Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/SVG/jax.js
Research article Special Issues

Multiple solutions to the double phase problems involving concave-convex nonlinearities

  • This paper is concerned with several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave-convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that our problem has infinitely many large energy solutions. Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to the given problem. To establish such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. In particular we give the existence result of small energy solutions on a new class of nonlinear term.

    Citation: Jae-Myoung Kim, Yun-Ho Kim. Multiple solutions to the double phase problems involving concave-convex nonlinearities[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(3): 5060-5079. doi: 10.3934/math.2023254

    Related Papers:

    [1] Shuai Li, Tianqing An, Weichun Bu . Existence results for Schrödinger type double phase variable exponent problems with convection term in RN. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(4): 8610-8629. doi: 10.3934/math.2024417
    [2] Yanfeng Li, Haicheng Liu . A multiplicity result for double phase problem in the whole space. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(9): 17475-17485. doi: 10.3934/math.2022963
    [3] Li Wang, Jun Wang, Daoguo Zhou . Concentration of solutions for double-phase problems with a general nonlinearity. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(6): 13593-13622. doi: 10.3934/math.2023690
    [4] Wei Ma, Qiongfen Zhang . Existence of solutions for Kirchhoff-double phase anisotropic variational problems with variable exponents. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(9): 23384-23409. doi: 10.3934/math.20241137
    [5] Lujuan Yu, Beibei Wang, Jianwei Yang . An eigenvalue problem related to the variable exponent double-phase operator. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(1): 1664-1682. doi: 10.3934/math.2024082
    [6] Khaled Kefi, Abdeljabbar Ghanmi, Abdelhakim Sahbani, Mohammed M. Al-Shomrani . Infinitely many solutions for a critical p(x)-Kirchhoff equation with Steklov boundary value. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(10): 28361-28378. doi: 10.3934/math.20241376
    [7] Yuan Shan, Baoqing Liu . Existence and multiplicity of solutions for generalized asymptotically linear Schrödinger-Kirchhoff equations. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(6): 6160-6170. doi: 10.3934/math.2021361
    [8] Ramzi Alsaedi . Existence of multiple solutions for a singular p()-biharmonic problem with variable exponents. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(2): 3779-3796. doi: 10.3934/math.2025175
    [9] Maria Alessandra Ragusa, Abdolrahman Razani, Farzaneh Safari . Existence of positive radial solutions for a problem involving the weighted Heisenberg p()-Laplacian operator. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 404-422. doi: 10.3934/math.2023019
    [10] Wafa M. Shammakh, Raghad D. Alqarni, Hadeel Z. Alzumi, Abdeljabbar Ghanmi . Multiplicityof solution for a singular problem involving the φ-Hilfer derivative and variable exponents. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(3): 4524-4539. doi: 10.3934/math.2025209
  • This paper is concerned with several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave-convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that our problem has infinitely many large energy solutions. Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to the given problem. To establish such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. In particular we give the existence result of small energy solutions on a new class of nonlinear term.



    In this paper, we are working with existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following double phase problem in RN:

    div(|v|p2v+a(x)|v|q2v)+V(x)(|v|p2v+a(x)|v|q2v)=λρ(x)|v|r2z+h(x,v) inRN, (1.1)

    where N2, 1<p<q<N, 1<r<p, 0aL1(RN)L(RN), h:RN×RR is a Carathéodory function, and V:RN(0,) is a potential function satisfying

    (V) VL1loc(RN), essinfxRNV(x)>0, and lim|x|V(x)=+.

    To do this, we assume that

    (B1) 1<r<p<q<γ<p;

    (B2) 0ρLγ0γ0r(RN)L(RN) with meas{xRN:ρ(x)0}>0 for any γ0 with p<γ0<p;

    (H1) there are s(p,p), 0σ1Ls(RN)L(RN) and a positive constant c1 such that

    |h(x,t)|σ1(x)+c1|t|γ1

    for all tR and for almost all xRN;

    (H2) there exists ν>q and M0>0 such that

    h(x,t)tνH(x,t)β0(x)

    for all (x,t)RN×R with |t|M0 and for some β0L1(RN)L(RN) with β0(x)0, where H(x,t)=t0h(x,s)ds;

    (H3) there exist ν>q, ϱ0 and M1>0 such that

    h(x,t)tνH(x,t)ϱ|t|pβ1(x)

    for all (x,t)RN×R with |t|M1 and for some β1L1(RN)L(RN) with β1(x)0;

    (H4) there exist C>0, 1<κ<p, τ>1 with pτκp and a positive function ξLτ(RN)L(RN) such that

    lim inf|t|0h(x,t)ξ(x)|t|κ2tC

    uniformly for almost all xRN.

    Remark 1.1. It is clear that the condition (H3) is weaker than (H2), which was initially provided by the paper [31]. If we consider the function

    h(x,)=σ(x)(ξ(x)||κ2+||p2+2psin)

    with its primitive function

    H(x,)=σ(x)(ξ(x)κ||κ+1p||p2pcos+2p),

    where σC(RN,R) with 0<infxRNσ(x)supxRNσ(x)<, and κ,ξ are given in (H4), then it is obvious that this example satisfies the condition (H3) but not (H2). Also the conditions (H1) and (H4) are satisfied.

    The double phase operator, which is the natural generalization of the p-Laplace operator, has been extensively studied by many researchers. The interest in variational problems with double phase operator is founded on their popularity in diverse fields of mathematical physics, such as plasma physics, biophysics and chemical reactions, strongly anisotropic materials, Lavrentiev's phenomenon, etc.; see [47,48]. With regard to regularity theory for double phase functionals, we would like to mention a series of notable papers by Mingione et al. [4,5,6,12,13,14]. Also, we refer to the works of Bahrouni-Rǎdulescu-Repovš [3], Byun-Oh [9], Colasuonno-Squassina [11], Crespo Blanco-Gasiński-Harjulehto-Winkert [15], Gasiński-Winkert [18,19], Kim-Kim-Oh-Zeng [27], Liu-Dai [33], Papageorgiou-Rǎdulescu-Repovš [36,37], Perera-Squassina [38], Ragusa-Tachikawa [39], Zhang-Rǎdulescu [46], Zeng-Bai-Gasiński-Winkert [44,45].

