Review

Survey on the application of deep learning in algorithmic trading

  • Received: 08 December 2021 Accepted: 18 December 2021 Published: 27 December 2021
  • JEL Codes: G15, C63

  • Algorithmic trading is one of the most concerned directions in financial applications. Compared with traditional trading strategies, algorithmic trading applications perform forecasting and arbitrage with higher efficiency and more stable performance. Numerous studies on algorithmic trading models using deep learning have been conducted to perform trading forecasting and analysis. In this article, we firstly summarize several deep learning methods that have shown good performance in algorithmic trading applications, and briefly introduce some applications of deep learning in algorithmic trading. We then try to provide the latest snapshot application for algorithmic trading based on deep learning technology, and show the different implementations of the developed algorithmic trading model. Finally, some possible research issues are suggested in the future. The prime objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive research progress of deep learning applications in algorithmic trading, and benefit for subsequent research of computer program trading systems.

    Citation: Yongfeng Wang, Guofeng Yan. Survey on the application of deep learning in algorithmic trading[J]. Data Science in Finance and Economics, 2021, 1(4): 345-361. doi: 10.3934/DSFE.2021019

    Related Papers:

  • Algorithmic trading is one of the most concerned directions in financial applications. Compared with traditional trading strategies, algorithmic trading applications perform forecasting and arbitrage with higher efficiency and more stable performance. Numerous studies on algorithmic trading models using deep learning have been conducted to perform trading forecasting and analysis. In this article, we firstly summarize several deep learning methods that have shown good performance in algorithmic trading applications, and briefly introduce some applications of deep learning in algorithmic trading. We then try to provide the latest snapshot application for algorithmic trading based on deep learning technology, and show the different implementations of the developed algorithmic trading model. Finally, some possible research issues are suggested in the future. The prime objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive research progress of deep learning applications in algorithmic trading, and benefit for subsequent research of computer program trading systems.



