Prediction of first-year corrosion losses of copper and aluminum in continental regions

1.   Introduction

In the wide world, the threat of pests is growing to agriculture. How to control the pest quantity effectively in agricultural development has become one of the important problems. In the past decades, many researchers pay more attention to the methods of controlling pest populations, and there are some good results ^{[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]}.

There are three main methods of controlling pests. One is the use of chemical control methods, namely spraying insecticide. Its disadvantage is that it pollutes the environment or products and also causes the ecological imbalance because of the massive death of predator evenly. The second is the use of biological control which can make full use of the role of natural control in the agricultural ecosystem, that is, to reduce the population density of pests effectively by artificially raising natural enemies and releasing them periodically. However this method is only applicable to the smaller density of pest populations and once the pest populations exceeds a certain number, the method will be invalid. The third method is the integrated control method of chemical control and biological control, which is the most widely used method in the agricultural and ecological resource management. If the density of pest populations is lower than the economic threshold, then it is not necessary to adopt any control strategy, but once the pest populations density reaches or exceeds the economic threshold, we should adopt a certain control strategy to avoid the imbalance of ecology. In this paper, we apply the state dependent impulsive differential equation to describe the implementation of the feedback control strategy.

In recent years, semi-continuous dynamical system theory has been applied in many fields such as mathematics, biological mathematics, ecology and economics ^{[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]}. In ^[18,19], the integrated control system with state pulse feedback control was considered, some sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the periodic solution were obtained by the successor functions method, and the stability of the periodic solution was proved. In ^[20], the related properties of the Leslie-Gower model without impulse were studied. In ^[21,22], the dynamic properties of periodic solutions of the predator-prey model were investigated. In ^[23], pei et al. applied the time pulse method to harvest the prey at fixed time. Jiao et al. ^[24] mainly considered the periodic pulsed predator-prey model during hibernation and obtained the global asymptotic stability criterion for the extinction boundary of the predator.

Although there are fruitful results on mathematical models with state dependence on the pulse feedback control, but most of them are just based on the study of a single pulse control and few of them considered the feedback control strategy for two different influence of preys and predators at the same time. These researches were rare on that how to control pesticide spraying to get greater economic benefits ^[25,26,27]. Therefore, we construct a Leslie-Gower model with ratio-dependence and state pulse feedback control in this paper.

The structure of this paper is as follows: In Section 2, we build a Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with ratio-dependence and state pulse control. This is a generalisation of the original Leslie model with ratio-dependence by adding the state pulse feedback control. In Section 3, the existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic stability of the periodic solution are proved according to the relevant characteristics of the positive equilibrium point $E_{*}$. In Section 4, we formulate an optimal problem and obtain the economic threshold. In addition, some numerical simulation examples are carried out to verify our theoretical results. We give a short conclusion in the Section 5.

2.   Model building

The Leslie model is one of the most classic prey-predator model, and it has attracted many scholars to modify and improve it in many aspects ^{[28,29,30,31]}. Especially, due to the laboratory experiments ^{[32,33,34,35,36]} and observation ^{[37,38,39,40,41,42,43]}, a few of researchers focus on the ratio-dependence of the Leslie prey-predator model recently. Gupta et al constructed Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with Michaelis-Menten type prey-harvesting and investigated bifurcation of model ^[44]. In ^[45], Zhao et al established a Leslie-Gower predator-prey system with fixed time impulsive and discussed the persistence of system. However, state dependent pulse differential system is more in line with the actual biological system. Wei et al proposed a Leslie-Gower pest management model with impulsive state feedback control and discussed the conditions for existence and stability of periodic solution ^[46]. Flores and E. González-Olivares proposed a modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with ratio-dependent functional response and alternative food for the predator ^[47].

