Research article Special Issues

Thermal vibration in rotating nanobeams with temperature-dependent due to exposure to laser irradiation

  • Effective classical representations of heterogeneous systems fail to have an effect on the overall response of components on the spatial scale of heterogeneity. This effect may be critical if the effective continuum subjects' scale differs from the material's microstructure scale and then leads to size-dependent effects and other deviations from conventional theories. This paper is concerned with the thermoelastic behavior of rotating nanoscale beams subjected to thermal loading under mechanical thermal loads based on the non-local strain gradient theory (NSGT). Also, a new mathematical model and governing equations were constructed within the framework of the extended thermoelastic theory with phase delay (DPL) and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In contrast to many problems, it was taken into account that the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the material are variable and linearly dependent on temperature change. A specific operator has been entered to convert the nonlinear heat equation into a linear one. Using the Laplace transform method, the considered problem is solved and the expressions of the studied field variables are obtained. The numerical findings demonstrate that a variety of variables, such as temperature change, Coriolis force due to rotation, angular velocity, material properties, and nonlocal length scale parameters, have a significant influence on the mechanical and thermal waves.

    Citation: Ahmed E. Abouelregal, Khalil M. Khalil, Wael W. Mohammed, Doaa Atta. Thermal vibration in rotating nanobeams with temperature-dependent due to exposure to laser irradiation[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(4): 6128-6152. doi: 10.3934/math.2022341

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  • Effective classical representations of heterogeneous systems fail to have an effect on the overall response of components on the spatial scale of heterogeneity. This effect may be critical if the effective continuum subjects' scale differs from the material's microstructure scale and then leads to size-dependent effects and other deviations from conventional theories. This paper is concerned with the thermoelastic behavior of rotating nanoscale beams subjected to thermal loading under mechanical thermal loads based on the non-local strain gradient theory (NSGT). Also, a new mathematical model and governing equations were constructed within the framework of the extended thermoelastic theory with phase delay (DPL) and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In contrast to many problems, it was taken into account that the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the material are variable and linearly dependent on temperature change. A specific operator has been entered to convert the nonlinear heat equation into a linear one. Using the Laplace transform method, the considered problem is solved and the expressions of the studied field variables are obtained. The numerical findings demonstrate that a variety of variables, such as temperature change, Coriolis force due to rotation, angular velocity, material properties, and nonlocal length scale parameters, have a significant influence on the mechanical and thermal waves.



    Development an effective techniques for solving models involving fractional derivatives and temporal delays has recently attracted a lot of attention, which is encouraging. Flexible representation and the capability to accurately describe various phenomena are the main reasons why they are preferred over integer-order models. Fractional derivatives, unlike regular ones, are non-local in nature and could be used to describe memory effects, while time delays indicate the history of a previous state. It appears that the addition of the delay term in fractional differential equations is paving the way for new possibilities and opening new vistas in many scientific fields. This kind of fractional differential equation is effectively applied in many fields, including bioengineering, control theory, population dynamics, economics, electrochemistry, physics, and many more [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. As the systems become increasingly sophisticated and linked, time delays are incorporated to account that changes in one variable may affect other variables with certain lags. For example, in biological models, delays explain incubation time or the time required for a plant to reach maturity. In control theory, time delays are considered in feedback control systems to account for delayed feedback. Economic models use delays to match transportation and information transfer more closely. The literature has paid considerable attention to fractional partial differential equations involving delays. Liu in [8] combined the Crank-Nicolson approach and the Legendre spectral technique to provide a fully discrete methodology for the nonlinear delayed diffusion-reaction equations. An effective approximation approach for nonlinear delayed fractional order diffusion equations was developed and evaluated by Pimenov and Hendy in [9]. In [10], a numerical approach was described for solving a certain form of a delayed fractional model with distributed order in time. The authors in that work used the Crank–Nicholson method to obtain the numerical solution. For solving the nonlinear form of fractional diffusion equations with temporal delay, Li et al. [11] suggested a linearized compact scheme. The spatial discretization in the mentioned work was accomplished with the help of the compact finite difference approach, while the temporal discretization was made by utilizing an L1 formula to the time fractional derivative and an extrapolation for the nonlinear component. For the solution of time-delayed nonlinear fractional diffusion equations, Mohebbi [12] developed a numerical method that is guaranteed to be stable under any conditions. The temporal direction was discretized using a finite difference method, while the spatial component via Chebyshev spectral collocation method. By developing a novel form of fractional Grönwall inequality in a discrete style, Hendy and Macías-Díaz [13] were capable of proving the stability and convergence of numerical solutions to the nonlinear time-fractional diffusion equations with multi-time delays.