    加载中


    [1] Baek Y, Kim H (2018) ModAugNet: A new forecasting framework for stock market index value with an overfitting prevention LSTM module and a prediction LSTM module. Expert Syst Appl 113: 457–480. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.019
    [2] Boehmer E, Fong K, Wu J (2012) International evidence on algorithmic trading. In AFA 2013 San Diego Meetings Paper.
    [3] Chen C, Zhang P, Liu Y, et al. (2020) Financial quantitative investment using convolutional neural network and deep learning technology. Neurocomputing 390: 384–390. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2019.09.092
    [4] Chen J, Chen W, Huang C, et al. (2016) Financial Time-Series Data Analysis Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In 2016 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (CCBD), 87–92.
    [5] Chen K, Zhou Y, Dai F (2015) A LSTM-based method for stock returns prediction: A case study of China stock market. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2823–2824.
    [6] Chen S, He H (2018) Stock Prediction Using Convolutional Neural Network. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 435: 012026.
    [7] Chen Y, Chen W, Huang S (2018) Developing Arbitrage Strategy in High-frequency Pairs Trading with Filterbank CNN Algorithm. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA), 113–116.
    [8] Cybenko G (1989) Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function. Math Control Signals Syst 2: 303–314. doi: 10.1007/BF02551274
    [9] Day M, Lee C (2016) Deep learning for financial sentiment analysis on finance news providers. In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), 1127–1134.
    [10] Deng Y, Bao F, Kong Y, et al. (2017) Deep Direct Reinforcement Learning for Financial Signal Representation and Trading. IEEE Trans Neural Networks Learn Syst 28: 653–664. doi: 10.1109/TNNLS.2016.2522401
    [11] Dixon M, Klabjan D, Bang J (2017) Classification-based financial markets prediction using deep neural networks. Algorithmic Financ 6: 67–77. doi: 10.3233/AF-170176
    [12] Doering J, Fairbank M, Markose S (2017) Convolutional neural networks applied to high-frequency market microstructure forecasting. In 2017 9th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering (CEEC), 31–36.
    [13] Fang Y, Chen J, Xue Z (2019) Research on quantitative investment strategies based on deep learning. Algorithms 12: 35. doi: 10.3390/a12020035
    [14] Gudelek M, Boluk S, Ozbayoglu A (2017) A deep learning based stock trading model with 2-D CNN trend detection. In 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), 1–8.
    [15] Gunduz H, Yaslan Y, Cataltepe Z (2017) Intraday prediction of borsa Istanbul using convolutional neural networks and feature correlations. Knowl Based Syst 137: 138–148. doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2017.09.023
    [16] Hendershott T, Jones C, Menkveld A (2011) Does algorithmic trading improve liquidity? J Financ 66: 1–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01624.x
    [17] Hendershott T, Riordan R (2009) Algorithmic trading and information. University of California, Berkeley.
    [18] Hinton G, Salakhutdinov R (2006) Reducing the Dimensionality of Data with Neural Networks. Science 313: 504–507. doi: 10.1126/science.1127647
    [19] Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J (1997) Long Short-Term Memory. Neural Comput 9: 1735–1780. doi: 10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
    [20] Lee H, Grosse R, Ranganath R, et al. (2009) Convolutional deep belief networks for scalable unsupervised learning of hierarchical representations. In Proceedings of the 26th annual international conference on machine learning, 609–616.
    [21] Hoseinzade E, Haratizadeh S (2019) CNNpred: CNN-based stock market prediction using a diverse set of variables. Expert Syst Appl 129: 273–285. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.03.029
    [22] Hossain M, Karim R, Thulasiram R, et al. (2018) Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Stock Price Prediction. In 2018 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), 1837–1844.
    [23] Jeong G, Kim H (2019) Improving financial trading decisions using deep Q-learning: Predicting the number of shares, action strategies, and transfer learning. Expert Syst Appl 117: 125–138. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.036
    [24] Ji S, Kim J, Im H (2019) A Comparative Study of Bitcoin Price Prediction Using Deep Learning. Mathematics 7: 898. doi: 10.3390/math7100898
    [25] Kalman B, Kwasny S (1992) Why tanh: choosing a sigmoidal function. In [Proceedings 1992] IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 4: 578–581.
    [26] Kim S, Kang M (2019) Financial series prediction using Attention LSTM. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1902.10877.
    [27] Krauss C, Do X, Huck N (2017) Deep neural networks, gradient-boosted trees, random forests: Statistical arbitrage on the S & P 500. Eur J Oper Res 259: 689–702. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2016.10.031
    [28] LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G (2015) Deep learning. Nature 521: 436-44. doi: 10.1038/nature14539
    [29] Li Y, Zheng W, Zheng Z (2019) Deep Robust Reinforcement Learning for Practical Algorithmic Trading. IEEE Access 7: 108014–108022. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932789
