An NAD<sup>+</sup> dependent/sensitive transcription system: Toward a novel anti-cancer therapy

Fumiaki Uchiumi; Akira Sato; Masashi Asai; Sei-ichi Tanuma; Fumiaki Uchiumi; Akira Sato; Masashi Asai; Sei-ichi Tanuma

doi:10.3934/molsci.2020002

AIMS Molecular Science

2020, Volume 7, Issue 1: 12-28. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2020002

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Review

An NAD⁺ dependent/sensitive transcription system: Toward a novel anti-cancer therapy

1.
Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan
2.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan
3.
Department of Genomic Medical Science, Research Institute of Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan

Received: 12 November 2019 Accepted: 27 February 2020 Published: 02 March 2020

Cancer is widely known as a “genetic disease” because almost all cancers involve genomic mutations. However, cancer could also be referred to as a metabolic disease because it mainly depends on glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is frequently accompanied by dysfunctions in the mitochondria, which are the primary organelle required in all eukaryotic cells. Importantly, almost all (99%) mitochondrial proteins are encoded by host nuclear genes. Not only cancer but also aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions. Importantly, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) level decreases with aging. This molecule not only plays important roles in metabolism but also in the DNA repair system. In this article, we review 5′-upstream regions of mitochondrial function-associated genes to discuss the possibility of whether NAD⁺ is involved in transcriptional regulations. If the expression of these genes declines with aging, this may cause mitochondrial dysfunction. In this regard, cancer could be referred to as a “transcriptional disease”, and if so, novel therapeutics for cancer will need to be developed.
- GC box,
- GGAA motif,
- mitochondria,
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺),
- TCA cycle,
- transcription
Citation: Fumiaki Uchiumi, Akira Sato, Masashi Asai, Sei-ichi Tanuma. An NAD+ dependent/sensitive transcription system: Toward a novel anti-cancer therapy[J]. AIMS Molecular Science, 2020, 7(1): 12-28. doi: 10.3934/molsci.2020002

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Abstract

Cancer is widely known as a “genetic disease” because almost all cancers involve genomic mutations. However, cancer could also be referred to as a metabolic disease because it mainly depends on glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is frequently accompanied by dysfunctions in the mitochondria, which are the primary organelle required in all eukaryotic cells. Importantly, almost all (99%) mitochondrial proteins are encoded by host nuclear genes. Not only cancer but also aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions. Importantly, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) level decreases with aging. This molecule not only plays important roles in metabolism but also in the DNA repair system. In this article, we review 5′-upstream regions of mitochondrial function-associated genes to discuss the possibility of whether NAD⁺ is involved in transcriptional regulations. If the expression of these genes declines with aging, this may cause mitochondrial dysfunction. In this regard, cancer could be referred to as a “transcriptional disease”, and if so, novel therapeutics for cancer will need to be developed.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Takuma Komori, Hikaru Kondo, Yoriko Kirinoki, Naoya Osamura, Kanako Shimono, and Maiko Tanaka for outstanding technical assistance and discussion.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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