    On the other hand, substantial effort has been expended in the scientific literature to develop efficient formulas for approximating the time fractional derivatives in the Caputo sense. The L1 formula is considered one of the most extensive methods used for the solution of fractional differential equations that include Caputo derivatives [14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. In the case of a non-uniform mesh, the L1 approximation provides a decent approximation when the mesh is refined close to the point tn+1 [21]. Even though the non-uniform mesh performs better than the uniform one, the second-order approximation will not be generated at all mesh nodes. In order to get a close approximation to the Caputo fractional derivative of order β (0<β<1), Gao et al.[22] constructed a novel formulation called the L12 formula with 3β convergence order in temporal direction at time tk(k2). This formula is produced by approximating the integrated function with three points using a piecewise quadratic interpolation approximation and it is properly defined as a modification of the L1 formula with some correction terms added. In [23,24], the Caputo time-fractional derivative is discretized by applying a numerical formula with 3β order, known as, the L2 formula. This formula is generated with the use of piecewise quadratic interpolating polynomials. Through the development of a discrete energy analysis approach, a comprehensive theoretical examination of the stability and convergence of this method is performed for every β(0,1). Alikhanov [25] devised a new difference scheme called the L21σ formula based on a high-order approximation for the Caputo fractional derivatives with 3β convergence order in temporal direction at time t=tk+σ with σ=1β2. It was shown in [26,27,28] that the L21σ formula may be extended and used to solve the multi-term, distributed, variable-order time-fractional diffusion equations. On the basis of this formula, a number of recent studies have investigated and developed high-order techniques for time fractional models in the Caputo sense. An implicit technique for solving fractional diffusion equations with time delay is shown in [29], which combines the Alikhanov formula for time approximation with the central difference method for spatial discretization. A second-order numerical approach was suggested by Nandal and Pandey in [30] for solving a nonlinear fourth-order delayed distributed fractional subdiffusion problem. They estimated the time-fractional derivative with the Alikhanov formula as well as the spatial dimensions with the compact difference operator. For the fractional order nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation, Zaky et al. [31] numerically developed a useful technique by discretizing time direction using the Alikhanov formula and space direction with the methodology of spectral Legendre-Galerkin. Following up on the L21σ formula, a slew of new works have appeared (see, for example, [32,33,34,35,36]). Without loss of generality, in this work, we numerically propose a high-order algorithm for solving the following time-delayed nonlinear fractional order reaction-diffusion equations:

    βΘtβ=καΘ|x|α+F(Θ(x,t),Θ(x,ts))+G(x,t),xΩ,tI, (1.1)

    initialized and constrained by the conditions

    {Θ(x,t)=ϑ(x,t),xΩ,t[s,0],Θ(a,t)=Θ(b,t)=0,tI. (1.2)

    In this case, time and space domains are represented by I=[0,T]R and Ω=[a,b]R, respectively. Additionally, β(0,1) represents the temporal order of fractional time in which the time-fractional derivative is interpreted according to Caputo, whereas α(1,2) represents the fractional order of space. The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives on its both sides for n1<α<n, are provided by [37]

    DαxΘ(x,t)=1Γ(nα)nxnx(xτ)n1αΘ(τ,t)dτ, (1.3)
    xDαΘ(x,t)=(1)nΓ(nα)nxnx(τx)n1αΘ(τ,t)dτ, (1.4)

    where Γ(x) symbolizes the usual function of gamma. This allows us to give a definition for the Riesz space of fractional derivatives, which is [38]

    αΘ|x|α=cα(aDαxΘ(x,t)+xDαbΘ(x,t)),cα=12cosπα2,α(1,2).

    The Caputo derivative βΘtβ is defined as

    βΘ(x,t)tβ=1Γ(1β)t0(tr)βrΘ(x,r)dr,β(0,1). (1.5)

    Our primary objectives of current work are to develop and investigate an effective numerical algorithm for a nonlinear time-delayed fractional order reaction-diffusion (1.1). A combination scheme is proposed that mixes the Alikhanov L21σ difference formula with Galerkin spectral Legendre scheme. More specifically, the spatial discretization is handled by utilizing Legendre–Galerkin spectral approach, whereas the fractional derivative in the temporal direction is discretized through the L21σ formula. Additionally, a suitable version of discrete fractional Grönwall inequalities is utilized in order to assert the unconditional stability and convergence of the proposed technique. The structure of this study is as follows. In the subsequent section, we shall describe and characterize the key features of fractional derivative spaces, Sobolev spaces, as well as Jacobi polynomials. On a uniform mesh, we detail in section 3 the way to construct the fully discrete L21σ Galerkin spectral scheme for the problems (1.1) and (1.2). Section 4 recalls several technical lemmas from the literature before proving that the suggested methodology is unconditionally stable and convergent. Finally, Section 5 includes a numerical test that validates the obtained scheme's convergence analysis.

    Here, we briefly review some fundamental concepts in fractional derivative spaces as well as the essential elements of their properties, see [39] for further details. Then, Jacobi polynomials' primary features are mentioned. Assume that (,)0,Ω refer the standard inner product related to L2(Ω) space with the usual L2 norm and the maximum norm . Define the space C0(Ω) consists of all smooth functions that have compact support in Ω. Consider that Hr(Ω) and Hr0(Ω) are the standard Sobolev spaces, and their associated norms and seminorms, respectively, are r and ||r. To further clarify, we characterize the approximation space W0N as:

    W0N=PN(Ω)H10(Ω),

    where in PN(Ω) stands for the set of all polynomials defined on the domain Ω that have a degree no greater than N. The interpolation operator of type Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto depicted by the symbol IN:C(ˉΩ)WN, can be defined as follows

    Θ(xi)=IN Θ(xi) PN,i=0,1,,N.

    Definition 1. The semi-norm and norm related to the space of left fractional derivatives are specified for a given ε>0, respectively, as follows:

    ΘJεL(Ω)=aDεxΘ0,Ω,ΘJεL(Ω)=(Θ2JεL(Ω)+Θ20,Ω)1/2,

    also, JεL and JεL,0 are defined to be the closures of C(Ω) and C0(Ω), respectively, in relation to JεL(Ω).

    Definition 2. The semi-norm and norm related to the space of right fractional derivatives are specified for a given ε>0, respectively, as follows:

    ΘJεR(Ω)=xDεbΘ0,Ω,ΘJεR(Ω)=(Θ2JεR(Ω)+Θ20,Ω)1/2,

    also, JεR and JεR,0 are defined to be the closures of C(Ω) and C0(Ω), respectively, in relation to JεR(Ω).

