In this paper, we establish a representation of mild solutions to fully nonlocal stochastic evolution problems. Through the iterative technique and energy estimates, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of mild solution. Furthermore, we prove the existence of optimal control for fully nonlocal stochastic control problems with a non-convex cost function. Two examples are given at the end.
Citation: Yongqiang Fu, Lixu Yan. Fully nonlocal stochastic control problems with fractional Brownian motions and Poisson jumps[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(5): 5176-5192. doi: 10.3934/math.2021307
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In this paper, we establish a representation of mild solutions to fully nonlocal stochastic evolution problems. Through the iterative technique and energy estimates, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of mild solution. Furthermore, we prove the existence of optimal control for fully nonlocal stochastic control problems with a non-convex cost function. Two examples are given at the end.
The theory of fractional derivatives is available for describing the tailing phenomena in time and nonlocal appearance in space. These characteristics ensure that fractional derivatives can be widely used in engineering, such as material memory, fluid dynamics and so on, see [1] and reference therein. A fractional Brownian motion (fBm) BH is a centered Guassian process. Especially, it is neither a semi-martingale nor a Markov process when H≠1/2. Fractional Brownian motions are widely used in modelling of fractal phenomena and stock markets, see [2,3]. Hence, it is significant to study the complex systems in Rd as follows
{Dc0Dβtu(t,x)+(−Δ)α2u(t,x)=f(t,x,u(t,x))+Av(x)+g(t,x)dBH(t)dt+∫Yh(t,x,u(t,x);y)˜η(dy),t∈(0,∞),x∈Rd,u(0,x)=u0(x),x∈Rd, | (1.1) |
where parameters β∈(1/2,1), α∈(1,2) and H∈(1/2,1). Dc0Dβt denotes the β-order Caputo fractional derivative and (−Δ)α2 is the fractional Laplacian. f and h are nonlinear functions. BH is a fBm with Hurst index H and ˜η is a Poisson martingale measure. Let V be a Hilbert space, v∈V and A∈L(V;L2(Rd)). Av is the control term.
In problem (1.1), there are fractional derivatives in time and space, involving both fBm term and Poisson jump. There are two difficulties to study this type of problem. One is mathematical methods to deal with fBms and Poisson jumps driven time-space fractional stochastic systems. Another is Lp-estimates of the Green functions caused by the inconvenience of fractional calculus. There have been a series of researches on this topic:
1.The fully nonlocal deterministic problems.
{Dc0Dβtu(t,x)+(−Δ)α2u(t,x)=f(t,x,u(t,x)),t∈(0,∞),x∈Rd,u(0,x)=u0,x∈Rd. | (1.2) |
Kemppainen, Siljander and Zacher [4] dealt with the representation of solutions and the L2-decay of mild solutions for (1.2) when right hand term is f(t,x). Li, Liu and Wang [5] worked on the situation of f(t,x,u)=∇⋅(u(Bu)) and obtained rich results.
2.The stochastic evolution problems with fBms and Poisson jumps, i.e., β=1 and α=2.
It is well known that the smaller H is, the harder the problem is, since the lack of regularity. Tindel, Tudor and Viens [6] discussed a class of linear stochastic evolution equations driven by fBms and obtained the well-posedness of solutions under Hurst index H∈(1/2,1) and H∈(0,1/2), respectively. Caraballo, Garrido-Atienza and Taniguchi [7] investigated the abstract stochastic evolution equations with fBms in Hilbert space and considered the existence of weak solutions when H∈(1/2,1). Duc et al. [8] discussed the case of H∈(1/2,1) as well and obtained the exponential stability. Tang and Meng [9] studied stochastic evolution equations with Poisson jumps and obtained the existence and uniqueness of solutions by the Gälerkin approximation under Lipschitz type conditions, in addition, they also considered the optimal control problem of the equations.
3.The fractional stochastic problems.
Gu et al. [10] dealt with the problems of space-fractional stochastic reaction diffusion equations. They proved the existence, uniqueness and compactness of solution. Chen, Hu and Nualart [11] studied the time-space fractional stochastic equations with Wiener processes and obtained the well-posedness of solutions. Recently, Ahmed et al. considered several stochastic integrodifferential equations with fractional power operators. For examples, in [12] and [13] stochastic integrodifferential equations with Hilfer fractional derivatives driven by fBms were discussed. Ahmed [14] considered an abstract nonlocal stochastic integrodifferential system with Caputo fractional derivatives driven by fBms and Poisson jumps and obtained the existence of mild solutions by fixed point theory provided the order of Caputo fractional derivative ranges from 1 to 2.
We use iterative technique to deal with problem (1.1), where the order of Caputo fractional derivative β∈(1/2,1), under Lipschitz nonlinearities as well as proper assumptions on noise terms.
We are also interested in optimal control problems. Optimal control is a fundamental topic in control theory. Due to wildly applications in engineering and medical science, optimal control problems are studied by a lot of researchers, see [9,15,16] and references therein. The convexity of cost functions and the convexity of the set of control actions are two important factors in optimal control problems. Recently, Benner and Trautwein [17] discussed the existence of optimal control of stochastic heat equations with a convex cost function. Fuhrman, Hu and Tessitore [18] proved the stochastic maximum principle of stochastic partial differential equations and applied it to obtain the optimal control. Durga and Muthukumar [19] investigated optimal control problem of fractional stochastic equations with Poisson jumps. Inspired by the papers above, we study the optimal control problem of (1.1) with an abstract non-convex cost function. Under suitable assumptions on cost function and the compactness of the admissible set, we prove the existence of optimal control.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present basic notions and relative results. In Section 3, we show the representation of mild solutions and prove the existence and uniqueness by iterative technique. In Section 4, we discuss the optimal control problem. In Section 5, we give two applications. In Section 6, we give conclusions.
The β-order Caputo fractional derivative of u is defined by
Dc0Dβtu(t)=1Γ(1−β)∫t0(t−s)−βddsu(s)ds, |
where Γ is Gamma function. The fractional Laplacian is defined by
(−Δ)α2u(x)=F−1(|ξ|αFu(ξ))(x),α∈(0,2), |
where F and F−1 denote the Fourier transform and the inverse Fourier transform, respectively. Let the function space
Wα2,2(Rd)={u∈L2(Rd),F−1[(1+|ξ|2)α2Fu]∈L2(Rd)} |
be endowed with the norm
‖u‖Wα2,2=‖F−1[(1+|ξ|2)α2Fu]‖2, |
where ‖⋅‖2 denotes the norm of L2(Rd).
Remark 1. Fractional Laplacian can also be defined through singular integral
(−Δ)α2φ(x)=C(d,α)P.V.∫Rdφ(x)−φ(y)|x−y|d+αdy,x∈Rd, |
where α∈(0,2). These two approaches are equivalent on some levels, see [20].
The bi-parameters Mittag-Leffler function is defined by
Mk,l(z)=∞∑n=1znΓ(nk+l),z∈C. |
Function Mk,l(z) is the extension of exponential function and M1,1(z)=ez. Let
FΦ(t,z)=Mβ,1(−|ξ|αtβ),FJ(t,z)=Mβ,β(−|ξ|αtβ) |
and
Rβα(t)F=Φ(t,z)∗F,Sβα(t)F=tβ−1J(t,z)∗F≜Ψ(t,z)∗F, |
where α∈(1,2],β∈(0,1) and ∗ denotes convolution. In fact Rβα(t)u0 is a formal solution of problem
{Dc0Dβtu(t,x)+(−Δ)α2u(t,x)=0,t∈(0,∞),x∈Rd,u(0,x)=u0(x),x∈Rd. |
Therefore, by Laplace transform and Duhamel's formula, the mild solution of (1.2) can be expressed as
u=Rβα(t)u0+∫t0Sβα(t−s)f(s,u)ds=∫RdΦ(t,x−z)u0(z)dz+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,u(s,z))dzds, |
if each integral is well defined.
We recall the continuity and Lp estimates of operators Φ,Ψ,Rβα and Sβα. Let
χ1={dd−α,d>α,∞,otherwise,χ2={dd−2α,d>2α,∞,otherwise, |
for β∈(0,1) and α∈(1,2).
Lemma 1. [5] Assume β∈(0,1) and α∈(1,2).
1. Let p∈[1,χ1). Then Φ(t,x)∈C((0,∞),Lp(Rd)) and there exists a real number C>0 such that
‖Φ(t)‖p≤Ct−dβα(1−1p). |
2. Let p∈[1,χ2). Then Ψ(t,x)∈C((0,∞),Lp(Rd)) and there exists a real number C>0 such that
‖Ψ(t)‖p≤Ct−dβα(1−1p)+β−1. |
Let q∈[1,∞) and
κ1={qdd−qα,d>qα,∞,otherwise,κ2={qdd−2qα,d>2qα,∞,otherwise. |
Lemma 2. [5] Assume β∈(0,1),α∈(1,2).
1. Let p∈[1,κ1). Then
‖Rβα(t)u‖p≤Ct−βdα(1q−1p)‖u‖q. |
2. Let p∈[1,κ2). Then
‖Sβα(t)u‖p≤Ct−βdα(1q−1p)+β−1‖u‖q. |
3. Let r∈[1,∞) and u∈Lr(Rd). Then the mapping
t↦Rβα(t)u∈C([0,∞),Lr(Rd)). |
Let (Ω,F,P) denote a complete probability space endowed with a usual filtration {Ft}0≤t<∞ and LFt2([0,T];L2(Rd)) be the space of all Ft-adapted random processes such that
‖u‖2LFt2=E[supt∈[0,T]‖u(t)‖22]<∞. |
Denote L2(Ω;L2(Rd)) the family of all random variables such that
‖ζ‖2L2(Ω;L2(Rd))=E‖ζ‖22<∞. |
We introduce a general concept of fBms. Let BH(t) be a fBm on (Ω,F,P) and U be a separable Hilbert space with an orthonormal basis {ei}∞i=1. The space of continuous bounded linear operators on U is denoted by L(U). Let Q∈L(U) be a symmetric operator and {λi}∞i=1 be a sequence of eigenvalues of Q. Further assume that Q is nonnegative and trQ<∞. Then the Q-fBm on U is defined by
BHQ(t)=∞∑i=1√λieiβHi(t), |
where {βHi(t)}t∈[0,T] is a sequence of 1-dimensional fBms. BHQ is a Gaussian process and its mean and covariance are
E⟨BHQ(t),y⟩U=0andE⟨BHQ(t),x⟩U⟨BHQ(s),y⟩U=ρ(t,s)⟨Qx,y⟩U, |
where t,s∈[0,T], x,y∈U and ρ(t,s) is the covariance operator,
ρ(t,s)=E[βH(t)βH(s)]=12(t2H+s2H−|t−s|2H). |
Besides, BHQ becomes standard Brownian motion when Q is an identical operator and Hurst index H=1/2.
We recall relative results of stochastic calculus with respect to fBms, see [6,21] and reference therein. First, we call ψ an element of Hilbert-Schmidt space L02(U,L2(Rd)) if ψ∈L(U,L2(Rd)) and
‖ψ‖2L02=∞∑i=1‖√λiψei‖22<∞. |
Lemma 3. ([7]) Let ϕ:[0,T]→L02(U,L2(Rd)) satisfy ∫T0‖ϕ(s)‖2L02ds<∞. Then integral ∫t0ϕ(s)dBH(s) is a well defined random variable which takes values in L2(Rd) and
E‖∫t0ϕ(s)dBH(s)‖22≤2Ht2H−1∫t0‖ϕ(s)‖2L02ds,∀t∈[0,T]. | (2.1) |
Let (Y,B(Y),π) be a σ-finite measurable space on (Ω,F,P) and {kt}t≥0 be a stationary Poisson point process on (Y,B(Y),π). Let η(dy,t) be a Poisson counting measure which is generated by {kt}t≥0. The Poisson martingale measure ˜η on (Y,B(Y),π) is given by
˜η(dy,t)=η(dy,t)−π(dy)t. |
Let Sπ,2(Y,L2(Rd)) be the space of all measurable functions p defined on (Y,B(Y),π) with
‖p‖2Sπ,2=∫Y‖p(x,u;y)‖22π(dy)<∞. |
We use notation Sπ,2F([0,T]×Y,L2(Rd)) to denote the space of all F×B(Y)-measurable processes q with
‖q‖2Sπ,2F=E∫T0∫Y‖q(s,x,u;y)‖22π(dy)ds<∞. |
The integral
∫t+0∫Yq(s,x,u;y)˜η(dy,ds),∀t∈[0,T] |
is well defined when q∈Sπ,2F([0,T]×Y,L2(Rd)). Further, if q∈Sπ,2F([0,T]×Y,L2(Rd)), then for all t∈[0,T], ∫t+0∫Yq(s,u;y)˜η(dy,ds) belongs to L2(Ω;L2(Rd)) and
E‖∫t+0∫Yq(s,u;y)˜η(dy,ds)‖22=E∫t0∫Y‖q(s,u;y)‖22π(dy)ds. | (2.2) |
In this section, we give the representation of mild solutions of problem (1.1). Under suitable assumptions, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions by iterative technique.
Let DT be the set of all random processes having the following properties:
(1) u is Ft adapted for any t∈[0,T].
(2) u∈LFt2([0,T],L2(Rd)).
(3) u is right continuous with left limit for all x∈Rd and a.s. ω∈Ω, that is,
u(t−,x)=lims↑tu(s,x). |
Definition 1. We call u∈DT a mild solution of (1.1) if u satisfies the following formula a.s.
u=Rβα(t)u0+∫t0Sβα(t−s)f(s,u)ds+∫t0Sβα(t−s)Avds+∫t0Sβα(t−s)g(s)dBH(s)+∫t+0∫YSβα(t−s)h(s,u;y)˜η(dy,ds) | (3.1) |
or equivalently
u(t,x)=∫RdΦ(t,x−z)u0(z)dz+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,u(s,z))dzds+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)Av(z)dzds+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)+∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz˜η(dy,ds). | (3.2) |
Remark 2. In fact, a mild solution given by Definition 1 is a formal solution of problem (1.1). Furthermore, if u is a classical solution of problem (1.1), i.e., u is sufficiently smooth and u satisfies problem (1.1) for all (t,x)∈[0,∞)×Rd, then u must be a mild solution of problem (1.1).
The assumptions are given as follows.
(A1): There exists a positive function Λ(x)∈L1(Rd)∩L2(Rd) such that
|f(t,x,u(t,x))|2+∫Y|h(t,x,u(t,x);y)|2π(dy)≤Λ(x)(1+|u(t,x)|). |
(A2): There exists a positive real number L>0 such that
|f(t,x,˜u(t,x))−f(t,x,˜˜u(t,x))|2+∫Y|h(t,x,˜u(t,x);y)−h(t,x,˜˜u(t,x);y)|2π(dy)≤L|˜u(t,x)−˜˜u(t,x)|2. |
(G): Function g:[0,∞)→L02(U,L2(Rd)) and there exists a constant r>1/(2β−1) such that
∫T0‖g(s,⋅)‖2rL02ds<C(T),∀T>0, |
where C(T) denotes the constant dependent on T.
(H): Function h∈Sπ,2F([0,∞)×Y,L2(Rd)).
We show the regularity of stochastic integral terms before introduce the main result.
Lemma 4. Let β∈(1/2,1),α∈(1,2) and H∈(1/2,1). If (A1), (G) and (H) hold, then for any u∈DT,
∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s),∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz˜η(dy,ds) |
are well defined stochastic processes in DT.
Proof. We divide the proof into two parts.
(i) First, we prove that ∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)∈LFt2([0,T],L2(Rd)). By assumption (G), inequality (2.1), the Young inequality, the Hölder inequality and Lemma 1, we get that
E‖∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)‖22=E‖∫t0Ψ(t−s)∗g(s)dBH(s)‖22≤2HT2H−1∫t0‖Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02ds≤2HT2H−1+r(2β−1)−1r(∫T0‖g(s,⋅)‖2rL02ds)1/r≤C(T,H,β,r). |
Next we show that ∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)∈C([0,T];L2(Rd)). For any ε>0, we consider
E{‖∫t+ε0∫RdΨ(t−s+ε,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)−∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)‖22}≤2E{‖∫t0∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]g(s,z)dzdBH(s)‖22}+2E{‖∫t+εt∫RdΨ(t−s+ε,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)‖22}≜G1+G2. |
By inequality (2.1) and the Young inequality, for any sufficient small δ>0, which is independent on ε, we get that
G1=2E{‖∫t0[Ψ(t−s+ε)−Ψ(t−s)]∗g(s)dBH(s)‖22}≤4Ht2H−1∫t0‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)−Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02ds≤4Ht2H−1∫t−δ0‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)−Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02ds+4Ht2H−1∫tt−δ‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)−Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02ds≜G1,1+G1,2. |
One can check that
G1,1≤4Ht2H−1+r(2β−1)−1r{∫t−δ0‖g(s,⋅)‖2rL02ds}1/r<+∞. |
Since Ψ(t,x)∈C((0,∞),L1(Rd)), it is uniformly continuous on [δ,T]. Hence G1,1→0asε→0. On the other hand, it is obvious that
G1,2≤4Ht2H−1+r(2β−1)−1r{∫tt−δ‖g(s,⋅)‖2rL02ds}1/r→0asδ→0. |
By the arbitrariness of δ, we get that
G1→0asε→0. |
By similar computations, we obtain
G2≤4Hε2H−1∫t+εt‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)‖21‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02ds→0asε→0. |
Hence ∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s) is a well defined stochastic process in DT.
(ii) Denote Xt≜∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz˜η(dy,ds). We state that Xt is a well defined stochastic process which is right continuous with left limit. Let
Ht,x(s,y)=∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz. |
We assert that Ht,x(s,y)∈Sπ,2F([0,T]×Y,L2). By assumption (H), the Young inequality and Lemma 1, we arrive at
E∫t0∫Y‖Ht,x(s,y)‖22π(dy)ds≤E∫t0∫Y‖Ψ(t−s)‖21‖h(s;y)‖22π(dy)ds<∞. |
The assertion is proved.
We now claim that Xt∈LFt2([0,T],L2(Rd)). Following identity (2.2), the Schwartz inequality, the Fubini Theorem and assumption (A1), we deduce that
E∫Rd[∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz˜η(dy,ds)]2dx=E∫Rd∫t0∫Y|∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dz|2π(dy)dsdx≤E∫Rd∫t0∫Y{∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)dz}{∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)[h(s,z,u(s,z);y)]2dz}π(dy)dsdx≤c(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0[∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)dx]Λ(z)[1+|u(s,z)|]dzds≤c(T,d)∫T0{‖Λ‖1+‖Λ‖2E[‖u(t,⋅)‖2]}ds≤c(T,d). |
We remain to discuss the regularity of Xt. Since Xt is defined as a right limit, it is right continuous on t. Furthermore, by the continuity theorem in [22, Theorem 6.9], there exists a square integrable Ft-adapted martingale ˆXt which is right continuous with left-hand limit and satisfies
P{ˆXt=Xt}=1,∀t∈[0,T]. |
Therefore, Xt is right continuous with left limit for all x∈Rd and a.s. ω∈Ω in this sense. Hence we conclude that Xt∈DT.
We introduce our main result of this section as follows.
Theorem 1. Let β∈(1/2,1),α∈(1,2) and H∈(1/2,1). If (A1), (A2), (G) and (H) hold, then problem (1.1) has a unique mild solution u, subject to u0∈L2(Ω,L2(Rd)) and v∈V.
Proof. We use the iterative technique and the Gronwall inequality to obtain the existence and uniqueness of mild solution. There are three steps to prove the theorem.
Step 1. The sequence of iterations.
Let
u1(t,x)=Rβα(t)u0=∫RdΦ(t,x−z)u0(z)dz,un+1(t,x)=u1(t,x)+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,un(s,z))dzds+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)(Av)(z)dzds+∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)+∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,un(s,z);y)dz˜η(dy,ds).≜u1(t,x)+4∑i=1Ji(t,x), |
where n=1,2,⋯. Next, we show un∈DT, for any n∈N. From Lemma 2, Rβα(t)u0∈C([0,T],L2(Rd)) and
‖Rβα(t)u0‖C([0,T],L2(Rd))≤‖u0‖2 |
and further u1∈DT. Let un∈DTforsomen>1. We need to prove un+1∈DT. By Lemma 4, we get that J3(t,x),J4(t,x)∈DT. Consequently, we are left with J1(t,x) and J2(t,x). By the Schwartz inequality, the Fubini Theorem, (A1) and Lemma 1, we obtain
E∫Rd|∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,un(s,z))dzds|2dx≤tE∫Rd∫t0|∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,un(s,z))dz|2dsdx≤tE∫Rd∫t0{∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)dz}{∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)|f(s,z,un(s,z))|2dz}dsdx≤C(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0[∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)dx]Λ(z)(1+|un(s,z)|)dzds≤C(T,d)E∫T0{‖Λ‖1+‖Λ‖2‖un(s,⋅)‖2}ds≤C(T,d). |
Hence J1∈LFt2([0,T],L2(Rd)). On the other hand, for arbitrarily ε>0, we consider
E‖J1(t+ε,x)−J1(t,x)‖22≤2E∫Rd|∫t0∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]f(s,z,un)dzds|2dx+2E∫Rd|∫t+εt∫RdΨ(t−s+ε,x−z)f(s,z,un)dzds|2dx≜Ψ1+Ψ2. |
By the Schwartz inequality, the Fubini Theorem, (A1) and Lemma 1 we get that for any sufficient small δ>0,
Ψ1≤C(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]|f(s,z,un(s,z))|2dzdsdx≤C(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]Λ(z)(1+|un(s,z)|)dzdsdx≤C(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0{∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]dx}|Λ(z)|2dzds+C(T,d)E∫Rd∫t0{∫Rd[Ψ(t−s+ε,x−z)−Ψ(t−s,x−z)]dx}(1+|un(s,z)|2)dzds≤C(T,d)E∫t0‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)−Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖1ds≤C(T,d)E{∫t−δ0+∫tt−δ}‖Ψ(t−s+ε,⋅)−Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖1ds. |
Similar to the discussion for G1, we get that Ψ1→0 as ε→0 and
Ψ2≤C(T)∫t+εt(t−s+ε)β−1ds≤C(T)εβ→0asε→0. |
Therefore, J1∈DT. Since control v∈V and operator A∈L(V;L2(Rd)), we deduce that
E∫Rd|∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)(Av)(z)dzds|2dx≤C(T)∫t0‖Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖Av‖22ds≤C(T), |
by the Schwartz inequality and the Young inequality. So it is easily to see that J2(t,x)∈DT. We conclude that un+1∈DT. By induction, we get {un}∞n=1⊂DT.
Step 2. The existence
(i) We show that the sequence of iterations is a Cauchy sequence in DT.
Let Wn(t)=E∫Rd[un+1(t,x)−un(t,x)]2dx, for all 0≤t≤T. Note that
W1(t)≤2CE∫Rd∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)[|f(s,z,u1(s,z))|2+|∫Yh(s,z,u1(s,z);y)π(dy)|2]dzdsdx+2CHT2H−1∫t0‖Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21[‖Av‖22+‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02]ds≤C(T,d)E∫T0{‖Λ‖1+‖Λ‖2‖u1(s,⋅)‖2}ds+C(T,H)∫t0[‖Av‖22+‖g(s,⋅)‖2L02]ds≤C(T,H,d), |
by (A1) and (G). For all n≥2, we assert that
0≤Wn(t)≤|C(T)|n−1(n−1)!W1(T), | (3.3) |
where 0≤t≤T. Suppose that (3.3) is true for n, we consider the case of n+1.
Wn+1(t)≤2E∫Rd{∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)|f(s,z,un+1(s,z))−f(s,z,un(s,z))|dzds}2dx+2E∫Rd{∫t+0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)|h(s,z,un+1(s,z);y)−h(s,z,un(s,z);y)|dzπ(dy)ds}2dx≤CE∫t0∫Rd{‖Ψt−s,⋅‖1}|un+1(s,z)−un(s,z)|2dzds≤C∫t0E∫Rd|un+1(s,z)−un(s,z)|2dzds≤C∫t0Wn(s)ds≤|C(T)|nn!W1(T). |
Hence the assertion holds. Furthermore, formula (3.3) implies that {un(t,⋅)} converges uniformly in L2(Rd) for any 0≤t≤T and a.s. ω∈Ω. The limit is denoted by u, i.e.
u(t,⋅)=limn→∞un(t,⋅)inL2(Rd). |
In addition, u∈DT.
(ii) u is a mild solution.
By assumption (A2), we get
E∫Rd{un(s,z)−u1(s,z)−∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)f(s,z,u(s,z))dzds−∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)(Av)(z)dzds−∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)g(s,z)dzdBH(s)−∫t0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)h(s,z,u(s,z);y)dzπ(dy)ds}2dx≤E∫Rd{∫t0∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)|f(s,z,un−1(s,z))−f(s,z,u(s,z))|dzds+∫t0∫Y∫RdΨ(t−s,x−z)|h(s,z,un−1(s,z);y)−h(s,z,u(s,z);y)|dzπ(dy)ds}2dx≤c(T,L,d)∫t0E∫Rd[un−1(s,z)−u(s,z)]2dzds→0asn→∞. |
We obtain that u satisfies (3.2), a.s.. Therefore, u is a mild solution of problem (1.1).
Step 3. The uniqueness
Let ˉu,ˉˉu be two different mild solutions of (1.1) with the same initial state u0 and control v. Let
ζ(t)=E∫Rd[ˉu(t,x)−ˉˉu(t,x)]2dx. |
First, we can check that supt∈[0,T]ζ(t)<∞. Second, by similar arguments to that for (3.3), we get that
ζ(t)≤C∫t0ζ(s)ds. |
Hence we conclude that ˉu(t,x)=ˉˉu(t,x), for all t∈[0,T], a.e. x∈Rd and a.s. ω∈Ω by the Gronwall inequality.
In this section, we consider the existence of optimal control for problem (1.1) with a non-convex cost function. From Theorem 1, there exists a solution map: v↦u, for any v∈V. We call (u,v) a solution pair. We consider the cost function J has the following abstract form
J(v)=E{∫T0P(t,u;v)dt+Q(u(T))}. | (4.1) |
We assume that
(J1) P:[0,T]×L2(Rd)×V→[0,+∞). Functional P is measurable in t∈[0,T]. P(t,⋅;η) is continuous, a.e. t∈[0,T] and uniformly for η∈V. P(t,ξ;⋅) is continuous and bounded, for a.e. t∈[0,T] and all ξ∈L2(Rd). Further there exists a positive function a∈L1([0,T]) and a positive constant b>0 such that
P(t,ξ;η)≤a(t)+b‖ξ‖22,∀η∈V. |
(J2) Q:L2(Rd)→[0,+∞). Q is lower semi-continuous on L2(Rd) and there exist b1∈[0,∞) and b2∈(0,∞) such that
Q(ξ)≤b1+b2‖ξ‖22. |
Let the admissible set Vad be a compact subset of V. If there exists an element v0∈Vad such that
J(v0)=infv∈VadJ(v), |
then v0 is called an optimal control of J.
Theorem 2. Let the conditions in Theorem 1 and (J1), (J2) hold. Then problem (1.1) with cost function (4.1) has at least one optimal control in Vad.
Proof. Let J0≜infv∈VadJ(v). Then J0≥0 and there exists {vn} such that J(vn)→J0 as n→∞. By the compactness of Vad, there exists a convergent subsequence of {vn}, still denoted by {vn}. Suppose vn→˜v in Vad.
Let {(un,vn)}∞n=1 and (˜u,˜v) be solution pairs. Next we prove un→˜u in LFt2([0,T];L2(Rd)). Since {un}∞n=1 and ˜u are mild solutions, by similar arguments to the proof of (3.3), we obtain
E‖un(t,⋅)−˜u(t,⋅)‖22≤C(T)∫T0E{‖un(s,⋅)−˜u(s,⋅)‖22}ds+C(T)∫T0E‖Ψ(t−s,⋅)‖21‖A(vn−˜v)‖22ds. |
From the Gronwall inequality that
E‖un(t,⋅)−˜u(t,⋅)‖22≤C(T)∫t0∫T0E‖Ψ(τ−s,,⋅)‖21‖A(vn−˜v)‖22dsdτ≤C(T,β)∫T0E‖A(vn−˜v)‖22ds→0 | (4.2) |
as n→∞, uniformly in t∈[0,T]. We arrive at un→˜uasn→∞ in LFt2([0,T];L2(Rd)). Hence {un} is bounded in LFt2([0,T];L2(Rd)), i.e., there exists M>0 such that
‖un‖2LFt2=E[supt∈[0,T]‖un(t,⋅)‖22]<M,∀n∈N. | (4.3) |
Especially, we get
E[‖un(T,⋅)‖22]<M,∀n∈N. | (4.4) |
We show that J is lower semi-continuous. By assumption (J1) and (4.3), we get that
E∫T0P(t,un;vn)dt≤∫T0a(t)dt+bE∫T0‖un(t,⋅)‖22dt<∞. |
Consider
E∫T0P(t,˜u;˜v)dt≤E∫T0[P(t,˜u;˜v)−P(t,˜u;vn)]dt+E∫T0[P(t,˜u;vn)−P(t,un;vn)]dt+E∫T0P(t,un;vn)dt. | (4.5) |
Since P(t,ξ;⋅) is continuous, by (J1) and the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem we obtain
E∫T0[P(t,˜u;˜v)−P(t,˜u;vn)]dt→0asn→∞. | (4.6) |
As P(t,⋅;η) is continuous, a.e. t∈[0,T] and uniformly in η∈V,
E∫T0[P(t,˜u;vn)−P(t,un;vn)]dt→0asn→∞. | (4.7) |
By (4.5)–(4.7), letting n→∞ we get
E∫T0P(t,˜u;˜v)dt≤lim_n→∞E∫T0P(t,un;vn)dt. | (4.8) |
On the other hand, by (4.2) and the lower semi-continuity of Q we get that
Q(˜u(T))≤lim_n→∞Q(un(T)),a.s. |
and by (J2)
Q(un(T))≤b1+b2‖un(T)‖22,a.s. |
and further by (4.4) we have
EQ(un(T))<M. |
Hence by the Fatou Lemma and (4.2), we conclude that
EQ(˜u(T))≤lim_n→∞EQ(un(T)). | (4.9) |
It is clearly that J is lower semi-continuous by (4.8) and (4.9). Therefore, there exists v0∈Vad such that
J(v0)=J0=infv∈VadJ(v). |
We get that v0 is an optimal control of problem (1.1) with cost function (4.1).
In this section, two examples are given to illustrate the results. One is a simple example in 1-dimensional space, another is an abstract example in R3.
Example 1. Consider the following fractional stochastic control system
{Dc0D0.75tu+(−Δ)α2u=u2+x2+t2dBH(t)dt,t∈[0,1],x∈[0,1],u=0,x∈R∖[0,1],u0=e−x,x∈[0,1], | (5.1) |
where α∈(1,2) and H∈(1/2,1).
The order of Caputo fractional derivative is β=0.75 and t∈[0,1], then g=t2 satisfies assumption (G) for r∈(2,+∞). Functions f=u2 and h≡0 satisfy assumptions (A1), (A2) and (H). Hence, by Theorem 1, fractional stochastic control system (5.1) has an unique mild solution. Let Vad=[0,1], Av=v2, v=x and
J=E∫T0‖u‖22dt. | (5.2) |
It implies that P=‖u‖22 and Q is null operator. One can check that operators P and Q satisfy assumptions (J1) and (J2). Therefore, by Theorem 2, system (5.1) with cost function (5.2) has at least one optimal control.
Example 2. We consider the following fractional stochastic control system
{Dc0D0.6tu+(−Δ)0.8u=a1u+Av+a2tdB0.75(t)dt+∫Ya3uy˜η(dy),t∈(0,1],x∈R3,u0=e−|x|,x∈R3, | (5.3) |
where a1,a2 and a3 are positive constants.
Note that β=0.6,α=1.6 and H=0.75. Then g=a2t satisfies (G) for r∈(5,+∞). Further assume that
∫Yy2˜η(dy)<∞. |
Thus f=a1u and h=a3uy satisfy (A1), (A2) and (H). Therefore, we deduce that there exists an unique mild solution of system (5.3). Let
J(v)=E{∫T0e−λtuθvθdt+a4uθ(T)}, | (5.4) |
where λ∈(0,+∞) and θ∈(0,1). So P=e−λtuθvθ and Q=a4uθ(T). It is easily to see that function J satisfies (J1) and (J2). By Theorem 2, there exists an optimal control of system (5.3) with cost function (5.4).
In this paper, by iterative technique and energy estimates, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of mild solution to problem (1.1) in suitable framework and under Lipschitz type conditions. We prove the existence of optimal control for problem (1.1) with a non-convex cost function by nonlinear analysis method. At last, two examples are given to demonstrate applications of the theorems. It is well known that a weak solution is also a mild solution. However, the converse is not true. We will keep on discussing the properties of weak solutions to fully nonlocal stochastic problems.
The authors are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11771107). We would like to thank referees for their valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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1. | Dimplekumar Chalishajar, K. Ravikumar, K. Ramkumar, A. Anguraj, Null controllability of Hilfer fractional stochastic differential equations with nonlocal conditions, 2022, 0, 2155-3289, 0, 10.3934/naco.2022029 |