In ^[48], Liang et al established the following Leslie-Gower model with ratio-dependence:

In System (2.1), $x_{1}(t_{1})$, $y_{1}(t_{1})$ represent the densities of preys and predators at time $t_{1}$, respectively. $a_{2}$ is the intrinsic rate of growth of the predator. Environmental carrying capacity is proportional to the maximum amount of food that the environment can hold, that means, $K(x) = x/b$. The predator's consumption of the prey depends on the ratio $\frac{kx_{1}}{a_{1}y_{1}+x_{1}}$, where $k$ is the maximum amount of the prey. The parameter $c$ represents the maximum value of the average deficit reduction of $y_{1}$ to $x_{1}$, $c \frac{y_{1}}{x_{1}}$ is named the Leslie-Gower pattern. In addition, the parameters $r$, $a_{1}$, $a_{2}$, $k$, $c$, $K$ are all positive constants.

According to the Introduction, $ET_{1}$ is denoted the pest slight harmful threshold. When the number of pest populations achieves $ET_{1}$, we only need to adopt biological control strategies to reduce effectively the number of pests. Analogously, $ET_{2}$ is denoted the pest economic injury threshold. When the number of pest populations achieves $ET_{2}$, only by adopting chemical control strategy can the pest quantity be reduced effectively in a short time. However, in most cases, the control strategy we adopt is the integrated control strategy. In this paper, we apply the integrated control strategy to achieve effective control of pests when the number of pests satisfies $x_{1} \in [ET_{1}, \ ET_{2}]$. To achieve this objective, we establish a model as follows:

where $ET\in [ET_{1}, \ ET_{2}]$. Consider the dynamic behavior of System(2.2), the proportionality coefficient of the amount of the killed pests and predators are defined as $p(x_{1})(p(x_{1})\in(0, 1))$ and $q(x_{1})(0 < q(x_{1}) < p(x_{1}))$, and $\tau(x_{1})$ is defined as the number of artificial natural enemies. To simplify, we nondimensionalize System (2.2) by using $rt_{1} = t$, $\frac{x_{1}(t_{1})}{K} = x(t)$, and $\frac{ky_{1}(t_{1})}{r} = y(t)$. Then we get the following form:

where $\alpha_{1} = \frac{a_{1}r}{kK}$, $\alpha_{2} = \frac{a_{2}kK}{rca_{1}}$, $\beta = \frac{a_{1}c}{kK}$, and $\xi = \frac{ET}{K}$.

The control parameters $p(x)$, $q(x)$, $\tau(x)$ are continuous functions defined on $[\xi_{min}, \xi_{max}]$, $\xi_{min}$ and $\xi_{max}$ are the minimum value and maximum value respectively, which satisfy $0 < \xi_{max}\leq\xi\leq\xi_{max} < \frac{K}{1-p_{min}}$. In addition, $p(\xi_{max}) = p_{max}$, $\tau(\xi_{max}) = \tau_{min}$, $\tau(\xi_{min}) = \tau_{max}$ and $q(\xi_{max}) = q_{max}$. Denote $p_{\xi} = p(\xi), \ \tau_{\xi} = \tau(\xi)$ and $q_{\xi} = q(\xi)$, we may see ^[49] for more details.

In the absence of impulses, the predator-prey model is as follows:

The isoclinic line $L_{1}:1-x-\frac{1}{\alpha_{1} y + x}y = 0$ has the following features: when the value range of $x$ is $(0, 1)$, first, if the condition $\alpha_{1} = 1$ holds, then the line $L_{1}$ signifies a straight line; second, if the condition $\alpha_{1} < 1$ holds, then the line $L_{1}$ signifies an opening downward curve line; third, if the condition $\alpha_{1} > 1$ holds, then the line $L_{1}$ signifies an opening upward curve line. According to the practical significance, we only discuss the condition $\alpha_{1} < 1$ in our research. It can be known from ^[48] that if $\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$ holds, then System (2.5) exists a positive equilibrium $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$, where $x_{*} = 1-\frac{\alpha_{2}}{\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1}, \ y_{*} = \alpha_{2}x_{*}$. The equilibrium $E_{0}(1, 0)$ is a saddle point that the stable manifold is located on the positive $x$ axis.

