Encapsulation of flavours into Yarrowia lipolytica active yeast cells. Fluorescence study of the lipid droplets morphology and steryl/sterol balance during the shock

To Sandro, with friendship, admiration and much more.

1.   Introduction and main results

Let $z = (x, y)\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, with $x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and $y\in\mathbb{R}$, $n\geq1$, $a\in\mathbb{R}$. Our aim is to study the boundary behaviour of solutions to a class of problems involving singular/degenerate operators in divergence form including

and their regularizations. The boundary here coincides with $\Sigma: = \{y = 0\}$ the characteristic manifold, where the weight becomes degenerate or singular, and this happens respectively when $a > 0$ and $a < 0$. Accordingly, this class of operators is called degenerate elliptic.

The first motivation for this work is to complete the study started in ^[21] on local regularity for solutions to degenerate/singular problems including the following

In ^[21], we treated the regularity of even-in-$y$ solutions (corresponding to Neumann boundary conditions), including the case of variable coefficients. We provided local $\mathcal C^{0, \alpha}$ and $\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}$ estimates, which are uniform as the parameter $\varepsilon\to0^+$, for even solutions of regularized uniformly elliptic problems of the form

where the regularized family of weights $\rho_\varepsilon^a$ is defined as:

A further motivation comes from a remarkable link between our operators and fractional powers of the Laplacian, from a Dirichlet-to-Neumann point of view, as highlighted in ^[4], when our weights belong to the $A_2$-class; i.e., $a\in(-1, 1)$.

Goal of this paper is to deal with odd-in-$y$ solutions to (1.1) (corresponding to Dirichlet boundary conditions), providing local regularity, when possible in the $\varepsilon$-stable sense, by proving uniform bounds for solutions to (1.2). Odd solutions make sense as energy solutions in the natural weighted Sobolev spaces whenever $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ (in the sense of ยง2). At first, we notice that can not expect, for the odd solutions, the same estimates as for the even ones, where the regularity results from the combined effect of the ellipticity and the boundary condition. In fact, the function $y|y|^{-a}$ is $\mathcal L_a$-harmonic with finite energy when $a < 1$ (in case of $A = \mathbb I$), and for $a\in(0, 1)$ is no more than Hölder continuous. We will refer to this special solution as the characteristic odd comparison solution. Similar, yet smoother, characteristic odd comparison solutions exist for the full regularized family of $\varepsilon$-problems (in a rather general setting). Nonetheless, one major obstruction in the study of regularity is the fact that our weights need not to be locally integrable when $a\leq-1$, preventing the application of classical regularity theory such as that developed for degenerate weights of the $A_2$-Muckenhoupt class, starting from the seminal papers ^[8,9,10]. We point out that our singular/degenerate operators fall within the class of edge operators whose calculus was developed by Mazzeo and his collaborators (see in particular ^[7,15,16] and references therein). We shall adopt here a different perspective, exploiting suitably tailored Liouville type theorems as main tools (similarly to ^[20]). To this aim, a major hindrance is that the measure $|y|^a\mathrm{d}z$ is not absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. In order to overcome this difficulty, one can be guided by the following insight:

Proposition 1.1. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $u\in H^{1, a}(B_1)$ be an odd energy solution to (1.1) in $B_1$ (for simplicity with $F = 0$). Then for any $r < 1$ the ratio $w = u/y|y|^{-a}\in H^{1, 2-a}(B_r)$ and it is an even energy solution to

Proposition 1.1 allows the application of the results for even solutions already proved in ^[21], providing regularity up to the multiplicative factor $y|y|^{-a}$. Thanks to this observation it is natural to shift the study of regularity for odd solutions to that of even solutions of the auxiliary problem above. A similar perspective has been adopted in ^[19] for the obstacle problem in the same singular/degenerate setting.

As an example, by the Schauder estimates in ^[21], when the forcing $\bar f = :f/y|y|^{-a}$ in (1.4) is $C^{k, \alpha}$, then the ratio $w = u/y|y|^{-a}$ is locally $C^{k+2, \alpha}$. Thus, we understand that the correct way to face the regularity of odd solutions consists in seeking $\mathcal C^{0, \alpha}$ and $\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}$ bounds for the ratio between the solution and the characteristic odd one, depending on the regularity of the same ratio of the right hand side. This point of view corresponds to (possibly higher order and/or non homogeneous) boundary Harnack principle at $\Sigma$ in the sense of ^{[3,6,10,13,14]}. It is worthwhile noticing that, when $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, then the exponent $2-a$ belongs to $(1, +\infty)$, placing Eq (1.4) in the so called super degenerate case, again outside the land of $A_2$-Muckenhoupt weights theory, and which has been treated in ^[21] when associated with Neumann boundary conditions. Furthermore, looking at the right hand side of (1.4), we realize that the transition from the odd to the even case requires to pay a cost in terms of more stringent conditions on the forcing term $f$, in the sense that the ratio $\frac{f}{y|y|^{-a}}$ must possess some regularity (integrability at least); in other words, when $a < 0$, it means that the forcing term is vanishing with a certain rate at $\Sigma$. In this regard, our results are connected with the recent paper ^[1], where a boundary Harnack principle with right hand side is established in the uniformly elliptic case.

As already pointed out, our results are not limited to the $A_2$-Muckenhoupt class of weights, which restricts $a$ in the interval $(-1, 1)$. Nonetheless, we wish to state the following corollary, which joins the results contained in this paper with the Schauder theory for even solutions developed in ^[21], concerning full regularity for energy solutions of degenerate or singular problems when the weight is $A_2$-Muckenhoupt and $A = \mathbb I$.

Corollary 1.2. Let $a\in(-1, 1)$, $k\in\mathbb N\cup\{0\}$, $\alpha\in(0, 1)$ and consider $u\in H^{1, a}(B_1)$ an energy solution to

Let us consider the even and odd parts^* (with respect to $y$) of the forcing term $f$. Let

^*Even and odd parts (in $y$) of a function are defined as usual as

Then

As a next step, we aim at deepening the $\varepsilon$-stability of these estimates with respect to the family of regularized weights (1.3) (also including the variable coefficient case). In other words, we deal with odd-in-$y$ solutions to the family of Eq (1.2). We will provide local uniform-in-$\varepsilon$ regularity estimates, enlightening their delicate link with curvature issues related with the matrix $A$. As we shall see, also the notion of characteristic solution must be suitably adjusted in order to deal with the variable coefficient cases. Finally, we will apply our results to a family of degenerate/singular equations naturally associated with the euclidean Laplacian expressed in Fermi coordinates in the neighbourhood of an embedded hypersurface.

Below we set the minimal assumptions on the matrix $A$ that we need throughout the paper:

Assumption 1.3 (HA). The matrix $A = (a_{ij})$ is $(n+1, n+1)$-dimensional and symmetric $A = A^T$, has the following symmetry with respect to $\Sigma$: we have

Moreover, $A$ is continuous and satisfies the uniform ellipticity condition $\lambda_1|\xi |^2 \leq A(x, y)\xi\cdot\xi \leq \lambda_2|\xi |^2$, for all $\xi\in \mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$, for every $(x, y)$ and some ellipticity constants $0 < \lambda_1\leq\lambda_2$. Therefore, the characteristic manifold $\Sigma$ is assumed to be invariant with respect to $A$ when $y = 0$; that is, there exists a suitable scalar function $\mu$ such that

Whenever the hypothesis on $A$ are not specified, we always imply Assumption (HA). From now on, through out the paper, whenever not otherwise specified, in order to simplify the notations, we will work with $A = \mathbb I$ every time this condition is not playing a role in the proofs. In the perspective of Proposition 1.1, but considering odd solutions for the family of regularized problems in (1.2), it will be convenient to adopt the following notation on the matrix $A$.

Notation 1.4 (HA+). The matrix $A$ is written as:

with

where $\tilde B$ is a $(n, n)$-dimensional matrix and $T: \mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}\to \mathbb{{R}}^n$ (we denote by $\tilde A = \mu\tilde B$). We remark here that under our hypothesis on the symmetries of coefficients; one has, for $y < 0$

The structural assumption on the matrix $A$ is consistent with ^[5]. Moreover, it fits also with the metric induced by Fermi's coordinates, which allow to study phenomena of singularity or degeneration on a characteristic manifold $\Sigma$ which is a generic (regular enough) $n$-dimensional hypersurface embedded in $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$. Hence, the objective will be to consider the ratio $w_\varepsilon$ between odd solutions $u_\varepsilon$ to (1.2) and functions of the form

which play now the role of the characteristic odd solution for the regularized family of weights in the variable coefficients case. It is worthwhile stressing that the characteristic solutions $v^a_\varepsilon$ do not longer solve the homogenous problem, as a dependence on the curvature appears.

As said, we wish to obtain uniform local regularity estimates for $w_\varepsilon$ which will be even solutions to an auxiliary weighted problems having the following structure

The new weights appearing in the auxiliary equation are equivalent, though not equal, (using (1.5)) to

where we have defined

We remark that, as $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, such a class of weights is always super degenerate; indeed, at $\Sigma$, they behave like

with $2-a\in(1, +\infty)$.

Our first main result concerns in fact the even solutions to the auxiliary family of Eq (1.7). It essentially consists in extending (in a non trivial way) the analogous result already obtained in ^[21] to the new family of weights $\rho_\varepsilon^a(v_\varepsilon^a)^2$.

Theorem 1.5. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and, as $\varepsilon\to0$, let $\{w_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of (1.7) which are even-in-$y$; that is, satisfying the boundary condition

$1)$ Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1 > \frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{2}$, $p_2, p_3 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_3}]$. Let's moreover take $A$ with continuous coefficients and $\| b_\varepsilon\|_{L^{p_3}(B_1^+, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}\leq b$. There is a positive constant $c$ depending on $a$, $b$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that functions $w_\varepsilon$ satisfy

$2)$ Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1, p_2 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]$. Let $F_\varepsilon = (F^1_\varepsilon, ..., F^{n+1}_\varepsilon)$ with the $y$-component vanishing on $\Sigma$: $F^{n+1}_\varepsilon(x, 0) = F^y_\varepsilon(x, 0) = 0$ in $\partial^0B_1^+$. Let's moreover take $A$ with $\alpha$-Hölder continuous coefficients and $\|b_\varepsilon\|_{L^{2p_2}(B_1^+, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}\leq b$. There is a positive constant $c$ depending on $a$, $b$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that functions $w_\varepsilon$ satisfy

We would like to remark here that local $C^{2, \alpha}$ uniform estimates (up to $\Sigma$) with respect to the regularization can not be proven (for a counterexample we refer to [21, Remark 5.4]).

When applying Theorem 1.5 to the quotient

of a solution of (1.2) and the characteristic solution (1.6), we realise that the actual terms appearing in right hand side of (1.7) depend on the original forcings $f, F$ jointly with the parameters $\mu, T, B$ of the matrix $A$ written as in Notation (HA+). In particular, as shown in (2.8), we see the appearance of a drift term involving the $x$-derivatives of $\mu$ which, consequently, need to satisfy a $\mathcal C^{0, \alpha}$ condition. Our main result is Theorem 4.4. We give here below a simplified statement, suitable to be applied to the case of Laplacians in Fermi coordinates treated in subsection ยง1.1.

Theorem 1.6. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, the matrix $A$ written as in Notation (HA+) with $T\equiv 0$. As $\varepsilon\to0$ let $\{u_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of

Let also $\{v_\varepsilon^a\}$ be the family of solutions defined in (1.6) in $B_1^+$. Denote

$1)$ Assume $\mu$ be Lipschitz continuous, $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1 > \frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{2}$, $p_2 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]$. Let's moreover take $A$ with continuous coefficients. There is a positive constant $c$ depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that the $w_\varepsilon$ satisfy

$2)$ Assume $\mu\in \mathcal C^{1, \alpha}(B_1^+)$, and let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]$. Let $F_\varepsilon = (F^1_\varepsilon, ..., F^{n+1}_\varepsilon)$ with the $\alpha$-Hölder continuous ratio between the $y$-component and $v_\varepsilon^a$ vanishing on $\Sigma$: $F^{n+1}_\varepsilon(x, 0)/v_\varepsilon^a = F^y_\varepsilon(x, 0)/v_\varepsilon^a = 0$ in $\partial^0B_1^+$. Let's moreover take $A$ with $\alpha$-Hölder continuous coefficients. There is a positive constant $c$ depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that

It is worthwhile noticing here that any energy odd solution to (1.2) for $\varepsilon = 0$ (under suitable conditions on the matrix and the right hand side) can be approximated by a $\varepsilon$-sequence of solutions to (1.2) satisfying the hypothesis in our regularity results. The same happens for the auxiliary weighed problems solved by the even functions $w = u/y|y|^{-a}$. This is done in details in [21, Section 2 and 6].

Remark 1.7. A special, yet fundamental, case is when we take $A = \mathbb I$, so that $\mu\equiv 1$ and the family of fundamental comparison odd solutions $v_\varepsilon^a$'s are in fact the $\chi_\varepsilon^a$'s. Nevertheless, it has to be noticed that, in the presence of non trivial curvature, the ratio $v_\varepsilon^a/\chi_\varepsilon^a$ may not be uniformly (in $\varepsilon$) bounded in $\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}(B_1^+)$. Furthermore, in the variable coefficient case, the $\chi_\varepsilon^a$'s are not in the kernel of the corresponding operators, as a (possibly weird) right hand side appears.

Theorem 1.6 finds a natural application to the study of the boundary behaviour of solutions of operators degenerate/singular at embedded manifolds, as shown by the following result.

Corollary 1.8. Let $\Sigma$ be an $n$-dimensional hypersurface embedded in $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$, of class $\mathcal C^{3, \alpha}$ and let $d_\Sigma(X)$ denote the signed distance of $X$ to $\Sigma$. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $R > 0$ sufficiently small, and consider, as $\varepsilon\to0$, a family of solutions to

Let also $\{\chi_\varepsilon^a\}$ be the family of functions defined in (1.9) in $B_R$. Denote

$1)$ The same conclusion of point 1) of Theorem 1.6 holds with $v_\varepsilon^a$ replaced by $\chi_\varepsilon^a$, $y$ by $d_\Sigma(X)$ and $e_{n+1}$ by the normal $\nu$ at $\Sigma$.

$2)$ The same conclusion of point 2) of Theorem 1.6 holds in $C^{1, \alpha}(B_r\cap\{y\geq \sqrt{\varepsilon}\})$ where $c$ is independent of $\varepsilon$, and, again, $v_\varepsilon^a$ replaced by $\chi_\varepsilon^a$, $y$ by $d_\Sigma(X)$ and $e_{n+1}$ by the normal $\nu$ at $\Sigma$.

Remark 1.9. In particular, letting $\varepsilon\to 0$ we find $C^{1, \alpha}(B_r^+)$ estimates in the degenerate/singular case, though not in the full $\varepsilon$-stable sense. The reason is the possible lack of uniform-in-$\varepsilon$ smoothness of the ratio $v_\varepsilon^a/\chi_\varepsilon^a$.

1.1.   Proof of Corollary 1.8

As already mentioned, the structural assumption on the matrix $A$ done in Assumption (HA) with Notation (HA+) fits also with the metric induced by Fermi's coordinates around the characteristic manifold $\Sigma$ (see ^[18]). Let $\Sigma$ be an oriented regular enough hypersurface embedded in $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$. We are concerned with operators associated with Dirichlet energies of the form

with $a\in \mathbb{{R}}$, $X \in \mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$ and $d_\Sigma(\cdot)$ the signed distance function to $\Sigma$. Let $g_e$ be the Euclidean metric on $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$ and denote by $\nu$ the unit normal vector field on $\Sigma$. We define Fermi coordinates in a tubular neighborhood of $\Sigma$ as follows: let $z\in\Sigma$ and $y\in \mathbb{{R}}$, and define

Points $z$ and $y\, \nu(z)$ belong to $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$. Given $y \in \mathbb{{R}}$, we define

Following Lemma 6.1 in ^[18], one has that the induced metric on $\Sigma_y$ is given by

where $g^0$ is the induced metric on $\Sigma$, $h^0$ is the second fundamental form on $\Sigma$ and $h^0\otimes h^0$ its square; namely we have

for all $t_1, t_2$ on the tangent bundle of $\Sigma$. Notice in particular that, in local coordinates, the terms $g^0, h^0, h^0\otimes h^0$ depend only on $z$. Therefore, invoking Lemma 6.3 in ^[18], one finally has

where $g^y$ is considered as a family of metrics on the tangent bundle of $\Sigma$, depending smoothly on $y$ in a neighborhood of $0$ in $\mathbb{{R}}$.

In other words, we are obtaining a quadratic form for $v(z, y) = u(Z(z, y))$ of the form

Recall that the variation with respect to $y$ of of the volume form of the parallel hypersurfaces $\Sigma_y$ satisfy the equation:

Hence, by considering a parametrization of $\Sigma$ of the form $z = \psi(x)$ with $x\in \mathbb{{R}}^n$, then one obtains for $w(x, y) = v(\psi(x), y)$

where

We remark that the matrix $A$ satisfies Assumption (HA), and can be expressed as in Notation (HA+) with $\mu(x, y) = \sqrt{\det g^y}$. As $\Sigma\in\mathcal C^{3, \alpha}$, we have $\mu\in\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}(B_{r_0}^+)$ for $r_0$ small enough. Hence we are in the position to apply Theorem 1.6. Next we have to compare the two families $v_\varepsilon^a$ and $\chi_\varepsilon^a$. At first, in order to prove point 1) we remark that Proposition A.3 ensures uniform-in-$\varepsilon$ $\mathcal C^{0, \alpha}$ estimates for the ratio $v_\varepsilon^a/\chi_\varepsilon^a$. Using (1.11), we infer that $\partial_y\mu(\cdot, 0)\in\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}(B_{r_0}^+)$ and finally, by virtue of Proposition A.4, we obtain that also the ratio $v_\varepsilon^a/\chi_\varepsilon^a$ satisfies the desired uniform bounds in $\mathcal C^{1, \alpha}(B_r\cap\{y\geq\sqrt{\varepsilon}\})$, for $r < r_0$.

1.2.   Notations

Below is the list of symbols we shall use throughout this paper.

2.   Functional setting and preliminary results

In this section we collect the natural notions of Sobolev spaces, and their main properties, needed to work in our degenerate or singular context (for further details see [21, Section 2]). Let $\Omega\subset \mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$ be non empty, open and bounded. Denoting by $C^\infty(\overline\Omega)$ the set of real functions $u$ defined on $\overline\Omega$ such that the derivatives $D^\alpha u$ can be continuously extended to $\overline\Omega$ for all multiindices $\alpha$, then for any $a\in\mathbb{R}$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ we define the weighted Sobolev space $H^1(\Omega, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ as the closure of $C^\infty(\overline\Omega)$ with respect to the norm

To simplify the notation we will denote

In the same way, we define $H^{1}_0(\Omega, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ as the closure of $C^\infty_c(\Omega)$ with respect to the norm

We will denote by $\tilde H^1(\Omega, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ the closure of $C^\infty_c(\overline\Omega\setminus\Sigma)$ with respect to the norm $\|\cdot\|_{H^1(\Omega, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}$. In particular, when $a < 1$, there is a natural isometry (on balls $B$ centered in a point on $\Sigma$ of any radius)

where $\tilde H^{1}(B)$ is endowed with the equivalent norm with squared expression

(this is detailed in the appendix B.5). We remark that both in the super singular and super degenerate cases, that is when $a\in(-\infty, -1]\cup[1, +\infty)$ and $\varepsilon = 0$, when the weight is taken outside the $A_2$-Muckenhoupt class, one has

This happens for very opposite reasons: roughly speaking, when $a\leq-1$ then the singularity is so strong to force the function to annihiliate on $\Sigma$ (we will call this case the super singular case). Instead, when $a\geq1$, then the strong degeneracy leaves enough freedom to the function to allow it to be very irregular through $\Sigma$ (we will call this case the super degenerate case). In the latter case, $\Sigma$ has vanishing capacity with respect to the energy $\int |y|^a |\nabla u|^2$.

The Sobolev embedding theorems are stated in details in ^[21] as inequalities which are uniform in $\varepsilon$. This point is fundamental in order to develop a local regularity theory which is stable with respect to the regularization parameter $\varepsilon$. Hence, following some results contained in ^[12], the critical Sobolev exponents do depend on how the weighted measures $\mathrm{d}\mu = \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z$ scale on balls of small radius $r > 0$: one can check that there exists $b, d > 0$ independent from $\varepsilon\geq0$ (in the locally integrable case $a > -1$) such that for small radii

So, we can define the effective dimension

and the Sobolev optimal exponent is

For details one can refer to Theorems 2.4 and 2.5 in ^[21].

In the very same way one can define weighted Sobolev spaces for the class of weights $\omega_\varepsilon^a$; that is, the spaces $H^1(\Omega, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z) = \tilde H^1(\Omega, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ (the equality is due to the fact that $\omega_\varepsilon^a$ is always a super degenerate weight as $a < 1$) and $H^1_0(\Omega, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$.

In this case one can check that there exist two positive constants $\overline b, \overline d > 0$ independent on $\varepsilon\geq0$ such that $\mathrm{d}\overline\mu = \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z$ has the following growth condition on small balls of radius $r > 0$

and the effective dimension is given by $\overline d = n+1+2+(-a)^+ = n+3+(-a)^+ = \overline n^*(a)$. Hence one can state the following

Theorem 2.1. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $n\geq1$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and $u\in C^1_c(\Omega)$. Then there exists a constant which does not depend on $\varepsilon\geq0$ such that

where the optimal embedding exponent is

2.1.   Energy solutions

Throughout the paper, we are going to consider different elliptic equations depending on different families of weights. Nevertheless, we will deal with right hand sides having forcing terms, terms expressed by the divergence of a given field and drift terms (we will see that any other possible term that will appear can be translated in one of these). In order to give an unified definition of energy solutions to weighted problems, we will consider a generic measurable weight function $w$, and define an energy solution $u$ in $B_1$ to

We say that $u\in H^1(B_1, w\mathrm{d}z)$ is an energy solution to (2.2) if

any time the terms in the right hand side give sense to the previous integrals. We remark that we are not assuming local integrability of the weight, and this is the reason why we must consider test functions in the suitable weighted Sobolev space.

Now, we recall the consequent definition of energy solutions in case the weight term is given by $\rho_\varepsilon^a(y)$, with $a\in \mathbb{{R}}$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$ (the following definition is contained in ^[21]). Let us consider the following problem

We say that $u\in H^{1}(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ is an energy solution to (2.4) if

We remark that the condition in (2.5) can be equivalently expressed testing with any $\phi\in C^\infty_c(B_1\setminus\Sigma)$ if $a\in(-\infty, -1]\cup[1, +\infty)$ and $\varepsilon = 0$. In order to give a sense to energy solutions to (2.4) we need the following minimal hypothesis on the right hand side.

Assumption 2.2 (H$f\rho_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-1, +\infty)$. Then if $n\geq2$ or $n = 1$ and $a^+ > 0$, the forcing term $f$ in (2.4) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq(2^*(a))'$ the conjugate exponent of $2^*(a)$; that is,

If $n = 1$ and $a^+ = 0$ then $f\in L^p(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p > 1$.

Let $a\in(-\infty, -1]$. Then if $n\geq2$, the condition on the forcing term is $(\rho_\varepsilon^a)^{1/2}f\in L^p(B_1)$ with $p\geq(2^*(a))' = (2^*)'$. If $n = 1$, then any $p > 1$ is allowed.

Assumption 2.3 (H$F\rho_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-1, +\infty)$. The condition on the field $F = (F^1, ..., F^{n+1})$ in (2.4) is $F\in L^p(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq2$. Let $a\in(-\infty, -1]$. Then the condition is $(\rho_\varepsilon^a)^{1/2}F\in L^p(B_1)$ with $p\geq2$.

2.2.   Some preliminary results on the auxiliary equation

We are concerned with local regularity of energy odd solutions to (2.4) with $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$. Our analysis relies in the validity of suitable Liouville type theorems which hold true whenever $a > -1$; that is, when the weight $|y|^a$ is locally integrable. In order to ensure regularity results also in the super singular case $a\leq-1$, we will consider the ratio $w$ between the odd solution $u$ and the function $v^a_\varepsilon$ defined in (1.6) which is odd and satisfies

whenever the right hand side in the equation satisfies suitable integrability assumptions and the matrix $A$ is written as in Notation (HA+). As we have already remarked in the introduction, such a function $v^a_\varepsilon$ plays the role of the characteristic odd solution $y|y|^{-a}$ in presence of a matrix and of regularization.

The following Lemma is a formal computation

Lemma 2.4. Let $a\in\mathbb{R}$, $\varepsilon > 0$ and let $u, v$ be solutions to

with $v > 0$ and $A$ satisfying Assumption (HA). Then the function $w = u/v$ is solution to

Proof. Let recall $\rho = \rho_\varepsilon^a$. Then

The new class of weights appearing in the auxiliary equation for the ratio $w = u/v^a_\varepsilon$ is given by $\rho_\varepsilon^a(v_\varepsilon^a)^2$ and it will be equivalent (using (1.5)) to

We remark that, considering $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, such a class of weights is always super degenerate; that is, at $\Sigma$

with $2-a\in(1, +\infty)$.

Formal computations show that the auxiliary equation for $w$ (which corresponds to Eq (1.4) in Proposition 1.1 for $\varepsilon = 0$ and $A = \mathbb I$) in $B_r$ for any $r < 1$ is given by

with

and

Actually we can rewrite the $0$-order term, obtaining that the auxiliary equation for $w$ in $B_r$ is given by

where for a $(n, n)$-dimensional matrix $M$

Thus we can write the equation the following form:

We would like to prove that $w$ is an even energy solution to (2.9) in $B_r$ in the sense that $w\in H^1(B_r, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ and satisfies

for any $\phi\in C^{\infty}_c(B_r\setminus\Sigma)$ (as we have already remarked, super degeneracy allows us to take test functions compactly supported away from $\Sigma$). In order to give a sense to energy solutions to (2.9) we need the following minimal hypothesis on the right hand side.

Assumption 2.5 (H$f\omega_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. Then the forcing term $f$ in (2.9) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq(\overline 2^*(a))'$ the conjugate exponent of $\overline 2^*(a)$; that is,

Assumption 2.6 (H$F_1\omega_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. Then the field term $F_1$ in (2.9) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq2$.

Assumption 2.7 (H$F_2\omega_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. Then the field term $F_2$ in (2.9) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq \overline d = n+3+(-a)^+$.

Assumption 2.8 (H$V\omega_\varepsilon^a$). Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. Then the $0$-order term $V$ in (2.9) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with

Assumption 2.9 (H$b\omega_\varepsilon^a$).Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. Then the field $b$ the drift term in (2.9) belongs to $L^p(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p\geq \overline d = n+3+(-a)^+$.

We will need the following important result, which contains also Proposition 1.1 when $\varepsilon = 0$ and $A = \mathbb{I}$.

Proposition 2.10. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and let $u_\varepsilon\in H^1(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ be an odd energy solution to (2.4) in $B_1$. Then, fixed $0 < r < 1$, the function $w_\varepsilon = u_\varepsilon/v_\varepsilon^a$ is an even energy solution in $H^1(B_r, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ to (2.8), provided that the right hand side satisfies the suitable integrability assumptions stated above.

Proof. First, we want to show that $w_\varepsilon\in H^1(B_r, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)(v_\varepsilon^a)^2(x, y)\mathrm{d}z)$. We remark that since $\frac{1}{C}\leq\mu\leq C$ and since the weight is super degenerate, we have that at $\Sigma$

with $2-a\in(1, +\infty)$, then the (H = W)-property does not necessarily hold (due to the lack of a Poincaré inequality, see ^[21]). Nevertheless, we can argue as follows: let $\eta\in C^\infty_c(B_1)$ be a radial decreasing cut off function such that $0\leq\eta\leq1$ and $\eta\equiv1$ in $B_r$. Let also for $\delta > 0$

Let $\varphi_\delta = \eta f_\delta$, then $|\varphi_\delta|\leq1$ and $|\nabla\varphi_\delta|\leq c/y$ uniformly in $\delta > 0$. We remark that one can replace $f_\delta$ with a function with the same properties which is $C^\infty(B_1)$. So,

Obviously in $B_1\setminus\Sigma$ Eq (2.8) holds. It is an easy consequence of Lemma 2.4, using that $v_\varepsilon^a$ is an odd energy solution to (2.6) in $B_1$ and that $v_\varepsilon^a > 0$ in $B_1\setminus\Sigma$. Then, testing the equation with $\varphi_\delta^2w_\varepsilon$, we obtain

and this is true by the weighted Hardy inequality in (B.12), weighted Sobolev embeddings (Theorem 2.1) and Assumptions $(H f\omega_\varepsilon^a)$, $(H F_1\omega_\varepsilon^a)$, $(H F_2\omega_\varepsilon^a)$, $(H V\omega_\varepsilon^a)$ and $(H b\omega_\varepsilon^a)$ which give a bound on the term with $(RHS)$ of Eq (2.8). We remark that, fixed $\delta > 0$, the boundedness in norm $H^1(B_1, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)(v_\varepsilon^a)^2(x, y)\mathrm{d}z)$ is enough to ensure that $\varphi_\delta w_\varepsilon$ belongs to the same space. In fact, they have compact support away from $\Sigma$, and hence these norms are equivalent to the usual $H^1$-norm. Since the bounds in (2.10) and (2.11) are uniform in $\delta > 0$, this is enough to have weak convergence for the sequence $\varphi_\delta w_\varepsilon$ in $H^1(B_r, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)(v_\varepsilon^a)^2(x, y)\mathrm{d}z)$ as $\delta\to0$ and of course the limit is $w_\varepsilon$ (it is almost everywhere pointwise limit).

We have already remarked that in $B_r\setminus\Sigma$ Eq (2.8) holds. Then, one can conclude since the weighted Sobolev space $H^1(B_r, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)(v_\varepsilon^a)^2(x, y)\mathrm{d}z)$ is super degenerate, and consequently test functions can be taken in $C^\infty_c(B_r\setminus\Sigma)$.

3.   Liouville type theorems

In this section we present two important results which will be our main tool in order to prove regularity local estimates which are uniform with respect to $\varepsilon\geq0$.

Theorem 3.1. Let $a\in(-1, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq 0$ and $w$ be a solution to

and let us suppose that for some $\gamma\in[0, 1-a)$, $C > 0$ it holds

for every $z$. Then $w$ is identically zero.

Proof It is enough to prove the result only for $\varepsilon\in\{0, 1\}$. In fact for any other value of $\varepsilon > 0$ we can normalize the problem falling in the case $\varepsilon = 1$.

$\bf{Case \ 1:}$ $\varepsilon = 0$.

Let us consider $w\in H^{1, a}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+)$ satisfying the conditions of the statement, that is, solution in the following sense

Let us define

Note that, as the weight $y^a$ is locally integrable, (3.1) implies

Now, defining $w^r(x) = w(rx)$, we have

and hence

We are looking for the best constant in the following trace Poincaré inequality

Actually we are able to provide the best constant $\lambda(a)$ in (3.3), since it is given by the homogeneity of the unique (up to multiplicative constants) solution in $\tilde H^{1, a}(B_1^+)$ to

which is $u(x, y) = y^{1-a}$ with $\lambda(a) = 1-a$. However $\lambda(a)$ is the same as (B.9). Hence $H'(r)\geq \frac{2\lambda(a)}{r}H(r)$, and integrating, then we infer

We obtain that if $w$ is not trivial, the growth of $H$ at infinity is at least $r^{2(1-a)}$, in contradiction with (3.2) taking $r$ large.

$\bf{Case \ 2:}$ $\varepsilon = 1$.

Let us define

Note that, as $a > -1$, the $\rho_\varepsilon^{a}$'s are uniformly locally integrable and thus (3.1) implies again

Hence,

Moreover, defining $w^r(x) = w(rx)$ one has

By Lemma B.4 and Remark B.5, one can find for any radius $r > 0$ the best constant $\lambda_r(a)$ such that

Defining $\rho_k(y) = \left(\frac{1}{r_k^2}+y^2\right)^{a/2}$ with $r_k\to+\infty$ as $k\to+\infty$, one can see

By Lemma B.4, $\lambda_k(a)\to\lambda(a) = 1-a$ as $k\to+\infty$.

Now we want to prove that the correction term in (3.5) is of lower order as $r\to+\infty$. By (B.13), we have that in $\tilde C^\infty_c(B_1^+)$

Hence

Hence for $r$ large enough

and since $\lambda_r(a)\to\lambda(a) = 1-a$, by integrating the above expression we deduce that, for all small $\delta$, there exists $r_0 > 0$ such that, for every $r > r_0$

which says that if $w$ is not trivial, the growth of $H$ at infinity is at least $r^{2(1-a-\delta)}$. Taking $\delta > 0$ so small that $1-a-\delta > \gamma$ we find a contradiction with (3.4).

Theorem 3.2. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and $w$ be a solution to

and let us suppose that for some $\gamma\in[0, 1)$, $C > 0$ it holds

for every $z = (x, y)$. Then $w$ is identically zero.

Proof. By a simple normalization argument, it is enough to prove the result only for $\varepsilon\in\{0, 1\}$. We start with

$\bf{Case \ 1:}$ $\varepsilon = 0$.

The case falls into the proof of $\bf{Case \ 1}$ in [21, Theorem 3.4] replacing $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ with $(a-2)\in(-\infty, -1)$.

$\bf{Case \ 2:}$ $\varepsilon = 1$.

Let us now define

Note that, defining $w^r(x) = w(rx)$ one has

First we remark that the growth condition (3.7) implies the following upper bound

(due to the local integrability of $y^{2-a}$) and heence

uniformly in $r > 0$. Therefore,

By Lemma B.7 and Lemma B.8, one can find for any radius $r > 0$ the best constant $\mu_r(a)$ such that

Defining $(\omega^a_k(y))^{-1} = (\omega_{1/r_k}^a(y))^{-1}$ and $\mu_k = \mu_{r_k}$ with $r_k\to+\infty$ as $k\to+\infty$, by Lemma B.8, $\mu_k(a)\to\mu(a) = 1-(a-2) = 3-a$ as $k\to+\infty$.

Now we want to prove that the correction term in (3.9) is of lower order as $r\to+\infty$. By (B.27), we have that

Using

we can estimate the first term of the rest as follows

Moreover, when $a\leq0$ the second term of the rest can be estimated as

and this is due to the fact that, calling $z = ry\in[0, +\infty)$, by the fact that

is continuous and such that $f(0) = 0$ and

and hence $f(z)\leq c$ in $[0, +\infty)$. Instead, when $a\in(0, 1)$ the second term of the rest can be estimated as

using the fact that $0\leq y\leq1$ and by the fact that

is continuous and such that $f(0) = 0$ and

and hence $f(z)\leq c$ in $[0, +\infty)$. Hence for $r$ large enough

and since $\mu_r(a)\to\mu(a) = 1-(a-2)$, we can choose a small $\delta > 0$ such that $1-(a-2)-\delta > \gamma-(a-2)$. Hence, by integrating the above expression we deduce that there exists $r_0 > 0$ such that, for every $r > r_0$, we have $\mu_r(a) > 1-(a-2)-\delta > \gamma-(a-2)$ and

which is in contradiction with (3.8) for $r$ large if $w$ is not trivial.

Corollary 3.3. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and $w$ be a solution to

and let us suppose that for some $\gamma\in[0, 1)$, $C > 0$ it holds

for every $z$. Then $w$ is constant.

Proof. Again, it is enough to treat the cases $\varepsilon\in\{0, 1\}$. Let us assume $\varepsilon = 1$, the case $\varepsilon = 0$ coincides with the case $\varepsilon = 0$ in [21, Corollary 3.5], by replacing in the proof $a\in(-1, +\infty)$ by $(2-a)\in(1, +\infty)$. Then we have (by an even reflection across $\Sigma$) an even solution $w$ to

Such a solution is $w\in H^{1, 2}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}) = H^{1}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}, |y|^2\mathrm{d}z)$, with the growth condition (3.12). Now we observe that, as $w$ is not constant with a sublinear growth at infinity, $v = \omega_1^a(y)\partial_y w$ can not be trivial, otherwise $w$ would be globally harmonic and sublinear, in contradiction with the Liouville theorem in ^[17]. Hence, if $w$ is not constant, $v$ must be an odd and nontrivial solution to

By (3.11), we know that the weighted average of $v^2$ must satisfy a minimal growth rate as

for $r\geq r_0$ depending on $\delta > 0$ chosen. Therefore, by integrating, we obtain

On the other hand, we have, by (3.12)

in contradiction with the previous inequality when $r$ is large, since $1-\delta > \gamma$.

4.   Local uniform bounds in Hölder spaces for the auxiliary problem

As a first step in our regularity theory for odd solutions, we state some results on local uniform estimates for solutions to (1.7); that is,

Using a Moser iteration argument (see also [11, Section 8.4]), one can prove the following nowadays standard result.

Proposition 4.1. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$. Let $u\in H^{1}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ be an energy solution to (1.7). Let $\beta > 1$,

Let moreover $\|b\|_{L^{p_3}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}\leq b$. Then, for any $0 < r < 1$ there exists a positive constant independent of $\varepsilon$ (depending on $n$, $a$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, $\beta$, $b$, $r$ and $\alpha$) such that

Proof. The proof follows the same steps as in [21, Proposition 2.17], but iterating the Sobolev embedding in Theorem 2.1.

4.1.   Local uniform bounds in $C^{0, \alpha}$ spaces

Now we show how the uniform local boundedness of solutions to (1.7) yields also local uniform bounds in Hölder spaces.

Theorem 4.2. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. As $\varepsilon\to0$, let $\{u_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of (1.7) satisfying boundary conditions (evenness)

Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1 > \frac{\overline d}{2} = \frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{2}$, $p_2, p_3 > \overline d$, and $\alpha\in(0, 1)\cap(0, 2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_3}]$. Let $\|b\|_{L^{p_3}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}\leq b$. Let moreover $A$ satisfy assumption (HA) with continuous coefficients. Then, there is a positive constant depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, $b$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that

Proof. The proof follows the very same steps as in the proof of [21, Theorem 4.1]. First, one has to remark that the suitable Hölder continuity for $\varepsilon\geq0$ fixed is given by the theory developed for even solutions to degenerate problems in ^[21]. Then, one can argue by contradiction with the usual blow up argument considering two blow up sequences

(with the same asymptotic behaviour on compact sets) defined in the rescaled domains $B(k) = \frac{B-z_k}{r_k}$ (where $B = B_{\frac{1+r}{2}}$ and $\{z_k\}$ is one of the two sequences of points where Hölder seminorms blow up), the first possessing some uniform Hölder continuity, and the second one satisfying suitable problems on rescaled domains which blow up. In order to complete the proof we prove some steps.

Step 1: blow-ups. The first thing to do is to characterize the possible asymptotic behaviours of the weights $\rho_\varepsilon^a(v_\varepsilon^a)^2$ in the rescaled points: that is,

To this end, let us define by $\Gamma_k = (\varepsilon_k, y_k, r_k)$ and denote $\nu_k = |\Gamma_k|$. The latter is a bounded sequence and, up to subsequences, has finite limit $\nu = |(0, y_\infty, 0)|\geq0$ (where we have assumed $z_k\to z_\infty = (x_\infty, y_\infty)$). Taking possibly another subsequence, we may assume that the normalized sequence

has a limit

and moreover that

Thus we can consider $\tilde\Sigma = \lim\Sigma_k$; that is,

After rescaling the independent variables, we find new weights having the form:

and, in order to study their asymptotics, we have to distinguish between different cases:

Case 1. $\nu > 0$. Then, $\tilde r = \tilde\varepsilon = 0$ and $\tilde y = 1$. Moreover, it is easy to see, using that $1/\mu$ is continuous, that $p_k(z) = c+o(1)$.

Case 2. $\nu = 0$ and $\tilde\varepsilon = 0$ ($\tilde y\neq0\lor\tilde r\neq0$). Using the continuity of $1/\mu$, up to a vertical translation of $-\tilde l$, one obtains

where

Case 3. $\nu = 0$ and $\tilde\varepsilon\in(0, 1)$. Using again the continuity of $1/\mu$, , up to a vertical translation of $-\tilde l$, we obtain

where

in the second case up to a dilation of $\frac{\tilde\varepsilon}{\tilde r}$.

Case 4. $\nu = 0$ and $\tilde\varepsilon = 1$ ($\tilde y = 0\land\tilde r = 0$). As usual, by the continuity of $1/\mu$, , up to a vertical translation of $-\tilde l$, one obtains, if $\tilde r_k = o(\tilde y_k)$

and otherwise

Let us define

and $\tilde p_k = \frac{p_k}{h_k}$. We have shown that, up to the suitable normalization, the rescaled weights $\tilde p_k$ do converge uniformly to $\tilde p$ on compact sets of $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}\setminus\tilde\Sigma$ (or the whole $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$ whenever $\tilde\Sigma = \emptyset$). Note that this latter case is equivalent to the limiting weight $\tilde p$ be constant.

