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on seedling growth, photosynthetic capacity and nutrient contents of Populus× euramericana ‘Neva’under NaCl stress. Acta Physiol Plant 41: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2798-1
[97]	Alattar EM, Elwasife KY, Radwan ES (2020) Effects of treated water with neodymium magnets (NdFeB) on growth characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum). AIMS Biophys 7: 267-290. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2020021
[98]	Aliverdi A (2021) Magnetized irrigation water: a method for improving the efficacy of pre-emergence-applied metribuzin. J Plant Prot Res 61: 265-272.
[99]	El-Zawily AES, Meleha M, El-Sawy M, et al. (2019) Application of magnetic field improves growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato irrigated alternatively by fresh and agricultural drainage water. Ecotox Environ Saf e181: 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.018
[100]	de Castro Seron C, Rezende R, Lorenzoni MZ, et al. (2019) Irrigation with water deficit applying magnetic water on scarlet eggplant. Rev Agric Neotrop 6: 21-28. https://doi.org/10.32404/rean.v6i4.3809
[101]	Agcaoili SO (2019) Enhancing the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in hydroponic system using magnetized irrigation water. Recoletos Multidiscip Res J 7: 15-28. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/33588/
[102]	Tavares Ordones Lemos L, Ponciano de Deus F, Silveira Thebaldi M, et al. (2021) Influence of the soil water retention curve type and magnetic water treatment on lettuce irrigation management responses. Water Supply 21: 2850-2862. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.038
[103]	Zhang J, Wei K, Wang Q, et al. (2021) Effects of magnetized fresh water on seed germination and seeding growth of cotton. Water Supply 21: 2863-2874. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.051
[104]	Lemos LTO, Ponciano F, de Andrade Júnior VC, et al. (2021) Development and production of iceberg lettuce irrigated with magnetically treated water. Water SA 47: 437-445. https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i4.3863
[105]	Nasher SH (2008) The effect of magnetic water on growth of chick-pea seeds. Eng Tech 26: 1125-1130.
[106]	Oldacay S, Erdem G (2002) Evaluation of chlorophyll contents and peroxidase activities in Helianthus annuus genotypes exposed to radiation and magnetic fields. J Appl Sci 2: 934-937. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2002.934.937
[107]	Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Khoshravesh M, Mousavi SF, et al. (2011) Effects of magnetized water and irrigation water salinity on soil moisture distribution in trickle irrigation. J Irrig Drain Eng 137: 398-402. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000304
[108]	Maheshwari BL, Grewal HS (2009) Magnetic treatment of irrigation water: Its effects on vegetable crop yield and water productivity. Agric Water Manag 96: 1229-1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.016
[109]	Zúñiga O, Benavides JA, Ospina-Salazar DI, et al. (2016) Magnetic treatment of irrigation water and seeds in agriculture. Ing compet 18: 217-232.
[110]	Zúñiga Escobar O, Osorio Saravia JC, Cuero Guependo R, et al. (2011) Evaluación de tecnologías para la recuperación de suelos degradados por salinidad. Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin 64: 5769-5779.
[111]	Alimi F, Tlili MM, Amor MB, et al. (2009) Effect of magnetic water treatment on calcium carbonate precipitation: Influence of the pipe material. Chem Eng Process 48: 1327-1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.06.008
[112]	Sofla MJD, Norouzi-Apourvari S, Schaffie M (2020) The effect of magnetic field on stability of conventional and pickering water-in-crude oil emulsions stabilized with fumed silica and iron oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 314: 113629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113629
[113]	Zareei E, Zaare-Nahandi F, Hajilou J, et al. (2021) Eliciting effects of magnetized solution on physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental uptake in hydroponically grown grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless). Plant Physiol Biochem 167: 586-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.036
[114]	Hussain MS, Dastgeer G, Afzal AM, et al. (2020) Eco-friendly magnetic field treatment to enhance wheat yield and seed germination growth. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 14: 100299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100299
[115]	Fanous NE, Mohamed AA, Shaban KA (2017) Effect of magnetic treatment of irrigation ground water on soil salinity, nutrients, water productivity and yield fruit trees at sandy soil. Egypt J Soil Sci 57: 113-123. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejss.2017.1528
[116]	Sarraf M, Kataria S, Taimourya H, et al. (2020) Magnetic field (MF) applications in plants: an overview. Plants 9: 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091139
[117]	Abobatta WF (2019) Overview of role of magnetizing treated water in agricultural sector development. Adv Agric Technol Plant Sci 2: 180023.
[118]	Samarah NH, Hani B, Makhadmeh IM (2021) Effect of magnetic treatment of water or seeds on germination and productivity of tomato plants under salinity stress. Horticulturae 7: 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080220
[119]	Taimourya H, Oussible M, Baamal L, et al. (2018) Magnetically treated irrigation water improves the production and the fruit quality of strawberry plants (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) in the northwest of Morocco. J Agric Sci Technol 8: 145-156. https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6264/2018.03.001
[120]	Surendran U, Sandeep O, Joseph EJ (2016) The impacts of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on plant, water and soil characteristics. Agric Water Manag 178: 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.016
[121]	Moussa M, Hallaire V, Michot D, et al. (2020) Micro- and macrostructure changes of soil under irrigation with electromagnetically treated water. Soil Till Res 203: 104690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104690
[122]	Al-Mana FA, Algahtani AM, Dewir YH, et al. (2021) Water magnetization and application of soil amendments enhance growth and productivity of snapdragon plants. HortScience 56: 1464-1470. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15671-20
[123]	Shine MB, Guruprasad KN (2012) Impact of pre-sowing magnetic field exposure of seeds to stationary magnetic field on growth, reactive oxygen species and photosynthesis of maize under field conditions. Acta Physiol Plant 34: 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0824-7
[124]	Hozayn M, Qados AMSA (2010) Irrigation with magnetized water enhances growth, chemical constituent and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Agric Biol J N AM 1: 671-676.
[125]	Selim AFH, El-Nady MF (2011) Physio-anatomical responses of drought stressed tomato plants to magnetic field. Acta Astronaut 69: 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.05.025
[126]	Liu X, Wang L, Wei Y, et al. (2020) Irrigation with magnetically treated saline water influences the growth and photosynthetic capability of Vitis vinifera L. seedlings. Sci Hortic 262: 109056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109056
[127]	Alattar EM, Elwasife KY, Radwan ES, et al. (2019) Influence of magnetized water on the growth of corn (Zea mays) seedlings. Rom J Biophys 29: 39-50.
[128]	Hozayn M, Abdallha MM, Abd El-Monem AA, et al. (2016) Applications of magnetic technology in agriculture: A novel tool for improving crop productivity (1): Canola. Afr J Agr Res 11: 441-449. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2015.9382
[129]	Tombuloglu H, Slimani Y, Tombuloglu G, et al. (2020) Engineered magnetic nanoparticles enhance chlorophyll content and growth of barley through the induction of photosystem genes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27: 34311-34321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09693-1
[130]	Alfaidi MA, Al-Toukhy AA, Al-Zahrani HS, et al. (2017) Effect of irrigation by magnetized sea water on Guinea grass (panicum maximum) leaf content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, pigments, protein & proline. Adv Environ Biol 11: 73-84.
[131]	Sutiyanti E, Rachmawati D (2021) Growth response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant towards magnetized seawater treatment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing 724: 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012077
[132]	Marei A, Rdaydeh D, Karajeh D, et al. (2014) Effect of using magnetic brackish water on irrigated bell pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) characteristics in lower Jordan valley/west bank. J Agric Sci Technol 4: 830-838. https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2014.10.005
[133]	Al-Khazan M, Abdullatif BM, Al-Assaf N (2011) Effects of magnetically treated water on water status, chlorophyll pigments and some elements content of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) at different growth stages. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 5: 722-731. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST11.117
[134]	Hozayn M, EL-Mahdy AA, Zalama MT (2018) Magneto-priming for improving germination, seedling attributes and field performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under salinity stress. Middle East J Agric Res 7: 1006-1022.
[135]	Eşitken A, Turan M (2004) Alternating magnetic field effects on yield and plant nutrient element composition of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Camarosa). Acta Agric Scand - B Soil Plant Sci 54: 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710310019748
[136]	Zdyrska MM, Kornarzynski K, Pietruszewski S, et al. (2016) Stimulation with a 130-mT magnetic field improves growth and biochemical parameters in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Turk J Biol 40: 699-705. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1504-19

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)