Lemma 1 ^[48] If condition $\alpha_{1} > 1$ holds, then system (5) is permanent.

Lemma 2 ^[48] The equilibrium $E_{0}(1, 0)$ of system (5) is a saddle point with the positive x-axis as its stable manifold.

Lemma 3 ^[48] If conditions $\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$ and $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} < (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$ hold, then the positive equilibrium $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$ of the system(2.5) is locally asymptotically stable node or focus. If conditions $\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$ and $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} > (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$ hold, then the positive equilibrium $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$ of the system (2.5) is an unstable node or focus. In addition, the system (2.5) has an unique limit cycle. The vector field of System (2.5) is shown in Figure 1.

By [50,Definition 2.1], System (2.3) is a semi-continuous power system. For System (2.3), the impulse set $\sum_{M} = \{(x, y)\in R_{+}^{2}|x = \xi, y\geq0\}$, the pulse mapping $\varphi:(x, y)\in \sum_{M} \rightarrow ((1-p(\xi))x, (1-q(\xi))y+\tau)\in R_{+}^{2}$, and the image set $\sum_{N} = \varphi(\sum_{M}) = \{(x, y)\in R_{+}^{2}|x = (1-p_{\xi})\xi, y\geq0\}$.

For any point $T$, $x_{T}$ and $y_{T}$ are denoted its horizontal coordinate and ordinate coordinate, respectively. If $T \in \sum_{M}$, then the impulse start on the point $T$, and the impulse function will run from $T$ to $\sum_{N}$. Considering the ecological practice, we apply System (2.3) to the space $R_{+}^{2}$.

3.   Dynamical analysis of System (2.3)

In two aspects, we prove the existence, uniqueness and asymptotic stability of periodic solution: $\xi \leq min\{x_{*}, \xi_{max}\}$ and $max\{x_{*}, \xi_{min}\} < \xi < 1$.

3.1.   When $\xi \leq min\{x_{*}, \xi_{max}\}$ holds.

Theorem 3.1. If conditions $\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$, $\xi \leq min\{x_{*}, \xi_{max}\}$ and $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} < (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$ hold, then System (2.3) possesses order-1 periodic solution.

Proof. According to Theorem 1, we can learn the positive equilibrium $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$ is stable.

The isoclinic line $L_{1}:1-x-\frac{y}{\alpha_{1}y+x} = 0$ intersects with the image set $\sum_{N}$ at the point $A$. The trajectory with the initial point $A$ intersects with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$ at point $A_{1}$, then runs to the point $A_{1}^{+} \in \sum_{N}$ with impulse effects. According to the location of point $A_{1}^{+}$, there may be three possible scenarios : $(1)\ y_{A_{1}^{+}} = y_{A}, \ (2)\ y_{A_{1}^{+}} > y_{A}, \ (3)\ y_{A_{1}^{+}} < y_{A}$.

Now, we prove each of these cases separately.

Case Ⅰ: $y_{A_{1}^{+}} = y_{A}$.

In this case, $A_{1}^{+}$ coincides with $A$, and the successor function of $A$ is $I(A) = y_{A_{1}^{+}}-y_{A} = 0$. According to [51,Definition 2.2], then we shall get that System (2.3) possesses order-1 periodic solution in case of $y_{A_{1}^{+}} = y_{A}$ (see Figure 2(a)).

Case Ⅱ: $y_{A_{1}^{+}} > y_{A}$.

In this case, $A_{1}^{+}$ is above $A$, then the successor function of point $A$ is $I(A) = y_{A_{1}^{+}}-y_{A} > 0$. The trajectory, which has an initial point $A_{1}^{+}$, intersects with impulse set $\sum_{M}$ at the point $A_{2}$, then jumps to the point $A_{2}^{+}$ with impulse effects. In view of vector field and disjointness of any two trajectories, we shall get that $y_{A_{2}} < y_{A_{1}}$, so we have $y_{A_{2}^{+}} < y_{A_{1}^{+}}$. Therefore, the successor function [51,Definition 2.1]of point $A_{1}^{+}$ is $I(A_{1}^{+}) = y_{A_{2}^{+}}-y_{A_{1}^{+}} < 0$ (see Figure 2(b)).