Step 2: the limiting equation and uniform-in-$k$ energy estimates. The equation for the rescaled variable $w_k$ becomes:

By a Caccioppoli type inequality, easily obtained by multiplying (4.1) by $\overline\eta^2 w_k$, being $\overline\eta$ a cut-off function, taking into account that the $w_k$ are uniformly bounded and that

● the first term in the right hand side of (4.1) is bounded in $L^1_{loc}$;

● the field $\frac{\eta(z_k)}{L_k}r_k^{1-\alpha} F_k(z_k+r_k\cdot)$ in the second term in the right hand side of (4.1) is bounded in $L^2_{loc}(\tilde p(z)\mathrm{d}z)$;

● $r_kb_k(z_k+r_k\cdot)$ is bounded in $L^2_{loc}(\tilde p_k(z)\mathrm{d}z)$;

then we obtain uniform-in-$k$ energy bounds holding on compact subsets of $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$:

The computations are very similar to the ones done in the following step.

Step 3: the right hand side vanishes as $k\to+\infty$. Next we wixh to check that the right hand sides in the rescaled equations vanish in $L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}\setminus\tilde\Sigma)$ (or $L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1})$ whenever $\tilde\Sigma = \emptyset$), and that consequently the limit $w$ is an energy solution of

even with respect to $\tilde\Sigma$ (when not empty). We use the continuity of the matrix $A$ in order to obtain a constant coefficients matrix in the limit Eq (4.2) together with the fact that $\tilde\Sigma$ is invariant with respect to the limit matrix to have evenness across the characteristic hyperplane.

Let us show that the right hand sides vanish in $L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}$ at least for one of the cases (the other cases are very similar), for instance when $h_k = \nu_k^{2-a}\tilde y_k^2$; that is, Case 4, when $\tilde r_k = o(\tilde y_k)$. Indeed, let $\phi\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^{n+1})$: using the fact that for $k$ large enough $\mathrm{supp}(\phi)\subset B_R\subset B(k)$, using Hölder inequality, we have

and hence the first term in the right hand side converges to zero since $\alpha\leq2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}$, $\tilde r_k = \frac{r_k}{\nu_k}$, the fact that $0\leq r_k\leq \nu_k$ and having

With analogous computations one can check that also the second term in the right hand side vanishes.

Concerning the third term, one can estimate the integral as follows

The sequence $t_k$ converges to zero, having $p_3 > n+3+(-a)^+$. Moreover, the full term vanishes using the uniform energy bound obtained in the previous step.

Step 4: the limit belongs to $H^1_{loc}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}, \tilde p\mathrm{d}z)$. At this point, always up to subsequences, we know that the (pointwise) convergence to $w$ holds also in the weak $H^1_{loc}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}\setminus\tilde\Sigma)$ topology. Now we wish to infer that the limit $w$ belongs to the space $H^1_{loc}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}, \tilde p \mathrm{d}z)$ as the closure of $C^\infty$ with respect to the weighted norm (as defined in ยง2). Let us start with the easiest case when $\tilde\Sigma = \emptyset$ and the limiting weight $\tilde p$ is constant. Moreover, we know tha $\tilde p_k$ converge uniformly to $\tilde p$ on compact sets. Thus the sequence $w_k$ converges weakly $H^1$ to $w$ on each compact subset. The convergence to the case when $\tilde \Sigma\neq \emptyset$ requires a more thorough analysis. In order to ensure that $w\in H^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}, \tilde p(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ also when $\tilde\Sigma\neq \emptyset$, one can argue as follows: using the fact that $\mu$ is continuous with $\frac{1}{C} < \mu < C$, then fixed a compact set of $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}$, we can find positive constants $c_k, C_k$ (which are uniformly bounded from above and below by two constants respectively $0 < c_1 < c_2 < +\infty$) such that

where we have denoted

Now, reabsorbing the weights as in (B.30) and using the family of isometries given by

one obtains uniform boundedness of the $W_k$'s in $H^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1})$, and hence they weakly converge in the same space to $W$. Coming back with the inverse isometry associated with the limit weight

we obtain $w\in H^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}, \tilde p(y)\mathrm{d}z)$.

Step 5: end of the proof. Next we wish to show that $w$ solves the equation in (4.2) also across the limiting characteristic hyperplane $\tilde \Sigma$. Indeed, using $w\in H^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}, \tilde p(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ jointly with Eq (4.2) holding in $\mathbb{{R}}^{n+1}\setminus\Sigma$, using that $C^\infty_c(\overline B_R\setminus \Sigma)$ is actually dense in $H^1(B_R, \tilde p(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ (all the weights here, including the limit one, are super degenerate), as we have already remarked in (2.1). Eventually, one can reach a contradiction by applying the suitable Liouville theorems in ^[17,21] and Corollary 3.3 for the case $\tilde p(y) = \omega_1^a(y)$.

4.2.   Local uniform bounds in $C^{1, \alpha}$ spaces

As a further step we now provide $C^{1, \alpha}$ uniform estimates.

Theorem 4.3. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. As $\varepsilon\to0$, let $\{u_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of (1.7) satisfying boundary conditions (evenness)

Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1, p_2 > \overline d = n+3+(-a)^+$. Let $\|b\|_{L^{2p_2}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)}\leq b$. Let $F_\varepsilon = (F^1_\varepsilon, ..., F^{n+1}_\varepsilon)$ with the $y$-component vanishing on $\Sigma$: $F^{n+1}_\varepsilon(x, 0) = F^y_\varepsilon(x, 0) = 0$ in $\partial^0B_1^+$. Let moreover $A$ satisfy assumption (HA) with $\alpha$-Hölder continuous coefficients and $\alpha\in(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]$. Then, there is a positive constant depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $b$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that

Proof. We wish to follow the same steps of proof of [21, Theorems 5.1 and 5.2]. Among others, we have to deal with an additional difficulty; that is, our weights here do depend on the full variable $z = (x, y)$ and not on $y$ only. For our purposes, we can take advantage of the fact that the ratio

is uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}$ with respect to $\varepsilon$ (just apply Lemma A.3, using the fact that $\mu^{-1}\in C^{0, \alpha}$ since the matrix $A$ possesses $\alpha$-Hölder continuous coefficients). Hence, one can rewrite our operator as

where, up to constants, the new family of matrices is defined as

with coefficients which are uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}$ with respect to $\varepsilon$.

With these premises, we are now able to follow the construction made in [21, Theorems 5.1 and 5.2]. Just to give the idea, the contradiction argument uses two blow-up sequences

for $z\in B(k): = \frac{B-\hat{z}_k}{r_k}$. Hence, one has to work with

or

respectively when $\frac{d(z_k, \Sigma)}{r_k}\to+\infty$ (in this case we choose $\hat{z}_k = z_k$), or $\frac{d(z_k, \Sigma)}{r_k}\leq c$ uniformly in $k$ (in this case we choose $\hat{z}_k = (x_k, 0)$ to be the projection on $\Sigma$ of $z_k$, where $z_k = (x_k, y_k)$).

Hence, reasoning as in the previous Theorem 4.2, one can characterize all possible rescalings of the weights (in facts the possible scalings of weights $p_k$ and $\omega_k$ are the same), and prove that the limit $w$ is an energy entire solution to the suitable limiting problem.

We remark that in order to show that the limit equation has a constant coefficient matrix one has to reason as in [21, Remark 5.3], using the $\alpha$-Hölder continuity of coefficients of the matrix (in this case we will invoke the uniform bounds with respect to $\varepsilon$ in $C^{0, \alpha}$ for the coefficients of $A_{\varepsilon_k}$).

Nevertheless, we need also to deal with drift terms in the rescaled equations, and we wish to show that they vanish once testing with the suitable test function $\phi$ supported in $B_R$. We assume here that $h_k = \nu_k^{2-a}$ (one of the possible cases). Hence, also in this case we use the fact that we know a priori that the sequence $\{u_k\}$ is uniformly locally bounded in $C^{0, \beta}$ spaces, for any choice of $\beta\in(0, 1)$ (follows from Theorem 4.2). Reasoning as in [21, Remark 5.3], this gives the following energy estimate

Hence, we can estimate

since $L_k\to+\infty$, $\nu_k\leq r_k$, $p_2 > n+3+(-a)^+$, $\alpha\leq1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}$ and choosing $\beta > \frac{1+\alpha}{2}$.

4.3.   Local regularity for the auxiliary equation

The following is the main result of the paper (we have already stated it in a simplified version in Theorem 1.6 in the introduction). Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, the matrix $A$ written as in Notation (HA+) and let $u_\varepsilon$ be an odd energy solution to (1.2) in $B_1^+$; that is,

Let also $v_\varepsilon^a$ be defined as in (1.6) in $B_1^+$. Then, we have already showed (in Proposition 2.10) that under suitable integrability assumptions on the terms in the right hand side and on coefficients of the matrix $A$, then functions

are even energy solutions (for any $R < 1$) to Eq (2.8); that is,

with boundary condition

and where we denote by

($M$ is a general $(n, n)$-dimensional matrix).

Theorem 4.4. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, the matrix $A$ written as in Notation (HA+) and as $\varepsilon\to0$ let $\{u_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of (4.9).

$1)$ Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1, p_2 > \frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{2}$, $p_3, p_4 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 2-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_3}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_4}]$. Let also

Let us moreover take $A$ with continuous coefficients. There is a positive constant depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, $p_4$, $b_1$, $b_2$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that functions

satisfy

$2)$ Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1, p_2 > n+3+(-a)^+$, and $\alpha\in(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{p_2}]$. Let $\overline F_\varepsilon = (\overline F^1_\varepsilon, ..., \overline F^{n+1}_\varepsilon)$ with the $y$-component vanishing on $\Sigma$: $\overline F^{n+1}_\varepsilon(x, 0) = \overline F^y_\varepsilon(x, 0) = 0$ in $\partial^0B_1^+$. Let also

Let's moreover take $A$ with $\alpha$-Hölder continuous coefficients. There is a positive constant depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $b_1$, $b_2$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that functions

satisfy

We remark that uniform estimates with respect to the regularization are optimal in $C^{1, \alpha}$-spaces (in [21, Remark 5.4] we provided a counterexample which show that $C^{2, \alpha}$ estimates could not be uniform up to $\Sigma$ as $\varepsilon\to0$).