    The goal of this paper is to provide several existence results of multiple solutions for Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator for the case of a combined effect of concave–convex nonlinearities. The first one is to discuss that problem (1.1) has an infinitely many large energy solutions (see Theorem 2.14). Second, we obtain the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions to problem (1.1) (see Theorem 2.21). To get such multiplicity results, we employ the fountain theorem and the dual fountain theorem as the primary tools, respectively. The present paper is motivated by the work of Stegliński [41]. The author obtained such multiplicity results for the double phase problem

    div(|u|p2u+a(x)|u|q2u)+V(x)(|u|p2u+a(x)|u|q2u)=h(x,u) inRN.

    Here, the Carathéodory function h:RN×RR fulfills the condition (H4) and the following assumption:

    (MS) There is a positive function ηL1(RN) such that

    h(x,)qH(x,)ςh(x,ς)qH(x,ς)+η(x)

    for any xRN, 0<<ς or ς<<0,

    which is first provided by Miyagaki and Souto [34]. However, it is clear that the example in Remark 1.1 does not satisfy the condition (MS). Let us consider the function

    f(x,)=σ(x)(ξ(x)||κ2+||q2ln(1+||)+||q11+||)

    with its primitive function

    F(x,)=σ(x)(ξ(x)κ||κ+1q||qln(1+||))

    for all R and 1<κ<p<q for all xRN, where σ is given in Remark 1.1. Then, this example fulfills the condition (MS) but not (H3). Such existence results of multiple solutions to double phase problems are particularly motivated by the contributions in recent studies [1,10,20,21,22,23,25,26,29,30,31,32,40,42], and the references therein. However our proof of the existence of a sequence of small energy solutions is slightly different from those of previous related studies [10,21,25,30,32,42,43]. Roughly speaking, in view of [10,21,25,30] the conditions on the nonlinear term h near zero and at infinity (see (H5) and (2.21), which will be specified later) play an important role in verifying assumptions in the dual fountain theorem, but we ensure them when (H5) is not assumed and (2.21) is replaced by (H4); see Remark 2.20 for more details and the difference from the papers [32,42,43]. For this reason, on a new class of nonlinear term h we give the existence result of small energy solutions via applying the dual fountain theorem. As far as we are, although this work is inspired by the papers [10,27], and many authors have an interest in the investigation of elliptic problems with double phase operator, this paper is the first effort to develop the multiplicity results for the concave-convex-type double phase problems because we assert our results on a new class of nonlinear term h. The main difficulty for establishing our results under various conditions on the convex term h is to ensure the Cerami compactness condition of the energy functional corresponding to (1.1). To overcome this, we assume the fact that the potential function V is coercive.

    The outline of this paper is as follows. We present some necessary preliminary knowledge of function spaces which we will use along the paper. Next, we provide the variational framework related to problem (1.1), and then we obtain various existence results of infinitely many nontrivial solutions to the double phase equations with concave-convex type nonlinearities under appropriate conditions on h.

    In this section, we briefly demonstrate some definitions and essential properties of Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space. For a deeper treatment of these spaces, we refer to [11,16,24,35].

    The functions H:RN×[0,)[0,) and HV:RN×[0,)[0,) are defined as

    H(x,t):=tp+a(x)tq,HV(x,t):=V(x)(tp+a(x)tq), (2.1)

    for almost all xRN and for any t[0,), with 1<p<q, 0aL1(RN) and V:RNR. Define the Musielak-Orlicz space LH(RN) as

    LH(RN):={z:RNR measurable:ϱH(z)<},

    induced by the Luxemburg norm

    ||z||H:=inf{λ>0:ϱH(x,|zλ|)1},

    where ϱH denotes the H-modular function with

    ϱH(z):=RNH(x,|z|)dx=RN(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. (2.2)

    If we replace in the above definition H by HV, we obtain the definition of the Musielak-Orlicz space (LHV(RN),||||HV), i.e.,

    LHV(RN):={z:RNR measurable:ϱHV(z)<},

    induced by the Luxemburg norm

    ||z||HV:=inf{λ>0:ϱHV(x,|zλ|)1},

    where ϱHV denotes the HV-modular function as

    ϱHV(z):=RNHV(x,|z|)dx=RNV(x)(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. (2.3)

    By [24,41], the space LH(RN) and LHV(RN) are separable and reflexive Banach spaces.

    Lemma 2.1. ([41]) For ϱHV(z) given in (2.3) and zLHV(RN), we have the following

    (i) for z0,||z||HV=λ iff ϱHV(zλ)=1;

    (ii) ||z||HV<1(=1;>1) iff ϱHV(z)<1(=1;>1);

    (iii) if ||z||HV>1, then ||z||pV,HϱHV(z)||z||qHV;

    (iv) if ||z||HV<1, then ||z||qHVϱHV(z)||z||pHV.

    Also, an analogous results hold for ϱH(u) given in (2.2) and H.

    The weighted Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev space W1,HV(RN) is defined by

    W1,HV(RN)={zLHV(RN):|z|LH(RN)},

    and it is equipped with the norm

    ||z||=||z||H+||z||HV.

    Note that W1,HV(RN) is a separable reflexive Banach space; see [28]. In what follows, the notation EF means that the space E is continuously imbedded into the space F, while E↪↪F means that E is compactly imbedded into F.

    Lemma 2.2. ([41]) The following embeddings hold:

    (i) LHV(RN)LH(RN);

    (ii) W1,HV(RN)Lτ(RN) for τ[p,p];

    (iii) W1,HV(RN)↪↪Lτ(RN) for τ[p,p).

    Lemma 2.3. ([41]) Let

    φ(z):=RN(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx+RNV(x)(|z|p+a(x)|z|q)dx. (2.4)

    The following properties hold:

    (i) φ(z)||z||p+||z||q for all zW1,HV(RN);

    (ii) If ||z||1, then 21q||z||qφ(z)||z||p;

    (iii) If ||z||1, then 2p||z||pφ(z)2||z||q.

    Let us define the functional Φ:X:=W1,HV(RN)R by

    Φ(v)=RN(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dx+RNV(x)(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dx.

