This paper is concerned with several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave-convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that our problem has infinitely many large energy solutions. Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to the given problem. To establish such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. In particular we give the existence result of small energy solutions on a new class of nonlinear term.
Citation: Jae-Myoung Kim, Yun-Ho Kim. Multiple solutions to the double phase problems involving concave-convex nonlinearities[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(3): 5060-5079. doi: 10.3934/math.2023254
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This paper is concerned with several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave-convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that our problem has infinitely many large energy solutions. Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to the given problem. To establish such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. In particular we give the existence result of small energy solutions on a new class of nonlinear term.
In this paper, we are working with existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following double phase problem in RN:
−div(|∇v|p−2∇v+a(x)|∇v|q−2∇v)+V(x)(|v|p−2v+a(x)|v|q−2v)=λρ(x)|v|r−2z+h(x,v) inRN, | (1.1) |
where N≥2, 1<p<q<N, 1<r<p, 0≤a∈L1(RN)∩L∞(RN), h:RN×R→R is a Carathéodory function, and V:RN→(0,∞) is a potential function satisfying
(V) V∈L1loc(RN), essinfx∈RNV(x)>0, and lim|x|→∞V(x)=+∞.
To do this, we assume that
(B1) 1<r<p<q<γ<p∗;
(B2) 0≤ρ∈Lγ0γ0−r(RN)∩L∞(RN) with meas{x∈RN:ρ(x)≠0}>0 for any γ0 with p<γ0<p∗;
(H1) there are s∈(p,p∗), 0≤σ1∈Ls′(RN)∩L∞(RN) and a positive constant c1 such that
|h(x,t)|≤σ1(x)+c1|t|γ−1 |
for all t∈R and for almost all x∈RN;
(H2) there exists ν>q and M0>0 such that
h(x,t)t−νH(x,t)≥−β0(x) |
for all (x,t)∈RN×R with |t|≥M0 and for some β0∈L1(RN)∩L∞(RN) with β0(x)≥0, where H(x,t)=∫t0h(x,s)ds;
(H3) there exist ν>q, ϱ≥0 and M1>0 such that
h(x,t)t−νH(x,t)≥−ϱ|t|p−β1(x) |
for all (x,t)∈RN×R with |t|≥M1 and for some β1∈L1(RN)∩L∞(RN) with β1(x)≥0;
(H4) there exist C>0, 1<κ<p, τ>1 with p≤τ′κ≤p∗ and a positive function ξ∈Lτ(RN)∩L∞(RN) such that
lim inf|t|→0h(x,t)ξ(x)|t|κ−2t≥C |
uniformly for almost all x∈RN.
Remark 1.1. It is clear that the condition (H3) is weaker than (H2), which was initially provided by the paper [31]. If we consider the function
h(x,ℓ)=σ(x)(ξ(x)|ℓ|κ−2ℓ+|ℓ|p−2ℓ+2psinℓ) |
with its primitive function
H(x,ℓ)=σ(x)(ξ(x)κ|ℓ|κ+1p|ℓ|p−2pcosℓ+2p), |
where σ∈C(RN,R) with 0<infx∈RNσ(x)≤supx∈RNσ(x)<∞, and κ,ξ are given in (H4), then it is obvious that this example satisfies the condition (H3) but not (H2). Also the conditions (H1) and (H4) are satisfied.
The double phase operator, which is the natural generalization of the p-Laplace operator, has been extensively studied by many researchers. The interest in variational problems with double phase operator is founded on their popularity in diverse fields of mathematical physics, such as plasma physics, biophysics and chemical reactions, strongly anisotropic materials, Lavrentiev's phenomenon, etc.; see [47,48]. With regard to regularity theory for double phase functionals, we would like to mention a series of notable papers by Mingione et al. [4,5,6,12,13,14]. Also, we refer to the works of Bahrouni-Rǎdulescu-Repovš [3], Byun-Oh [9], Colasuonno-Squassina [11], Crespo Blanco-Gasiński-Harjulehto-Winkert [15], Gasiński-Winkert [18,19], Kim-Kim-Oh-Zeng [27], Liu-Dai [33], Papageorgiou-Rǎdulescu-Repovš [36,37], Perera-Squassina [38], Ragusa-Tachikawa [39], Zhang-Rǎdulescu [46], Zeng-Bai-Gasiński-Winkert [44,45].