    [30] Lin B, Chu W, Wang C (2018) Application of Stock Analysis Using Deep Learning. In 2018 7th International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (ⅡAI-AAI), 612–617.
    [31] Liu S, Zhang C, Ma J (2017) CNN-LSTM neural network model for quantitative strategy analysis in stock markets. In international conference on neural information processing, Springer, 198–206.
    [32] Lu W, Li J, Li Y, et al. (2020) A CNN-LSTM-Based Model to Forecast Stock Prices. Complexity 2020: 6622927.
    [33] Luo S, Lin X, Zheng Z (2019) A novel CNN-DDPG based AI-trader: Performance and roles in business operations. Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev 131: 68–79. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2019.09.013
    [34] Lv D, Yuan S, Li M, et al. (2019) An Empirical Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Stock Daily Trading Strategy. Math Probl Eng 2019: 7816154.
    [35] Mikolov T, Karafiát M, Burget L, et al. (2010) Recurrent neural network based language model. In Interspeech, Makuhari, 1045–1048.
    [36] Mudassir M, Bennbaia S, Unal D, et al. (2020) Time-series forecasting of Bitcoin prices using high-dimensional features: a machine learning approach. Neural Comput Appl 2020: 1–15.
    [37] Nair V, Hinton G (2010) Rectified linear units improve restricted boltzmann machines. In Icml.
    [38] Nelson D, Pereira A, de Oliveira R (2017) Stock market's price movement prediction with LSTM neural networks. In 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 1419–1426.
    [39] Nuti G, Mirghaemi M, Treleaven P, et al. (2011) Algorithmic Trading. Computer 44: 61–69. doi: 10.1109/MC.2011.31
    [40] Ozbayoglu A, Gudelek M, Sezer O (2020) Deep learning for financial applications: A survey. Appl Soft Comput 93: 106384. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106384
    [41] Selvin S, Vinayakumar R, Gopalakrishnan E, et al. (2017) Stock price prediction using LSTM, RNN and CNN-sliding window model. In 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 1643–1647.
    [42] Serrano W (2018) Fintech Model: The Random Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm. Proced Comput Sci 126: 537–546. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.07.288
    [43] Sezer O, Ozbayoglu M, Dogdu E (2017) A Deep Neural-Network Based Stock Trading System Based on Evolutionary Optimized Technical Analysis Parameters. Proced Comput Sci 114: 473–480. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.031
    [44] Sezer O, Ozbayoglu A (2018) Algorithmic financial trading with deep convolutional neural networks: Time series to image conversion approach. Appl Soft Comput 70: 525–538. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2018.04.024
    [45] Sezer O, Ozbayoglu A (2019) Financial trading model with stock bar chart image time series with deep convolutional neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1903.04610.
    [46] Shah D, Campbell W, Zulkernine F (2018) A Comparative Study of LSTM and DNN for Stock Market Forecasting. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 4148–4155.
    [47] Singh R, Srivastava S (2017) Stock prediction using deep learning. Multimed Tools Appl 76: 18569–18584. doi: 10.1007/s11042-016-4159-7
    [48] Sirignano J, Cont R (2019) Universal features of price formation in financial markets: perspectives from deep learning. Quant Financ 19: 1449–1459. doi: 10.1080/14697688.2019.1622295
    [49] Sohangir S, Wang D, Pomeranets A, et al. (2018) Big Data: Deep Learning for financial sentiment analysis. J Big Data 5: 1–25. doi: 10.1186/s40537-017-0111-6
    [50] Sutskever I, Hinton G, Taylor G (2009) The recurrent temporal restricted boltzmann machine. In Advances in neural information processing systems, 1601–1608.
    [51] Théate T, Ernst D (2021) An application of deep reinforcement learning to algorithmic trading. Expert Syst Appl 173: 114632. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114632
    [52] Treleaven P, Galas M, Lalchand V (2013) Algorithmic trading review. Commun ACM 56: 76–85. doi: 10.1145/2500117
    [53] Troiano L, Villa E, Loia V (2018) Replicating a Trading Strategy by Means of LSTM for Financial Industry Applications. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 14: 3226–3234. doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2811377
    [54] Wang Z, Lu W, Zhang K, et al. (2021) MCTG: Multi-frequency continuous-share trading algorithm with GARCH based on deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2105.03625.
    [55] Xie M, Li H, Zhao Y (2020) Blockchain financial investment based on deep learning network algorithm. J Comput Appl Math 372: 112723. doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2020.112723
    [56] Zhao Z, Rao R, Tu S, et al. (2017) Time-Weighted LSTM Model with Redefined Labeling for Stock Trend Prediction. In 2017 IEEE 29th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), 1210–1217.
    [57] Zou Z, Qu Z (2020) Using LSTM in Stock prediction and Quantitative Trading. CS230: Deep Learning, Winter.
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2021 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(7752) PDF downloads(796) Cited by(11)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(3)  /  Tables(4)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog