Alcohol consumption and HIV disease prognosis among virally unsuppressed in Rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Manasseh B. Wireko; Jacobus Hendricks; Kweku Bedu-Addo; Marlise Van Staden; Emmanuel A. Ntim; Samuel F. Odoom; Isaac K. Owusu; Manasseh B. Wireko; Jacobus Hendricks; Kweku Bedu-Addo; Marlise Van Staden; Emmanuel A. Ntim; Samuel F. Odoom; Isaac K. Owusu

doi:10.3934/medsci.2023018

AIMS Medical Science

2023, Volume 10, Issue 3: 223-236. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2023018

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Research article

Alcohol consumption and HIV disease prognosis among virally unsuppressed in Rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

1.
Department of Applied and Theoretical Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
2.
Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, South Africa
3.
Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
4.
Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
5.
Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
6.
Directorate of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana

Received: 17 March 2023 Revised: 19 July 2023 Accepted: 25 July 2023 Published: 16 August 2023

Background

The effect of alcohol consumption and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease prognosis has been examined in several studies with inconsistent findings. We sought to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on HIV disease prognosis by examining CD4⁺ T cell count/µL (CD4⁺ count) and HIV RNA concentration [HIV viral load (VL)] independent of anti-retroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

A secondary analysis was performed on a cross-sectional survey data of 1120 participants between 2018 and 2020. Questionnaires were used to obtain the participants' history of alcohol consumption. Blood samples were assayed for CD4⁺ T cell count/µL (CD4⁺ count) and HIV RNA concentration (HIV viral load). The history of alcohol consumption was categorized into non-alcohol consumers, non-heavy alcohol consumers, and heavy-alcohol consumers. Age, cigarette smoking, gender, and ART use were considered potential confounders. Participants were categorized into two cohorts for the analysis and a multivariate logistic regression was used to establish relationships among virally unsuppressed participants who were ART-experienced and ART-naïve.

Results

A total of 1120 participants were considered for analysis. The majority were females (65.9%) between 15–39 years (72.4%). The majority were non-smokers and non-alcohol consumers (88% and 79%, respectively). ART-experienced females had an increased risk of having a higher VL (VL > 1000). This finding was statistically significant [RR, 0.425, 95% CI, (0.192–0.944), p-value, 0.036]. However, ART-experienced participants aged above 64 years had an increased risk of having a lower VL (VL < 1000 copies/mL) and a lower risk of having a higher VL (VL > 1000). However, ART-naïve participants aged between 40–64 years had a significantly lower risk of having higher CD4 count (CD4⁺ > 500 cells) and an increased risk of having a lower CD4 count [OR, 0.566 95% CI, (0.386–0.829), p-value, 0.004]. History of alcohol consumption did not have a significant effect on CD4⁺ cell count and VL in neither the ART-experienced nor the naïve cohort.

Conclusions

Female middle-aged people living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to have a poorer HIV disease state, independent of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption may not have a direct effect on CD4⁺ cell count and VL in either ART-naïve or experienced patients.

Keywords:

Citation: Manasseh B. Wireko, Jacobus Hendricks, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Marlise Van Staden, Emmanuel A. Ntim, Samuel F. Odoom, Isaac K. Owusu. Alcohol consumption and HIV disease prognosis among virally unsuppressed in Rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2023, 10(3): 223-236. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2023018

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

1. Introduction

Special functions play essential parts in the applied sciences. Quantum mechanics, numerical analysis, and approximation theory are just a few of the many fields where special functions make an appearance, making them extremely important; see, for example, ^[1,2,3]. Many researchers have performed investigations regarding the different types of special functions. For example, the authors of ^[4,5,6] have studied some degenerate polynomials. Some other sequences of polynomials were investigated in ^[7,8].

Orthogonal polynomials are more widely used in approximation theory than non-orthogonal polynomials. The classical orthogonal polynomials, including Jacobi, Hermite, and Laguerre polynomials, have essential roles in solving different types of differential equations (DEs); see, for example, ^[9,10,11,12]. In addition, there are theoretical results concerned with the classical orthogonal polynomials; see, for example, ^[13,14]. Several authors also addressed the non-orthogonal polynomials from both a theoretical and practical perspective; see, for instance, ^{[15,16,17,18,19,20]}.

Chebyshev polynomials (CPs) play essential roles in a wide variety of fields. A trigonometric expression may be found for each of these polynomials. The recurrence formula is the same for all four kinds of CPs, even though their initials differ. They are particular ones of the classical Jacobi polynomials (JPs). All four kinds were extensively utilized in various problems in numerical analysis. For some contributions that employ these polynomials, one can be referred to ^{[21,22,23,24,25,26,27]}. Some modified CPs were constructed to incorporate some initial and boundary conditions imposed on the given DEs. For example, in ^[28], the authors introduced new modified second-kind CPs and utilized them to treat third-order Emden-Fowler singular DEs.

Several articles explore various generalizations of different polynomials and CPs in particular. The authors in ^[29] have utilized generalized shifted CPs for a class of fractional DEs. The authors in ^[30] studied some generalized CPs. Another type of generalized CPs of the second kind was investigated in ^[31]. A novel class of generalized CPs of the first kind was presented by the authors of ^[32]. In addition, they employed these polynomials in conjunction with the Galerkin method to treat multi-term fractional DEs. A type of generalized CPs was theoretically studied in ^[33]. For other studies on generalized polynomials, one can read ^{[34,35,36,37]}.

Several particular polynomial formulae are very useful in numerical analysis and approximation theory. For example, the derivative expressions of given polynomials as combinations of their original ones are helpful to obtain spectral solutions of various DEs. For example, the authors in ^[38] used the derivatives of the generalized third-kind CPs to obtain solutions of even-order DEs. In contrast, the derivatives of the sixth-kind CPs were utilized in ^[39] to solve a type of Burger's DE. In addition, the operational matrix of derivatives can be constructed from the first-order derivative of a given set of polynomials. This matrix is the core of many approaches to solving different types of DEs; see, for example, ^[40,41]. Formulas for connecting and linearizing different polynomials are also of significance. Some nonlinear DEs may be effectively treated using the linearization formulae; see, for example, ^[42]. Several efforts were dedicated to deriving these formulae; see, for example, ^{[43,44,45,46]}.

Hypergeometric functions (HGFs) are essential tools in studying special functions. They provide an expression for nearly all of the well-known functions and polynomials. New formulas for various special functions can be obtained by performing transformations between HGFs (see, for example, ^[44]). It is worthy of mentioning here also that the coefficients of the expressions related to the derivatives, integrals, moments, connection, and linearization formulas are often expressed in terms of HGFs of different arguments (see, for example, ^{[47,48,49,50]}).

The primary objective of this work is to present a class of generalized CPs. The classical JPs are known to include all four types of CPs. In this paper, the introduced generalized sequence differs from the class of classical JPs. Some fundamental formulas of these polynomials are first introduced, and after that, they are utilized to derive other important problems related to special functions, such as connection and linearization problems. In addition, some definite integrals and weighted definite integrals are computed based on some introduced formulas. According to our knowledge, the paper contains many new formulas and a novel approach.

The current article is structured as follows: Section 2 presents some basic formulas of the UCPs and some orthogonal and non-orthogonal polynomials. The main objective of Section 3 is to obtain novel formulas for the derivatives of the UCPs by using combinations of orthogonal and non-orthogonal polynomials. Section 4 aims to develop the inverse formulae to those provided in Section 3. Section 5 presents some linearization formulas for the UCPs. An application to evaluate some new definite integrals based on the application to the derived formulas is given in Section 6. We end the paper with some discussion and suggest some expected future work in Section 7.

2. Some fundamental properties of the UCPs and other well-known polynomials

This section presents some basic characteristics and relations related to the UCPs. Furthermore, an account of some particular polynomials is provided.

2.1. Some basic formulas concerned with the UCPs

Consider the UCPs that can be generated by using the following recursive formula:

$\begin{equation} G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_ {i}(x)-2x\, G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i-1}(x)+G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i-2}(x) = 0, \quad G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{0}(x) = \mathcal{A}, \quad G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{1}(x) = \mathcal{B}\, x+\mathcal{R}. \end{equation}$

(2.1)

It is clear that the polynomial solution of (2.1) $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ is a polynomial that generalizes all the well-known four kinds of CPs. The following identities hold:

$\begin{align} T_{i}(x) = &G^{1, 1, 0}_{i}(x), &&U_{i}(x) = G^{1, 2, 0}_{i}(x), \end{align}$

(2.2)

$\begin{align} V_{i}(x) = &G^{1, 2, -1}_{i}(x), &&W_{i}(x) = G^{1, 2, 1}_{i}(x), \end{align}$

(2.3)

where $T_{i}(x), U_{i}(x), V_{i}(x)$ and $W_{i}(x)$ are respectively the well-known four kinds of CPs.

Remark 2.1. Although the four kinds of CPs are special cases of $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ as seen from (2.2) and (2.3), they are also special ones of the JPs, but the class of polynomials $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ is another generalized class that differs from the JPs class.

Remark 2.2. The analytic formula and its inversion formula are widely recognized as fundamental tools for the theoretical investigation of any collection of polynomials. The following section will provide the derivation of the fundamental formulae for $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ .

Now, we will prove a significant theorem, in which we show that $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ can be represented as a combination of three consecutive terms of the second-kind CPs.

Theorem 2.1. For all $j\ge 0$ , we have

$\begin{equation} G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x) = \frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) U_{j-2}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j-1}(x)+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, U_{j}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.4)

Proof. First, assume the polynomial:

$\begin{equation} \theta_{j}(x) = \frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) U_{j-2}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j-1}(x)+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, U_{j}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.5)

Noting that $U_{-2}(x) = -1, \ U_{-1}(x) = 0$ . Obviously, $\theta_{0}(x) = \mathcal{A}, \ \theta_{1}(x) = \mathcal{B}\, x+\mathcal{R}$ . This shows that $\theta_{0}(x) = G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{0}(x)$ and $\theta_{1}(x) = G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{1}(x)$ . So, to prove that $\theta_{j}(x) = G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x), \ \forall\ j\ge 2$ , it is sufficient to show that they satisfy the same recurrence relation. So, we are going to show the satisfaction of the following recurrence relation for all $j\ge 0$

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \theta_{j+2}(x)-2\, x\, \theta_{j+1}(x)+\theta_{j}(x) = 0. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.6)

Now, we have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \theta_{j+2}(x)-2\, x\, \theta_{j+1}(x)+\theta_{j}(x) = &\frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) U_{j}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j+1}(x)+\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{B} U_{j+2}(x)\\ &-2 x \left(\frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B})U_{j-1}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j}(x)+\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{B} U_{j+1}(x)\right)\\ &+\frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) U_{j-2}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j-1}(x)+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, U_{j}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.7)

If we substitute by the recurrence relation of $U_{j}(x)$ written in the form

$\begin{equation} x\, U_{j}(x) = \frac12\left(U_{j-1}(x)+U_{j+1}(x)\right), \end{equation}$

(2.8)

in the right-hand side of (2.7), then it is not difficult to show that

$\begin{equation} \theta_{j+2}(x)-2\, x\, \theta_{j+1}(x)+\theta_{j}(x) = 0. \end{equation}$

(2.9)

Theorem 2.1 is now proved. □

Now, based on the above theorem, an explicit analytic formula of $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ can be deduced.

Theorem 2.2. For every positive number $i$ , the following analytic formula holds:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x) = &\sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r 2^{-1+i-2 r} (\mathcal{B} (i-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r) (1+i-2 r)_{r-1}}{r!}\, x^{i-2 r}\\ &+\mathcal{R}\, \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r 2^{-1+i-2 r}(i-2 r)_r}{r!}\, x^{i-2 r-1}. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.10)

Proof. Based on the expression in (2.4) along with the explicit expression of $U_{j}(x)$ given by

$U_{j}(x) = \sum\limits _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r 2^{j-2 r} (j-r)!}{(j-2 r)! r!} x^{j-2 r}.$

Formula (2.10) can be obtained. □

The theorems presented next provide the formulae for calculating the moments and inversion of the polynomials $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ .

Theorem 2.3. For all non-negative integers (NNIs) $i$ and $m$ , the following moment formula holds

$\begin{equation} x^m\, G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x) = \frac{1}{2^m}\, \sum\limits_{r = 0}^m \binom{m}{r} G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i+m-2 r}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.11)

Proof. Easy by applying induction on $m$ based on the recurrence relation (2.1). □

Corollary 2.1. The next formula applies to every non-negative integer (NNI) $m$ .

$\begin{equation} x^m = \frac{1}{2^m\, \mathcal{A}} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^m \binom{m}{r} G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{m-2r}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.12)

Proof. Direct by setting $i = 0$ in Formula (2.11). □

It is useful to introduce the shifted polynomials for $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x)$ defined as

$\tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x) = G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(2x-1).$

The recurrence relation that these polynomials fulfill is

$\begin{equation} \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j+2}(x)-2\, (2\, x-1)\, \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j+1}(x)+\tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x) = 0, \quad \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{0}(x) = \mathcal{A}, \ \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{0}(x) = \mathcal{R}-\mathcal{B}+2\, \mathcal{B}\, x. \end{equation}$

(2.13)

Now, we give the counterparts results for Theorem 2.3 and Corollary 2.1 for the shifted polynomials $\tilde{G}_{j}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}$ .

Theorem 2.4. The following moment formula applies for all NNIs $r$ and $n$

$\begin{equation} x^r\, \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{n}(x) = \frac{1}{2^{2r}}\, \sum\limits_{\ell = 0}^{2 r} \binom{2 r}{\ell}\, \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{n+r-\ell}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.14)

Proof. We can proceed with the proof by induction based on the recurrence relation (2.13). □

Corollary 2.2. The inversion formula of $\tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{j}(x)$ for every NNI $r$ is shown below

$\begin{equation} x^r = \frac{1}{\mathcal{A}\, 2^{2r}} \sum\limits_{\ell = 0}^{2 r} \binom{2 r}{\ell}\, \tilde{G}^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{r-\ell}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.15)

Proof. This formula is a direct special case of Formula (2.14) setting $n = 0$ . □

2.2. An overview on well-known polynomials: both symmetric and nonsymmetric

An introduction to symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials, both orthogonal and non-orthogonal, is provided in this section.

Let $\phi_{j}(x)$ and $\psi_{j}(x)$ represent, respectively, two sets of symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials that have the following expressions:

$\begin{align} \phi_{j}(x) = &\sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } A_{r, j}\, x^{j-2r}, \end{align}$

(2.16)

$\begin{align} \psi_{j}(x) = &\sum _{r = 0}^{j} B_{r, j}\, x^{j-r}, \end{align}$

(2.17)

where $A_{r, j}$ and $B_{r, j}$ are known coefficients.

Assume also that the inverse formulas to (2.16) and (2.17) can be written as

$\begin{equation} x^j = \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \bar{A}_{r, j}\, \phi_{j-2r}(x), \end{equation}$

(2.18)

$\begin{equation} x^j = \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{j} \bar{B}_{r, j}\, \psi_{j-r}(x), \end{equation}$

(2.19)

with the known coefficients $\bar{A}_{r, j}$ and $\bar{B}_{r, j}$ .

Among the nonsymmetric polynomials is the general class of the classical JPs, which includes some symmetric classes. The JPs have the following hypergeometric expression:

$\mathcal{P}_{s}^{(\rho, \mu)}(x) = \frac{(\rho+1)_{s}}{s!\, }\ _{2}F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -s, s+\rho+\mu+1\\ \rho+1 \end{array} \right|\frac{1-x}{2}\right).$

The shifted JPs on $[0, 1]$ can be defined as

$\tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{s}(x) = P^{(\rho, \mu)}_{s}(2x-1).$

The ultraspherical polynomials are defined as

$\begin{equation} U_{s}^{(\rho )}(x) = \frac{s!\, \Gamma(\rho +\frac{1}{2})}{\Gamma (s+\rho +\frac{1}{2})}\, P_{s}^{(\rho -\frac{1}{2}, \rho-\frac{1}{2})}(x). \end{equation}$

(2.20)

For a survey on the classical orthogonal polynomials, one can consult ^[51,52].

Now, we give two classes of non-orthogonal polynomials: generalized Fibonacci and generalized Lucas polynomials. $F^{a, b}_{r}(x)$ and $L^{c, d}_{r}(x)$ that were studied ^[53] can be constructed respectively as

$\begin{equation} F^{a, b}_{r}(x) = a\, x\, F^{a, b}_{r-1}(x)+b\, F^{a, b}_{r-2}(x), \quad F^{a, b}_{0}(x) = 1, \ F^{a, b}_{1}(x) = a\, x, \quad r\ge 2, \end{equation}$

(2.21)

$\begin{equation} L^{c, d}_{r}(x) = c\, x\, L^{c, d}_{r-1}(x)+d\, L^{c, d}_{r-2}(x), \quad L^{c, d}_{0}(x) = 2, \ L^{c, d}_{1}(x) = c\, x, \quad r\ge 2. \end{equation}$

(2.22)

Remark 2.3. Important formulas concerning certain polynomials can be derived from their power form representation and associated inversion formula. The four formulas in (2.16)–(2.19) are expressions for the analytic forms and their inversion ones for symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials. It is clear that these formulas are known if the coefficients $A_{r, j}$ , $B_{r, j}$ , $\bar{A}_{r, j}$ , and $\bar{B}_{r, j}$ are determined. In the following table, we give these coefficients for a group of celebrated polynomials that we will use in this paper. The coefficients for the shifted Jacobi polynomials (SJPs), ultraspherical polynomials (UPs), generalized Laguerre polynomials (LGPs), Hermite polynomials (HPs), generalized Fibonacci polynomials (GFPs), generalized Lucas polynomials (GLuPs), and Bernoulli polynomials (BPs) will be listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Coefficients for analytic forms and their inversion formulas.

Polynomial	$A_{r, j} \, \left(B_{r, j}\right)$	$\bar{A}_{r, j} \, \left(\bar{B}_{r, j}\right)$
SJPs	$\frac{(-1)^r \, (1+\mu)_j \, (1+\rho+\mu)_{2j-r}}{(j-r)! \, r! \, (1+\mu)_{j-r} \, (1+\rho+\mu)_j}$	$\frac{j! \, \Gamma(1+j+\mu) \, (1+2j-2r+\rho+\mu) \, \Gamma(1+j-r+\rho+\mu)}{r! \, \Gamma(1+j-r+\mu) \, \Gamma(2+2j-r+\rho+\mu)}$
UPs	$\frac{(-1)^r \, 2^{j-2r} \, j! \, \Gamma(2\zeta+1) \, \Gamma(j-r+\zeta)}{2 \, (j-2r)! \, r! \, \Gamma(\zeta+1) \, \Gamma(j+2\zeta)}$	$\frac{2^{-j+1} \, (j-2r+\zeta) \, j! \, \Gamma(\zeta+1) \, \Gamma(j-2r+2\zeta)}{(j-2r)! \, r! \, \Gamma(2\zeta+1) \, \Gamma(1+j-r+\zeta)}$
GLPs	$\frac{(-1)^{j-r} \, \binom{j}{r} \, \Gamma(1+j+\rho)}{j! \, \Gamma(1+j-r+\rho)}$	$\frac{(-1)^{-r+j} \, j! \, \Gamma(1+j+\rho)}{r! \, \Gamma(1-r+j+\rho)}$
HPs	$\frac{j! \, (-1)^r \, 2^{j-2r}}{r! \, (j-2r)!}$	$\frac{j!}{2^j \, r! \, (j-2r)!}$
GFPs	$\frac{a^{j-2r} \, b^r \, (1+j-2r)_r}{r!}$	$\frac{(-1)^r \, a^{-j} \, b^r \, (1+j-2r) \, (2+j-r)_{r-1}}{r!}$
GLuPs	$\frac{c^{j-2r} \, d^r \, j \, (1+j-2r)_{r-1}}{r!}$	$\frac{(-1)^r \, c^{-j} \, d^r \, \xi_{j-2r}\, (1+j-r)_r}{r!}$
BPs	$\binom{\ell}{r} \, B_r$	$\frac{\binom{j+1}{j-r}}{j+1}$

| Show Table

DownLoad: CSV

Note that $B_{r}$ in the last row of the table represents the well-known Bernoulli polynomials, where $\xi_{r}$ in the column before the last one is defined as

$\xi_{r} = \begin{cases} \frac12, & r = 0, \\ 1, & r\ge 0. \end{cases}$

3. Some formulas for the derivatives of the UCPs

This section aims to develop new derivative formulas of the UCPs using various other polynomials. The formulae relating the UCPs to other polynomials may be obtained as special cases. More specifically, we'll establish the following expressions:

● The derivatives' expressions of the UCPs in terms of other parameters' UCPs.

● The derivatives expressions of UCPs in terms of some other orthogonal and non-orthogonal polynomials.

3.1. Derivatives of UCPs in terms of other UCPs

We consider the two different UCPs $G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ and $G^{\bar{\mathcal{A}}, \bar{\mathcal{B}}, \bar{\mathcal{R}}}_{i}(x)$ . For convenience, we will denote $G_{i}(x) = G^{\mathcal{A}, \mathcal{B}, \mathcal{R}}_{i}(x)$ and $\bar{G}_{i}(x) = G^{\bar{\mathcal{A}}, \bar{\mathcal{B}}, \bar{\mathcal{R}}}_{i}(x)$ . We will derive a novel expression that relates the derivatives of $G_{i}(x)$ to $\bar{G}_{i}(x)$ . To begin, it is necessary to establish the following lemma.

Lemma 3.1. Consider a NNI $v$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v\, \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1}\, (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell)\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (v-\ell)!\, (j-\ell-v-s)!}\\ & = \frac{(j-v-1)!\, (v+s-1)!\, (-2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s)+2 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+s)+\mathcal{B} j (2 v+s))}{v!\, s!\, (j-v-s)!}. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.1)

Proof. If we let

$\begin{split} &Z_{v, j, s} = \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1}\, (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell)\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (v-\ell)!\, (j-\ell-v-s)!}, \end{split}$

then based on Zeilberger's algorithm (^[54]), it is possible to show that $Z_{v, j, s}$ fulfills the following recursive formula

$\begin{split} &(v+s-1)\, (v+s-j-1) \left(2 \mathcal{A} j v-2 \mathcal{B} j v-2 \mathcal{A} v^2+2 \mathcal{B} v^2-\mathcal{B} j s-2 \mathcal{A} v s+2 \mathcal{B} v s\right)\, Z_{v-1, j, s} \\&+(j-v)\, v\, \left(-2 \mathcal{A}+2 \mathcal{B}-2 \mathcal{A} j+2 \mathcal{B} j+4 \mathcal{A} v-4 \mathcal{B} v+2 \mathcal{A} j v-2 \mathcal{B} j v-2 \mathcal{A} v^2+2 \mathcal{B} v^2+2 \mathcal{A} s\right.\\ &\left.-2 \mathcal{B} s-\mathcal{B} j s-2 \mathcal{A} v s+2 \mathcal{B} v s\right) \, Z_{v, j, s} = 0, \end{split}$

with the initial value: $Z_{0, j, s} = 1$ . This first-order recursive formula can be solved quickly to produce

$Z_{v, j, s} = \frac{ (j-v-1)!\, (v+s-1)!\, (-2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s)+2 \mathcal{A} v(-j+v+s)+\mathcal{B} j (2 v+s))}{v!\, s!\, (j-v-s)!}.$

This proves the lemma. □

Theorem 3.1. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $s$ with $j\ge s\ge 1$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x)& = \frac{2^{s-1}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}\, s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{ (j-v-1)!\, (v+s-1)!\, (-2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s)+2 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+s)+\mathcal{B} j (2 v+s))}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, \bar{G}_{j-s-2v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^s \mathcal{R} (j-1)!}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s-1} \frac{(1+s)_v}{v! (j-v-s-1)! (j-v)_v}\, \bar{G}_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.2)

Proof. From the analytic form in (2.10), it is not difficult to express $D^s G_{j}(x)$ in the form

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = & \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{j-2 r-1}\, (\mathcal{B} (j-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r)\, (j-2 r+1)_{r-1} (j-s-2 r+1)_s}{r!}\, x^{j-2 r-s}\\ &+\mathcal{R} \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{j-2 r-1}\, (j-2 r)_r\, (j-s-2 r)_s}{r!}\, x^{j-2 r-s-1}. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.3)

Utilizing the inversion formula (2.12), we are able to get the expression

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x)& = \frac{2^{s-1}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}} \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, (\mathcal{B} (j-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r)\, (j-r-1)!}{(j-s-2 r)! r!} \sum _{t = 0}^{j-s-2 r} \binom{j-s-2 r}{t} {\bar{G}}_{j-2 r-s-2 t}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^s\, \mathcal{R}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}}\, \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, (j-2 r)_r (j-s-2 r)_s}{ r!} \sum _{t = 0}^{j-s-2 r-1} \binom{j-s-2 r-1}{t}\, {\bar{G}}_{j-2 r-s-2 t-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.4)

Following several algebraic calculations, the preceding formula may be written in the following way:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{s-1}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}\, s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1} (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell) (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell! (v-\ell)! (j-\ell-v-s)!}{\bar{G}}_{j-s-2v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^s \mathcal{R}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s-1} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell! (v-\ell)! (j-\ell-v-s-1)!}{\bar{G}}_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.5)

Now, to obtain a more simplified formula of (3.5), we make use of the transformation formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v\, \frac{(-1)^\ell\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (v-\ell)!\, (j-\ell-v-s-1)!} = \frac{(j-1)!}{v!\, (j-v-s-1)!}\, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cccc} -v, 1-j+v+s\\ 1-j \end{array} \right|1\right), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.6)

and accordingly, the Chu-Vandermonde identity (^[51]) can be used to get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (v-\ell)!\, (j-\ell-v-s-1)!} = \frac{(s+1)_v\, (j-v-1)!}{v!\, (j-v-s-1)!}. \end{equation}$

(3.7)

Thanks to (3.7) along with Lemma 3.1, Formula (3.5) is transformed into the following simplified one:

$\begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{s-1}}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}\, s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{ (j-v-1)!\, (v+s-1)!\, (-2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s)+2 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+s)+\mathcal{B} j (2 v+s))}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, \bar{G}_{j-s-2v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^s \mathcal{R} (j-1)!}{\bar{\mathcal{A}}}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s-1} \frac{(1+s)_v}{v! (j-v-s-1)! (j-v)_v}\, \bar{G}_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split}$

This proves Theorem 3.1. □

Remark 3.1. Since Formula (3.2) expresses the derivatives formula of $G_{j}(x)$ in terms of $\bar{G}_{j}(x)$ , so many special formulas can be deduced taking into consideration the four special cases in (2.2) and (2.3). We will now demonstrate these results.

Corollary 3.1. For all $j\ge s\ge 1$ , the following expressions hold

$\begin{align} &D^s T_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{s-1} j}{\bar{A} (s-1)!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(j-v-1)! (v+s-1)!}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x), \end{align}$

(3.8)

$\begin{align} &D^s U_{j}(x) = \frac{2^s}{\bar{A} s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(j-v)! (v+s)!}{v! (j-v-s)!} \, G_{j-s-2 v}(x), \end{align}$

(3.9)

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &D^s V_{j}(x) = \frac{2^s}{\bar{A} s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(j-v)! (v+s)!}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x) -\frac{2^s}{\bar{A}}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(v+s)!\, (j-v-1)!}{v!\, s!\, (j-v-s-1)!}\, G_{j-s-2 v-1}(x), \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.10)

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &D^s W_{j}(x) = \frac{2^s}{\bar{A} s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(j-v)! (v+s)!}{v! (j-v-s)!} G_{j-s-2 v}(x) +\frac{2^s }{\bar{A}}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(v+s)!\, (j-v-1)!}{v!\, s!\, (j-v-s-1)!}\, G_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.11)

3.2. Derivatives with some other symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials

This section is interested in deriving some other derivative expressions of the UCPs but in terms of various symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials. Some of these polynomials are orthogonal, and some others are non-orthogonal.

Theorem 3.2. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $s$ with $j\ge s$ , We have the following derivative expressions as combinations of $U^{(\zeta)}_{j}(x)$

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s &G_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{s-2 \zeta }\, \sqrt{\pi }}{\Gamma (1+s-\zeta )\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)}\times\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-j+2 v+s-\zeta )\, (j-v-1)!\, \Gamma (v+s-\zeta )\, \Gamma (j-2 v-s+2 \zeta )}{v!\, (j-2 v-s)!\, \Gamma (1+j-v-s+\zeta )}\\ &\times(2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s-\zeta )+\mathcal{B} j (-2 v-s+\zeta )+2 \mathcal{A} v (j-v-s+\zeta ))\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-s-2v}(x) +\frac{2^{1+s-2 \zeta }\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \mathcal{R}\, (j-1)!}{\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)}\\ &\times\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(j-2 v-s+\zeta -1)\, \Gamma (-1+j-2 v-s+2 \zeta )\, (1+s-\zeta )_v}{v!\, (j-2 v-s-1)!\, \Gamma (j-v-s+\zeta )\, (j-v)_v} \, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-s-2v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.12)

Proof. Starting from the expression of $D^s G_{j}(x)$ along with the inversion formula of the ultraspherical polynomials leads to the following formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^s\, \Gamma (1+\zeta )}{\Gamma (1+2 \zeta )} \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor }\frac{(-1)^r\, (\mathcal{B} (j-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r)\, (j-r-1)!}{r!}\\ &\times\sum _{t = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor -r} \frac{(j-s-2 (r+t)+\zeta ) \Gamma (j-s-2 (r+t-\zeta ))}{t! \Gamma (1+j-s-2 r-2 t) \Gamma (1+j-s-2 r-t+\zeta )}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-2 r-s-2 t}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^{s+1}\, \mathcal{R}\, \Gamma (1+\zeta )}{\Gamma (1+2 \zeta )}\, \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, (j-r-1)!}{r!}\\ &\times\sum _{t = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor -r} \frac{(-1+j-s-2 r-2 t+\zeta )\, \Gamma (-1+j-s-2 r-2 t+2 \zeta )}{t!\, \Gamma (j-s-2 (r+t))\ \Gamma (j-s-2 r-t+\zeta )}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-2 r-s-2 t-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.13)

The above relation can be set in the following form

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^s\, \Gamma (\zeta +1)}{\Gamma (2 \zeta +1)} \left(\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(j-2 v-s+\zeta ) \, \Gamma (j-2 v-s+2 \zeta )}{(j-2 v-s)!}\right.\\ &\times\sum _{r = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{r+1}\, (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} r+2 \mathcal{B} r)\, (j-r-1)!}{(v-r)!\, r!\, \Gamma (j-v-s-r+\zeta +1)}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-s-2v}(x)\\ &+2\, \mathcal{R}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(-j+2 v+s-\zeta +1)\, \Gamma (j-2 v-s+2 \zeta -1)}{(j-2 v-s-1)!}\\ &\left.\sum _{r = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{r+1} (j-r-1)!}{(v-r)!\, r!\, \Gamma (j-v-s-r+\zeta )}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-s-2v-1}(x)\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.14)

Zeilberger's algorithm aids in finding the following closed forms:

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &\sum _{r = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{r+1}\, (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} r+2 \mathcal{B} r)\, (j-r-1)!}{(v-r)!\, r!\, \Gamma (j-v-s-r+\zeta +1)}\\ & = \frac{(-2 \mathcal{B} v (v+s-\zeta )+2 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+s-\zeta )+\mathcal{B} j (2 v+s-\zeta ))\, (j-v-1)! \Gamma (v+s-\zeta )}{v!\, \Gamma (s-\zeta +1)\, \Gamma (j-v-s+\zeta +1)}, \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.15)

$\begin{align} &\sum _{r = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{r+1}\, (j-r-1)!}{(v-r)!\, r!\, \Gamma (j-v-s-r+\zeta )} = -\frac{(j-v-1)!\, \Gamma (v+s-\zeta +1)}{v!\, \Gamma (s-\zeta +1)\, \Gamma (j-v-s+\zeta )}, \end{align}$

(3.16)

and therefore, Formula (3.12) can be obtained. □

Corollary 3.2. The UCPs-ultraspherical connection formula is

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &G_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{-2 \zeta }\, \sqrt{\pi }}{\Gamma \left(\zeta +\frac{1}{2}\right)}\times\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor }\\ & \frac{(-j+2 v-\zeta )\, (2 (\mathcal{A}-\mathcal{B}) (j-v) v+\mathcal{B} (j-2 v) \zeta +2 \mathcal{A} v \zeta ) (j-v-1)!\, (1-\zeta )_{v-1}\, \Gamma (j-2 v+2 \zeta )}{(j-2 v)!\, v!\, \Gamma (1+j-v+\zeta )}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-2v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^{1-2 \zeta }\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \mathcal{R}\, (j-1)!}{\Gamma \left(\zeta +\frac{1}{2}\right)} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1+j-2 v+\zeta )\, (j-v-1)!\, \Gamma (-1+j-2 v+2 \zeta ) (1-\zeta )_v}{v!\, (j-2 v-1)!\, \Gamma (j-v+\zeta )}\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j-2v-1}(x), \\& j\ge 0. \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.17)

Proof. Formula (3.17) is a specific formula of (3.12) for $s = 0$ . □

Remark 3.2. Since Legendre polynomials and CPs of the first and second kinds are particular ones of special cases of $U^{(\zeta)}_{j}(x)$ , we may infer certain particular formulae from (3.12). The following corollaries display the results.

Corollary 3.3. Let $j\ge s\ge 1$ . We have the following formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^s}{s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{\xi_{j-s-2 v} (j-v-1)! (v+s-1)! (2\mathcal{B} (j-v) v+\mathcal{B} (j-2 v) s+2 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+s))}{v! (j-v-s)!}T_{j-s-2 v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^{1+s} \mathcal{R}}{s!} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{\xi_{j-s-2 v-1} (j-v-1)!\, (v+s)!}{v!\, (j-v-s-1)!}\, T_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.18)

In particular, we have:

$\begin{equation} G_{j}(x) = \mathcal{B}T_{j}(x)+2 (\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}) \sum\limits_{v = 1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \xi_{j-2 v}\, T_{j-2 v}(x)+2 \mathcal{R} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \xi_{j-2 v-1}\, T_{j-2 v-1}(x). \end{equation}$

(3.19)

Proof. Setting $\zeta = 0$ in (3.12) and (3.17) yields respectively (3.18) and (3.19). □

Corollary 3.4. Let $j\ge \mathit{s}\ge 1$ . We have the following formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{s-1}}{(s-1)!} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(j-v-1)!\, (v+s-2)! (1+j-2v-s)}{v!\, (j-v-s+1)!}\\ &\times(-2 \mathcal{B} v (-1+v+s)+2 \mathcal{A} v (-1-j+v+s)+\mathcal{B} j (-1+2 v+s))\, U_{j-s-2v}(x)\\ &+\frac{2^s\, \mathcal{R}}{(s-1)!} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(j-2v-s)\, (j-v-1)!\ (v+s-1)!}{v!\, (j-v-s)!}\, U_{j-s-2v-1}(x), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.20)

and in particular:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{j}(x) = &\frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) U_{j-2}(x)+\mathcal{R} U_{j-1}(x)+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, U_{j}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.21)

Proof. Setting $\zeta = 0$ in (3.12) and (3.17) yields respectively (3.20) and (3.21). □

Corollary 3.5. Let $j\ge s\ge 1$ . We have the following formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G _{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{s-1}\, \sqrt{\pi }}{\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathit{s}\right)} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-\mathit{s}}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(1+2 j-4v-2\mathit{s})\, (j-v-1)!\, \Gamma \left(-\frac{1}{2}+v+\mathit{s}\right)}{4v! \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+j-v-\mathit{s}\right)}\\ &\times (-2 \mathcal{A} v+4 \mathcal{A} v (-j+v+\mathit{s})+\mathcal{B} (2v-4v(v+\mathit{s})+j (-1+4v+2\mathit{s})))\, P_{j-\mathit{s}-2v}(x)\\ &-2^{s-1} \sqrt{\pi } \mathcal{R} (j-1)! \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-\mathit{s}-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(1-2 j+4v+2\mathit{s}) \left(\frac{1}{2}+\mathit{s}\right)_v}{v!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+j-v-\mathit{s}\right)\, (j-v)_v}\, P_{j-\mathit{s}-2v-1}(x), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.22)

and in particular:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{j}(x) = &\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(1+2 j-4v) (j-v-1)! \Gamma \left(-\frac{1}{2}+v\right) \left(-\mathcal{B} j+2 (-\mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) (1+2 j) v+4 (\mathcal{A}-\mathcal{B}) v^2\right)}{8 v! \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+j-v\right)} P_{j-2v}(x)\\ &-\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\pi } \mathcal{R} (j-1)!\, \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(1-2 j+4v) \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)_v}{v! \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+j-v\right) (j-v)_v} P_{j-2v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.23)

Proof. Setting $\zeta = \frac12$ in (3.12) and (3.17) yields respectively (3.22) and (3.23). □

Remark 3.3. Similar steps to those followed to prove Theorem 3.2 can be used to obtain derivative expressions for UCPs in terms of other symmetric polynomials. The results of Table 1 are used to derive the desired formulas. The following four theorems exhibit some derivative expressions.

Theorem 3.3. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $\mathit{s}$ with $j\geq \mathit{s}$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &2^{s-1} (j-2)!\sum _{\mathit{v} = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-\mathit{s}}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{1}{v! (j-2 v-s)!}\\ &\times\left(2 (-\mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) \mathit{v} \, _1F_1(1-v;2-j;-1)+\mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _1F_1(-v;1-j;-1)\right)\, H_{j-s-2 \mathit{v}}(x)\\ &+2^s \mathcal{R} (j-1)! \sum _{\mathit{v} = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{1}{v! (j-2 v-s-1)!} \, _1F_1(-v;1-j;-1)\, H_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.24)

Theorem 3.4. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $s$ with $j\ge s$ . One has the following derivative expressions:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &2^{j-2} a^{-j+s} (j-2)! \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^v b^{v-1} (1+j-2 v-s)}{v! (j-v-s+1)!}\\ &\times\left(-a^2 (\mathcal{A}-\mathcal{B}) v (-1-j+v+s)\, _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} 1-v, -j+v+s\\[0.2cm] 2-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)\right.\\ &\left.+2\, b\, \mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+s\\[0.2cm] 1-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)\right)\, F^{a, b}_{j-s-2 v}(x)\\ &+2^{-1+j} a^{1-j+s} (j-1)! \mathcal{R} \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^{v+1} b^v (-j+2 v+s)}{v! (j-v-s)!}\\ &\times\, _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+s\\[0.2cm] 1-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)\, F^{a, b}_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.25)

Theorem 3.5. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $s$ with $j\ge s$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = & 2^{j-2} c^{-j+s}\, (j-2)! \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{\xi_{j-s-2 v}\, (-1)^v\, d^{v-1}}{v! (j-v-s)!}\\ &\times\left(-c^2 (\mathcal{A}-\mathcal{B}) v (-j+v+s)\, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} 1-v, 1-j+v+s\\ 2-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{c^2}{4\, d}\right)\right.\\ &\left.+2\, d\, \mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+s\\ 1-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{c^2}{4\, d}\right)\right)\, L^{c, d}_{j-s-2 v}(x)\\ &+2^{j-1}\, c^{1-j+s}\, \mathcal{R}\, (j-1)!\, \sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{\xi_{j-s-2 v-1} (-1)^v b^v \, }{v! (j-v-s-1)!}\\ &\times\ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+1+s\\ 1-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{c^2}{4 \, d}\right)\, L^{c, d}_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.26)

Remark 3.4. Other expressions of $D^sG_{j}(x)$ in terms of nonsymmetric polynomials are expressed as in (2.17). For example, in the following, we give with proof an expression for $D^sG_{j}(x)$ in terms of Bernoulli polynomials.

Theorem 3.6. Consider the NNIs $j$ and $s$ with $j\ge s$ . We have

$\begin{equation} D^s G_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } F_{v, j, s}\, B_{j-s-2 v}(x)+\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor }\, \bar{F}_{v, j, s}\, B_{j-s-2 v-1}(x), \end{equation}$

(3.27)

where

$\begin{align*} F_{v, j, s} = &\frac{(-1)^j\, 2^{-j+2 v}\, (2 j-2 v-2)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-j+2 v\right)}{\sqrt{\pi } (2 v+1)! (j-2 v-s)!}\\ &\times\left(-2 \mathcal{A} v (1+2 v)+\mathcal{B} \left(j (-1+2 j)+2 v-4 j v+4 v^2\right)\right) \\ &+\frac{2^{-1-j-2 v} \mathcal{B} \left( \frac{(-1)^{v+1} 4^j (j-v-1)!}{v!}+\frac{(-1)^j 2^{1+4 v} (2 j-2 v-1)! \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-j+2 v\right)}{\sqrt{\pi } (2 v)!}\right)}{(j-2 v-s)!}, \\ \bar{F}_{v, j, s} = & \frac{2^{-3+j} (j-v-2)! \left(-\frac{1}{2}+j-2 v\right)_v}{(j-2 v-s-1)!} \\ &\times\left(\frac{4 \left(-\mathcal{A} (v+1) (1+2 v)+\mathcal{B} \left(1-\frac{3 j}{2}+j^2+3 v-2 j v+2 v^2\right)+2 (-1+j-v) (v+1) \mathcal{R}\right)}{(2 v+2)!}\right.\\ &+\left.\frac{\left(-\frac{1}{4}\right)^v (2 \mathcal{A} (v+1)+\mathcal{B} (j-2 (v+1)))}{(v+1)!}\right). \end{align*}$

Proof. It is possible to express $D^s G_{j}(x)$ as a result of (2.10).

$\begin{equation} D^s G_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } M_{r, j, s}\, x^{j-2 r-s}+\sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } S_{r, j, s}\, x^{j-2 r-s-1}, \end{equation}$

(3.28)

with

$\begin{align*} M_{r, j, s} = &\frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+j-2 r}\, (\mathcal{B} (j-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r) (j-r-1)!}{r!\, (j-s-2 r)!}, \\ S_{r, j, s} = &\frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+j-2 r}\, \mathcal{R}\, (j-2 r)_r\, (j-s-2 r)_q}{r!}. \end{align*}$

The formula for the inversion of Bernoulli polynomials (see, the last column of Table 1) enables one to get

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } M_{r, j, s} \sum _{m = 0}^{j-2 r-s} R_{m, j-2 r-s}\, B_{j-2r-s-m}(x)\\ &+\sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-1}{2}\right\rfloor } S_{r, j, s} \sum _{m = 0}^{j-2 r-s-1} R_{m, j-2 r-s-1}\, B_{j-2 r-s-m-1}(x), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.29)

where

$R_{r, j} = \frac{\binom{j+1}{j-r}}{j+1}.$

This formula results from extensive manipulations

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \left(\sum _{\ell = 0}^v M_{\ell, j, s}\, R_{2 v-2 \ell, j-s-2\ell}+\sum _{\ell = 0}^{v-1} S_{\ell, j, s}\, R_{2 v-2 \ell-1, j-s-2 \ell-1}\right)\, B_{j-s-2 v}(x)\\ &+\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor }\left( \sum _{\ell = 0}^v M_{\ell, j, s}\, R_{2 v-2 \ell+1, j-s-2 \ell}+S_{\ell, j, s}\, R_{2v-2 \ell, j-s-2 \ell-1}\right)\, B_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.30)

The last formula is equivalent to

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s G_{j}(x) = &\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{1}{(j-2 v-s)!} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \Bigg(\frac{(-1)^{\ell+1}\, 2^{-1+j-2 \ell}\, (-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell)\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (2 v-2 \ell+1)!}\\ &+\frac{\mathcal{R}}{(j-2 v-s)!} \sum _{\ell = 0}^{v-1} \frac{(-1)^\ell\, 2^{-1+j-2 \ell}\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell! (2 v-2 \ell)!}\Bigg)\, B_{j-s-2 v}(x)\\ &+\sum _{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \frac{1}{(j-2 v-s-1)!} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1}\, 2^{-1+j-2 \ell}\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (2 v-2 \ell+2)!} \\ &\times\Big(-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell+2 (\ell-v-1) \mathcal{R}\Big)\, B_{j-s-2v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(3.31)

Symbolic computation, and in particular Zeilberger's algorithm ^[54], helps to find the three simple forms for the internal sums that appear in (3.31).

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1}\, 2^{-1+j-2 \ell} \Big(-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell\Big) (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell!\, (2 v-2 \ell+1)!}\\ & = \frac{(-1)^j\, 2^{-j+2 v}\, (2 j-2 v-2)! \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-j+2 v\right)\, \Big(-2 \mathcal{A} v (1+2 v)+\mathcal{B} \left(j (-1+2 j)+2 v-4 j v+4 v^2\right)\Big)}{\sqrt{\pi } (2 v+1)!}, \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.32)

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^{v-1} \frac{(-1)^\ell 2^{-1+j-2 \ell}\, (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell! (2 v-2 \ell)!} = 2^{-1-j-2 v}\, \Bigg(\frac{(-1)^{v+1}\, 4^j (j-v-1)!}{v!}\Bigg.\\ &\Bigg.+\frac{(-1)^j 2^{1+4 v} (2 j-2 v-1)! \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}-j+2 v\right)}{\sqrt{\pi } (2 v)!}\Bigg), \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.33)

$\begin{align} \begin{split} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{\ell+1} 2^{-1+j-2 \ell} \Big(-\mathcal{B} j-2 \mathcal{A} \ell+2 \mathcal{B} \ell+2 (\ell-1-v) \mathcal{R}\Big) (j-\ell-1)!}{\ell! (2 v-2 \ell+2)!}\\ & = 2^{-3+j} (j-v-2)! \Bigg(\frac{\left(-\frac{1}{4}\right)^v (2 \mathcal{A} (v+1)+\mathcal{B} (j-2 (v+1)))}{(v+1)!}\Bigg.\\ &\Bigg.+\frac{4 \left(-\mathcal{A} (v+1) (1+2 v)+\mathcal{B} \left(1-\frac{3 j}{2}+j^2+3 v-2 j v+2 v^2\right)+2 (-1+j-v) (v+1) \mathcal{R}\right) \left(-\frac{1}{2}+j-2 v\right)_v}{(2 v+2)!}\Bigg). \end{split} \end{align}$

(3.34)

Substituting the last three summations from Eqs (3.32)–(3.34) into Formula (3.31), we can derive Formula (3.27). Consequently, Theorem 3.6 is proved. □

4. Derivatives' expressions of various celebrated polynomials in terms of UCPs

This section deals with polynomial expressions based on UCPs. Connection formulas between different polynomials with the UCPs can be deduced as special cases.

Theorem 4.1. Consider the NNIs $j, s$ with $j\geq s$ . The following expression holds:

$\begin{equation} D^s U^{(\zeta)}_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{-1+s+2 \zeta }\, j!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)}{A\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \Gamma (s+\zeta )\, \Gamma (j+2 \zeta )} \sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{\Gamma (j-v+\zeta )\, \Gamma (v+s+\zeta )}{v!\, (j-v-s)!} \, G_{j-s-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(4.1)

Proof. The formula (4.1) can be obtained using the analytic form of $U^{(\zeta)}_{j}(x)$ (Table 1, the second column) along with the inversion formula (2.12). □

Theorem 4.2. Consider the NNIs $j, s$ with $j\ge s$ . The following expression holds:

$\begin{equation} D^s H_{j}(x) = \frac{2^s j!}{\mathcal{A}} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(-1)^v}{v!} \, _1\tilde{F}_1(-v;1+j-2 v-s;1)\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x), \end{equation}$

(4.2)

where the notation $\ _{p} F_{q}(z)$ is the regularized hypergeometric function, see ^[44].

Proof. The analytic form of $H_{j}(x)$ can be used in conjunction with the inversion formula (2.12) to produce (4.2). □

Theorem 4.3. Consider the NNIs $j, s$ with $j\ge s$ . The following expression holds:

$\begin{equation} D^s F^{(a, b)}_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{-j+s} a^j j!}{\mathcal{A}} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{1}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+s\\[0.2cm] -j \end{array} \right|-\frac{4b}{a^2}\right)\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(4.3)

Proof. The series expression of $F^{a, b}_{j}(x)$ can be used in conjunction with the inversion formula (2.12) to produce (4.3). □

Theorem 4.4. Consider the NNIs $j, s$ with $j\ge s$ . The following expression holds:

$\begin{equation} D^s L^{(c, d)}_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{-j+s}\, c^j\, j!}{\mathcal{A}} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{1}{v!\, (j-v-s)!}\, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v+s\\[0.2cm] 1-j \end{array} \right|-\frac{4d}{c^2}\right)\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(4.4)

Proof. The series expression of $L^{c, d}_{j}(x)$ can be used in conjunction with the inversion formula (2.12) to produce (4.4). □

Theorem 4.5. Consider the NNIs $j, s$ with $j\ge s$ . The following expression holds:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s P^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x) = & \frac{2^{-2 j+s}\, \Gamma (1+2 j+\rho +\mu )}{\mathcal{A}\, (j-s)!\, \Gamma (1+j+\rho +\mu )} \sum _{v = 0}^{2 (j-s)} \binom{2 (j-s)}{v}\\ &\times\ _{3} F_{2}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -2 j+v+2 s, -j-\mu\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2}-j+s, -2 j-\rho -\mu \end{array} \right|1\right)\, G_{j-s-2 v}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.5)

Proof. The analytic form of $\tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x)$ yields the following formula

$\begin{equation} D^s \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x) = \frac{\Gamma (1+j+\mu )}{\Gamma (1+j+\rho +\mu )} \sum _{r = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(-1)^r\, \Gamma (1+2 j-r+\rho +\mu )}{r!\, (j-s-r)!\, \Gamma (1+j-r+\mu )} x^{j-r-s}. \end{equation}$

(4.6)

We utilize the inversion formula of $\tilde{G}_{i}(x)$ , consequently, the next equation can be deduced:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x) = &\frac{\Gamma (1+j+\mu )}{\mathcal{A}\, \Gamma (1+j+\rho +\mu )} \sum _{r = 0}^{j-s} \frac{(-1)^r\, 4^{-j+s+r}\, \Gamma (1+2 j-r+\rho +\mu )}{r! (j-s-r)! \Gamma (1+j-r+\mu )} \\ &\times\sum _{t = 0}^{2 (j-r-s)} \binom{2 (j-s-r)}{t} \tilde{G}_{j-r-s-t}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.7)

Alternatively, it may be expressed as:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x) = &\frac{\Gamma (1+j+\mu )}{\mathcal{A}\, \Gamma (1+j+\rho +\mu )} \sum _{v = 0}^{2 (j-s)}\, \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell\, 4^{-j+\ell+s}\, \binom{2 (j-\ell-s)}{v-\ell}\, \Gamma (1+2 j-\ell+\rho +\mu )}{\ell!\, (j-\ell-s)!\, \Gamma (1+j-\ell+\mu )}\, \tilde{G}_{j-s-v}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.8)

Accordingly, the last formula can be written in a hypergeometric form as follows:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{j}(x) = & \frac{2^{-2 j+2s}\, \Gamma (1+2 j+\rho +\mu )}{\mathcal{A}\, (j-s)!\, \Gamma (1+j+\rho +\mu )} \sum _{v = 0}^{2 (j-s)} \binom{2 (j-s)}{v}\\ &\times\ _{3} F_{2}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -2 j+v+2 s, -j-\mu\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2}-j+s, -2 j-\rho -\mu \end{array} \right|1\right)\, \tilde{G}_{j-s-v}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.9)

Replacing $x$ by $\frac{1+x}{2}$ in (4.8), Formula (4.5) can be obtained. □

Corollary 4.1. Let $j\ge s$ . For $\mu = \rho+1$ , Formula (4.5) reduces to the following formula

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s P^{(\rho, \rho+1)}_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{1+s+2 \rho }\, \Gamma (1+j+\rho )}{\mathcal{A}\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+s+\rho \right) \Gamma (2+j+2 \rho )}\left(\sum _{v = 0}^{j-s} \frac{\Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+j-v+\rho \right) \ \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+v+s+\rho \right)}{v! (j-v-s)!}\, G_{j-s-2v}(x)\right.\\ &\left.-\sum _{v = 0}^{j-s-1} \frac{\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+j-v+\rho \right) \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+v+s+\rho \right)}{v! (j-v-s-1)!}\right)\, G_{j-s-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.10)

Proof. Setting $\mu = \rho+1$ in (4.5) yields

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} D^s P^{(\rho, \rho+1)}_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{-2 j+s}\, \Gamma (2 (1+j+\rho ))}{\mathcal{A}\, (j-s)!\, \Gamma (2+j+2 \rho )} \sum _{v = 0}^{2 (j-s)} \binom{2 (j-s)}{v} \\ &\times\ _{3} F_{2}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -2 j+v+2 s, -1-j-\rho\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2}-j+s, -1-2 j-2 \rho \end{array} \right|1\right)\, G_{j-s-v}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(4.11)

Zeibreger's algorithm (^[54]) can aid us to sum the $\ _{3} F_{2}(1)$ that appears in the last formula. Setting

$Z_{v, j, s} = \ _{3} F_{2}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -2 j+v+2 s, -1-j-\rho\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2}-j+s, -1-2 j-2 \rho \end{array} \right|1\right),$

then $M_{v, j, s}$ meets the next recursive formula

$- \left( v-1 \right) \left( v+2\, \rho+2\, s \right) F_{v-2, j, s}+2\, \left( j-v-s+1 \right) F_{v-1, j, s} + \left( 2\, j-v+1-2\, s \right) \left( 2\, j+2\, \rho-v+2 \right)F_{v, j, s} = 0,$

accompanied by the initial conditions

$F_{0, j, s} = 1, \quad F_{1, j, s} = \frac{-1}{2j+2\rho+1},$

that can be solved to give

$M_{v, j, s} = \frac{1}{\sqrt \pi} \begin{cases} \frac{\Gamma \left(\frac{v+1}{2}\right) \left(\frac{3}{2}+s+\rho \right)_{\frac{v}{2}}}{ \left(\frac{1}{2}+j-\frac{v}{2}-s\right)_{\frac{v}{2}} \left(\frac{3}{2}+j-\frac{v}{2}+\rho \right)_{\frac{v}{2}}}, & v\ \text{even}, \\[0.3cm] \frac{-\Gamma \left(1+\frac{v}{2}\right) \left(\frac{3}{2}+s+\rho \right)_{\frac{1}{2} (v-1)}}{\left(1+j-\frac{v}{2}-s\right)_{\frac{1}{2} (v-1)} \left(1+j-\frac{v}{2}+\rho \right)_{\frac{v+1}{2}}}, & v\ \text{odd}, \end{cases}$

and therefore, Formula (4.10) can be obtained. □

5. Linearization formulas of the UCPs

In this section, we will develop a new linearization formula (LF) for the UCPs based on these polynomials' analytic form and moments formula. Furthermore, some other linearization formulas for UCPs with some other polynomials will also be derived. More precisely, the following linearization problems will be solved:

$\begin{align} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) & = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i+j} L_{k, i, j} G_{i+j-k}(x), \end{align}$

(5.1)

$\begin{align} G_{i}(x)\, \phi_{j}(x) & = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i+j} \tilde{L}_{k, i, j}\, G_{i+j-k}(x), \end{align}$

(5.2)

$\begin{align} G_{i}(x)\, \phi_{j}(x) & = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i+j} \bar{L}_{k, i, j}\, \phi_{i+j-k}(x), \end{align}$

(5.3)

for certain polynomials $\phi_{j}(x)$ .

5.1. Linearization formula of the UCPs

The following theorem exhibits the LF of $G_{i}(x)$ . This formula generalizes some well-known formulas.

Theorem 5.1. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF applies:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = \frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, \left(G_{j-i}(x)+G_{j+i}(x)\right)+(\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}) \sum _{k = 0}^{i-2}G_{j-i+2 k+2}(x)+\mathcal{R}\, \sum _{k = 0}^{i-1}\, G_{j-i+2 k+1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.4)

Proof. The analytic form in (2.10) leads to obtaining the following formula

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x)& = \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+i-2 r} (\mathcal{B} (i-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r)\, (1+i-2 r)_{r-1}}{r!}\, x^{i-2 r}\, G_{j}(x)\\ &+\mathcal{R} \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+i-2 r}\, (i-2 r)_r}{r!}\, \, x^{i-2 r-1}\, G_{j}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.5)

As a result of the moment formula (2.11), we obtain the following formula

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = &\sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+i-2 r}\, (\mathcal{B} (i-2 r)+2 \mathcal{A} r) (1+i-2 r)_{r-1}}{r!} \\ &\times\sum _{\ell = 0}^{i-2 r} 2^{-i+2 r}\, \binom{i-2 r}{\ell}\, G_{i+j-2 r-2 \ell}(x)\\ &+\mathcal{R} \sum _{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{i-1}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-1+i-2 r}\, (i-2 r)_r}{r!} \sum _{\ell = 0}^{i-2 r-1}\, 2^{1-i+2 r}\, \binom{-1+i-2 r}{\ell}\, G_{i+j-2 r-2 \ell-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.6)

The following formula can be derived from a series of computations:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = &\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{B}\, \left(\phi_{j+i}(x)+\phi_{j-i}(x)\right)\\ &+\sum _{v = 1}^{i-1} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v\, \frac{(-1)^\ell\, (\mathcal{B} (i-2 \ell)+2 \mathcal{A} \ell)\, \binom{i-2 \ell}{v-\ell}\, (1+i-2 \ell)_{\ell-1}}{2 \ell!}\, G_{i+j-2 v}(x)\\ &+\mathcal{R}\, \sum _{v = 0}^{i-1} \sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell \binom{-1+i-2 \ell}{v-\ell} (i-2 \ell)_\ell}{\ell!}\, G_{i+j-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.7)

Considering these two identities:

$\begin{align} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell\, (\mathcal{B} (i-2 \ell)+2 \mathcal{A} \ell) \binom{i-2 \ell}{v-\ell} (1+i-2 \ell)_{\ell-1}}{2 \ell!} = \mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}, \end{align}$

(5.8)

$\begin{align} &\sum _{\ell = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^\ell\, \binom{-1+i-2 \ell}{v-\ell} (i-2 \ell)_\ell}{\ell!} = 1, \end{align}$

(5.9)

the next simplified LF be acquired:

$\begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = \frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, \left(G_{j-i}(x)+G_{j+i}(x)\right)+(\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}) \sum _{k = 0}^{i-2}G_{2-i+j+2 k}(x)+\mathcal{R}\, \sum _{k = 0}^{i-1}\, G_{j-i+2 k+1}(x). \end{split}$

This finalizes the proof of Theorem 5.1. □

Remark 5.1. Some well-known LFs can be extracted from the LF (5.4). The following corollary exhibits these formulas.

Corollary 5.1. Consider two NNIs. The following LFs hold:

$\begin{align} T_{i}(x)\, T_{j}(x) = &\frac12\, \left(T_{i-j}(x)+T_{i+j}(x)\right), \end{align}$

(5.10)

$\begin{align} U_{i}(x)\, U_{j}(x) = &\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i}U_{j-i+2k}(x), \end{align}$

(5.11)

$\begin{align} V_{i}(x)\, V_{j}(x) = &\sum _{k = 0}^i V_{j-i+2 k}(x)-\sum _{k = 0}^{i-1} V_{j-i+2k+1}(x), \end{align}$

(5.12)

$\begin{align} W_{i}(x)\, W_{j}(x) = &\sum _{k = 0}^i W_{j-i+2k}(x)+\sum _{k = 0}^{i-1} W_{j-i+2k+1}(x). \end{align}$

(5.13)

Proof. Formulas (5.10)–(5.13) can be easily obtained as special cases of (5.4) noting the specific classes in (2.2) and (2.3). □

5.2. LFs of the UCPs with some symmetric polynomials

This part is interested in developing other product formulas of the UCPs with some other polynomials.

Theorem 5.2. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF holds

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = \left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^{j} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j} \binom{j}{v}\, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v\\[0.2cm] -j \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)\, G_{j+i-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(5.14)

Proof. Starting with the analytic form of $F^{a, b}_{i}(x)$ , we can write

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{a^{j-2 r} b^r (1+j-2 r)_r}{r!} x^{j-2 r}\, G_{i}(x). \end{equation}$

(5.15)

Making use of the moment formula (2.11), we get

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{r = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j}{2}\right\rfloor } \frac{\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^{j-2 r} b^r (1+j-2 r)_r}{r!} \sum\limits_{\ell = 0}^{j-2 r} \binom{j-2 r}{\ell} G_{i+j-2 r-2 \ell}(x), \end{equation}$

(5.16)

which can be written as

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j} \sum\limits_{\ell = 0}^v \frac{\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^{j-2 \ell} b^\ell \binom{j-2 \ell}{v-\ell} (1+j-2 \ell)_\ell}{\ell!}\, G_{j+i-2 v}(x), \end{equation}$

(5.17)

which is also equivalent to

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = \left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^{j} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j} \binom{j}{v} \, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -j+v\\[0.2cm] -j \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)\, G_{j+i-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(5.18)

This finalizes the proof of Theorem 5.2. □

Theorem 5.3. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF holds:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} G_{i}(x)\, F^{a, b}_{j}(x) = &2^{i-1} a^{-i} \mathcal{B}\, \, F^{a, b}_{i+j}(x)+2^{i-1} a^{-i} (-b)^{i} \mathcal{B}\, F^{a, b}_{j-i}(x)\\ &+\frac{(i-2)! 2^{-2+i} a^{-i}}{b} \sum _{v = 1}^{i-1} \frac{(-b)^{v}}{(i-v)! v!} \left(a^2 (\mathcal{A}-\mathcal{B}) (i-v) v \, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} 1-v, 1-i+v\\[0.2cm] 2-i \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right) \right.\\ &\left.+2 b \mathcal{B} (i-1) i \, _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -i+v\\[0.2cm] 1-i \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right) \right)\, F^{a, b}_{j+i-2 v}(x)\\ &+2^{i-1} a^{1-i} \mathcal{R} (i-1)! \sum _{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{(-b)^{v}}{v! (i-v-1)!}\, \, \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, 1-i+v\\[0.2cm] 1-i \end{array} \right|-\frac{a^2}{4 b}\right)F^{a, b}_{j+i-2v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.19)

Proof. Similar to the proof of Theorem 5.2. □

Theorem 5.4. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF holds

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, U^{(\zeta)}_{j}(x) = \frac{2^{-1+2 \zeta }\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)}{\sqrt{\pi }\, \Gamma (\zeta )\, \Gamma (j+2 \zeta )}\, \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j} \binom{j}{v}\, \Gamma (j-v+\zeta )\, \Gamma (v+\zeta )\, G_{j+i-2 v}(x). \end{equation}$

(5.20)

Proof. Just like the proof of Theorem 5.2. □

Theorem 5.5. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF holds

$\begin{equation} G_{i}(x)\, H_{j}(x) = \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{j} \binom{j}{v} U(-v, 1+j-2v, 1) G_{j+i-2v}(x), \end{equation}$

(5.21)

where $U(c, d, y)$ denotes the confluent hypergeometric function (see, ^[51]).

Proof. Similar to the proof of Theorem 5.2. □

5.3. LFs of the UCPs with some nonsymmetric polynomials

Here, we give some LFs of the UCPs with some nonsymmetric polynomials. The product formulas with the shifted Jacobi and generalized Lageurre polynomials will be developed.

Theorem 5.6. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . The following LF holds

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = &\frac{1}{2^i}\, \Gamma (1+2 i+\rho +\mu )\, \sum\limits_{v = 0}^i \frac{1}{v!\, (i-v)! \Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \\ &\times\ _4F_3\left.\left( \begin{array}{cccc} -v, -i+v, -\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, \frac{1}{2}-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}, -i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, \frac{1}{2}-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2} \end{array} \right|1\right) \, G_{j+i-2 v}(x)\\ &-\frac{1}{2^{i-1}}\, \frac{(i+\mu )\, \Gamma (2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{1}{v! (i-v-1)!} \\ &\times\ _4F_3\left.\left( \begin{array}{cccc} -v, 1-i+v, \frac{1}{2}-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, 1-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}\\ \frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, 1-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2} \end{array} \right|1\right)\, G_{j+i-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.22)

Proof. The analytic form of the shifted JPs (presented in Table 1) allows one to write the following formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = \frac{(1+\mu )_i}{(1+\rho +\mu )_i} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^i \frac{(-1)^r (1+\rho +\mu )_{2 i-r}}{(i-r)! r! (1+\mu )_{i-r}}\, x^{i-r}\, G_{j}(x), \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.23)

which turns into

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = \frac{(1+\mu )_i}{(1+\rho +\mu )_i} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^i \frac{(-1)^r\, 2^{-i+r}\, (1+\rho +\mu )_{2 i-r}}{(i-r)! r! (1+\mu )_{i-r}} \sum\limits_{s = 0}^{i-r}\binom{i-r}{s}\, G_{j+i-r-2 s}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.24)

After a series of algebraic computations, (5.24) converts into the following one

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = & \frac{(1+\mu )_i}{(1+\rho +\mu )_i} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^v \frac{2^{-i+2 r} \binom{i-2 r}{v-r} (1+\rho +\mu )_{2 i-2r}}{(i-2 r)! (2 r)! (1+\mu )_{i-2 r}}\, G_{j+i-2 v}(x)\\ &+\frac{\Gamma (1+i+\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^v \frac{(-1)^{1+2 r} 2^{1-i+2 r} \Gamma (2 i-2 r+\rho +\mu )}{(i-v-r-1)! (v-r)! (2 r+1)!\Gamma (i-2 r+\mu )}\, G_{j+i-2 v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.25)

In virtue of the two identities:

$\begin{align} \begin{split} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^p \frac{2^{-i+2 r} \binom{i-2 r}{p-r} (1+\rho +\mu )_{2 i-2 r}}{(i-2 r)! (2 r)! (1+\mu )_{i-2 r}} = &\frac{2^{-i} \Gamma (1+\mu ) \Gamma (1+2 i+\rho +\mu )}{(i-p)! p! \Gamma (1+i+\mu ) \Gamma (1+\rho +\mu )}\\ &\times\ _4F_3\left.\left( \begin{array}{cccc} -p, -i+p, -\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, \frac{1}{2}-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}\\ \frac{1}{2}, -i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, \frac{1}{2}-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2} \end{array} \right|1\right), \end{split} \end{align}$

(5.26)

$\begin{align} \begin{split} \sum\limits_{r = 0}^p &\frac{(-1)^{1+2 r} 2^{1-i+2 r} \Gamma (2 i-2 r+\rho +\mu )}{(i-p-r-1)! (p-r)! (2 r+1)! \Gamma (i-2 r+\mu )} = \frac{-2^{1-i} \Gamma (2 i+\rho +\mu )}{(i-p-1)! p! \Gamma (i+\mu )} \\ &\times \ _4F_3\left.\left( \begin{array}{cccc} -p, 1-i+p, \frac{1}{2}-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, 1-\frac{i}{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}\\ \frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2}, 1-i-\frac{\rho }{2}-\frac{\mu }{2} \end{array} \right|1\right), \end{split} \end{align}$

(5.27)

Formula (5.25) can be written as in (5.22). □

Remark 5.2. The two terminating $\ _4F_3(1)$ can be reduced for some negative choices of $\rho$ and $\mu$ . The following corollaries exhibit some of these results: It is worth mentioning here that some authors investigated the class of JPs whose parameters are certain negative integers (see, ^[55,56]).

Corollary 5.2. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(-i, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{i} \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+i\right) \Gamma (1+i+\mu )}{\sqrt{\pi } \Gamma (1+\mu )} \left(\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i} \frac{1}{(2 i-2 v)! (2 v)!} G_{j+i-2 v}(x)\right.\\ &\left.-\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{1}{(2 i-2 v-1)! (2 v+1)!} G_{j+i-2 v-1}(x)\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.28)

Proof. If we substitute $\rho = -i$ into Formula (5.22), it yields

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(-i, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = &\frac{2^{-i}\, \Gamma (i+\mu +1)}{\Gamma (1+\mu )}\left( \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i} \frac{1}{v!\, (i-v)!} \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -i+v\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2} \end{array} \right|1\right) \, G_{j+i-2 v}(x)\right.\\ &\left.-2\, \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{1}{v!\, (-i-v-1)!} \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, 1-i+v\\[0.2cm] \frac{3}{2} \end{array} \right|1\right)\, \, G_{j+i-2 v-1}(x)\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.29)

Chu-Vandemomne identity leads to the following two identities:

$\begin{align*} \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, -i+v\\[0.2cm] \frac{1}{2} \end{array} \right|1\right) = &\frac{\sqrt{\pi } \left(i-v+\frac{1}{2}\right)_v}{\Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+v\right)}, \\ \ _{2} F_{1}\left.\left( \begin{array}{cc} -v, 1-i+v\\[0.2cm] \frac{3}{2} \end{array} \right|1\right) = &\frac{\sqrt{\pi } \left(i-v+\frac{1}{2}\right)_v}{2 \Gamma \left(\frac{3}{2}+v\right)}, \end{align*}$

and hence, Formula (5.29) reduces to Formula (5.28). □

Remark 5.3. Some other special reduced formulas of the general formula in (5.22) can be also deduced. The details are omitted.

Corollary 5.3. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(-i+1, \mu)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x)& = \frac{2^{i-1} \Gamma \left(-\frac{1}{2}+i\right) \Gamma (1+2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\sqrt{\pi } (1+i+\mu ) \Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \left(\sum\limits_{v = 0}^i \frac{-1+i+2 i^2-4 i v+4 v^2-\mu +2 i \mu }{(2 i-2 v)! (2 v)!}\, G_{j+i-2v}(x)\right.\\ &\left.-\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{2 i^2+4 v (v+1)-\mu +i (-1-4 v+2 \mu )}{(2 i-2 v-1)! (2 v+1)!}\, \, G_{j+i-2v-1}(x)\right). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.30)

Corollary 5.4. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, -i+1)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = & \frac{2^{-i} \Gamma (1+2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i} \frac{1}{v! (i-v)!}\, G_{j+i-2v}(x)\\ &-\frac{2^{1-i} (i+\mu ) \Gamma (2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{1}{v! (i-v-1)!}\, G_{j+i-2v-1}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.31)

Corollary 5.5. Consider the two NNIs $i$ and $j$ . We have

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \tilde{P}^{(\rho, -i+2)}_{i}(x)\, G_{j}(x) = & \frac{2^{-i} \Gamma (1+2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i} \frac{1+\frac{4 (i-v) v}{(1+i+\rho ) (2+i+\rho )}}{v! (i-v)!}\, G_{j+i-2v}(x)\\ &-\frac{2^{1-i} (i+\mu ) \Gamma (2 i+\rho +\mu )}{\Gamma (1+i+\rho +\mu )} \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{i-1} \frac{1}{v! (i-v-1)!}\, G_{j+i-2v}(x). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(5.32)

6. Closed forms for some integrals and weighted integrals

This section presents new integral and weighted integral formulas based on applying some of the introduced formulas derived in the previous sections.

6.1. Some definite integrals of products involving the UCPs

Corollary 6.1. For every $j\ge 2$ , the following identity holds

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{1}\phi_{j}(x)\, dx = S_{j} = \begin{cases} \frac{\mathcal{B}-2 \mathcal{A}}{2 (j-1)}+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2 (j+1)}+\frac{\mathcal{R} \left(1+(-1)^{1+\frac{j}{2}}\right)}{j}, & j\ \mathit{\text{even}}, \\[0.3cm] \frac{(\mathcal{B}-2 \mathcal{A}) \left(1+(-1)^{\frac{j+1}{2}}\right)}{2 (j-1)}+\frac{\mathcal{B} \left(1+(-1)^{\frac{j-1}{2}}\right)}{2 (j+1)}+\frac{\mathcal{R}}{j}, & j\ \mathit{\text{odd}}. \end{cases} \end{equation}$

(6.1)

Proof. In virtue of Formula (2.4), we can write

$\int_{0}^{1}\phi_{j}(x)\, dx = \frac{1}{2} (-2 \mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B})\int_{0}^{1} U_{j-2}(x)\, dx+\mathcal{R}\int_{0}^{1} U_{j-1}(x)\, dx+\frac{\mathcal{B}}{2}\, \int_{0}^{1} U_{j}(x)\, dx.$

But, since the following integral holds for $U_{j}(x)$ (see, ^[15])

$\int_{0}^{1} U_{j}(x)\, dx = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{1+j}, & j\, \text{even}, \\ \frac{1-(-1)^{\frac{j+1}{2}}}{1+j}, & j\, \text{odd}. \end{cases}$

So it is easy to conclude Formula (6.1). □

Corollary 6.2. For every $i$ and $j$ greater than or equal to $2$ , the following identity holds

$\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{1}\phi_{i}(x)\, \phi_{j}(x)\, dx = \frac{1}{2} \mathcal{B} (S_{j+i}+S_{j-i})+\mathcal{R} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i-1} S_{j-i+2k+1}+(\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}) \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{i-2} S_{j-i+2k+2}, \end{equation}$

(6.2)

where $S_{j}$ is given as in (6.1).

Proof. The integral formula can be achieved by using LF (5.4) along with the integral formula (6.1). □

6.2. Some weighted integrals of products involving the UCPs

Some weighted integral formulas can be computed based on the derivative expressions of the UCPs and connection formulas with some orthogonal polynomials. Here are some of these results.

Corollary 6.3. For every $j\ge s$ , the following identity holds

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2} D^s G_{j}(x)\, H_m(x) \, dx = \\ &\begin{cases} \frac{2^{-1+m+s}\, \sqrt{\pi }\, (j-2)!}{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-s)\right)!}\, \Bigg(\mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _1F_1\bigg(\frac{1}{2} (-j+m+s);1-j;-1\bigg)\\ +(\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{A}) (j-m-s) \ _1F_1\bigg( \frac{1}{2} (2-j+m+s);2-j;-1\bigg)\Bigg)& (j+m+s)\ \mathit{\text{even}}, \\[0.4cm] \frac{2^{m+s}\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \mathcal{R}\, m!\, (j-1)!}{m!\, \left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-s-1)\right)!} \, _1F_1\Bigg(\frac{1}{2} (1-j+m+s);1-j;-1\Bigg), & (j+m+s)\ \mathit{\text{odd}}. \end{cases} \end{split} \end{equation}$

(6.3)

Proof. Formula (3.24) leads to the following integral formula:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} \int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2} D^s G_{j}(x)\, H_m(x) \, dx = & \sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } M_{v, j, s} \int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2} H_m(x) H_{j-s-2 v}(x) \, dx\\ &+\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } {\bar{M}}_{v, j, s} \int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2} H_m(x) H_{j-s-2 v-1}(x) \, dx, \end{split} \end{equation}$

(6.4)

where

$\begin{align*} M_{v, j, s} = & \frac{2^{s-1} (j-2)!}{v! (j-2 v-s)!} (2 (-\mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) v \, _1F_1(1-v;2-j;-1)+\mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _1F_1(-v;1-j;-1)), \\ \bar{M}_{v, j, s} = & \frac{2^s \mathcal{R} (j-1)!}{v! (j-2 v-s-1)!} \, _1F_1(-v;1-j;-1). \end{align*}$

The orthogonality relation of Hermite polynomials (^[57]) helps to put (6.4) as

$\begin{equation} \int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2} D^s G_{j}(x)\, H_m(x) \, dx = h_{m}\, \left(\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{j-s}{2}\right\rfloor } M_{v, j, s}\, \delta _{m, j-s-2 v}+\sum\limits_{v = 0}^{\left\lfloor \frac{1}{2} (j-s-1)\right\rfloor } \bar{M}_{v, j, s}\, \delta _{m, j-s-2 v-1}\right), \end{equation}$

(6.5)

where $\delta_{i, j}$ is the well-known Kronecker delta functions and $h_{m}$ is given by

$h_{m} = 2^m\, m!\, \sqrt{\pi}.$

Simple computations lead to (6.3). □

Corollary 6.4. For all NNIs $j$ and $m$ , the following identity holds:

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\int_{-\infty }^{\infty } e^{-x^2}\, G_{j}(x)\, H_m(x) \, dx = \\ &\begin{cases} \frac{2^{m-1}\, \sqrt{\pi }\, (j-2)!}{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m)\right)!}\, \left(\mathcal{B} (j-1) j \, _1F_1\left(\frac{1}{2} (-j+m);1-j;-1\right)\right.\\ +\left.(-\mathcal{A}+\mathcal{B}) (j-m) \, _1F_1\left(\frac{1}{2} (2-j+m);2-j;-1\right)\right)& (j+m)\ \mathit{\text{even}}, \\[0.4cm] \frac{2^{m} \sqrt{\pi } \mathcal{R} m! (j-1)!}{m! \left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-1)\right)!} \, _1F_1\left(\frac{1}{2} (1-j+m);1-j;-1\right), & (j+m)\ \mathit{\text{odd}}. \end{cases} \end{split} \end{equation}$

(6.6)

Proof. A direct special case of Formula (6.3) for $s = 0$ . □

Corollary 6.5. For every $j\ge s$ , the following identity holds

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\int_{-1}^1 \left(1-x^2\right)^{\zeta -\frac{1}{2}} D^s G_{j}(x)\, U^{(\zeta)}_m(x) \, dx = \frac{2^{s-2} \sqrt{\pi }\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)}{\Gamma (1+s-\zeta )}\\ &\times\begin{cases} \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j+m+s)-1\right)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m+s-2 \zeta )\right)}{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-s)\right)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (2+j+m-s)+\zeta \right)}\\ \times\left(-\mathcal{A} (j-m-s) (j+m-s+2 \zeta )+\mathcal{B} \left(j^2-(m+s) (m-s+2 \zeta )\right)\right), & (j+m+s)\ \mathit{\text{even}}, \\[0.3cm] \frac{4\, \mathcal{R}\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (1+j+m+s)\right) \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (1+j-m+s-2 \zeta )\right)}{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-s)-1\right)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (1+j+m-s)+\zeta \right)}, & (j+m+s)\ \mathit{\text{odd}}. \end{cases} \end{split} \end{equation}$

(6.7)

Proof. Starting with Formula (3.12) and applying the orthogonality relation of the ultraspherical polynomials ^[58], we may derive Formula (6.7). □

Corollary 6.6. For every $j$ , the following identity holds

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &\int_{-1}^1 \left(1-x^2\right)^{\zeta -\frac{1}{2}} G_{j}(x)\, U^{(\zeta)}_m(x) \, dx = \frac{1}{4}\, \sqrt{\pi }\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}+\zeta \right)\\ &\times\begin{cases} \frac{\left(-\mathcal{A} (j-m) (j+m+2 \zeta )+\mathcal{B} \left(j^2-m (m+2 \zeta )\right)\right)\, \left(\frac{j+m}{2}-1\right)!\, (1-\zeta )_{\frac{j-m}{2}-1}}{\left(\frac{j-m}{2}\right)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}(2+j+m)+\zeta \right)}, & (j+m)\ \mathit{\text{even}}, \\[0.3cm] \frac{4\, \mathcal{R}\, \left(\frac{1}{2} (j+m-1)\right)!\, (1-\zeta )_{\frac{1}{2} (j-m+1)-1}}{\left(\frac{1}{2} (j-m-1)\right)!\, \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2} (1+j+m)+\zeta \right)}, & (j+m)\ \mathit{\text{odd}}. \end{cases} \end{split} \end{equation}$

(6.8)

Proof. Direct from (6.7) setting $s = 0$ . □

7. Conclusions

This research opened new horizons for studying new types of polynomials that satisfy the same recurrence relation of CPs but with general initials. Thus, the solution of this recurrence relation produced generalized polynomials that all four kinds of CPs are special ones of them. We proved an important result for the generalized polynomials: They can be expressed as three terms of consecutive terms of the second kind of CPs. This result enabled us to derive some other fundamental formulas for generalized polynomials. Expressions for the derivatives of these polynomials are given in terms of some other symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials. Some connection formulas can also be deduced. The LF of the generalized polynomials and some triple product formulas were also deduced. In future work, we aim to investigate other generalized sequences of polynomials and establish some important formulas concerned with them.

Author contributions

Waleed Mohamed Abd-Elhameed: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing-Original draft, Writing-review & editing; Omar Mazen Alqubori: Validation, Investigation. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare that they have not used artificial intelligence tools in the creation of this article.

Acknowledgement

This work was funded by the University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, under grant No. (UJ-23-DR-254). Therefore, the authors thank the University of Jeddah for its technical and financial support.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge that the data received from AHRI enabled us to perform this secondary analysis. We are very grateful to the Vukuzazi team members for their technical assistance in interpreting some of the variables used in the dataset.

Authors' contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to this study, whether that is in conception, data analysis and interpretation. All authors also took part in the drafting, revising, and gave approval for the publication of this manuscript.

Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

Conflict of interest

Authors involved in this study have no conflict of interest to declare.

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AIMS Medical Science

Alcohol consumption and HIV disease prognosis among virally unsuppressed in Rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Some fundamental properties of the UCPs and other well-known polynomials

2.1. Some basic formulas concerned with the UCPs

2.2. An overview on well-known polynomials: both symmetric and nonsymmetric

3. Some formulas for the derivatives of the UCPs

3.1. Derivatives of UCPs in terms of other UCPs

3.2. Derivatives with some other symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials

4. Derivatives' expressions of various celebrated polynomials in terms of UCPs

5. Linearization formulas of the UCPs

5.1. Linearization formula of the UCPs

5.2. LFs of the UCPs with some symmetric polynomials

5.3. LFs of the UCPs with some nonsymmetric polynomials

6. Closed forms for some integrals and weighted integrals

6.1. Some definite integrals of products involving the UCPs

6.2. Some weighted integrals of products involving the UCPs

7. Conclusions

Author contributions

Use of AI tools declaration

Acknowledgement

Conflict of interest

References

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AIMS Medical Science

Alcohol consumption and HIV disease prognosis among virally unsuppressed in Rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Some fundamental properties of the UCPs and other well-known polynomials

2.1. Some basic formulas concerned with the UCPs

2.2. An overview on well-known polynomials: both symmetric and nonsymmetric

3. Some formulas for the derivatives of the UCPs

3.1. Derivatives of UCPs in terms of other UCPs

3.2. Derivatives with some other symmetric and nonsymmetric polynomials

4. Derivatives' expressions of various celebrated polynomials in terms of UCPs

5. Linearization formulas of the UCPs

5.1. Linearization formula of the UCPs

5.2. LFs of the UCPs with some symmetric polynomials

5.3. LFs of the UCPs with some nonsymmetric polynomials

6. Closed forms for some integrals and weighted integrals

6.1. Some definite integrals of products involving the UCPs

6.2. Some weighted integrals of products involving the UCPs

7. Conclusions

Author contributions

Use of AI tools declaration

Acknowledgement

Conflict of interest

References

This article has been cited by:

Reader Comments

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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