The goal of this paper is to provide several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave–convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that problem (1.1) has an infinitely many large energy solutions (see Theorem 2.14). Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to problem (1.1) (see Theorem 2.21). To get such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. The present paper is motivated by the work of Stegliński [41]. The author obtained such multiplicity results for the double phase problem
−div(|∇u|p−2∇u+a(x)|∇u|q−2∇u)+V(x)(|u|p−2u+a(x)|u|q−2u)=h(x,u) inRN. |
Here, the Carathéodory function h:RN×R→R fulfills the condition (H4) and the following assumption:
(MS) There is a positive function η∈L1(RN) such that
ℓh(x,ℓ)−qH(x,ℓ)≤ςh(x,ς)−qH(x,ς)+η(x) |
for any x∈RN, 0<ℓ<ς or ς<ℓ<0,
which is first provided by Miyagaki and Souto [34]. However, it is clear that the example in Remark 1.1 does not satisfy the condition (MS). Let us consider the function
f(x,ℓ)=σ(x)(ξ(x)|ℓ|κ−2ℓ+|ℓ|q−2ℓln(1+|ℓ|)+|ℓ|q−1ℓ1+|ℓ|) |
with its primitive function
F(x,ℓ)=σ(x)(ξ(x)κ|ℓ|κ+1q|ℓ|qln(1+|ℓ|)) |
for all ℓ∈R and 1<κ<p<q for all x∈RN, where σ is given in Remark 1.1. Then, this example fulfills the condition (MS) but not (H3). Such existence results of multiple solutions to double phase problems are particularly motivated by the contributions in recent studies [1,10,20,21,22,23,25,26,29,30,31,32,40,42], and the references therein. However our proof of the existence of a sequence of small energy solutions is slightly different from those of previous related studies [10,21,25,30,32,42,43]. Roughly speaking, in view of [10,21,25,30] the conditions on the nonlinear term h near zero and at infinity (see (H5) and (2.21), which will be specified later) play an important role in verifying assumptions in the dual fountain theorem, but we ensure them when (H5) is not assumed and (2.21) is replaced by (H4); see Remark 2.20 for more details and the difference from the papers [32,42,43]. For this reason, on a new class of nonlinear term h we give the existence result of small energy solutions via applying the dual fountain theorem. As far as we are, although this work is inspired by the papers [10,27], and many authors have an interest in the investigation of elliptic problems with double phase operator, this paper is the first effort to develop the multiplicity results for the concave-convex-type double phase problems because we assert our results on a new class of nonlinear term h. The main difficulty for establishing our results under various conditions on the convex term h is to ensure the Cerami compactness condition of the energy functional corresponding to (1.1). To overcome this, we assume the fact that the potential function V is coercive.
The outline of this paper is as follows. We present some necessary preliminary knowledge of function spaces which we will use along the paper. Next, we provide the variational framework related to problem (1.1), and then we obtain various existence results of infinitely many nontrivial solutions to the double phase equations with concave-convex type nonlinearities under appropriate conditions on h.
In this section, we briefly demonstrate some definitions and essential properties of Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space. For a deeper treatment of these spaces, we refer to [11,16,24,35].
The functions H:RN×[0,∞)→[0,∞) and HV:RN×[0,∞)→[0,∞) are defined as
H(x,t):=tp+a(x)tq,HV(x,t):=V(x)(tp+a(x)tq), | (2.1) |
for almost all x∈RN and for any t∈[0,∞), with 1<p<q, 0≤a∈L1(RN) and V:RN→R. Define the Musielak-Orlicz space LH(RN) as
LH(RN):={z:RN→R measurable:ϱH(z)<∞}, |
induced by the Luxemburg norm
||z||H:=inf{λ>0:ϱH(x,|zλ|)≤1}, |
where ϱH denotes the H-modular function with
ϱH(z):=∫RNH(x,|z|)dx=∫RN(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. | (2.2) |
If we replace in the above definition H by HV, we obtain the definition of the Musielak-Orlicz space (LHV(RN),||⋅||HV), i.e.,
LHV(RN):={z:RN→R measurable:ϱHV(z)<∞}, |
induced by the Luxemburg norm
||z||HV:=inf{λ>0:ϱHV(x,|zλ|)≤1}, |
where ϱHV denotes the HV-modular function as
ϱHV(z):=∫RNHV(x,|z|)dx=∫RNV(x)(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. | (2.3) |
By [24,41], the space LH(RN) and LHV(RN) are separable and reflexive Banach spaces.
Lemma 2.1. ([41]) For ϱHV(z) given in (2.3) and z∈LHV(RN), we have the following
(i) for z≠0,||z||HV=λ iff ϱHV(zλ)=1;
(ii) ||z||HV<1(=1;>1) iff ϱHV(z)<1(=1;>1);
(iii) if ||z||HV>1, then ||z||pV,H≤ϱHV(z)≤||z||qHV;
(iv) if ||z||HV<1, then ||z||qHV≤ϱHV(z)≤||z||pHV.
Also, an analogous results hold for ϱH(u) given in (2.2) and ‖⋅‖H.
The weighted Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space W1,HV(RN) is defined by
W1,HV(RN)={z∈LHV(RN):|∇z|∈LH(RN)}, |
and it is equipped with the norm
||z||=||∇z||H+||z||HV. |
Note that W1,HV(RN) is a separable reflexive Banach space; see [28]. In what follows, the notation E↪F means that the space E is continuously imbedded into the space F, while E↪↪F means that E is compactly imbedded into F.
Lemma 2.2. ([41]) The following embeddings hold:
(i) LHV(RN)↪LH(RN);
(ii) W1,HV(RN)↪Lτ(RN) for τ∈[p,p∗];
(iii) W1,HV(RN)↪↪Lτ(RN) for τ∈[p,p∗).
Lemma 2.3. ([41]) Let
φ(z):=∫RN(|∇z|p+a(x)|∇z|q)dx+∫RNV(x)(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. | (2.4) |
The following properties hold:
(i) φ(z)≤||z||p+||z||q for all z∈W1,HV(RN);
(ii) If ||z||≤1, then 21−q||z||q≤φ(z)≤||z||p;
(iii) If ||z||≥1, then 2−p||z||p≤φ(z)≤2||z||q.
Let us define the functional Φ:X:=W1,HV(RN)→R by
Φ(v)=∫RN(1p|∇v|p+a(x)q|∇v|q)dx+∫RNV(x)(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dx. |
Then, it is easy to check that Φ∈C1(X,R), and double-phase operator −div(|∇v|p−2∇v+a(x)|∇v|q−2∇v) is the derivative operator of Φ in the weak sense. We define Φ′:X→X∗ with
⟨Φ′(v),w⟩=∫RN(|∇v|p−2∇v⋅∇w+a(x)|∇v|q−2∇v⋅∇w)+∫RNV(x)(|v|p−2vw+a(x)|v|q−2vw)dx, |
for all w,v∈X. Here, X∗ denotes the dual space of X, and ⟨⋅,⋅⟩ denotes the pairing between X and X∗.
Lemma 2.4. ([41]) Let the assumption (V) hold. Then, we have the following
(i) Φ′:X→X∗ is a bounded, continuous and strictly monotone operator;
(ii) Φ′:X→X∗ is a mapping of type (S+), i.e., if vn⇀v in X and
lim supn→∞⟨Φ′(vn)−Φ′(v),vn−v⟩≤0, |
then vn→v in X;
(iii) Φ′:X→X∗ is a homeomorphism.
Definition 2.5. We say that v∈X is a weak solution of problem (1.1) if
∫RN(|∇v|p−2∇v⋅∇u+a(x)|∇v|q−2∇v⋅∇u)dx+∫RNV(x)(|v|p−2vu+a(x)|v|q−2vu)dx |
=λ∫RNρ(x)|v|r−2vudx+∫RNh(x,v)udx, |
for any u∈X.
Let us define the functional Ψλ:X→R by
Ψλ(v)=λr∫RNρ(x)|v|rdx+∫RNH(x,v)dx. |
Then, it is easy to show that Ψλ∈C1(X,R), and its Fréchet derivative is
⟨Ψ′λ(v),w⟩=λ∫RNρ(x)|v|r−2vwdx+∫RNh(x,v)wdx |
for any v,w∈X; see [41]. Next, we define the functional Eλ:X→R by
Eλ(v)=Φ(v)−Ψλ(v). |
Then, it follows that the functional Eλ∈C1(X,R), and its Fréchet derivative is
⟨E′λ(v),w⟩=⟨Φ′(v),w⟩−⟨Ψ′λ(v),w⟩for any v,w∈X. |
Before going to the proofs of our main consequences, we present some useful preliminary assertions.
Lemma 2.6. ([41]) Assume that (V), (B1), (B2) and (H1) hold. Then, Ψλ and Ψ′λ are sequentially weakly strongly continuous.
Definition 2.7. Suppose that E is a real Banach space. We say that the functional F satisfies the Cerami condition ((C)-condition for short) in E, if any (C)-sequence {vn}⊂E, i.e., {F(vn)} is bounded and ||F′(vn)||E∗(1+||vn||)→0 as n→∞, has a convergent subsequence in E.
The following lemmas are the compactness condition for the Palais-Smale type, which plays a crucial role in obtaining our main result. The basic idea of proofs of these consequences follows the analogous arguments as in [26].
Lemma 2.8. Suppose that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H2) hold. Then, the functional Eλ ensures the (C)-condition for any λ>0.