Therefore, there must exist a point $T$ which makes $I(T) = 0$. It follows from [51,Lemma 2.3], between the point $A$ and the point $A_{1}^{+}$, System (2.3) must have an order-1 periodic solution.

Case Ⅲ: $y_{A_{1}^{+}} < y_{A}$.

In this case, $A_{1}^{+}$ is below $A$, then the successor function of point $A$ is $I(A) = y_{A_{1}^{+}}-y_{A} < 0$. We select another point $D$ which is the intersection point of phase $\sum_{N}$ and $x$ axis. The trajectory, which has an initial point $D$, intersects with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$ at the point $D_{1}$, then it runs to the point $D_{1}^{+}$ after impulse effects. We shall get $y_{D_{1}^{+}} = (1-q)y_{D_{1}} > 0 = y_{D}$, hence the successor function $I(D) = y_{D_{1}^{+}}-y_{D} > 0$ is obtained (see Figure 2(c)).

Therefore, there must exist a point $T$, which makes $I(T) = 0$. Considering [51,Lemma 2.3], System (2.3) has an order-1 periodic solution between the point $D$ and the point $A$. This proof is completed.

Theorem 3.2. In case of $\xi \leq min\{x_{*}, \xi_{max}\}$, $\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$, $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} < (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$ and $y_{A_{1}^{+}} > y_{A}$, the order-1 periodic solution of System (2.3) is unique.

Proof. We arbitrarily select two points $P$ and $Q$ in the $\overline{AA_{1}^{+}}$, where $y_{A} < y_{P} < y_{Q} < y_{A_{1}^{+}}$. We denote function $G(M) = M_{1}$ as the trajectory starting from the point $M\in \sum_{N}$ and reaching the point $M_{1}\in\sum_{M}$ in the impulse set $\sum_{M}$. Setting $G(P) = P_{1}\in \sum_{M}, G(Q) = Q_{1}\in \sum_{M}$, thus we have $y_{Q_{1}} < y_{P_{1}}$, and $P_{1}, Q_{1}$ are mapped to $P_{1}^{+}, Q_{1}^{+}\in \sum_{N}$ after impulse effects, respectively, then the successor functions of $P, Q$ satisfy:

The successor function is monotonically increasing in the $\overline{AA_{1}^{+}}$, thus there is only one point $T\in (A, A_{1})$ which makes $I(T) = 0$, i.e. System (2.3) has a unique order-1 periodic solution. This proof is completed.

Theorem 3.3. If conditions $\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$, $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} < (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$ and $(1-q)\mid\Theta(f_{0}, g_{0})\mid < \mid\Theta(f_{1}, g_{1})\mid$ hold, then the order-1 periodic solution of System (2.3) is orbitally asymptotically stable, where $\Theta(x, y) = \frac{1}{y}(1-x-\frac{y}{\alpha_{1}y+x})$.

Proof. We denote that $x = f(t), y = g(t)$ is a T-periodic solution of System (2.3) and $f_{1} = f(T) = \xi$, $g_{1} = g(T)$; $f_{0} = f(0)$, $g_{0} = g(0)$; $f_{1}^{+} = f(T^{+}), g_{1}^{+} = g(T^{+})$, then we have

Let $P(x, y) = x-x^{2}-\frac{xy}{\alpha_{1}y+x}$, $Q(x, y) = \alpha_{2}\beta y-\frac{\beta y^{2}}{x}$, $\Phi(x, y) = -p_{\xi}x$, $\Psi(x, y) = -q_{\xi}y+\tau_{\xi}$, $\Upsilon(x, y) = x-\xi$.

Then $\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial x} = -p, \ \frac{\partial\Psi}{\partial x} = 0, \ \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial y} = 0, \ \frac{\partial\Psi}{\partial y} = -q, \ \frac{\partial\Upsilon}{\partial x} = 1, \ \frac{\partial\Upsilon}{\partial y} = 0,$

and

Furthermore,

According to biological significance, for any point $(x, y)$ which satisfies $0 < x < \xi < 1$, $y < \frac{\xi(1-\xi)}{1-\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{1}\xi}$, then

and due to $(1-q)\mid\Theta(f_{0}, g_{0})\mid < \mid\Theta(f_{1}, g_{1})\mid$, thus we can get

Therefore the convergency ratio $|\mu_{2}|$ is less than one. Following the analogue of the Poincaré criterion [52,Theorem 2.3], we know that the order-1 periodic solution of System (2.3) is orbitally asymptotically stable. According to the above analysis, the conclusion is obtained.

3.2.   When $max\{x_{*}, \xi_{min}\} < \xi < 1$ holds.

3.2.1.   The equilibrium point $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$ is a stable focus.

Learning from the fourth equations of System (2.3): $\Delta y = -qy+\tau$, there exists three cases in Figure 3: $(1) \tau > \gamma$, $(2) \tau = \gamma$, $(3) \tau < \gamma$, where $\gamma = y_{A}-(1-q)y_{A_{1}}$ on the bases of value $\tau$. Therefore, we can get following conclusions:

Theorem 3.4. In case of $max\{x_{*}, \xi_{min}\} < \xi < 1$, $\alpha_{1} \cdot \alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$ and $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} < (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} + 1)^{2}$, the System (2.3) has order-1 periodic solution.

Proof. We choose $\tau < \gamma$ as an example to prove(see Figure 3(b)).

In this case, $y_{A_{1}^{+}} = (1-q)y_{A_{1}}+\tau < (1-q)y_{A_{1}}+y_{A}-(1-q)y_{A_{1}} = y_{A}$. We denote the isoclinic line $L_{1}:1-x-\frac{y}{\alpha_{1}y+x} = 0$ hitting the image set $\sum_{N}$ at point $A$. The trajectory starting from the point $A$ intersects the impulse set $\sum_{M}$ at the point $A_{1}$, then runs to the point $A_{1}^{+}$ with impulse effects. The point $A_{1}^{+}$ is the successor point of the point $A$, and $A_{1}^{+}$ lies under $A$, that is $y_{A_{1}^{+}} < y_{A}$, it is easy to verify that the successor function $I(A) = y_{A_{1}^{+}}-y_{A} < 0$. Denote the intersection point of the image set $\sum_{N}$ and $x$ axis as $D$. The trajectory, which starts from the initial point $D$, reaches the point $D_{1}$ in the impulse set $\sum_{M}$, then runs to the point $D_{1}^{+}$. The point $D_{1}^{+}$ is the successor point of the point $D$, and the point $D_{1}^{+}$ is above the point $D$, that means $y_{D_{1}^{+}} > y_{D}$, obviously, the successor function $I(D) = y_{D_{1}^{+}}-y_{D} > 0$.

Therefore, there must exist a point $T$, which makes $I(T) = 0$. Considering [51,Lemma 2.3], the System (2.3) has an order-1 periodic solution between the point $D$ and the point $A$. This proof is done.

3.2.2.   The equilibrium $E_{*}(x_{*}, y_{*})$ is an unstable focus.

Now, let us consider the following case: if $\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$ and $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2) > (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2}+1)^{2}$ hold, the positive equilibrium $E_{*}$ of System (2.5) is an unstable node or focus, then there must exist an unique limit cycle [51,Lemma 2.2] of System (2.5). In the following sections, we will mainly discuss the case that the positive equilibrium $E_{*} = (x_{*}, y_{*})$ is an unstable focus.

We denote the limit cycle as $L_{0}$, then the limit cycle hits the isoclinic line $L_{1}:1-x-\frac{y}{\alpha_{1}y+x} = 0$ at the point $B_{0}(\xi_{1}, y_{B_{0}})$ and the point $B(\xi_{2}, y_{B})$, where $\xi_{1} < \xi_{2}$. Obviously, $\xi_{1} < x_{*} < \xi_{2}$. We make two straight lines : $l_{1}: x = \xi_{1}, \ l_{2}: x = \xi_{2}$, and the limit cycle is sandwiched between $l_{1}$ and $l_{2}$.

Case Ⅰ: $min\{1, \xi_{max}\} > \xi > max\{\xi_{2}, \xi_{min}\}$ and $(1-p)\xi > \xi_{2}$.

When $\xi > max\{\xi_{2}, \xi_{min}\}$ holds, then the limit cycle lies on the left of the impulse set $\sum_{M}$, we denote function $G(M) = M^{-}$ as the trajectory starting from the point $M\in \sum_{N}$ and hitting the impulse set $\sum_{M}$ at the point $M^{-}$. Set $G(C) = C^{-}$, where $C^{-}$ is the intersection of impulse set $\sum_{M}$ and isoclinic line $L_{1}$. Denote $C^{+}$ as the successor point of point $C$, there also exists three possible scenarios : $y_{C^{+}} > y_{C}$, $y_{C^{+}} = y_{C}$ and $y_{C^{+}} < y_{C}$ (see Figure 4).

When $y_{C^{+}} > y_{C}$, as is shown in Figure 4(a), then the motion trajectory of System (2.3) will go on for approaching the limit cycle by the several time pulse; when $y_{C^{+}} = y_{C}$ or $y_{C^{+}} < y_{C}$ hold (see Figure 4(b) and Figure 4(c), respectively), then System (2.3) has an order-1 periodic solution. Similar to the proof of Case Ⅰ and Case Ⅲ in Theorem 2, we can prove the existence of the order-1 periodic solution.

Therefore, we have the following conclusions:

Theorem 3.5. When $\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$, $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} > (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2}+1)^{2}$, $\xi > max\{\xi_{2}, \xi_{min}\}$ and $(1-p)\xi > \xi_{2}$ hold, if $y_{C^{+}}$ satisfies $y_{C^{+}} > y_{C}$, then the trajectory of System (2.3) will approach to the limit cycle $L_{0}$ in the end.

Case Ⅱ: $\xi > max\{\xi_{2}, \xi_{min}\}$ and $\xi_{1} < (1-p)\xi < \xi_{2}$.

Theorem 3.6. When $\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 1 > \alpha_{2}$, $(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2} + 2)\alpha_{2} > (\beta\alpha_{2}+1)(\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2}+1)^{2}$, $\xi > max\{\xi_{2}, \xi_{min}\}$ and $\xi_{1} < (1-p)\xi < \xi_{2}$ hold, then the trajectory of System (2.3) will approach to the limit cycle $L_{0}$ in the end.

Proof. The trajectory starting from the point $D$ either intersects with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$ or disjoins with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$, therefore, we discuss the two cases separately in the following.

If the trajectory disjoins with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$, the trajectory must approach to the limit cycle $L_{0}$ ultimately (See Figure 5(b)).

Now, we will prove the case that the trajectory intersects with the impulse set $\sum_{M}$. We define that $P$ point is the intersection of the image set $\sum_{N}$ and the limit cycle $L_{0}$. Take a point $P_{1}^{-} \in \sum_{M}$ which causes $P_{1}^{-}$ runs to $P$ after impulse effects, set $G(P_{1}^{+}) = P_{1}^{-}\in\sum_{M}$ which makes $P_{2}^{-}$ runs to $P_{1}^{+}$ after the impulse effects, then $y_{P} > y_{P_{1}^{+}}$, $y_{P_{1}^{-}} > y_{P_{2}^{-}}$. This process is continuing until there exists a $P_{m+k}^{+}\in\sum_{N}$ satisfying $y_{P_{m+k}^{+}} < \tau$. As a resault, we obtain a sequence $\{P_{i}^{+}\}_{i = 1, 2, \cdots, m+k}$ of set $\sum_{N}$ satisfying $G(P_{m+k}^{+}) = P_{m+k}^{-}$ and $y_{P_{m+k}^{+}} < y_{P_{m+k-1}^{+}}$. Due to the coincidence of $P_{m+k}^{+}$ and $D$, we can get $G(D) = P_{m+k}^{-}$ and $y_{D} < y_{P_{m+k-1}^{+}}$. In the following part, we will prove the trajectory of System (2.3) initiating any point of set will go on for approaching the limit cycle $L_{0}$ ultimately.

From the vector field of System (2.5), we know the trajectory of System (2.5) initiating any point above $P$ point of the image set $\sum_{N}$ will be free from impulse effect and approach the limit cycle $L_{0}$ ultimately.

For any point is below $P$ point, it must lie between $P_{m+k}^{+}$ and $P_{i-1}^{+}$, where $i = 1, 2, \cdots, m+k$ and $P_{m+k}^{+} = D.$ After $i$ times' impulse effects, the trajectory initiating this point will arrive at some points of the image set $\sum_{N}$ and must be above $P$, and then approach the limit cycle $L_{0}$ ultimately (See Figure 5(a)).

According above analysis, we know that the trajectory will tend to the limit cycle $L_{0}$ ultimately. The proof has been done.

4.   Simulations and optimization

4.1.   Numerical simulations

To prove the feasibility of this conclusion, some simple examples are given in this section.

Let $\alpha_{1} = 0.6$, $\alpha_{2} = 0.8$, $\beta = 1.2$ and we shall get the internal equilibrium points of System (2.3) is $E_{*} = (0.53, 0.43)$, where $E_{*}$ is a stable node. Let $p = 0.65$, $q = 0.15$, $\tau = 0.2$ and we shall get a unique order-1 periodic solution and it is asymptotically stable (see Figure 6). What's more, we can get the period of order-1 periodic solution is $T = 5.081$.

Let $\alpha_{1} = 0.75$, $\alpha_{2} = 0.15$, $\beta = 0.05$, then we can get the positive equilibrium point is $E_{*} = (0.294, 0.441)$, and it is a stable focus. When $\xi = 0.32, p = 0.4, q = 0.2, \tau = 0.1$, and the system (2.3) has an order-1 periodic solution and the solution is unique and asymptotically stable. What's more, we can get the period of order-1 periodic solution is $T = 3.9625$ (see Figure 7).

Let $\alpha_{1} = 0.75$, $\alpha_{2} = 2$, and $\beta = 0.05$, then we shall get the interval equilibrium point $E_{*} = (0.2, 0.4)$ is a unstable focus, and there exists an unique limit cycle.

(ⅰ) Let $\xi = 0.2, p = 0.4, q = 0.2, \tau = 0.1$ and the initial value is $(0.15, 0.3)$, the system (2.3) possesses order-1 periodic solution (see Figure 8).

(ⅱ) Let $\xi = 0.6, p = 0.3, q = 0.2, \tau = 0.15$ and the initial value is $(0.1, 0.18)$, then the trajectory $\Gamma_{0}$ can not hit the impulse set $\Sigma_{M}$, therefore system (2.3) does not possess order-1 periodic solution and the trajectory $\Gamma_{0}$ tend to the limit cycle (see Figure 9).

4.2.   Determination of optimal threshold $\xi$

The practical significance of the research of order-1 periodic solution is that it provides a possibility to determine the adding rate of beneficial insects and insect pest eradication rate, this makes the pulse control no longer the real-time monitor of agricultural production, but a cyclical. To maintain the balance of ecological agriculture, to further determine the optimal replenishment of beneficial insects rate and the rate of eliminating most pests, and to ensure the longest administer interval period, the lowest cost, we study the following optimization problem to find the optimal threshold $\xi$.

We define $s_{1}$ as the unit cost of supplementary predator including the cost of processing agricultural environment, and denote $s_{2}$ as the unit cost of insecticide spraying. Our goal is to minimize costs this process. $V_{cost}$ is defined as the total cost in under the control of threshold $\xi$ one period of model (2.3), and it is a function about the rate $\tau$ of predator replenishment and the rate $p$ of killed prey, that means $V_{cost}(\xi) = s_{1} \tau(\xi) + s_{2} p(\xi)$. Therefore, we formulated the optimization model as

$min \frac{V_{cost}(\xi)}{T(\xi)}$,

s.t. $\xi_{min} < \xi < \xi_{max}$.

We solve the optimization problem to obtain the optimal threshold $\xi^{o}$, and we get the optimal replenishment rate of prey $\tau^{o} = \tau(\xi^{o})$, , the optimal chemical control strength $p^{o} = p(\xi^{o})$ and the optimal impulse period $T^{o} = T(\tau^{o}, p^{o})$.

Let $\alpha_{1} = 0.75$, $\alpha_{2} = 1.5$, $\beta = 0.05$, $\xi_{min} = 0.1$, $\xi_{max} = 0.5$, $\tau_{min} = 0.1$, $\tau_{max} = 1$, $p_{max} = 0.75$, $q_{max} = 0.3$, taking these parameters into system (2.3) and system (2.4), we shall get the following equations

Bringing the values of parameter $\xi$ into system (4.2) can calculate the values of parameters $p, \ q, \ \tau$. The period T can be obtained by numerical simulation. Therefore, the relationship between impulse period $T$ and the threshold $\xi$ is obtained in Figure 10(a) (the relevant dates in figure are shown in Table 1). Set $s_{1} = 2000$, $s_{2} = 2000$, by calculation we can get the value of $V_{cost}/T$. The relationship between the cost per unit time $V_{cost}/T$ and the threshold $\xi$ is shown in Figure 10(b) (the relevant dates in figure are shown in Table 1). As is shown in Figure 10, we can obtain the optimal threshold $\xi^{o} = 0.33$, the optimum yield of releases of the predator is $\tau^{o} = 0.483$, the optimal killing rate of predator is $p^{o} = 0.431$, and the optimal impulse period is $T^{o} = 19.967$. Therefore, the control measures are adopted when the density of pests $\xi$ reaches 0.33. Furthermore, it should be noted that the optimum pest control level $\xi^{o}$ is dependent on the ratio of $\omega = \frac{s_{2}}{s_{1}}$, as illustrated in Figure 11 (the relevant dates in figure are shown in Table 2).

5.   Conclusion

This paper puts forward a kind of ratio dependence and double pulse control feeding system, which is more practical than continuous single pulse control strategy. At the same time, we prove the existence, uniqueness and stability of the periodic solution by using the theory of successor functions and the analogue of the Poincaré criterion. The numerical simulations are given to verify the feasibility of the pulse strategy. In addition, in order to maximize the economic benefits, the optimal threshold is obtained and the optimization strategy is provided to eliminate pests.

Compared with the literature ^[48], this paper adds impulse feedback control to the model, so this paper is a further study of ^[48]. Literature ^[46] and ^[51] proposed Leslie-Gower prey-predator models with different impulse feedback controls and discussed the existence, uniqueness and stability of order-1 periodic solution. Based on this, this paper further studies the optimal control strategy of pest management.

In real life, the optimization of plague control is also a hot topic for some scholars ^[53]. We will further improve the optimization control strategy to make our research work more realistic and meaningful.

Acknowledgements

The paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11371230), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (No. S2015SF002), SDUST Innovation Fund for Graduate Students(SDKDYC190351), SDUST Research Fund (2014TDJH102), and Joint Innovative Center for Safe and Effective Mining Technology and Equipment of Coal Resources, Shandong Province of China.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.