In order to prove our main result we have the following useful preliminary result on equations of the form

Lemma 4.5. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$. Let $u\in H^{1}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ be an energy solution to (4.10), where $V\in L^{p_1}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p_1 > \frac{\overline d}{2} = \frac{n+3+(-a)^+}{2}$ and $F\in L^{p_2}(B_1, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ with $p_2 > \overline d = n+3+(-a)^+$. Let

$1)$ Then, for any $0 < r < 1$ and $\beta > 1$ there exists a positive constant independent of $\varepsilon$ (depending on $n$, $a$, $r$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $b_1$, $b_2$), $m_1 > \frac{\overline d}{2}$ and $m_2 > \overline d$ such that

$2)$ If moreover $p_1 > \overline d = n+3+(-a)^+$ and $F\in C^{0, \alpha}(B_1)$ for some $\alpha\in(0, 1)$,

then for any $0 < r < 1$ and $\beta > 1$ there exists a positive constant independent of $\varepsilon$ (depending on $n$, $a$, $r$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $\alpha$, $b_1$, $b_2$), and $m_1 > \overline d$ such that

Proof. The proof is done applying Moser iterations on a finite number of small enough balls which cover $B_r$. The radius of such balls is chosen in order to ensure coercivity of the quadratic forms. Hence, using the fact that the weighted integrability of $V$ and $F$ is suitably large, by a finite number of Moser iterations one can promote the integrability of $u$ itself, up to guarantee that the products $Vu$ and $Fu$ have the desired integrability (this type of argument is classic, see for instance [11, Section 8.4]). Since the number of iterations is finite, one can control uniformly the constants in the iterative process, proving point 1). At to point 2), thanks to point 1) we can apply Theorem 4.2 in order to obtain that the solution is $C^{0, \alpha}$ with a bound which is independent from $\varepsilon$. Hence, we obtain the second inequality taking into account the Hölder continuity of $F$.

A relevant consequence of this result is that, under suitable conditions on the $0$-order terms and divergence terms with the solution itself inside (the conditions stated in Theorem 4.4), we can treat $Vw$ and $\mathrm{div}(\rho v^2Fw)$ respectively as a fixed forcing term and a divergence term with a given field. As a consequence, we obtain uniform local regularity estimates in Theorem 4.4 for solutions $w_\varepsilon$ to (2.7) by simply applying Theorems 4.2 and 4.3.

4.3.1.   A criterion for local $C^{1, \alpha}$ estimates

We would like to show an example of a set of hypothesis for which part $2)$ of our main Theorem 4.4 holds true; that is, local uniform $C^{1, \alpha}$ estimates for the ratio of odd solutions and the fundamental ones.

We remark that, as $a\to-\infty$, the decay of the data on $\Sigma$ becomes stronger and stronger.

Assumption 4.6 ($C^{1, \alpha}$). Let $f_\varepsilon: = y^{\max\{1, 1-a\}}g_\varepsilon$ with $g_\varepsilon$ uniformly bounded in $L^{p}(B_1^+, \omega_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ as $\varepsilon\to0$ and

Let $F_\varepsilon: = y^{\max\{1, 1-a\}}G_\varepsilon$ with $G_\varepsilon$ uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ as $\varepsilon\to0$ and

Nevertheless, the matrix $A$, which satisfies Assumption (HA+), must also satisfy some regularity assumptions: $A\in C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ with $\nabla_x\mu\in C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ and $T = y\tilde T$ with $\tilde T\in C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$.

4.4.   Local uniform bounds in Hölder spaces for odd solutions in the $A_2$ case

Moreover, when the weight is locally integrable; that is, $a\in(-1, 1)$, we obtain local estimates for odd solutions working directly on the equation.

Theorem 4.7. Let $a\in(-1, 1)$ and as $\varepsilon\to0$ let $\{u_\varepsilon\}$ be a family of solutions in $B_1^+$ of either

satisfying the Dirichlet boundary condition

Let $r\in(0, 1)$, $\beta > 1$, $p_1 > \frac{n+1+a^+}{2}$, $p_2 > n+1+a^+$ and $\alpha\in(0, 1)\cap(0, 1-a)\cap(0, 2-\frac{n+1+a^+}{p_1}]\cap(0, 1-\frac{n+1+a^+}{p_2}]$. Let moreover $A$ satisfy assumption (HA) with continuous coefficients. There are constants depending on $a$, $n$, $\beta$, $p_1$, $p_2$, $\alpha$ and $r$ only such that

Proof. The proof is obtained by contradiction following the very same passages of [21, Theorem 4.1], observing that in presence of the zero Dirichlet boundary condition at $\Sigma$ we obtain a contradiction by applying the Liouville Theorem 3.1. The blow-up sequences invoked are centered in points $\hat z_k\in B^+ = B_{\frac{1+r}{2}}\cap\{y\geq0\}$; that is,

with

Moreover, if $y_k/r_k\to+\infty$ (where $z_k = (x_k, y_k)$), then we choose $\hat z_k = z_k$, while if $y_k/r_k\leq c$ uniformly, then we choose $\hat z_k = (x_k, 0)$. In this second case, we remark that $v_k$ and $w_k$ are antisymmetric with respect to $\{y = 0\}$ so that the limit $w$ will be odd in $y$.

Acknowledgments

Work partially supported by the ERC Advanced Grant 2013 n. 339958 Complex Patterns for Strongly Interacting Dynamical Systems - COMPAT. Y. S. was partially supported by the Simons foundation.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

A. Some special functions

In this appendix we are going to state and prove some technical results which will allow us to compare, from the regularity point of view, the variable coefficient case with the constant one.

Remark A.1. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$. Then the family of functions

are monotone in $y$ and uniformly bounded in $L^{\infty}(B_1^+)$ by a constant which does not depend on $\varepsilon$. In fact, denoting $t = y/\varepsilon$, we have

The latter function is continuous and monotone nondecreasing if $a < 0$ and nonincreasing if $a\in(0, 1)$. Since $\psi_1^a$ has limit $1$ as $t\to0$ and limit $1-a$ as $t\to+\infty$, then

Finally, note that the family $\psi_\varepsilon^a$ can not be equicontinuous, nor uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$, while it enjoys the following property:

due to the fact that $\psi_1^a$ is bounded, has a finite limit as $t\to +\infty$ and its derivative vanishes as $1/t^2$.

Lemma A.2. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$, $\alpha\in(0, 1)$ and let $g(x, y, s)\in C^{0, \alpha}_{x, y}(B_1^+)$ uniformly in $s\in[0, y]$, such that $|g(x, y, s)|\leq c|y|^\alpha$ for $(x, y)\in B_1^+$ uniformly in $s\in[0, y]$. Then the family of functions

is uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ by a constant which does not depend on $\varepsilon$.

Proof. We remark that the proof follows some ideas of the proof in [21, Lemma 7.5], where the case $\varepsilon = 0$ is done. The uniform Hölder continuity in the $x$-variable is trivial. Hence, fixed $0 < \delta < 1$, let us consider the following two sets

and

If we consider $(y_1, y_2)\in I_1$, using that for $i = 1, 2$, in the interval $(0, y_i)$ it holds $|g(x, y_i, s)|\leq cy_i^\alpha$ and thanks to the inequalities $(y_2-y_1)^\alpha\geq\delta^\alpha y_2^\alpha\geq\delta^\alpha y_i^\alpha$, then

If we consider $(y_1, y_2)\in I_2$, then

Hence, $J_1$ can be bounded using the fact that $|g(x, y_2, s)-g(x, y_1, s)|\leq c(y_2-y_1)^\alpha$. Working on $J_2$, there exists $y_1\leq\xi\leq y_2$ such that

using the fact that $y_2-y_1 < \delta y_2$, the inequalities

and the fact that $\rho_\varepsilon^{-a}(\xi)\leq \max\{1, (1-\delta)^{-a}\}\rho_\varepsilon^{-a}(y_2)$ (easy to check). Eventually, recalling $y_2/\varepsilon = t\in[0, +\infty)$, we have already remarked that the function defined in (1.1) is bounded uniformly in $\varepsilon$

With analogous computations we can bound also $J_3$.

Proposition A.3. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$, $\alpha\in(0, 1)$ and let $\gamma\in C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$. Then the family of functions

is uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ by a constant which does not depend on $\varepsilon$.

Proof Just notice that, since $g(x, y, s): = \gamma(x, s)-\gamma(x, 0)$ for $s\leq y$, $g$ satisfies conditions of the previous Lemma A.2. Indeed is $\alpha$-Hölder continuous in $(x, y)$ uniformly in $s\leq y$ and

Proposition A.4. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$, $\alpha\in(0, 1)$ and let $\gamma\in C^{1, \alpha}(B_1^+)$ with $\partial_y\gamma(x, 0)\in C^{1, \alpha}(B_1^+)$. Consider the family of functions

Then there exists $c > 0$ such that, for every $\varepsilon\in[0, \varepsilon_0]$, $\mathcal G_\varepsilon$ is uniformly bounded in $C^{1, \alpha}(B_1\cap\{y\geq \sqrt{\varepsilon}\})$ by $c$.

Proof. One can rewrite our function as

First we show that the second term has the desired property uniformly in $\varepsilon$. At first we remark that $\partial_y\gamma(x, 0)\in C^{1, \alpha}(B_1^+)$. Now consider that the family of functions

is uniformly bounded in $L^\infty(B_1^+)$. In fact, denoting $t = y/\varepsilon$,

is bounded in $B_1^+$ (uniformly with respect to $\varepsilon\geq0$). In fact, the first factor $y$ is obviously bounded in $[0, 1]$ and the second one is bounded for $t\in[0, +\infty)$. Now, let us consider the derivative in $y$,

We claim that $\partial_y\xi_\varepsilon^a$ enjoys the property stated in (A.2), being the product of two functions, both bounded, having a finite limit as $t\to +\infty$ and derivatives vanishing as $1/t^2$..

Eventually we consider $\mathcal H_\varepsilon$. Computing the gradient $\nabla_x\mathcal H_\varepsilon$, we obtain

where

and satisfies the assumptions in Proposition A.3.

It remains to consider the partial derivative in $y$ of $\mathcal H_\varepsilon$; that is,

By Remark A.1, the family of functions $\psi_\varepsilon^a$ enjoy the desired propery (A.2). Now we wish to conclude that $\mathcal I_\varepsilon$ is uniformly bounded in $C^{0, \alpha}(B_1^+)$. To this aim, it is enough to prove that the function

satisfies conditions in Lemma A.2. Using the Hölder continuity of $\partial_y\gamma$, obviously

The Hölder continuity of $g$ in the $x$-variable is trivial. Nevertheless, following the reasonings in the proof of Lemma A.2, fixed $0 < \delta < 1$, let us consider the following two sets

and

If we consider $(y_1, y_2)\in I_1$, using that for $i = 1, 2$ it holds $|g(x, y_i, s)|\leq cy_i^\alpha$ and thanks to the inequalities $(y_2-y_1)^\alpha\geq\delta^\alpha y_2^\alpha\geq\delta^\alpha y_i^\alpha$, then

If we consider $(y_1, y_2)\in I_2$, then, using the fact that $y_2-y_1 < \delta y_2$

B. Quadratic forms, stability and isometries

In this appendix we are going to prove some useful inequalities, needed when working in weighted Sobolev spaces, specially whenever the weight does not belong to the $A_2$ class. These results will be the key of the validity of Liouville type theorems in Section 3.

B.1. Hardy type inequalities

At first, we deal with the validity of Hardy (trace) type inequalities and their spectral stability. These results will be the key tools in order to establish a class of Liouville theorems contained in this section. Let $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+ = \mathbb{R}^{n+1}\cap\{y > 0\}$, $B_1^+ = B_1\cap\{y > 0\}$ and $S^n_+ = S^{n}\cap\{y > 0\}$. We define the space $\tilde H^{1}(B_1^+)$ as the closure of $C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ with respect to the norm

Then, we remark that the following trace Poincaré inequality holds

We first state the following Hardy inequality.

Lemma B.1 (Hardy inequality). Let $v\in \tilde H^{1}(B_1^+)$. Then

Proof. The proof is an easy exercise based on the well known Hardy inequality on the half space

and using the Kelvin transform.

Next, we will need a boundary version of the Hardy inequality

Lemma B.2 (Boundary Hardy inequality). There exists $c_0 > 0$ such that, for every $v\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$, there holds

Proof. By taking the harmonic replacement of $v$ on $B_1^+$, we may assume without loss of generality that $\Delta v = 0$ in $B_1^+$. Now we consider the following inversion (stereographic projection) $\Phi:B_1^+\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\to\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ such that

with

This map is conformal and such that $\Phi(B_1^+) = \{\tilde x_1 > 0\}\cap\{\tilde y > 0\}$ and $\Phi(S^n_+) = \{\tilde x_1 = 0\}\cap\{\tilde y > 0\}$. Hence, the Kelvin transform

is harmonic in $\{\tilde x_1 > 0\}\cap\{\tilde y > 0\}$ and such that

Using a fractional Hardy inequality (see ^[2]) on the $n$-dimensional half space $\{\tilde x_1 = 0\}\cap\{\tilde y > 0\}$, up to extending the function $w = 0$ in $\{\tilde x_1 = 0\}\cap\{\tilde y < 0\}$, we have

Finally we compute

B.2. A stability result

The following Lemma is a stability result for quadratic forms which is usueful for our Liouville theorems.

Lemma B.3. Let $\{Q_k\}_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ be a family of quadratic forms $Q_k:\tilde H^1(B_1^+)\to[0, +\infty)$ defined by

Assume that the family $\{Q_k\}$ satisfies the following conditions:

i) $|W_k|\leq c$ on $S^n_+$ and $|V_k|\leq\frac{c}{y^2}$ in $B_1^+$ uniformly on $k\in\mathbb{N}$;

ii) there exists a constant $C > 0$ which does not depend on $k\in\mathbb{N}$ such that for any $v\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$

iii) $V_k\to V$ in $B_1^+$ and $W_k\to W$ on $S^n_+$ pointwisely as $k\to+\infty$, where

with $Q:\tilde H^1(B_1^+)\to[0, +\infty)$ satisfying $|W|\leq c$ on $S^n_+$, $|V|\leq\frac{c}{y^2}$ in $B_1^+$ and

Let

Then, $\lambda_k\to\lambda$.

Proof. Let $\{v_k\}\subset \tilde H^1(B_1^+)\setminus\{0\}$ be a sequence of minimizers for $\lambda_k$; that is, such that

and $\int_{S^n_+}v^2_k = 1$. Since by compact embedding $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)\hookrightarrow L^2(S^n_+)$ the minimum

is achieved by $u\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+)\setminus\{0\}$ and it is strictly positive by the trace Poincaré inequality, then there exists a positive constant $C$ independent from $k$ such that

Moreover, we have that

and so there exists $\overline v\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ such that $v_k\rightharpoonup\overline v$ in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ and, up to passing to a subsequence, $v_k\to\overline v$ in $L^2(S^n_+)$. Moreover, the limit is non trivial by the condition $\int_{S^n_+}\overline v^2 = 1$.

We want to prove that the convergence is strong in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$. Testing the eigenvalue equation solved by $v_k$ with $v_k-\overline v$, we have

Using the fact that $|W_k|, |\lambda_k|\leq c$ uniformly in $k$, the strong convergence and the normalization in $L^2(S^n_+)$, by the Hölder inequality the terms over the half sphere $S^n_+$ go to 0 in the limit. So

Hence,

In fact, the sum of the first two terms goes to 0 by (B.5), the sum of the second two by weak convergence in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$. The third term is such that

We used that $V_k\to V$, the fact that $|V_k-V|\leq\frac{c}{y^2}$ and the Hardy inequality to ensure the dominated convergence theorem. Eventually the last term in (B.6) goes to 0 by the strong convergence in $L^2(S^n_+)$. Hence we obtain the strong convergence by (B.4).

It is easy to see that $Q_{k}(v_k)\to Q(\overline v)$. This is enough to conclude because if we consider $\tilde v$ the normalized in $L^2(S^n_+)$ minimizer of $\lambda$, since it is competitor for the minimization of any $Q_{k}$, then

and since $Q_{k}(v_k)\to Q(\overline v)$ and $Q_{k}(\tilde v)\to Q(\tilde v)$, then by $Q(\overline v)\leq Q(\tilde v)$, and by the minimality of $\overline v$, we finally obtain that $\overline v = \tilde v$ with $\lambda_k\to\lambda$.

B.3. Quadratic forms for the odd case

Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and consider a function $u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ and define $v = (\rho_\varepsilon^a)^{1/2}u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$. Let us define the quadratic form

where

and

Let

with $V_a(y) = \frac{a(a-2)}{4y^2} = V_{\rho_0^a}(y)$ and $W_{a}(y) = -\frac{a}{2} = W_{\rho_0^a}(y)$. Eventually consider a sequence $\varepsilon_k\to0$ as $k\to+\infty$ and define $\rho_k = \rho_{\varepsilon_k}^a$. Let us recall $Q_k = Q_{\rho_k}$ and $Q = Q_a$.

Lemma B.4. Under the previous hypothesis, the family $\{Q_{k}\} = \{Q_{\rho_{\varepsilon_k}}\}$ defined in (B.7) and its limit $Q$ satisfy the conditions in Lemma B.3.

Proof. Condition $i)$ is trivially satisfied. Moreover, combining $i)$, the trace Poincaré and the Hardy inequalities, we easily obtain the upper bound in $ii)$ for any $k\in\mathbb{N}$ with a constant independent on $\varepsilon_k$; that is,

Let us consider $Q = Q_a$ and let us define $u = y^{-a/2}v\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$.

First of all we notice that if $a\leq 0$ the lower bound follows trivially. So we can suppose that $a\in(0, 1)$. Since for $a\neq1$, $(\frac{a^2}{4}-\frac{a}{2}) > -\frac{1}{4}$, hence by the Hardy inequality in (B.2), the quantity

defines an equivalent norm in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$. Hence by the compact embedding $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)\hookrightarrow L^2(S^n_+)$ we have that the minimum in

is achieved. In fact, considering a minimizing sequence, we can take it such that $\int_{S^n_+}v_k^2 = 1$ and also such that $v_k\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$. So it is uniformly bounded in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ and $v_k\rightharpoonup\overline v\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ with $G_a(v_k)\to\xi(a)$. Moreover the convergence is strong in $L^2(S^n_+)$ by compact embedding. Since $\int_{S^n_+}v_k^2 = 1$, we also obtain convergence of the $\tilde H^1_0$-norms of the $v_k$ to that of the limit, yielding strong convergence in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$. In fact, by the lower semicontinuity of the norm

Obviously by the condition $\int_{S^n_+}\overline v^2 = 1$ the limit $\overline v$ is not trivial. This proves that $\overline v$ achieves the minimum. Moreover, defining

we want to prove that actually $\lambda(a) > 0$. First of all, such a minimum is nonnegative since the minimizing sequence can be taken in $C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ and so the equalities in (B.8) give this condition. By contradiction let $\lambda(a) = 0$. Hence the minimizing sequence is such that $Q_a(v_k)\to0$. Defining $u_k = y^{-a/2}v_k$, one has $\int_{B_1^+}y^a|\nabla u_k|^2\to0$. Moreover, the strong convergence in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ gives the almost everywhere convergence of $\nabla v_k\to\nabla\overline v$ which of course implies that $\nabla u_k\to \nabla(y^{-a/2}\overline v)$ almost everywhere in $B_1^+$. Hence, since $\nabla(y^{-a/2}\overline v) = 0$ almost everywhere, $\overline v = cy^{a/2}$, but $\nabla\overline v$ does not belong to $L^2(B_1^+)$. This is a contradiction. So $\lambda(a) > 0$. So we have the inequality

which says that

and by the equivalence of the norms we obtain the result for a constant which depends on $a$ and $\lambda(a)$. Eventually, we have proved that also $Q_a$ is an equivalent norm on $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$.

In order to find a lower bound for $Q_k$ which is uniform in $k$, it is enough to remark that if $a\geq0$, then $Q_k\geq Q_a$. If $a < 0$, then one can check that

with $\frac{a}{4(a-4)} < \frac{1}{4}$ and hence by the Hardy inequality in (B.2) we have also in this case an equivalent norm.

Let us recall the definition of $\tilde H^1(B_1^+, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ as the closure of $C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ with respect to the norm

Lemma B.5. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$, $\varepsilon\geq0$ and $u\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$. Then the following inequalities hold true for a positive constant $c$ independent of $\varepsilon\in[0, 1]$

which are respectively the Poincaré inequality, the trace Poincaré inequality, the Hardy inequality, the trace Hardy inequality and a Sobolev type inequality.

Proof The proof is performed for functions $u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ and then extending the inqualities to $u\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+, \rho_\varepsilon^a(y)\mathrm{d}z)$ by a density argument. By Lemma B.4 there exists a positive constant uniform in $\varepsilon$ such that

then all the inequalities are obtained by the validity of them in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$.

B.4. Quadratic forms for the auxiliary weights

Consider now $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and define

and

We observe that this weight is super degenerate; that is, at $\Sigma$

with $2-a\in(1, +\infty).$

B.4.1. Super singular weights $(\omega_\varepsilon^a)^{-1}$

Let us consider $u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ and define $v = (\omega_\varepsilon^a)^{-1/2}u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$. Then we consider the quadratic form

with

and

Hence

Eventually consider a sequence $\varepsilon_k\to0$ as $k\to+\infty$ and define $\omega_k = \omega_{\varepsilon_k}^a$. Let us name $Q_k = Q_{\omega_k}$ and $Q = Q_{\omega_0^a}$. In what follows it would be useful to consider for $t > 0$, the continuous function defined in (A.1); that is,

which is monotone nondecreasing if $a < 0$ and nonincreasing if $a\in(0, 1)$. Since $\psi$ has limit $1$ as $t\to0$ and limit $1-a$ as $t\to+\infty$, then

Let us finally define for any $k\in\mathbb{N}$

First we need the following technical result.

Lemma B.6. Let us define for $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $t\in[0, +\infty)$ the function

Hence there exists a positive constant $c_1(a) > -\frac{1}{4}$ such that

Proof Step 1: $a\in(-3, 1)$.

Whenever $0\leq a < 1$, there holds

Moreover, if $a < 0$,

Hence, whenever $1-\sqrt{2} < a < 0$, then, the infimum remains strictly larger that $-1/4$.

Moreover, for $a < 0$, then $f_a(t)\geq0$ in $\left[0, \sqrt{\frac{2}{2-a}} \ \right]$. From now on we will consider $a < 0$ and $t > \sqrt{\frac{2}{2-a}}$. Now, let us compute the square in (B.18), and add $1/4$; that is

with

It is easy to see that

Nevertheless, since

then $g_a$ has its global minimum in $t = 1$, and hence it is easy to see that

surely if $a > -3$. Hence, when $a\in(-3, -1)\cup(-1, 0)$, we have the result since $\inf_{t > 0}I_a(t)\geq0$ and $\inf_{t > 0}J_a(t) > 0$. In the case $a = -1$ one can see that

using the explicit form

Step 2: $a\leq-3$.

We can express

Hence

and $\gamma_a(t) = \tilde\Phi_a(t/\sqrt{-a})-\frac{0.001}{4}\frac{(-a+t^2)^2}{t^4}$; that is,

First need to highlight some fundamental properties of the functions

As $a\to-\infty$ one has the pointwise convergence $w_a(t)\to v(t)$ in $(0, +\infty)$ (which is however uniform on compact subsets) with

We wish to prove the following

Claim: $w_a/v\geq 1$ in $[0, +\infty)$. At first, elementary computations show that, in a neighbourhood of $t = 0$, the expansion

holds, while in a neighbourhood of $t = +\infty$ we have

implying that $w_a/v > 1$ near zero and at infinity. Thus, the claim is false if and only if there exists $t_0 > 0$ such that

Remark that, $w_a$ and $v$ solve respectively the following differential equations

and

Using these equations we obtain

and (B.21) holds if and only if

Now we are going to show that, on the contrary,

In $(0, \sqrt 2)$ we have $v > 0$ and $z < 0$. Moreove the inequality (B.22) can be checked numerically (with error estimate) on $[\sqrt 2, \sqrt 6]$, and is also valid in a neighbourhood of $t = +\infty$, by the exapnsion

This was proved with the aid of the computing system Mathematica, by numerical computations with error estimates. So, the function $v-z$ is positive near $0$ and at $+\infty$, and hence denying (B.22) yields the existence of $t_1\geq\sqrt 6$ such that

It is easy to see that at such a point $t_1$ one has $(v-z)'(t_1) > 0$ if $t_1\geq\sqrt 6$ (using the fact that $v(t_1) = z(t_1)$). Finally, we observe that the function $v$ changes monotonicity only once on $(0, +\infty)$ and its absolute minimum value $0, 77836\pm 10^{-5}$ is larger than $1/2$.

Now we can turn back to (B.20), obtaining that

In order to complete the proof, we need to prove positivity of the right hand side. To this end we take advantage once more of numerical computations with error estimates. At first, as $v(5.1) = 0.95774\pm10^{-5}$ and $v'(5.1) = 0.001860\pm 10^{-5} > 0$, since $v$ changes monotonicity only once, we infer positivity of the right hand side for all $t\in [5.1, +\infty)$, for all $a\leq -2.96767$. The remaining values $(a, t)$ lay in the compact rectangle $[-43.3272, -2.96767]\times[1, 5.1]$ and can be easily dealt numerically with error controlled minimization.

Lemma B.7. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. The family $\{\tilde Q_{k}\} = \{\tilde Q_{\omega_{\varepsilon_k}}\}$ defined in (B.17) and its limit $\tilde Q$ satisfy the conditions in Lemma B.3.

Proof. First, we want to prove property $i)$; that is, there exists a positive constant $c > 0$ uniform in $\varepsilon\to0$ such that

We remark that there exists a positive constant $c > 0$ uniform in $\varepsilon\to0$ such that

Moreover

It remains to prove the following uniform bounds

Then the result follows since we are considering the logarithm of a product by linearity of the derivative.

Moreover,

Eventually

Obviously, point $i)$ implies the uniform upper bound in (B.4) by trace Poincaré and the Hardy inequalities. In order to prove the uniform lower bound and eventually proving $ii)$, we only have to prove that there exists a positive constant $c_1 > -\frac{1}{4}$ uniform in $\varepsilon\to0$ such that

In fact,

Let $t = y/\varepsilon > 0$. Then

with $\Phi_a$ as in definition (B.18). We can conclude by applying Lemma B.6.

Eventually we remark that also condition $iii)$ holds true.

Let us define $\tilde H^1(B_1^+, (\omega_\varepsilon^a(y))^{-1}\mathrm{d}z)$ as the closure of $C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+)$ with respect to the norm

Lemma B.8. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $u\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+, (\omega_\varepsilon^a(y))^{-1}\mathrm{d}z)$. Then the following inequalities hold true for a positive constant $c$ independent of $\varepsilon\in[0, 1]$

which are respectively the Poincaré inequality, the trace Poincaré inequality, the Hardy inequality, the trace Hardy inequality and a Sobolev type inequality.

Proof. First, we prove (B.25). Thanks to Lemma B.7 we can define for a sequence $\varepsilon_k\to0$

and

Actually, we are able to provide the value of $\mu$ since $u(x, y) = y^{1-(a-2)}$ is the unique function in $\tilde H^{1, a-2}(B_1^+)\setminus\{0\}$ which solves

with $\mu = 1-(a-2) = 3-a$. Hence, by Lemma B.3, since $\tilde\mu_k\to\tilde\mu$, then $\mu_k\to\mu = 3-a > 0$ and one can find $\varepsilon_0 > 0$ such that for $0\leq\varepsilon_k\leq\varepsilon_{\overline k} = \varepsilon_0$ one has $\mu_k\geq\mu_{\overline k} > 0$. Hence one has (B.25) with a constant $\mu_{\overline k} > 0$ uniform in $0\leq\varepsilon\leq\varepsilon_0$. For the other inequalities, the proof is done taking functions $u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$ and then passing to functions $u\in\tilde H^1(B_1^+, (\omega_\varepsilon^a(y))^{-1}\mathrm{d}z)$ by density. By Lemma B.7 there exists a positive constant uniform in $\varepsilon$ such that

then all the inequalities are obtained by the validity of them in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ and using the trace Poincaré inequality (B.25).

B.4.2. Super degenerate weights $\omega_\varepsilon^a$

Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and let us consider $u\in C^\infty(B_1^+)$ and define $v = (\omega_\varepsilon^a)^{1/2}u\in C^\infty_c(\overline B_1^+\setminus\Sigma)$. Then we consider the quadratic form

with

and

We remark that $\overline V_{\omega_\varepsilon^a} = V_{\rho_\varepsilon^a}$ in (B.7). It is easy to check that the family of quadratic forms $\overline Q_{\omega_\varepsilon^a}$ are equivalent norms in $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ with constants which are uniform in $\varepsilon$; i.e., the following holds

Lemma B.9. Let $a\in(-\infty, 1)$. The family $\{\overline Q_{k}\} = \{\overline Q_{\omega_{\varepsilon_k}}\}$ defined in (B.30) and its limit $\overline Q$ satisfy the conditions in Lemma B.3.

B.5. Isometries

In this last section, we express a fundamental consequence of the previous estimate on uniform-in-$\varepsilon$ equivalence of norms. Indeed, for all exponents $a\neq 0$, the nature of the weighted Sobolev spaces changes drastically when switching between $\varepsilon > 0$ and $\varepsilon = 0$. For this reason, we need to embed them isometrically in the common space $\tilde H^1$ uniformly as $\varepsilon\to0$. To this aim, we can take advantage of some fundamental isometries between weighted spaces to $\tilde H^1$, which allow, by reabsorbing the weight, to obtain uniform estimates in a common space to any element in the approximating sequence. Fixed $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$, then the map

is an isometry when we endow the space $\tilde H^1(B_1^+)$ with the squared norm $Q_{\rho_\varepsilon^a}$. Indeed we have:

Is is worthwhile noticing that the family of quadratic forms $Q_{\rho_\varepsilon^a}$ is uniformly bounded (above and below) with respect to $\varepsilon\in[0, 1]$.

Eventually, we remark that, similarily, fixed $a\in(-\infty, 1)$ and $\varepsilon\geq0$, then the map

is also an isometry when the latter space is endowed with the squared norm $\overline Q_{\omega_\varepsilon^a}(v)$ as we have

Again, $\overline Q_{\omega_\varepsilon^a}$ is uniformly bounded (above and below) with respect to $\varepsilon\in[0, 1]$. Once again, we remark that for these super degenerate weights Poincaré type inequalities do not hold true (see ^[21]) and hence we can not consider only the weighted $L^2$-norm of the gradient in the equation above.