Proof. Let {vn} be a (C)-sequence in X, i.e.,
supn∈N|Eλ(vn)|≤K1 and ⟨E′λ(vn),vn⟩=o(1)→0, | (2.5) |
as n→∞, and K1 is a positive constant. First, we prove that {vn} is bounded in X. Since V(x)→+∞ as |x|→∞, we have
(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−C1∫|vn|≤M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx≥12(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−K0, | (2.6) |
for any positive constant C1 and some positive constants K0, where HV(x,t) is given in (2.1). Indeed, by Young's inequality we know that
(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−C1∫|vn|≤M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx≥(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−C1∫|vn|≤M(|vn|p+σs′1(x)+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dx≥12(1q−1ν)[∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+∫|vn|≤MHV(x,|vn|)dx]−C1∫|vn|≤1(|vn|p+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dx−C1∫1<|vn|≤M(|vn|p+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dx−C1||σ1||Ls′(RN)≥12(1q−1ν)[∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+∫|vn|≤MHV(x,|vn|)dx]−C1(2+c1)∫|vn|≤1(|vn|p+a(x)|vn|q)dx−C1||σ1||Ls′(RN)−C1(1+Ms−p+Mγ−pc1)∫1<|vn|≤M(|vn|p+a(x)|vn|q)dx≥12(1q−1ν)[∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+∫|vn|≤MHV(x,|vn|)dx]−˜C0∫|vn|≤MH(x,|vn|)dx−˜C1, | (2.7) |
where H(x,t) is given in (2.1), and
˜C0:=C1max{2+c1,2Ms−p+Mγ−pc1}. |
Since V(x)→+∞ as |x|→∞, there is r0>0 such that |x|≥r0 implies V(x)≥2qν˜C0ν−q. Then, we know that
HV(x,|vn|)≥2qν˜C0ν−qH(x,|vn|) | (2.8) |
for |x|≥r0. Set Br0={x∈RN:|x|<r0}. Then, since V∈L1loc(RN) and a∈L1(RN)∩L∞(RN), we infer
∫{|vn|≤M}∩Br0HV(x,|vn|)dx≤˜C2and∫{|vn|≤M}∩Br0H(x,|vn|)dx≤˜C3 |
for some positive constants ˜C2,˜C3. This together with (2.7) and (2.8) yields
(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−C1∫|vn|≤M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx≥ν−q2qν[∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+∫{|vn|≤M}∩Bcr0HV(x,|vn|)dx+∫{|vn|≤M}∩Br0HV(x,|vn|)dx]−˜C0[∫{|vn|≤M}∩Bcr0H(x,|vn|)dx+∫{|vn|≤M}∩Br0H(x,|vn|)dx]−˜C1≥ν−q2qν∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+ν−q2qν∫{|vn|≤M}∩Bcr0HV(x,|vn|)dx−˜C0∫{|vn|≤M}∩Bcr0H(x,|vn|)dx−K0≥12(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−K0, |
as claimed. Combining (2.6) with (B1), (B2) and (H1), (H2), one has
K1+o(1)≥Eλ(vn)−1ν⟨E′λ(vn),vn⟩≥(1q−1ν)∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx+∫RN(1νh(x,vn)vn−H(x,vn))dx≥(1q−1ν)∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx+∫|vn|>M(1νh(x,vn)vn−H(x,vn))dx−C1∫|vn|≤M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx≥(1q−1ν)∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+12(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−1ν∫RNβ0(x)dx−K0≥12(1q−1ν)(∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−1ν∫RNβ0(x)dx−K0≥(1q−1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p−λ(1r−1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)−1ν||β0||L1(RN)−K0. |
Since p>r>1, we assert that the sequence {vn} is bounded in X, and thus {vn} has a weakly convergent subsequence in X. Without loss of generality, we suppose that
vn⇀v0 in X as n→∞. |
By Lemma 2.6, we infer that Ψ′λ is compact, and so Ψ′λ(vn)→Ψ′λ(v0) in X as n→∞. Since E′λ(vn)→0 as n→∞, we know that
⟨E′λ(vn),vn−v0⟩→0 and ⟨E′λ(v0),vn−v0⟩→0, |
and thus
⟨E′λ(vn)−E′λ(z0),vn−v0⟩→0 |
as n→∞. From this, we have
⟨Φ′(vn)−Φ′(v0),vn−v0⟩=⟨Ψ′λ(vn)−Ψ′λ(v0),vn−v0⟩+⟨E′λ(vn)−E′λ(z0),vn−v0⟩→0, |
namely, ⟨Φ′(vn)−Φ′(v0),vn−v0⟩→0 as n→∞. Since X is reflexive and Φ′ is a mapping of type (S+) by Lemma 2.4, we assert that
vn→v0 in X as n→∞. |
This completes the proof.
Remark 2.9. As mentioned in Remark 1.1, condition (H3) is weaker than (H2). However, to obtain the following compactness condition, we need an additional assumption on the nonlinear term h at infinity.