    Then, it is easy to check that ΦC1(X,R), and double-phase operator div(|v|p2v+a(x)|v|q2v) is the derivative operator of Φ in the weak sense. We define Φ:XX with

    Φ(v),w=RN(|v|p2vw+a(x)|v|q2vw)+RNV(x)(|v|p2vw+a(x)|v|q2vw)dx,

    for all w,vX. Here, X denotes the dual space of X, and , denotes the pairing between X and X.

    Lemma 2.4. ([41]) Let the assumption (V) hold. Then, we have the following

    (i) Φ:XX is a bounded, continuous and strictly monotone operator;

    (ii) Φ:XX is a mapping of type (S+), i.e., if vnv in X and

    lim supnΦ(vn)Φ(v),vnv0,

    then vnv in X;

    (iii) Φ:XX is a homeomorphism.

    Definition 2.5. We say that vX is a weak solution of problem (1.1) if

    RN(|v|p2vu+a(x)|v|q2vu)dx+RNV(x)(|v|p2vu+a(x)|v|q2vu)dx
    =λRNρ(x)|v|r2vudx+RNh(x,v)udx,

    for any uX.

    Let us define the functional Ψλ:XR by

    Ψλ(v)=λrRNρ(x)|v|rdx+RNH(x,v)dx.

    Then, it is easy to show that ΨλC1(X,R), and its Fréchet derivative is

    Ψλ(v),w=λRNρ(x)|v|r2vwdx+RNh(x,v)wdx

    for any v,wX; see [41]. Next, we define the functional Eλ:XR by

    Eλ(v)=Φ(v)Ψλ(v).

    Then, it follows that the functional EλC1(X,R), and its Fréchet derivative is

    Eλ(v),w=Φ(v),wΨλ(v),wfor any v,wX.

    Before going to the proofs of our main consequences, we present some useful preliminary assertions.

    Lemma 2.6. ([41]) Assume that (V), (B1), (B2) and (H1) hold. Then, Ψλ and Ψλ are sequentially weakly strongly continuous.

    Definition 2.7. Suppose that E is a real Banach space. We say that the functional F satisfies the Cerami condition ((C)-condition for short) in E, if any (C)-sequence {vn}E, i.e., {F(vn)} is bounded and ||F(vn)||E(1+||vn||)0 as n, has a convergent subsequence in E.

    The following lemmas are the compactness condition for the Palais-Smale type, which plays a crucial role in obtaining our main result. The basic idea of proofs of these consequences follows the analogous arguments as in [26].

    Lemma 2.8. Suppose that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H2) hold. Then, the functional Eλ ensures the (C)-condition for any λ>0.

    Proof. Let {vn} be a (C)-sequence in X, i.e.,

    supnN|Eλ(vn)|K1 and Eλ(vn),vn=o(1)0, (2.5)

    as n, and K1 is a positive constant. First, we prove that {vn} is bounded in X. Since V(x)+ as |x|, we have

    (1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxC1|vn|M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx12(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxK0, (2.6)

    for any positive constant C1 and some positive constants K0, where HV(x,t) is given in (2.1). Indeed, by Young's inequality we know that

    (1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxC1|vn|M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxC1|vn|M(|vn|p+σs1(x)+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dx12(1q1ν)[RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+|vn|MHV(x,|vn|)dx]C1|vn|1(|vn|p+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dxC11<|vn|M(|vn|p+|vn|s+c1|vn|γ)dxC1||σ1||Ls(RN)12(1q1ν)[RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+|vn|MHV(x,|vn|)dx]C1(2+c1)|vn|1(|vn|p+a(x)|vn|q)dxC1||σ1||Ls(RN)C1(1+Msp+Mγpc1)1<|vn|M(|vn|p+a(x)|vn|q)dx12(1q1ν)[RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+|vn|MHV(x,|vn|)dx]˜C0|vn|MH(x,|vn|)dx˜C1, (2.7)

    where H(x,t) is given in (2.1), and

    ˜C0:=C1max{2+c1,2Msp+Mγpc1}.

    Since V(x)+ as |x|, there is r0>0 such that |x|r0 implies V(x)2qν˜C0νq. Then, we know that

    HV(x,|vn|)2qν˜C0νqH(x,|vn|) (2.8)

    for |x|r0. Set Br0={xRN:|x|<r0}. Then, since VL1loc(RN) and aL1(RN)L(RN), we infer

    {|vn|M}Br0HV(x,|vn|)dx˜C2and{|vn|M}Br0H(x,|vn|)dx˜C3

    for some positive constants ˜C2,˜C3. This together with (2.7) and (2.8) yields

    (1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxC1|vn|M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dxνq2qν[RNHV(x,|vn|)dx+{|vn|M}Bcr0HV(x,|vn|)dx+{|vn|M}Br0HV(x,|vn|)dx]˜C0[{|vn|M}Bcr0H(x,|vn|)dx+{|vn|M}Br0H(x,|vn|)dx]˜C1νq2qνRNHV(x,|vn|)dx+νq2qν{|vn|M}Bcr0HV(x,|vn|)dx˜C0{|vn|M}Bcr0H(x,|vn|)dxK012(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxK0,

    as claimed. Combining (2.6) with (B1), (B2) and (H1), (H2), one has

    K1+o(1)Eλ(vn)1νEλ(vn),vn(1q1ν)RNH(x,|vn|)dx+(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxλ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx+RN(1νh(x,vn)vnH(x,vn))dx(1q1ν)RNH(x,|vn|)dx+(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxλ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx+|vn|>M(1νh(x,vn)vnH(x,vn))dxC1|vn|M(|vn|p+σ1(x)|vn|+c1|vn|γ)dx(1q1ν)RNH(x,|vn|)dx+12(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxλ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx1νRNβ0(x)dxK012(1q1ν)(RNH(x,|vn|)dx+RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)λ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx1νRNβ0(x)dxK0(1q1ν)1q2p+1||vn||pλ(1r1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)1ν||β0||L1(RN)K0.

    Since p>r>1, we assert that the sequence {vn} is bounded in X, and thus {vn} has a weakly convergent subsequence in X. Without loss of generality, we suppose that

    vnv0 in X as n.

    By Lemma 2.6, we infer that Ψλ is compact, and so Ψλ(vn)Ψλ(v0) in X as n. Since Eλ(vn)0 as n, we know that

    Eλ(vn),vnv00 and Eλ(v0),vnv00,

    and thus

    Eλ(vn)Eλ(z0),vnv00

    as n. From this, we have

    Φ(vn)Φ(v0),vnv0=Ψλ(vn)Ψλ(v0),vnv0+Eλ(vn)Eλ(z0),vnv00,

    namely, Φ(vn)Φ(v0),vnv00 as n. Since X is reflexive and Φ is a mapping of type (S+) by Lemma 2.4, we assert that

    vnv0 in X as n.

    This completes the proof.

    Remark 2.9. As mentioned in Remark 1.1, condition (H3) is weaker than (H2). However, to obtain the following compactness condition, we need an additional assumption on the nonlinear term h at infinity.

    Lemma 2.10. Suppose that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H3) hold. In addition,

    (H5) lim|t|H(x,t)|t|q= uniformly for almost all xRN

    holds. Then, the functional Eλ fulfils the (C)-condition for any λ>0.

    Proof. Let {vn} be a (C)-sequence in X satisfying (2.5). As in Lemma 2.8, it is sufficient to prove that {vn} is bounded in X. To this end, suppose to the contrary that ||vn||>1 and ||vn|| as n, and a sequence {yn} is defined by yn=vn/||vn||. Then, up to a subsequence, still denoted by {yn}, we get yny0 in X as n, and due to Lemma 2.2,

    yny0 a.e. in RN,yny0 in Ls(RN) (2.9)

    as n, for any s with ps<p. Combining (2.6) with (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H3), one has

    K1+o(1)Eλ(vn)1νEλ(vn),vn(1q1ν)RNH(x,|vn|)dx+12(1q1ν)RNHV(x,|vn|)dxλ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx1ν|vn|>M(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dxK012(1q1ν)(RNH(x,|vn|)dx+RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)λ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx1νRN(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dxK012(1q1ν)1q2pvnpλ(1r1ν)RNρ(x)|vn|rdx1νRN(ϱ|vn|p+β1(x))dxK0(1q1ν)1q2p+1||vn||pλ(1r1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)ϱν||vn||pLp(RN)1ν||β1||L1(RN)K0.

    Hence, we know that

    K1+o(1)+λ(1r1ν)||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)+ϱν||vn||pLp(RN)+1ν||β1||L1(RN)+K0(1q1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p.

    Dividing this by (1q1ν)1q2p+1||vn||p and then taking the limit supremum of this inequality as n, we have

    1ϱ(1q1ν)νq2p+1lim supn||yn||pLp(RN)=ϱ(1q1ν)νq2p+1||y0||pLp(RN). (2.10)

    Hence, it follows from (2.10) that y00.

    By Lemma 2.3 and the assumption (B2), we have

    Eλ(vn)1q(RNH(x,|vn|)dx+RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|vn|rdxRNH(x,vn)dx1q2p||vn||pλr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||vn||rLγ0(RN)RNH(x,vn)dx1q2p||vn||pC2λr||vn||rRNH(x,vn)dx

    for a positive constant C2. Since Eλ(vn)K1 for all nN, ||vn|| as n, and r<p, we assert that

    RNH(x,vn)dx1q2p||vn||pC2λr||vn||rEλ(vn)asn. (2.11)

    By Lemma 2.3, we note that

    Eλ(vn)1p(RNH(x,|vn|)dx+RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|vn|rdxRNH(x,vn)dx2p||vn||qRNH(x,vn)dx.

    So,

    2p||vn||qEλ(vn)+RNH(x,vn)dx. (2.12)

    Owing to assumption (H5), there exists a δ>1 such that H(x,t)>|t|q for all xRN and |t|>δ. Taking into account (H1), we get |H(x,t)|ˆC for all (x,t)RN×[t0,t0] for a constant ˆC>0. Therefore, H(x,t)C1 for all (x,t)RN×R and for some C1R, and thus

    H(x,vn)C12p||vn||q0, (2.13)

    for all xRN and nN. Set A1={xRN:y0(x)0}. By relation (2.9), we infer that |vn(x)|=|yn(x)|||vn|| as n for all xA1. Thus, by using (H5),

    limnH(x,vn)||vn||q=limnH(x,vn)|vn|q|yn|q=+,xA1. (2.14)

    Hence, we obtain that meas(A1)=0. Indeed, if meas(A1)0, according to the relations (2.11)–(2.14) and the Fatou lemma, we have

    1=lim infn RNH(x,vn)dxRNH(x,vn)dx+Eλ(vn)lim infnRNH(x,vn)2p||vn||qdx=lim infnRNH(x,vn)2p||vn||qdxlim supnRNC12p||vn||qdx=lim infnA1H(x,vn)C12p||vn||qdxA1lim infnH(x,vn)C12p||vn||qdx=A1lim infnH(x,vn)2p||vn||qdxA1lim supnC12p||vn||qdx=, (2.15)

    which is impossible. Thus, y0(x)=0 for almost all xRN. Consequently, we yield a contradiction, and thus the sequence {vn} is bounded in X. The proof is completed.

    Now, we illustrate two existence results of a sequence of infinitely many solutions to the problem (1.1). The primary tools for these consequences are the Fountain theorem in [7] and the Dual Fountain Theorem in [8]. Let E be a real reflexive and separable Banach space, and then it is known (see [17,49]) that there exist {en}E and {fn}E such that

    E=¯span{en:n=1,2,},  E=¯span{fn:n=1,2,},

    and

    fi,ej={1if  i=j,0if  ij.

    Let us define En=span{en}, Yk=kn=1En, and Zk=¯n=kEn.

    Lemma 2.11. (Fountain Theorem [7,25,43]) Assume that (E,||||) is a Banach space, the functional FC1(E,R) satisfies the (C)c-condition for any c>0, and F is even. If for each large enough kN, there are βk>αk>0 such that

    (1) δk:=inf{F(y):yZk,||y||=αk}ask,

    (2) ρk:=max{F(y):yYk,||y||=βk}0,

    then F has unbounded sequence of critical values, i.e., there is a sequence {yn}E such that F(yn)=0 and F(yn)+ as n+.

    Lemma 2.12. Let us define

    θt,k=sup{RN|u|tdx:uZk,||u||1}fort>1,

    and

    ϑk=max{θγ0,k,θs,k,θγ,k}. (2.16)

    Then, ϑk0 as k (see [25]).

    Lemma 2.13. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H5) hold. Then, there are βk>αk>0 such that

    (1) δk:=inf{Eλ(v):vZk,||v||=αk}ask,

    (2) ρk:=max{Eλ(v):vYk,||v||=βk}0,

    for k large enough.

    Proof. The basic idea of the proof is carried out by a similar fashion as in the paper [2] (see also [10]). For convenience to readers, we give the proof. For any zZk, suppose that ||v||>1. From the assumptions (B1) and (B2), (H1) and Lemma 2.3, it follows that

    Eλ(v)=RN(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dx+RNV(x)(1p|v|p+a(x)q|v|q)dxλrRNρ(x)|v|rdxRNH(x,v)dx1q(RNH(x,|v|)dx+RNHV(x,|v|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|v|rdxRNH(x,v)dx1q2p||v||p2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||v||rLγ0(RN)||σ1||Ls(RN)||v||Ls(RN)c1γ||v||γLγ(RN)1q2p||v||p2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)ϑrk||v||r||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑk||v||c1γϑγk||v||γ(1q2pϑγkc1γ||v||γp)||v||p2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)ϑrk||v||r||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑk||v||. (2.17)

    Since p<γ, we get

    αk=(q2p+1ϑγkc1γ)1pγ

    as k. Hence, if vZk and ||v||=αk, then we arrive

    Eλ(v)1q2p+1αpk2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)ϑrkαrk||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑkαkask,

    which implies (1) because p>r>1 and αk,ϑk0 as k.

    Now, we show the condition (2). Suppose to the contrary that there is kN such that the condition (2) is not fulfilled. Then, there exists a sequence {vn} in Yk such that

    ||vn|| as nandEλ(vn)0. (2.18)

    Let wn=vn/||vn||. Since dimYk<, there is a wYk{0} such that, up to a subsequence still denoted by {wn},

    ||wnw||0andwn(x)w(x)

    for almost all xRN as n. We claim that w(x)=0 for almost all xRN. If w(x)0, then |vn(x)| for all xRN as n. Hence, in accordance with (H5), it follows that

    limnH(x,vn)||vn||q=limnH(x,vn)|vn(x)|q|wn(x)|q= (2.19)

    for all xB1:={xRN:w(x)0}. In the same fashion as in the proof of Lemma 2.10, we can choose a C2R such that H(x,t)C2 for all (x,t)RN×R, and so

    H(x,vn)C2||vn||q0

    for all xRN and nN. Using (2.19) and the Fatou Lemma, one has

    lim infnRNH(x,vn)||vn||qdxlim infnB1H(x,vn)||vn||qdxlim supnB1C2||vn||qdx=lim infnB1H(x,vn)C2||vn||qdxB1lim infnH(x,vn)C2||vn||qdx=B1lim infnH(x,vn)||vn||qdxB1lim supnC2||vn||qdx.

    Thus, we infer

    RNH(x,vn)||vn||qdxas n.

    We may assume that ||vn||>1. Therefore, we have

    Eλ(vn)1p(RNH(x,|vn|)dx+RNHV(x,|vn|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|vn|rdxRNH(x,vn)dx2p||vn||qRNH(x,vn)dx||vn||q(2qRNH(x,vn)||vn||qdx)as n,

    which is a contradiction to (2.18). This completes the proof.

    With the help of Lemma 2.11, we are ready to establish the existence of infinitely many large energy solutions.

    Theorem 2.14. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3)) and (H5) hold. If h(x,t)=h(x,t) holds for all (x,t)RN×R, then, for any λ>0, the problem (1.1) admits a sequence of nontrivial weak solutions {vn} in X such that Eλ(vn) as n.

    Proof. Clearly, Eλ is an even functional and ensures the (C)c-condition by Lemma 2.8 (resp. Lemma 2.10). From Lemma 2.13, this assertion is immediately derived from the Fountain theorem. This completes the proof.

    Definition 2.15. Suppose that (E,||||) is a real separable and reflexive Banach space. We say that F satisfies the (C)c-condition (with respect to Yn) if any sequence {vn}nNE for which vnYn, for any nN,

    F(vn)c and ||(F|Yn)(vn)||E(1+||vn||)0 as n,

    possesses a subsequence converging to a critical point of F.

    Lemma 2.16. (Dual Fountain Theorem [8,25]) Assume that (E,||||) is a Banach space, FC1(E,R) is an even functional. If there is k0>0 such that, for each kk0, there exist βk>αk>0 such that

    (A1) inf{F(y):yZk,||y||=βk}0,

    (A2) δk:=max{F(y):yYk,||y||=αk}<0,

    (A3) ϕk:=inf{F(y):yZk,||y||βk}0 as k,

    (A4) F fulfils the (C)c-condition for every c[ϕk0,0),

    then F admits a sequence of negative critical values cn<0 satisfying cn0 as n.

    From now on, we will check all conditions of the dual fountain theorem.

    Lemma 2.17. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3) and (H5)) hold. Then, the functional Eλ satisfies the (C)c-condition for any λ>0.

    Proof. Since X is a reflexive Banach space, and Φ and Ψλ are of type (S+), the proof is almost identical to that in [25].

    Lemma 2.18. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2) and (H1) hold. Then, there is k0>0, such that, for each kk0, there exists βk>0 such that

    inf{Eλ(v):vZk,||v||=βk}0.

    Proof. From (H1), Lemma 2.3 and the definition of ϑk, one has

    Eλ(v)1q(RNH(x,|v|)dx+RNHV(x,|v|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|v|rdxRNH(x,v)dx1q2p||v||p2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)ϑrk||v||r||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑk||v||c1γϑγk||v||γ1q2p||v||p(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)ϑrk||v||γ||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑk||v||

    for k large enough and ||v||1. Let us choose

    βk=[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1ϑrk]1p2γ. (2.20)

    Let vZk with ||v||=βk>1 for k large enough. Then, there is k0N such that

    Eλ(v)1q2p||v||p(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)ϑrk||v||γ||σ1||Ls(RN)ϑk||v||1q2p+1βpk||σ1||Ls(RN)[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]1p2γϑr+p2γp2γk0

    for all kN with kk0, which implies that the conclusion holds since limkβpk= and ϑk0 as k.

    Lemma 2.19. Assume that (V), (B1), (B2), (H1) and (H4) hold. Then, for each sufficiently large kN, there exists αk>0 with 0<αk<βk such that

    (1) δk:=max{Eλ(v):vYk,||v||=αk}<0,

    (2) ϕk:=inf{Eλ(v):vZk,||v||βk}0 as k,

    where βk is given in Lemma 2.18.

    Proof. (1) Since Yk is finite dimensional, ||||Lκ(ξ,RN), ||||Lγ(RN) and |||| are equivalent on Yk. Then, there exist ς1,k>0 and ς2,k>0 such that

    ς1,k||v||||v||Lκ(ξ,RN) and ||v||Lγ(RN)ς2,k||v||

    for any vYk. Let vYk with ||v||1. From (H1) and (H4), there are C1,C2>0 such that

    H(x,t)C1ξ(x)|t|κC2|t|γ

    for almost all (x,t)RN×R. Then, we have

    Eλ(v)2p||v||pRNH(x,v)dx2p||v||pC1RNξ(x)|v|κdx+C2RN|v|γdx2p||v||pC1||v||Lκ(ξ,RN)+C2||v||Lγ(RN)2p||v||pC1ςκ1,k||v||κ+C2ςγ2,k||v||γ.

    Let f(s)=2pspC1ςκ1,ksκ+C2ςγ2,ksγ. Since κ<p<γ, we infer f(s)<0 for all s(0,s0) for sufficiently small s0(0,1). Hence, we can find αk>0 such that Eλ(v)<0 for all vYk with ||v||=αk<s0 for k large enough. If necessary, we can change k0 to a large value, so that βk>αk>0 and

    δk:=max{Eλ(v):vYk,||v||=αk}<0

    for all kk0.

    (2) Because YkZkϕ and 0<αk<βk, we have ϕkδk<0 for all kk0. For any vZk with ||v||=1 and 0<t<βk, we have

    Eλ(tv)1q(RNH(x,|tv|)dx+RNHV(x,|tv|)dx)λrRNρ(x)|tv|rdxRNH(x,tv)dxλrRNρ(x)|tv|rdxRNH(x,tv)dxλr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)||tv||rLγ0(RN)RNσ1(x)|tv|dxc1γRN|tv|γdxλr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)βrk||v||rLγ0(RN)βkRNσ1(x)|v|dxc1γβγkRN|v|γdxλr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)βrkϑrk||σ1||Ls(RN)βkϑkc1γβγkϑγk

    for k large enough, where ϑk and βk are given in (2.16) and (2.20), respectively. Hence, it follows from the definition of βk that

    0>ϕkλ||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)rβrkϑrk||σ1||Ls(RN)βkϑkc1γβγkϑγk=λ||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)r[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]rp2γϑ(r+p2γ)rp2γk||σ1||Ls(RN)[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]1p2γϑr+p2γp2γkc1γ[(2λr||ρ||Lγ0γ0r(RN)+c1γ)q2p+1]γp2γϑ(r+p2γ)γp2γk.

    Because p<p+r<2γ and ϑk0 as k, we derive that limkϕk=0.

    Remark 2.20. In view of [10,21,25,30], the conditions (H5) and

    f(x,t)=o(|t|q1)as|t|0uniformlyforxRN, (2.21)

    play a decisive role in proving Lemma 2.19. Under these two conditions, the authors in [10,21,25,30] obtained the existence of two sequences 0<αk<βk sufficiently large. Unfortunately, by using the same argument as in [21,25] we cannot show the property (2) in Lemma 2.19 since βk as k; see [41]. However the authors in [10,30] overcome this difficulty from new setting for βk. In contrast, the existence of two sequences 0<αk<βk0 as k is obtained in [32,42,43] when (2.21) is satisfied. On the other hand, we prove Lemma 2.19 when (H5) is not assumed, and (2.21) is replaced by (H4). For this reason, the proof of Lemma 2.19 is different from that of the papers [10,21,25,30,32,42,43].

    With the aid of Lemmas 2.16 and 2.17, we are in a position to establish our final consequence.

    Theorem 2.21. Assume (V), (B1), (B2), (H1), (H2) (resp. (H3), (H5)) and (H4). If h(x,t)=h(x,t) holds for all (x,t)RN×R, then the problem (1.1) admits a sequence of nontrivial weak solutions {vn} in X such that Eλ(vn)0 as n for any λ>0.

    Proof. Due to Lemma 2.17, we note that the functional Eλ is even and fulfills the (C)c-condition for every c[ϕk0,0). Now, from Lemmas 2.18 and 2.19, we ensure that properties (D1)–(D3) in the Dual Fountain Theorem hold. Therefore, problem (1.1) possesses a sequence of weak solutions {vn} with large enough n. The proof is complete.

    In this paper, we employ the variational methods to ensure the existence of a sequence of infinitely many energy solutions to Schrödinger-type problems involving the double phase operator. As far as we can see, in these circumstances the present paper is the first effort to develop the multiplicity results of nontrivial weak solutions to the concave-convex-type double phase problems because we derive our results on a new class of nonlinear term. Especially, our proof of the existence of multiple small energy solutions is slightly different from those of previous related works [10,21,25,30,32,42,43].

    The authors are grateful to the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions for improvement of the paper. Jae-Myoung Kim was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2020R1C1C1A01006521), and Yun-Ho Kim was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2019R1F1A1057775).

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.



    [1] A. Aberqi, O. Benslimane, M. Elmassoudi, M. A. Ragusa, Nonnegative solution of a class of double phase problems with logarithmic nonlinearity, Bound. Value Probl., 2022 (2022), 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-022-01639-5 doi: 10.1186/s13661-022-01639-5
    [2] C. O. Alves, S. B. Liu, On superlinear p(x)-Laplacian equations in RN, Nonlinear Anal., 73 (2010), 2566–2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2010.06.033 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2010.06.033
    [3] A. Bahrouni, V. D. Rǎdulescu, D. D. Repovš, Double phase transonic flow problems with variable growth: Nonlinear patterns and stationary waves, Nonlinearity, 32 (2019), 2481–2495. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ab0b03 doi: 10.1088/1361-6544/ab0b03
    [4] P. Baroni, M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Harnack inequalites for double phase funtionals, Nonlinear Anal., 121 (2015), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2014.11.001 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2014.11.001
    [5] P. Baroni, M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Non-autonomous functionals, borderline cases and related function classes, St. Petersburg Math. J., 27 (2016), 347–379. https://doi.org/10.1090/spmj/1392 doi: 10.1090/spmj/1392
    [6] P. Baroni, M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Regularity for general functionals with double phase, Calc. Var. Partial Dif., 57 (2018), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-018-1332-z doi: 10.1007/s00526-018-1332-z
    [7] T. Bartsch, Infinitely many solutions of a symmetric Dirichlet problem, Nonlinear Anal., 20 (1993), 1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-546X(93)90151-H doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(93)90151-H
    [8] T. Bartsch, M. Willem, On an elliptic equation with concave and convex nonlinearitiese, P. Am. Math. Soc., 123 (1995), 3555–3561.
    [9] S. S. Byun, J. Oh, Regularity results for generalized double phase functionals, Anal. PDE, 13 (2020), 1269–1300. https://doi.org/10.2140/apde.2020.13.1269 doi: 10.2140/apde.2020.13.1269
    [10] J. Cen, S. J. Kim, Y. H. Kim, S. Zeng, Multiplicity results of solutions to the double phase anisotropic variational problems involving variable exponent, Adv. Differential Equ., 28 (2023), In press.
    [11] F. Colasuonno, M. Squassina, Eigenvalues for double phase variational integrals, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 195 (2016), 1917–1959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10231-015-0542-7 doi: 10.1007/s10231-015-0542-7
    [12] M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Regularity for double phase variational problems, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 215 (2015), 443–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-014-0785-2 doi: 10.1007/s00205-014-0785-2
    [13] M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Bounded minimisers of double phase variational integrals, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 218 (2015), 219–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-015-0859-9 doi: 10.1007/s00205-015-0859-9
    [14] M. Colombo, G. Mingione, Calderón-Zygmund estimates and non-uniformly elliptic operators, J. Funct. Anal., 270 (2016), 1416–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2015.06.022 doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2015.06.022
    [15] Á. Crespo-Blanco, L. Gasiński, P. Harjulehto, P. Winkert, A new class of double phase variable exponent problems: Existence and uniqueness, J. Differential Equ., 323 (2022), 182–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2022.03.029 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2022.03.029
    [16] L. Diening, P. Harjulehto, P. Hästö, M. R˙užička, Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces with variable exponents, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011.
    [17] M. Fabian, P. Habala, P. Hajék, V. Montesinos, V. Zizler, Banach space theory: The basis for linear and nonlinear analysis, Springer, New York, 2011.
    [18] L. Gasiński, P. Winkert, Existence and uniqueness results for double phase problems with convection terms, J. Differential Equ., 268 (2020), 4183–4193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2019.10.022 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2019.10.022
    [19] L. Gasiński, P. Winkert, Sign changing solution for a double phase problem with nonlinear boundary condition via the Nehari manifold, J. Differential Equ., 274 (2021), 1037–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2020.11.014 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2020.11.014
    [20] L. Gasiński, N. S. Papageorgiou, Double phase logistic equations with superdiffusive reaction, Nonlinear Anal.-Real, 70 (2023), 103782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2022.103782 doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2022.103782
    [21] B. Ge, D. J. Lv, J. F. Lu, Multiple solutions for a class of double phase problem without the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz conditions, Nonlinear Anal., 188 (2019), 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2019.06.007 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2019.06.007
    [22] B. Ge, L. Y Wang, J. F. Lu, On a class of double-phase problem without Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz-type conditions, Appl. Anal., 100 (2021), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036811.2019.1679785 doi: 10.1080/00036811.2019.1679785
    [23] B. Ge, P. Pucci, Quasilinear double phase problems in the whole space via perturbation methods, Adv. Differential Equ., 27 (2022), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.57262/ade027-0102-1 doi: 10.57262/ade027-0102-1
    [24] P. Harjulehto, P. Hästö, Orlicz spaces and generalized Orlicz spaces, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer, Cham, 2019.
    [25] E. J. Hurtado, O. H. Miyagaki, R. S. Rodrigues, Existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of elliptic equations without Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz type conditions, J. Dyn. Differ. Equ., 30 (2018), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10884-016-9542-6 doi: 10.1007/s10884-016-9542-6
    [26] I. H. Kim, Y. H. Kim, C. Li, K. Park, Multiplicity of solutions for quasilinear schrödinger type equations with the concave-convex nonlinearities, J. Korean Math. Soc., 58 (2021), 1461–1484. https://doi.org/10.4134/JKMS.j210099 doi: 10.4134/JKMS.j210099
    [27] I. H. Kim, Y. H. Kim, M. W. Oh, S. Zeng, Existence and multiplicity of solutions to concave-convex-type double-phase problems with variable exponent, Nonlinear Anal.-Real, 67 (2022), 103627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2022.103627 doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2022.103627