    Definition 3. The semi-norm and norm related to the space of symmetric fractional derivatives are specified for a given ε>0, respectively, as follows:

    ΘJεs(Ω)=∣(aDεxΘ,xDεbΘ)0,Ω1/2,ΘJεs(Ω)=(Θ2Jεs(Ω)+Θ20,Ω)1/2,

    also, Jεs and Jεs,0 are defined to be the closures of C(Ω) and C0(Ω), respectively, in relation to Jεs(Ω).

    Definition 4. Assuming that ε>0, then the fractional Sobolev space Hε(Ω) is defined as follows:

    Hε(Ω)={ΘL2(Ω)||ω|εF(ˆΘ)L2(R)},

    with respect to following semi-norm and norm

    ΘHε(Ω)=ωεF(ˆΘ)0,R,ΘHε(Ω)=(Θ2Hε(Ω)+Θ20,Ω)1/2,

    wherein F(ˆΘ) stands for the Fourier transform of function ˆΘ, denoting the zero extension of function Θ beyond the spatial domain Ω. Also, we define Hε(Ω) and Hε0(Ω) as the closures of C(Ω) and C0(Ω), respectively, with consideration to Hε(Ω).

    Remark 2.1. If εn12, nN, then according to the above definitions, fractional derivative spaces JεL, JεR, Jεs and Hε are identical, with equivalent semi-norms and norms.

    The adjoint property, which we will revisit below, will play a crucial part in the study that follows.

    Lemma 2.1. For a given ε>0, such that 1<ε<2, then for any two functions ΘHε0(Ω) and υHε/20(Ω), the following relation is satisfied

    (aDεxΘ,υ)0,Ω=(aDε/2xΘ,xDε/2bυ)0,Ω,(xDεbΘ,υ)0,Ω=(xDε/2bΘ,aDε/2xυ)0,Ω. (2.6)

    A brief overview of the basics of Jacobi polynomials follows. We recommend reading [40,41] for more information on orthogonal polynomials, and [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] for applications of spectral methods to these type of polynomials. For p,q>1 and x(1,1), the hypergeometric functions make it possible to write the Jacobian polynomials as follows:

    γp,q0(x)=(p+1)ii!2F1(i,p+q+i+1;p+1;1x2),iN, (2.7)

    where ()i signifies the symbol of Pochhammer. Assuming that N is a positive integer, then the following three-term recurrence relations hold for {γp,qi(x)}Ni=0, as they hold for all classical orthogonal polynomials

    {γp,q0(x)=1,γp,q1(x)=12(2+p+q)x+12(pq),γp,qi+1(x)=(Ap,qixBp,qi)γp,qi(x)Cp,qiγp,qi1(x),1iN. (2.8)

    Where the coefficients of recursion are provided by

    {Ap,qi=(2i+p+q+1)(2i+p+q+2)2(i+1)(i+p+q+1),Bp,qi=(2i+p+q+1)(p2q2)2(i+1)(i+p+q+1)(2i+p+q),Cp,qi=(2i+p+q+2)(i+p)(i+q)(i+1)(i+p+q+1)(2i+p+q). (2.9)

    The existence of orthogonality in the set of Jacobi polynomials is due to a weight function, which is represented by ωp,q(x)=(1x)p(1+x)q, more precisely,

    11γp,qi(x)γp,qj(x)ωp,q(t)dx=ιp,qiδi,j, (2.10)

    where δi,j represents the function of the Kronecker delta, and

    ιp,qi=2(p+q+1)Γ(i+p+1)Γ(i+q+1)(2i+p+q+1)i!Γ(i+p+q+1). (2.11)

    In specifically, the Legendre polynomial is a subclass of the Jacobi polynomial, which it can be stated as:

    Li(x)=γ0,0i(x)=2F1(i,i+1;1;1x2). (2.12)

    Here, in this section, we will focus on developing a high-order numerical approximation for the problems (1.1) and (1.2) based on combining Alikhanov L21σ difference formula and the spectral method of Legendre-Galerkin in order to discretize the temporal and space–fractional derivatives, respectively. We begin with temporal discretization following that, we detail the suggested scheme's spatial discretization.

    We choose a time step given by τ=sNs, where Ns is a positive integer, in order to uniformly divide the temporal domain I. This defines a class of uniform partitions denote by tk=kτ, for each NskM, where M=Tτ. Denote tk+σ=(k+σ)τ=σtk+1+(1σ)tk, for k=0,1,,M. Take Θk+σ=Θk+σ()=Θ(, tk+σ). For the Caputo derivative (1.5), we recall the Alikhanov L21σ difference formula [25].

    Definition 5. The following coefficients are defined for any value of the parameter σ=1β2, 0<β<1,

    A(β,σ)l={σ1β,l=0,(l+σ)1β(l1+σ)1β,l1, (3.13)
    B(β,σ)l=12β[(l+σ)2β(l1+σ)2β]12[(l+σ)1β+(l1+σ)1β], l1, (3.14)

    and

    C(k,β,σ)l={A(β,σ)0,l=k=0,A(β,σ)0+B(β,σ)1,l=0, k1,A(β,σ)l+B(β,σ)l+1B(β,σ)l,1lk1,A(β,σ)kB(β,σ)k,1l=k. (3.15)

    Consequently, the L21σ difference formula which applied in this investigation can be formulated in light of the lemma below.

    Lemma 3.1. Under the premise that Θ(t)C3[0,tk+1], 0kM1, the high order L21σ difference formula reads as follows:

    0Dβtk+σΘ=τβΓ(2β)kl=0C(k,β,σ)klδtΘl+O(τ3β),  0<β<1, (3.16)

    where δtΘl=Θl+1Θl. For the sake of theoretical clarity, we rewrite (3.16) in an equivalent form as:

    0Dβtk+σΘ=τβΓ(2β)kl=0D(k,β,σ)lΘl+O(τ3β), (3.17)

    where D(0,β,σ)1=D(0,β,σ)0=σ1β, for k=0, and for k1,

    D(k,β,σ)l={C(k,β,σ)k,l=0,C(k,β,σ)kl+1C(k,β,σ)kl,1lk,C(k,β,σ)0,l=k+1. (3.18)

    Definition 6. For the temporal Caputo fractional derivative, the L21σ approximation formula at node tk+σ,kZ[0,M1] is defined as:

    0DβτΘk+σ=τβΓ(2β)k+1l=0D(k,β,σ)lΘl,0<β<1. (3.19)

    By means of Taylor's theorem, it is observed that the following lemma is valid.

    Lemma 3.2. For a given function Θ(t)C2[0,T], the following identities hold

    Θ(,tk+σ)=σ Θ(,tk+1)+(1σ) Θ(,tk)+O(τ2),Θ(,tk+σ)=(σ+1) Θ(,tk)σ Θ(, tk1)+O(τ2),Θ(,tk+σNs)=σ Θ(,tk+1Ns)+(1σ) Θ(,tkNs)+O(τ2).

    Following that, at each specified time tk+σ, we shall present a semi-discretized version of the system (1.1). To that end, the uniform L21σ formula (3.19) is used to estimate the time-fractional component, and Taylor's approximations are used to discretize the nonlinear source term. Thus, the resulting discrete-time system is as follows:

    0DβτΘk+σ=καΘk+σ|x|α+F((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs)+Gk+σ(x),xΩ. (3.20)

    We also take into account initial-boundary approximations as the following form

    {Θki=ϑ(xi,tk),Nsk0, xΩ,Θk0=ΘkM(x)=0,Nsk0, xΩ. (3.21)

    According to Lemmas (3.1) and (3.2), this semi-scheme is technically accurate to the second order. Later in this context, a comprehensive study of the convergence rate for the full-discrete scheme will be provided. Next, we introduce the following two parameters:

    λ(β,σ)k:=(D(k,β,σ)k+1τβΓ(2β))1,˜D(k,β,σ)j:={ζ(β,σ)k D(k,β,σ)jτβΓ(2β),0jk1,ζ(β,σ)k D(k,β,σ)kτβΓ(2β),j=k.

    Then, this permits the recasting of the semi-scheme (3.20) into the equivalent form given below

    Θk+1κσλ(β,σ)kαΘk+1|x|α=κ(1σ)λ(β,σ)kαΘk|x|αkj=0˜D(k,β,σ)j,lΘj+λ(β,σ)kF((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs)+Gk+1. (3.22)

    We first present the space function below to give suitable base functions that precisely meet the boundary requirements specified in spectral techniques for space fractional order equations in order to linearize the space-fractional components [50,51]:

    W0N=PN(Ω)H10(Ω)=span{ψn(x):n=0,1,,N2}, (3.23)

    where ψn symbolizes the base functions, which are represented by the Legendre polynomial as:

    ψn(x)=Ln(ˆx)Ln+2(ˆx)=2n+32(n+1)(1ˆx2) γ1,1n(ˆx), ˆx[1,1], (3.24)

    where x=12((ba)ˆx+a+b)[a,b]. Therefore, the fully discrete L21σ Galerkin spectral scheme for (3.22) can be expressed as follows: find Θk+1W0N, k0 such that satisfying the following system:

    {(Θk+1,υ)κσλ(β,σ)k(αΘk+1|x|α,υ)=κ(1σ)λ(β,σ)k(αΘk|x|α,υ)kj=0˜D(k,β,σ)j,l(Θj,υ)+λ(β,σ)k(INF((σ+1) Θkσ Θk1,σ Θk+1Ns+(1σ) ΘkNs),υ)+(INGk+1(x),υ),k0,  υW0N,Θ0N=π1,0N ϑ, (3.25)

    where π1,0N is a suitable projection operator in this case. Following this, we could further generalize the approximation as:

    Θk+1N=N2i=0ˆΘk+1iψi(x), (3.26)

    where ˆΘk+1i are an undetermined expansion coefficients. The uniform full discrete scheme for the problems (1.1) and (1.2) can be expressed as a linear system in a matrix form using (3.26), lemma 2.1 and allowing υ=ψk, for each 0kN2 as follows:

    (ˉMκσλ(β,σ)k(S+ST))Uk+1=Rk+λ(β,σ)kHk+Gk+1, (3.27)

    where

    sij=ΩaDα2xψi(x)xDα2bψj(x)dx,S=(sij)N2i,j=0,mij=Ωψi(x)ψj(x)dx,ˉM=(mij)N2i,j=0,hki=Ωψi(x)INF((σ+1) Θkσ Θk1,σ Θk+1Ns+(1σ) ΘkNs)dx,gk+1i=Ωψi(x)INgk+1dx,Gk+1=(gk+10,gk+11,,gk+1N2),Hk=(hk0,hk1,,hkN2),Uk+1=(ˆΘk+10,ˆΘk+11,,ˆΘk+1N2),Rk=κ(1σ)λ(β,σ)k(S+ST)Θk˜D(k,β,σ)l˜MΘk. (3.28)

    The elements of the stiffness matrix S and the mass matrix ˜M can be easily handled using the next two lemmas.

    Lemma 3.3. [50,51] The following relation can be used to manipulate the components that make up the stiffness matrix S, namely,

    sij=ajiaj+2iaji+2+aj+2i+2,i,j=0,1,,N2,

    the formula where the coefficients aji may be determined reads

    aji=ΩaDα2xLi(ˆx)xDα2bLj(ˆx)dx=(ba2)1αΓ(i+1)Γ(j+1)Γ(iα2+1)Γ(jα2+1)Nr=0ϖα2,α2rJα2,α2i(xα2,α2r)Jα2,α2j(xα2,α2r), (3.29)

    and {ϖα2,α2r,xα2,α2r}Ni=0 are Jacobi-Gauss collection points and their corresponding weights related to the weight function ωα2,α2.

    Lemma 3.4. [50,51] The nonzero components of the symmetric mass matrix ˉM are given by

    mij=mji={ba2j+1+ba2j+5,i=j,ba2j+5,i=j+2. (3.30)

    This section aims to verify how effectively the numerical solution of the suggested approach for the problems (1.1) and (1.2). We start in the first part with a review of certain technical lemmas that will be important later on. In the second subsection, we conduct stability and convergence studies of the suggested method. We assume that the Lipschitz condition below holds for the function F, which is necessary for the theoretical analysis, i.e,

    |F(Θ1,v1)F(Θ2,v2)|L(|Θ1Θ2|+|v1v2|), (4.31)

    where L is a positive constant.

    Here, we recall some lemmas that will be used in our investigation. To avoid tying these definitions to specific values for N, n, and τ, we will refer to C and CΘ in the following as arbitrary positive constants that can shift depending on the circumstances. Additionally, we accept on the convention Z[a,b]=Z[a,b], where Z is the set of all positive integers. For the rest of this discussion, we'll be using the following notation

    A(Θ,w)=κcα[(aDα/2xΘ,xDα/2bw)+(xDα/2bΘ,aDα/2xw)],wW0N. (4.32)

    The orthogonal projection operator, denoted by πα2,0N:Hα20(Ω)W0N, will have the following property:

    A(Θπα2,0NΘ,w)=0,ΘHα20(Ω),wW0N. (4.33)

    We provide the following semi-norm and norm to facilitate theoretical analysis.

    |Θ|α/2:=A(Θ,Θ)1/2, (4.34)
    Θα/2:=(Θ2+|Θ|2α/2)1/2. (4.35)

    The three lemmas below are all mentioned in [50].

    Lemma 4.1. Suppose that α and s are two real integers such that α1/2,  0<α<1,  α<s. Then, for every function ΘHα20(Ω)Hs(Ω), the approximation that follows valid

    |Θπα2,0NΘ|α2CNα2sΘs, (4.36)

    where C is a positive constant C independent of N.

    Lemma 4.2. We assume that ΘHα20(Ω) and that Ω=(a,b). Then, there are two positive, independent constants C1<1 and C2 with respect to Θ, such that the following remains true

    C1Θα2|Θ|α2Θα2C2|Θ|Hα2(Ω).

    Lemma 4.3. The inverse inequality that follows holds true for every given set of values for ΘPN(Ω)

    ΘCNΘ,

    where C is a constant that is positive and independent of Θ and N.

    The properties of the interpolation operator IN are summarized in the following lemma and remark.

    Lemma 4.4. [41] Assume that ΘHs(Ω), then for s1 and 0l1, the following relation is valid

    ΘINΘlCNlsΘs,

    where C>0 is a constant independent of N.

    Remark 4.1. The smoothness of the solution to a fractional differential equation does not imply the smoothness of the source term. Consequently, the solution Θ has a different regularity order s than the regularity order r for the source term G, which means that

    INGGCNrΘr,GHr(Ω),

    where C>0 is a constant independent of N, Θ and g.

    Lemma 4.5. [52] All absolutely continuous functions Θ(t) on [0,T] satisfy the following inequality

    (βtβΘ(t),Θ(t))12βtβΘ(t)2. (4.37)

    Lemma 4.6. [25] The following inequality holds for any Θ(t) identified on the interval Ω and β(0,1). If Θk+σ=σΘk+1+(1σ)Θk, then

    (Dβτ,Θk+σ)12 DβτΘk+σ2.

    It's worth noting that a significant amount of consideration has been paid to developing fractional Grönwall inequalities in their continuous form in recent years. However, their discrete form has received less attention, and a few recent studies [11,53,54,55] have attempted to close the gap. In what follows, we present a developed discrete version of Grönwall inequality that agrees with the L21σ difference schemes and plays an important part in demonstrating the stability and convergence of our suggested approach.

    Lemma 4.7. [13,28] Assume that {Qi}i=Ns and {ζn}n=0 are both non-negative sequences. Suppose that μi,iZ[1,6] are independent positive constants with respect to τ, such that the sequences satisfying

    Qi0i0,Q0isrecognizedandQi=0i<0,0Dβtk+σQkμ1Qk+ζk,kNs,0Dβtk+σQkμ1Qk+μ2Qk1+μ3Qk2+μ4Qk3+μ5Qk+1Ns+μ6QkNs+ζk,kNs.

    In that case, there is a positive constant ττ=β1/(2Γ(2β)μ1), which causes

    Qk+12Eβ(2μtβk)(Q0+tβkΓ(1+β)max0k0kζk0),

    where Eβ(z) represent the Mittag-Leffler function and

    μ=μ1+μ2b(β,σ)0b(β,σ)1+μ3b(β,σ)1b(β,σ)2+μ4b(β,σ)2b(β,σ)3+μ5b(β,σ)Ns2b(β,σ)Ns1+μ6b(β,σ)Ns1b(β,σ)Ns.

    The variational formulation of the proposed scheme can be obtained by means of (3.17), (3.20) side by side to Lemma 3.2. More specifically, we need to find {ΘkN}Mk=1PN, such that satisfying the following:

    (DβτΘk+σN,υN)+A(Θk+σN,υN)=(INF((σ+1)ΘkNσ Θk1N,σ Θk+1NsN+(1σ)ΘkNsN),υ)+(INGk+σ,υ), υNPN, (4.38)

    with initial conditions

    ΘkN=π1,0Nψk, Nsk0.

    Due to the linear iterative nature of the method, a solution to an algebraic equation system is all that is required at each iteration. The suggested scheme's well-posedness, meaning it is uniquely solvable and continues to rely on its initial boundary conditions which is sufficient to hold the Lax-Milgram lemma's assumptions [56]. In particular, it can be seen from Eq (4.38) that the bilinear shape A(,) is continuous as well as coercive related to Hα/20×Hα/20. We further presume that {˜ΘkN}Mk=1 is the solution of the following variational form

    (Dβτ˜Θk+σN,υN)+A(˜Θk+σN,υN)=(INF((σ+1)˜ΘkNσ˜Θk1N,σ˜Θk+1NsN+(1σ)˜ΘkNsN),υ)+(IN˜Gk+σ,υN), υNPN, (4.39)

    with initial conditions

    ˜ΘkN=π1,0Nψk,  Nsk0.

    Now, we are ready to offer the stability theorem in the context of the subsequent discussion.

    Theorem 4.1. The suggested method (4.38) in this sense, is said to be unconditionally stable, which means it holds the following for τ>0,

    Θk+σN˜Θk+σN2Cmax1kMGk+σ˜Gk+σ2.

    where C is a generic positive constant independent of N and τ.

    Proof. Subtracting (4.39) from (4.38) and by taking ΘkN˜ΘkN:=ηkN, then the error equation holds

    (Dβτηk+σN, υN)+A(ηk+σN, υN)=(INF((σ+1)ΘkNσΘk1N,σΘk+1NsN+(1σ)ΘkNs)INF((σ+1)˜ΘkNσ˜Θk1N,σ˜Θk+1NsN+(1σ)˜ΘkNsN), υN)+(INGk+σIN˜Gk+σ, υN). (4.40)

    Applying the Lipschitz condition (4.31) and using Hölder inequality side by side to Young inequality, we derive the following for the first term of the right-hand side

    (INF((σ+1)ΘkNσΘk1N,σΘk+1NsN+(1σ)ΘkNsN)INF((σ+1)˜ΘkNσ˜Θk1N,σ˜Θk+1NsN+(1σ)˜ΘkNsN), υN)CL((σ+1)ηkNσηk1N+σηk+1NsN(1σ)ηkNsN)υNϵCL2(σ+1)ηkNσηk1N2+ϵCL2σηk+1NsN(1σ)ηkNsN2+12ϵυN22ϵCL2(σ+1)2ηkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ηkNsN2+12ϵυN2.

    Using the Hölder inequality, the Young inequality, as well as the interpolation operator property, we obtain the second term as

    (INGk+σIN˜Gk+σ, υN)ϵ2CGk+σ˜Gk+σ2+12ϵυN2.

    Hence, (4.40) becomes

    (Dβτηk+σN, υN)+A(ηk+σN, υN)1ϵυN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2ηkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ηkNsN2+ϵ2CGk+σ˜Gk+σ2.

    Taking υN=ηk+σN and using lemma 4.6 and (4.34), we deduce that

    12Dβτηk+σN2+|ηk+σN|2α/21ϵηk+σN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2ηkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ηk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ηkNsN2+ϵ2CGk+σ˜Gk+σ2,

    following the omission of the second term in the left hand side, we have

    Dβτηk+σN22ϵηk+σN2+4ϵCL2(σ+1)2ηkN2+4ϵCL2σ2ηk1N2+4ϵCL2σ2ηk+1NsN2+4ϵCL2(1σ)ηkNsN2+ϵCGk+σ˜Gk+σ24ϵ(σ+1)2(1+Cϵ2L2)ηkN2+4ϵσ2(1+Cϵ2L2)ηk1N2+4ϵCL2σ2ηk+1NsN2+4ϵCL2(1σ)2ηkNsN2+ϵCGk+σ˜Gk+σ2.

    A direct application of the Grönwall inequality (see Lemma 4.7), we find that for ϵ>0, there exists a positive independent constant τ=β1/(2Γ(2β) 4ϵ(σ+1)2(1+Cϵ2L2)), such that when τ<τ, the following is hold

    ηk+σN22ϵCtβkΓ(1+β)Eβ(2μtβk)max1kMGk˜Gk2,

    with

    μ=4ϵ(σ+1)2(1+Cϵ2L2)+4ϵσ2(1+Cϵ2L2)b(β,σ)0b(β,σ)1+4ϵCL2σ2b(β,σ)Ns2b(β,σ)Ns1+4ϵCL2(1σ)2b(β,σ)Ns1b(β,σ)Ns.

    Therefore, the proposed method is guaranteed to be unconditionally stable.

    Here, we present the proof of the convergence theorem for the suggested scheme (4.38) using discrete error estimates.

    Theorem 4.2. Let {Θk}Mk=Ns and {ΘkN}Mk=Ns, be the exact and the approximate solutions of problem (1.1) and the proposed method (4.38), respectively. Assume that ΘC2([0,T];L2(Ω))C1([0,T];Hs(Ω)). Then for an arbitrary constant C independent of N and τ, the following statement is valid

    |Θk+σΘk+σN|α/2C(τ2+Nr),1kM, (4.41)

    where r is the source term's regularity order.

    Proof. Take ΘkΘkN=ξkN=(Θkπα2,0NΘk)+(πα2,0NΘkΘkN)Δ=˜ξkN+ˆξkN. In addition, (1.1) has the following weak formulation:

    (C0DβtΘk+σ, υN)+A(Θk+σ, υN)=(F(Θk+σ,Θk+σNs), υN)+(Gk+σ, υN). (4.42)

    By subtracting (4.38) from (4.42), and using the notion of orthogonal projection, then the error equation satisfies

    (Dβτ ˆξk+σN, υN)+A(ˆξk+σN,υN)Δ=ρ(k,σ)1+ρ(k,σ)2+ρ(k,σ)3+ρ(k,σ)4, (4.43)

    where

    ρ(k,σ)1=(INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF((σ+1)ΘkNσΘk1N, σΘk+1NsN+(1σ)ΘkNsN), υN),ρ(k,σ)2=(F(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs), υN),ρ(k,σ)3=(Dβτ πα2,0NΘk+σC0DβtΘk+σ, υN),ρ(k,σ)4=(Gk+σINGk+σ, υN).

    To proceed, we make an estimate of the terms ρ(k,σ)1, ρ(k,σ)2, ρ(k,σ)3 and ρ(k,σ)4 on the right-hand side. Regarding the first term ρ(k,σ)1, we have

    ρ(k,σ)1=(INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1, σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs), υN)+(INF((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs)INF((σ+1)ΘkNσΘk1N, σΘk+1NsN+(1σ)ΘkNsN), υN)Δ=ρ(k,σ)11+ρ(k,σ)12. (4.44)

    Invoking Taylor expansion holds

    F(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)=f((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1+σ)ΘkNs)+˜cΘτ2.

    In addition, we use Hölder's and Young's inequalities to

    ρ(k,σ)11INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs) υNCF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)F((σ+1)ΘkσΘk1,σΘk+1Ns+(1σ)ΘkNs) υNϵ2C˜cΘτ4+12ϵυN2. (4.45)

    By plugging into the Lipschitz condition (4.31) and using Hölder inequality side by side to Young inequality, we deduce that

    ρ(k,σ)12LC((σ+1)ξkNσξk1N+σξk+1NsN+(1σ)ξkNsN)υNϵ2CL2((σ+1)ˆξkNσˆξk1N+σˆξk+1NsN+(1σ)ˆξkNsN+(σ+1)˜ξkNσ˜ξk1N+σ˜ξk+1NsN(1σ)˜ξkNsN)2+12ϵυN22ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2˜ξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2˜ξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2˜ξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2˜ξkNsN2+12ϵυN2. (4.46)

    In addition, considering the Lemmas 4.1 and 4.2, it can be shown that

    ˜ξkN2CC1Nα2sΘk2s,˜ξk1N2CC1Nα2sΘk12s,˜ξk+1NsN2CC1Nα2sΘk+1Ns2s,˜ξkNsN2CC1Nα2sΘkNs2,

    then (4.46) becomes

    ρ(k,σ)122ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN2+˜CNα2sΘ2s+12ϵυN2. (4.47)

    Substituting (4.45) and (4.47) into (4.44), we obtain that

    ρ(k,σ)11ϵυN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN2+˜CNα2sΘ2s+ϵ2˜cΘτ4. (4.48)

    Hölder's inequality, Young's inequality, and Lemma 4.4 allow us to deduce the following for the second term ρ(k,σ)2 as follows:

    ρ(k,σ)2F(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs) υNϵ2F(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)INF(Θk+σ, Θk+σNs)2+12ϵυN212ϵυN2+ϵ2CN2rΘ2s. (4.49)

    For the third term ρ(k,σ)3, it holds

    ρ(k,σ)3=(Dβτπα2,0NΘk+σC0Dβtπα2,0NΘk+σ,υN)+(C0Dβtπβ2,0NΘk+σC0DβtΘk+σ,υN)=(πα2,0N(DβτΘk+σC0DαtΘk+σ),υN)(C0Dβt˜ξk+σN, υN)Δ=ρ(k,σ)31+ρ(k,σ)32, (4.50)

    combining 3.1 with Hölder inequality and Young inequality yields

    ρ(k,σ)31ϵ2πα2,0N(DβτΘk+σC0DβtΘk+σ)2+12ϵυN2ϵ2CDβτΘk+σC0DβtΘk+σ2+12ϵυN2ϵ2CΘτ92β+12ϵυN2,

    furthermore, by means of Lemma 4.1, we have

    ρ(k,σ)32ϵ2CNα2sC0DβtΘk+σ2s+12υN2ϵ2CNα2sC0DβtΘ2s+12ϵυN2.

    Thus (4.50) becomes

    ρ(k,σ)31ϵυN2+ϵ2CNα2sC0DβtΘ2s+ϵ2CΘτ92β. (4.51)

    By the aid of Remark 4.1, we obtain the following for the fourth term ρ(k,σ)4

    ρ(k,σ)4ϵ2CNα2rΘ2r+12ϵυN2. (4.52)

    Substituting (4.48), (4.49), (4.51) and (4.52) into (4.43), we can infer that

    (Dβτˆξk+σN, υN)+A(ˆξk+σN,υN)3ϵυN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN+˜R, (4.53)

    where

    ˜R=ϵ˜CNα2s(Θ2s+C0DβtΘ2s)+ϵ˜CN2rΘ2r+ϵ˜CΘ(τ4+τ92β).

    Taking υN=ˆξk+σN in (4.53) and applying Lemma 4.6, we can conclude that

    12Dβτˆξk+σN2+|ˆξk+σN|2α/23ϵˆξk+σN2+2ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+2ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+2ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN+˜R,

    hence, after omitting the second term on the left side of the above equation, we get

    Dβτˆξk+σN26ϵˆξk+σN2+4ϵCL2(σ+1)2ˆξkN2+4ϵCL2σ2ˆξk1N2+4ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+4ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN+R4ϵ(σ+1)2(3+Cϵ2L2)ˆξk2+4ϵσ2(3+Cϵ2L2)ˆξk12+4ϵCL2σ2ˆξk+1NsN2+4ϵCL2(1σ)2ˆξkNsN+R, (4.54)

    with R=2˜R. By means of Lemma 4.7 we find that for ϵ>0, there is some positive independent constant τ=β1/(2Γ(2β) 4ϵ(σ+1)2(3+Cϵ2L2)), when τ<τ, we have

    ˆξk+σN22RCtβkΓ(1+β)Eβ(2μtβk),

    with

    μ=4ϵ(σ+1)2(3+Cϵ2L2)+4ϵσ2(3+Cϵ2L2)b(β,σ)0b(β,σ)1+4ϵCL2σ2b(β,σ)Ns2b(β,σ)Ns1+4ϵCL2(1σ)2b(β,σ)Ns1b(β,σ)Ns.

    Consequently, the scheme converges regardless of circumstances. The triangle inequality and (4.36) were then combined to complete the (4.41) proof.

    As such, we perform a test example to further characterize the suggested system's temporal and spatial convergence orders. We also show how the dynamics of the solution to systems of fractional diffusion equations with delay are affected by fractional orders in the temporal and spatial directions. In order to investigate both temporal and spatial convergence orders independently, we will determine the orders of convergence in both using the L2Error norms, which are described as follows:

     Order=ln(Error(N,M1)/Error(N,M2))ln(M1/M2),

    where M1M2.

    Example 1. Consider the following nonlinear delayed diffusion problem

    βΘtβ(x,t)=αΘ|x|α(x,t)2Θ(x,t)+Θ(x,t0.1)1+Θ2(x,t0.1)+G(x,t),x(0,1),t(0,1], (5.55)

    such that problem (5.55) admits an exact solution t2Γ(3)x2(1x)2 with respect to a given function G(x,t).

    As shown in Table 1, a comparison between the L2-errors and their accompanying convergence orders for different values of α and β with N=100 for both L1 and L21σ schemes are listed. It is shown that 2β temporal accuracy has been reached for the L2-errors in the case of L1 scheme, (see our previous work [48]), while a high order of second temporal accuracy has been reached for the L2-errors in case L21σ scheme which accords with the temporal order of convergence provided by Theorem 4.2. Orders of spatial convergence are shown for various values of α values at τ=1/500 in Figure 1. In addition, when the L2 errors diminish exponentially, spatial-spectral accuracy increases for a smooth solution. The convergence findings coincide completely with the theoretical ones. At each level of convergence, we see full concordance between theoretical and experimental results.

    Table 1.  The rate of convergence and the associate errors for Θ versus N and τ with N=100 for example 1.
    τ α1=β=0.1 α1=β=0.5 α1=β=0.9
    Error Order Error Order Error Order
    0.1/5 2.612×107 -- 4.076×106 -- 2.449×105 --
    0.1/10 7.466×108 1.807 1.454×106 1.487 1.143×105 1.099
    L1-scheme 0.1/15 3.588×108 1.807 7.943×107 1.491 7.319×106 1.100
    0.1/20 2.156×108 1.771 5.168×107 1.494 5.334×106 1.100
    0.1/25 1.481×108 1.682 3.702×107 1.495 4.173×106 1.100
    0.1/5 2.341×107 -- 1.030×106 -- 1.909×106 --
    0.1/10 5.893×108 1.990 2.572×107 2.001 4.773×107 1.999
    L21σ scheme 0.1/15 2.622×108 1.997 1.143×107 2.000 2.122×107 1.999
    0.1/20 1.473×108 2.004 6.435×108 1.997 1.194×107 1.997
    0.1/25 9.405×109 2.010 4.123×108 1.995 7.652×108 1.995

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Figure 1.  Rate of convergence in space direction for different values of α and β at τ=1/500.

    In this study, we introduced an effective spectral Galerkin approach to handle the nonlinear fractional order reaction-diffusion equations with a fixed delay. This approach is accomplished by constructing a numerical algorithm that integrates the efficacy of L21σ type approximation side by side to the effectiveness of the Galerkin spectral Legendre technique. In other words, on a uniform mesh, we used the L21σ difference formula and the Legendre-Galerkin spectral technique for time and space discretizations, respectively. According to the literature overview, the majority of earlier research provided error estimates only in a limited (local) time period or when the numerical solution declines in time. However, we presented a theoretical analysis to obtain the optimal error estimates for the suggested scheme with no constraints compared to earlier studies, using the developed L21σ fractional Grönwall type inequality in a discrete version. In the case of smooth solutions, the suggested scheme's convergence analysis was established, and it was demonstrated that the scheme under consideration is effective with second-order precision in time and spectral accuracy in space. In the situation of a non-smooth solution in time, a high-order graded L21σ scheme can be dealt with using a non-uniform Alikhanov scheme [55,57] to preserve the second order. Additionally, a more generic investigation for problem (1.1) is possible by replacing the fixed delay with a distributed one. These preparations are meant to serve as a road map for future study. Finally, a numerical test is offered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and show that is consistent with theoretical results.

    The authors are grateful to the handling editor and the anonymous referees for their constructive feedback and helpful suggestions, which highly improved the paper. V.G. Pimenov wishes to acknowledge the support of the RSF grant, project 22-21-00075.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.



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