Lemma 2.10. Suppose that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H3) hold. In addition,
(H5) lim|t|→∞H(x,t)|t|q=∞ uniformly for almost all x∈RN
holds. Then, the functional Eλ fulfils the (C)-condition for any λ>0.
Proof. Let {vn} be a (C)-sequence in X satisfying (2.5). As in Lemma 2.8, it is sufficient to prove that {vn} is bounded in X. To this end, suppose to the contrary that ||vn||>1 and ||vn||→∞ as n→∞, and a sequence {yn} is defined by yn=vn/||vn||. Then, up to a subsequence, still denoted by {yn}, we get yn⇀y0 in X as n→∞, and due to Lemma 2.2,
yn→y0 a.e. in RN,yn→y0 in Ls(RN) | (2.9) |
as n→∞, for any s with p≤s<p∗. Combining (2.6) with (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H3), one has
K1+o(1)≥Eλ(vn)−1ν⟨E′λ(vn),vn⟩≥(1q−1ν)∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+12(1q−1ν)∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−1ν∫|vn|>M(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dx−K0≥12(1q−1ν)(∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−1ν∫RN(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dx−K0≥12(1q−1ν)1q2p‖vn‖p−λ(1r−1ν)∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−1ν∫RN(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dx−K0≥(1q−1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p−λ(1r−1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)−ϱν||vn||pLp(RN)−1ν||β1||L1(RN)−K0. |
Hence, we know that
K1+o(1)+λ(1r−1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)+ϱν||vn||pLp(RN)+1ν||β1||L1(RN)+K0≥(1q−1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p. |
Dividing this by (1q−1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p and then taking the limit supremum of this inequality as n→∞, we have
1≤ϱ(1q−1ν)νq2p+1lim supn→∞||yn||pLp(RN)=ϱ(1q−1ν)νq2p+1||y0||pLp(RN). | (2.10) |
Hence, it follows from (2.10) that y0≠0.
By Lemma 2.3 and the assumption (B2), we have
Eλ(vn)≥1q(∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−∫RNH(x,vn)dx≥1q2p||vn||p−λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)−∫RNH(x,vn)dx≥1q2p||vn||p−C2λr||vn||r−∫RNH(x,vn)dx |
for a positive constant C2. Since Eλ(vn)≤K1 for all n∈N, ||vn||→∞ as n→∞, and r<p, we assert that
∫RNH(x,vn)dx≥1q2p||vn||p−C2λr||vn||r−Eλ(vn)→∞asn→∞. | (2.11) |
By Lemma 2.3, we note that
Eλ(vn)≤1p(∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−∫RNH(x,vn)dx≤2p||vn||q−∫RNH(x,vn)dx. |
So,
2p||vn||q≥Eλ(vn)+∫RNH(x,vn)dx. | (2.12) |
Owing to assumption (H5), there exists a δ>1 such that H(x,t)>|t|q for all x∈RN and |t|>δ. Taking into account (H1), we get |H(x,t)|≤ˆC for all (x,t)∈RN×[−t0,t0] for a constant ˆC>0. Therefore, H(x,t)≥C1 for all (x,t)∈RN×R and for some C1∈R, and thus
H(x,vn)−C12p||vn||q≥0, | (2.13) |
for all x∈RN and n∈N. Set A1={x∈RN:y0(x)≠0}. By relation (2.9), we infer that |vn(x)|=|yn(x)|||vn||→∞ as n→∞ for all x∈A1. Thus, by using (H5),
limn→∞H(x,vn)||vn||q=limn→∞H(x,vn)|vn|q|yn|q=+∞,x∈A1. | (2.14) |
Hence, we obtain that meas(A1)=0. Indeed, if meas(A1)≠0, according to the relations (2.11)–(2.14) and the Fatou lemma, we have
1=lim infn→∞ ∫RNH(x,vn)dx∫RNH(x,vn)dx+Eλ(vn)≥lim infn→∞∫RNH(x,vn)2p||vn||qdx=lim infn→∞∫RNH(x,vn)2p||vn||qdx−lim supn→∞∫RNC12p||vn||qdx=lim infn→∞∫A1H(x,vn)−C12p||vn||qdx≥∫A1lim infn→∞H(x,vn)−C12p||vn||qdx=∫A1lim infn→∞H(x,vn)2p||vn||qdx−∫A1lim supn→∞C12p||vn||qdx=∞, | (2.15) |
which is impossible. Thus, y0(x)=0 for almost all x∈RN. Consequently, we yield a contradiction, and thus the sequence {vn} is bounded in X. The proof is completed.
Now, we illustrate two existence results of a sequence of infinitely many solutions to the problem (1.1). The primary tools for these consequences are the Fountain theorem in [7] and the Dual Fountain Theorem in [8]. Let E be a real reflexive and separable Banach space, and then it is known (see [17,49]) that there exist {en}⊆E and {f∗n}⊆E∗ such that
E=¯span{en:n=1,2,⋯}, E∗=¯span{f∗n:n=1,2,⋯}, |
and
⟨f∗i,ej⟩={1if i=j,0if i≠j. |
Let us define En=span{en}, Yk=⨁kn=1En, and Zk=¯⨁∞n=kEn.
Lemma 2.11. (Fountain Theorem [7,25,43]) Assume that (E,||⋅||) is a Banach space, the functional F∈C1(E,R) satisfies the (C)c-condition for any c>0, and F is even. If for each large enough k∈N, there are βk>αk>0 such that
(1) δk:=inf{F(y):y∈Zk,||y||=αk}→∞ask→∞,
(2) ρk:=max{F(y):y∈Yk,||y||=βk}≤0,
then F has unbounded sequence of critical values, i.e., there is a sequence {yn}⊂E such that F′(yn)=0 and F(yn)→+∞ as n→+∞.
Lemma 2.12. Let us define
θt,k=sup{∫RN|u|tdx:u∈Zk,||u||≤1}fort>1, |
and
ϑk=max{θγ0,k,θs,k,θγ,k}. | (2.16) |
Then, ϑk→0 as k→∞ (see [25]).
Lemma 2.13. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H5) hold. Then, there are βk>αk>0 such that
(1) δk:=inf{Eλ(v):v∈Zk,||v||=αk}→∞ask→∞,
(2) ρk:=max{Eλ(v):v∈Yk,||v||=βk}≤0,
for k large enough.
Proof. The basic idea of the proof is carried out by a similar fashion as in the paper [2] (see also [10]). For convenience to readers, we give the proof. For any z∈Zk, suppose that ||v||>1. From the assumptions (B1) and (B2), (H1) and Lemma 2.3, it follows that
Eλ(v)=∫RN(1p|∇v|p+a(x)q|∇v|q)dx+∫RNV(x)(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dx−λr∫RNρ(x)|v|rdx−∫RNH(x,v)dx≥1q(∫RNH(x,|∇v|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|v|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|v|rdx−∫RNH(x,v)dx≥1q2p||v||p−2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||v||rLγ0(RN)−||σ1||Ls′(RN)||v||Ls(RN)−c1γ||v||γLγ(RN)≥1q2p||v||p−2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)ϑrk||v||r−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑk||v||−c1γϑγk||v||γ≥(1q2p−ϑγkc1γ||v||γ−p)||v||p−2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)ϑrk||v||r−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑk||v||. | (2.17) |
Since p<γ, we get
αk=(q2p+1ϑγkc1γ)1p−γ→∞ |
as k→∞. Hence, if v∈Zk and ||v||=αk, then we arrive
Eλ(v)≥1q2p+1αpk−2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)ϑrkαrk−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑkαk→∞ask→∞, |
which implies (1) because p>r>1 and αk→∞,ϑk→0 as k→∞.
Now, we show the condition (2). Suppose to the contrary that there is k∈N such that the condition (2) is not fulfilled. Then, there exists a sequence {vn} in Yk such that
||vn||→∞ as n→∞andEλ(vn)≥0. | (2.18) |
Let wn=vn/||vn||. Since dimYk<∞, there is a w∈Yk∖{0} such that, up to a subsequence still denoted by {wn},
||wn−w||→0andwn(x)→w(x) |
for almost all x∈RN as n→∞. We claim that w(x)=0 for almost all x∈RN. If w(x)≠0, then |vn(x)|→∞ for all x∈RN as n→∞. Hence, in accordance with (H5), it follows that
limn→∞H(x,vn)||vn||q=limn→∞H(x,vn)|vn(x)|q|wn(x)|q=∞ | (2.19) |
for all x∈B1:={x∈RN:w(x)≠0}. In the same fashion as in the proof of Lemma 2.10, we can choose a C2∈R such that H(x,t)≥C2 for all (x,t)∈RN×R, and so
H(x,vn)−C2||vn||q≥0 |
for all x∈RN and n∈N. Using (2.19) and the Fatou Lemma, one has
lim infn→∞∫RNH(x,vn)||vn||qdx≥lim infn→∞∫B1H(x,vn)||vn||qdx−lim supn→∞∫B1C2||vn||qdx=lim infn→∞∫B1H(x,vn)−C2||vn||qdx≥∫B1lim infn→∞H(x,vn)−C2||vn||qdx=∫B1lim infn→∞H(x,vn)||vn||qdx−∫B1lim supn→∞C2||vn||qdx. |
Thus, we infer
∫RNH(x,vn)||vn||qdx→∞as n→∞. |
We may assume that ||vn||>1. Therefore, we have
Eλ(vn)≤1p(∫RNH(x,|∇vn|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|vn|rdx−∫RNH(x,vn)dx≤2p||vn||q−∫RNH(x,vn)dx≤||vn||q(2q−∫RNH(x,vn)||vn||qdx)→−∞as n→∞, |
which is a contradiction to (2.18). This completes the proof.
With the help of Lemma 2.11, we are ready to establish the existence of infinitely many large energy solutions.
Theorem 2.14. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3)) and (H5) hold. If h(x,−t)=−h(x,t) holds for all (x,t)∈RN×R, then, for any λ>0, the problem (1.1) admits a sequence of nontrivial weak solutions {vn} in X such that Eλ(vn)→∞ as n→∞.
Proof. Clearly, Eλ is an even functional and ensures the (C)c-condition by Lemma 2.8 (resp. Lemma 2.10). From Lemma 2.13, this assertion is immediately derived from the Fountain theorem. This completes the proof.
Definition 2.15. Suppose that (E,||⋅||) is a real separable and reflexive Banach space. We say that F satisfies the (C)∗c-condition (with respect to Yn) if any sequence {vn}n∈N⊂E for which vn∈Yn, for any n∈N,
F(vn)→c and ||(F|Yn)′(vn)||E∗(1+||vn||)→0 as n→∞, |
possesses a subsequence converging to a critical point of F.
Lemma 2.16. (Dual Fountain Theorem [8,25]) Assume that (E,||⋅||) is a Banach space, F∈C1(E,R) is an even functional. If there is k0>0 such that, for each k≥k0, there exist βk>αk>0 such that
(A1) inf{F(y):y∈Zk,||y||=βk}≥0,
(A2) δk:=max{F(y):y∈Yk,||y||=αk}<0,
(A3) ϕk:=inf{F(y):y∈Zk,||y||≤βk}→0 as k→∞,
(A4) F fulfils the (C)∗c-condition for every c∈[ϕk0,0),
then F admits a sequence of negative critical values cn<0 satisfying cn→0 as n→∞.
From now on, we will check all conditions of the dual fountain theorem.
Lemma 2.17. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3) and (H5)) hold. Then, the functional Eλ satisfies the (C)∗c-condition for any λ>0.
Proof. Since X is a reflexive Banach space, and Φ′ and Ψ′λ are of type (S+), the proof is almost identical to that in [25].
Lemma 2.18. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2) and (H1) hold. Then, there is k0>0, such that, for each k≥k0, there exists βk>0 such that
inf{Eλ(v):v∈Zk,||v||=βk}≥0. |
Proof. From (H1), Lemma 2.3 and the definition of ϑk, one has
Eλ(v)≥1q(∫RNH(x,|∇v|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|v|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|v|rdx−∫RNH(x,v)dx≥1q2p||v||p−2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)ϑrk||v||r−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑk||v||−c1γϑγk||v||γ≥1q2p||v||p−(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)ϑrk||v||γ−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑk||v|| |
for k large enough and ||v||≥1. Let us choose
βk=[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1ϑrk]1p−2γ. | (2.20) |
Let v∈Zk with ||v||=βk>1 for k large enough. Then, there is k0∈N such that
Eλ(v)≥1q2p||v||p−(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)ϑrk||v||γ−||σ1||Ls′(RN)ϑk||v||≥1q2p+1βpk−||σ1||Ls′(RN)[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]1p−2γϑr+p−2γp−2γk≥0 |
for all k∈N with k≥k0, which implies that the conclusion holds since limk→∞βpk=∞ and ϑk→0 as k→∞.
Lemma 2.19. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H4) hold. Then, for each sufficiently large k∈N, there exists αk>0 with 0<αk<βk such that
(1) δk:=max{Eλ(v):v∈Yk,||v||=αk}<0,
(2) ϕk:=inf{Eλ(v):v∈Zk,||v||≤βk}→0 as k→∞,
where βk is given in Lemma 2.18.
Proof. (1) Since Yk is finite dimensional, ||⋅||Lκ(ξ,RN), ||⋅||Lγ(RN) and ||⋅|| are equivalent on Yk. Then, there exist ς1,k>0 and ς2,k>0 such that
ς1,k||v||≤||v||Lκ(ξ,RN) and ||v||Lγ(RN)≤ς2,k||v|| |
for any v∈Yk. Let v∈Yk with ||v||≤1. From (H1) and (H4), there are C1,C2>0 such that
H(x,t)≥C1ξ(x)|t|κ−C2|t|γ |
for almost all (x,t)∈RN×R. Then, we have
Eλ(v)≤2p||v||p−∫RNH(x,v)dx≤2p||v||p−C1∫RNξ(x)|v|κdx+C2∫RN|v|γdx≤2p||v||p−C1||v||Lκ(ξ,RN)+C2||v||Lγ(RN)≤2p||v||p−C1ςκ1,k||v||κ+C2ςγ2,k||v||γ. |
Let f(s)=2psp−C1ςκ1,ksκ+C2ςγ2,ksγ. Since κ<p<γ, we infer f(s)<0 for all s∈(0,s0) for sufficiently small s0∈(0,1). Hence, we can find αk>0 such that Eλ(v)<0 for all v∈Yk with ||v||=αk<s0 for k large enough. If necessary, we can change k0 to a large value, so that βk>αk>0 and
δk:=max{Eλ(v):v∈Yk,||v||=αk}<0 |
for all k≥k0.
(2) Because Yk∩Zk≠ϕ and 0<αk<βk, we have ϕk≤δk<0 for all k≥k0. For any v∈Zk with ||v||=1 and 0<t<βk, we have
Eλ(tv)≥1q(∫RNH(x,|∇tv|)dx+∫RNHV(x,|tv|)dx)−λr∫RNρ(x)|tv|rdx−∫RNH(x,tv)dx≥−λr∫RNρ(x)|tv|rdx−∫RNH(x,tv)dx≥−λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)||tv||rLγ0(RN)−∫RNσ1(x)|tv|dx−c1γ∫RN|tv|γdx≥−λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)βrk||v||rLγ0(RN)−βk∫RNσ1(x)|v|dx−c1γβγk∫RN|v|γdx≥−λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)βrkϑrk−||σ1||Ls′(RN)βkϑk−c1γβγkϑγk |
for k large enough, where ϑk and βk are given in (2.16) and (2.20), respectively. Hence, it follows from the definition of βk that
0>ϕk≥−λ||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)rβrkϑrk−||σ1||Ls′(RN)βkϑk−c1γβγkϑγk=−λ||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)r[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]rp−2γϑ(r+p−2γ)rp−2γk−||σ1||Ls′(RN)[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]1p−2γϑr+p−2γp−2γk−c1γ[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0−r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]γp−2γϑ(r+p−2γ)γp−2γk. |
Because p<p+r<2γ and ϑk→0 as k→∞, we derive that limk→∞ϕk=0.
Remark 2.20. In view of [10,21,25,30], the conditions (H5) and
f(x,t)=o(|t|q−1)as|t|→0uniformlyforx∈RN, | (2.21) |
play a decisive role in proving Lemma 2.19. Under these two conditions, the authors in [10,21,25,30] obtained the existence of two sequences 0<αk<βk sufficiently large. Unfortunately, by using the same argument as in [21,25] we cannot show the property (2) in Lemma 2.19 since βk→∞ as k→∞; see [41]. However the authors in [10,30] overcome this difficulty from new setting for βk. In contrast, the existence of two sequences 0<αk<βk→0 as k→∞ is obtained in [32,42,43] when (2.21) is satisfied. On the other hand, we prove Lemma 2.19 when (H5) is not assumed, and (2.21) is replaced by (H4). For this reason, the proof of Lemma 2.19 is different from that of the papers [10,21,25,30,32,42,43].
With the aid of Lemmas 2.16 and 2.17, we are in a position to establish our final consequence.
Theorem 2.21. Assume (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3), (H5)) and (H4). If h(x,−t)=−h(x,t) holds for all (x,t)∈RN×R, then the problem (1.1) admits a sequence of nontrivial weak solutions {vn} in X such that Eλ(vn)→0 as n→∞ for any λ>0.
Proof. Due to Lemma 2.17, we note that the functional Eλ is even and fulfills the (C)∗c-condition for every c∈[ϕk0,0). Now, from Lemmas 2.18 and 2.19, we ensure that properties (D1)–(D3) in the Dual Fountain Theorem hold. Therefore, problem (1.1) possesses a sequence of weak solutions {vn} with large enough n. The proof is complete.
In this paper, we employ the variational methods to ensure the existence of a sequence of infinitely many energy solutions to Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator. As far as we can see, in these circumstances the present paper is the first effort to develop the multiplicity results of nontrivial weak solutions to the concave-convex-type double phase problems because we derive our results on a new class of nonlinear term. Especially, our proof of the existence of multiple small energy solutions is slightly different from those of previous related works [10,21,25,30,32,42,43].
The authors are grateful to the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions for improvement of the paper. Jae-Myoung Kim was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2020R1C1C1A01006521), and Yun-Ho Kim was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2019R1F1A1057775).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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