    [28] N. C. Kourogenis, N. S. Papageorgiou, A weak nonsmooth Palais-Smale condition and coercivity, Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo, 49 (2000), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904262 doi: 10.1007/BF02904262
    [29] J. Lee, J. M. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Existence and multiplicity of solutions for Kirchhoff-Schrödinger type equations involving p(x)-Laplacian on the whole space, Nonlinear Anal.-Real, 45 (2019), 620–649.
    [30] J. Lee, J. M. Kim, Y. H. Kim, A. Scapellato, On multiple solutions to a non-local Fractional p()-Laplacian problem with concave-convex nonlinearities, Adv. Cont. Discrete Models, 2022 (2022), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-022-03689-6 doi: 10.1186/s13662-022-03689-6
    [31] X. Lin, X. H. Tang, Existence of infinitely many solutions for p-Laplacian equations in RN, Nonlinear Anal., 92 (2013), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2013.06.011 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2013.06.011
    [32] D. C. Liu, On a p(x)-Kirchhoff-type equation via fountain theorem and dual fountain theorem, Nonlinear Anal., 72 (2010), 302–308.
    [33] W. Liu, G. Dai, Existence and multiplicity results for double phase problem, J. Differential Equ., 265 (2018), 4311–4334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2018.06.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.06.006
    [34] O. H. Miyagaki, M. A. S. Souto, Superlinear problems without Ambrosetti and Rabinowitz growth condition, J. Differential Equ., 245 (2008), 3628–3638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2008.02.035 doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.02.035
    [35] J. Musielak, Orlicz spaces and generalized Orlicz spaces, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer, Berlin, 1983.
    [36] N. S. Papageorgiou, V. D. Rǎdulescu, D. D. Repovš, Double-phase problems and a discontinuity property of the spectrum, P. Am. Math. Soc., 147 (2019), 2899–2910. https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/14466 doi: 10.1090/proc/14466
    [37] N. S. Papageorgiou, V. D. Rǎdulescu, D. D. Repovš, Existence and multiplicity of solutions for double-phase Robin problems, Bull. Lond. Math. Soc., 52 (2020), 546–560. https://doi.org/10.1112/blms.12347 doi: 10.1112/blms.12347
    [38] K. Perera, M. Squassina, Existence results for double-phase problems via Morse theory, Commun. Contemp. Math., 20 (2018), 1750023. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219199717500237 doi: 10.1142/S0219199717500237
    [39] M. A. Ragusa, A. Tachikawa, Regularity for minimizers for functionals of double phase with variable exponents, Adv. Nonlinear Anal., 9 (2020), 710–728. https://doi.org/10.1515/anona-2020-0022 doi: 10.1515/anona-2020-0022
    [40] J. H. Shen, L. Y. Wang, K. Chi, B. Ge, Existence results for double-phase problems via Morse theory, Complex Var. Elliptic, to be accepted. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476933.2021.1988585
    [41] R. Stegliński, Infinitely many solutions for double phase problem with unbounded potential in RN, Nonlinear Anal., 214 (2022), 112580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2021.112580 doi: 10.1016/j.na.2021.112580
    [42] K. Teng, Multiple solutions for a class of fractional Schrödinger equations in RN, Nonlinear Anal.-Real, 21 (2015), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2014.06.008 doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2014.06.008
    [43] M. Willem, Minimax theorems, Birkhauser, Basel, 1996.
    [44] S. D. Zeng, Y. R. Bai, L. Gasiński, P. Winkert, Existence results for double phase implicit obstacle problems involving multivalued operators, Calc. Var. Partial Dif., 59 (2020), 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-020-01841-2 doi: 10.1007/s00526-020-01841-2
    [45] S. D. Zeng, Y. R. Bai, L. Gasiński, P. Winkert, Convergence analysis for double phase obstacle problems with multivalued convection term, Adv. Nonlinear Anal., 10 (2021), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1515/anona-2020-0155 doi: 10.1515/anona-2020-0155
    [46] Q. Zhang, V. D. Rădulescu, Double phase anisotropic variational problems and combined effects of reaction and absorption terms, J. Math. Pure. Appl., 118 (2018), 159–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpur.2018.06.015 doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2018.06.015
    [47] V. V. Zhikov, Averaging of functionals of the calculus of variations and elasticity theory, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 50 (1986), 675–710. https://doi.org/10.1070/IM1987v029n01ABEH000958 doi: 10.1070/IM1987v029n01ABEH000958
    [48] V. V. Zhikov, On Lavrentiev's phenomenon, Russ. J. Math. Phys., 3 (1995), 249–269.
    [49] Y. Zhou, J. Wang, L. Zhang, Basic theory of fractional differential equations, 2Eds., World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2017.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Yun-Ho Kim, Infinitely Many Small Energy Solutions to Schrödinger-Kirchhoff Type Problems Involving the Fractional r(·)-Laplacian in RN, 2023, 7, 2504-3110, 207, 10.3390/fractalfract7030207
    2. Jun-Hyuk Ahn, Yun-Ho Kim, Infinitely Many Small Energy Solutions to the Double Phase Anisotropic Variational Problems Involving Variable Exponent, 2023, 12, 2075-1680, 259, 10.3390/axioms12030259
    3. Yun-Ho Kim, Multiple solutions to Kirchhoff-Schrödinger equations involving the p()-Laplace-type operator, 2023, 8, 2473-6988, 9461, 10.3934/math.2023477
    4. Yun-Ho Kim, Hyeon Yeol Na, Multiplicity of solutions to non-local problems of Kirchhoff type involving Hardy potential, 2023, 8, 2473-6988, 26896, 10.3934/math.20231377
    5. Anupma Arora, Gaurav Dwivedi, Existence of weak solutions for Kirchhoff type double‐phase problem in ℝ, 2024, 47, 0170-4214, 4734, 10.1002/mma.9836
    6. Wei Ma, Qiongfen Zhang, Existence of solutions for Kirchhoff-double phase anisotropic variational problems with variable exponents, 2024, 9, 2473-6988, 23384, 10.3934/math.20241137
    7. In Hyoun Kim, Yun-Ho Kim, Infinitely Many Small Energy Solutions to Nonlinear Kirchhoff–Schrödinger Equations with the p-Laplacian, 2024, 47, 0126-6705, 10.1007/s40840-024-01694-4
    8. Yun-Ho Kim, Taek-Jun Jeong, Multiplicity Results of Solutions to the Double Phase Problems of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff Type with Concave–Convex Nonlinearities, 2023, 12, 2227-7390, 60, 10.3390/math12010060
    9. Zhenfeng Zhang, Tianqing An, Weichun Bu, Shuai Li, Existence and multiplicity of solutions for fractional p1(x,)&p2(x,)-Laplacian Schrödinger-type equations with Robin boundary conditions, 2024, 2024, 1687-2770, 10.1186/s13661-024-01844-4
    10. In Hyoun Kim, Yun-Ho Kim, Kisoeb Park, Multiple Solutions to a Non-Local Problem of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff Type in ℝN, 2023, 7, 2504-3110, 627, 10.3390/fractalfract7080627
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(1981) PDF downloads(293) Cited by(10)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog