Performance and Thermal Stability of a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Simulated Concentrating Solar Power Loop

Joanna McFarlane; Jason Richard Bell; David K. Felde; Robert A. Joseph III; A. Lou Qualls; Samuel Paul Weaver; Joanna McFarlane; Jason Richard Bell; David K. Felde; Robert A. Joseph III; A. Lou Qualls; Samuel Paul Weaver

doi:10.3934/energy.2014.1.41

AIMS Energy

2014, Volume 2, Issue 1: 41-70. doi: 10.3934/energy.2014.1.41

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Special Issues

Performance and Thermal Stability of a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Simulated Concentrating Solar Power Loop

1.
Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg 4500N, MS 6181, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6181, USA;
2.
Reactor and Nuclear Safety Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA;
3.
Cool Energy, Inc., 5541 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA

Received: 25 November 2013 Accepted: 10 January 2014 Published: 29 January 2014

Because polyaromatic hydrocarbons show high thermal stability, an example of these compounds, phenylnaphthalene, was tested for solar thermal-power applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 ℃ indicated that the fluid isomerized and degraded at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. This would indicate that the internal channels of cooler components of trough solar electric generating systems, such as the waste heat rejection exchanger, may become coated or clogged affecting loop performance. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene, without addition of stabilizers, does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at temperatures significantly greater than the current 400 ℃ maximum for organic fluids. Similar degradation pathways may occur with other organic materials. The performance of a concentrating solar loop using high temperature fluids was modeled based on the National Renewable Laboratory Solar Advisory Model. It was determined that a solar-to-electricity efficiency of up to 30% and a capacity factor of 60% could be achieved using a high efficiency collector and 12 h thermal energy storage when run at a field outlet temperature of 550 ℃.
- Concentrating solar power,
- phenylnaphthalene,
- chemical kinetics,
- thermal stability,
- high temperature loop testing,
- trough solar collectors,
- heat transfer fluid
Citation: Joanna McFarlane, Jason Richard Bell, David K. Felde, Robert A. Joseph III, A. Lou Qualls, Samuel Paul Weaver. Performance and Thermal Stability of a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Simulated Concentrating Solar Power Loop[J]. AIMS Energy, 2014, 2(1): 41-70. doi: 10.3934/energy.2014.1.41

Related Papers:

Abstract

Because polyaromatic hydrocarbons show high thermal stability, an example of these compounds, phenylnaphthalene, was tested for solar thermal-power applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 ℃ indicated that the fluid isomerized and degraded at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. This would indicate that the internal channels of cooler components of trough solar electric generating systems, such as the waste heat rejection exchanger, may become coated or clogged affecting loop performance. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene, without addition of stabilizers, does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at temperatures significantly greater than the current 400 ℃ maximum for organic fluids. Similar degradation pathways may occur with other organic materials. The performance of a concentrating solar loop using high temperature fluids was modeled based on the National Renewable Laboratory Solar Advisory Model. It was determined that a solar-to-electricity efficiency of up to 30% and a capacity factor of 60% could be achieved using a high efficiency collector and 12 h thermal energy storage when run at a field outlet temperature of 550 ℃.

References

[1]	Glatzmaier G (2011) Summary Report for Concentrating Solar Power Thermal Storage Workshop. New Concepts and Materials for Thermal Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Fluids. May 20, 2011 Golden CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[2]	(2011) Ivanpah Project Overview. Brightsource Energy.
[3]	(2011) Solana, the largest solar power plant in the world. Abengoa Solar, Inc.
[4]	(2013) Abengoa builds parabolic trough solar power plant in Spain. Electric Light and Power.
[5]	Laylin T (2013) Negev Energy wins bid for Israel's largest concentrating solar power plant. Green Prophet.
[6]	Seifert WF, Jackson LL (1972) Organic fluids for high-temperature heat-transfer systems. Chem Eng 79: 96-104.
[7]	Oyekunle LO, Susu AA (2005) High temperature thermal stability investigation of paraffinic oil. Pet Sci Technol 23: 199-207. doi: 10.1081/LFT-200028179
[8]	Oyekunle LO, Susu AA (2005) Characteristic properties of a locally produced paraffinic oil and its suitability as a heat-transfer fluid. Pet Sci Technol 23: 1499-1509. doi: 10.1081/LFT-200038266
[9]	Angelino G, Invernizzi C (2008) Binary conversion cycles for concentrating solar power technology. Solar Energy 82: 637-647. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2008.01.003
[10]	Bradshaw RW, Siegel NP (2009) Molten nitrate salt development for thermal energy storage in parabolic trough solar power systems ES2008: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Vol 2: ASME. pp. 631-637.
[11]	Moens L, Blake DM, Rudnicki DL, et al. (2003) Advanced thermal storage fluids for solar parabolic trough systems. J Solar Energy Eng-Trans ASME 125: 112-116. doi: 10.1115/1.1531644
[12]	Shin D, Jo B, Kwak HE, et al. (2010) Investigation of high temperature nanofluids for solar thermal power conversion and storage applications. Proceedings of the ASME International Heat Transfer Conference - 2010, Vol 7: Natural Convection, Natural/Mixed Convection, Nuclear, Phase Change Materials, Solar: ASME. pp. 583-591.
[13]	Keblinski P, Merabia S, Barrat JL, et al. (2010) Nanoscale heat transfer and phase transformation surrounding intensely heated nanoparticles. IMECE2009: Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Vol 13: ASME. pp. 141-145.
[14]	Shin D, Banerjee D (2011) Enhanced specific heat of silica nanofluid. J Heat Transfer-Trans ASME 133: 024501. doi: 10.1115/1.4002600
[15]	(2001) Dowtherm A Fluid, NA/LA/Pacific. USA: Dow Chemical Company.
[16]	Wagner W, Kretzschmar H-J (2008) International Steam Tables. Berlin: Springer.
[17]	Roux MV, Temprado M, Chickos JS, et al. (2008) Critically evaluated thermochemical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem Ref Data 37: 1855-1996. doi: 10.1063/1.2955570
[18]	Hedley WH, Milnes MV, Yanko WH (1970) Thermal conductivity and viscosity of biphenyl and the terphenyls. J Chem Eng Data 15: 122-127. doi: 10.1021/je60044a041
[19]	Durupt N, Aoulmi A, Bouroukba M, et al. (1995) Heat capacities of liquid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thermochim Acta 260: 87. doi: 10.1016/0040-6031(95)90478-6
[20]	Tsonopoulos C, Ambrose D (1995) Vapor-liquid critical properties of elements and compounds. 3. Aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chem Eng Data 40: 547-558. doi: 10.1021/je00019a002
[21]	Solutia (2008) Therminol VP-1. Vapor Phase/Liquid Phase Heat Transfer Fluid. St. Louis, MO.
[22]	Solutia (2004) Therminol 66, Unique High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Heat Transfer Fluid. St. Louis, MO.
[23]	Bradshaw RW, Meeker DE (1990) High-temperature stability of ternary nitrate molten salts for solar thermal energy systems. Solar Energy Materials 21: 51-60. doi: 10.1016/0165-1633(90)90042-Y
[24]	Raade JM, Padowitz D (2011) Development of molten salt heat transfer fluid with low melting point and high thermal stability. Trans ASME-N-J Solar Energy Eng 133: 031013. doi: 10.1115/1.4004243
[25]	Siegel NP, Bradshaw, RW, Cordaro, JB, Kruisenga, AM (2011) Thermophysical property measurements of nitrate salt heat transfer fluids. ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. Washington, DC: ASME. pp. ES2011-54058.
[26]	McFarlane J, Luo H, Garland M, et al. (2010) Evaluation of phenylnaphthalenes as heat transfer fluids for high temperature energy applications. Sep Sci Technol 45: 1908-1920. doi: 10.1080/01496395.2010.493800
[27]	Steele WV, Chirico RD, Knipmeyer SE, et al. (1992) The thermodynamic properties of 9-methylcarbazole and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-methylcarbazole. J Chem Therm 24: 245-271. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9614(05)80066-7
[28]	Zalba B, Marın JM, Cabeza LF, et al. (2003) Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. App Thermal Eng 23: 251-283. doi: 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00192-8
[29]	Wilhelms A, Telnæs N, Steen A, et al. (1998) A quantitative study of aromatic hydrocarbons in a natural maturity shale sequence—the 3-methylphenanthrene/retene ratio, a pragmatic maturity parameter. Org Geochem 29: 97-105. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00112-0
[30]	Orem WH, Tatu CA, Lerch HE, et al. (2007) Organic compounds in produced waters from coalbed natural gas wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA. App Geochem 22: 2240-2256. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.04.010
[31]	Miyaura M, Yamada K, Suzuki A (1979) A new stereospecific cross-coupling by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with 1-alkenyl or 1-alkynyl halides. Tet Lett 20: 3437-3440. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)95429-2
[32]	Eguchi H, Nishiyama M, Ishikawa S, et al. (2012) Development and industrialization of efficient cross-coupling reactions. J Syn Org Chem Japan 70: 937-946. doi: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.937
[33]	Franzen R, Xu YJ (2005) Review on green chemistry - Suzuki cross coupling in aqueous media. Can J Chem 83: 266-272. doi: 10.1139/v05-048
[34]	Narayanan R (2010) Recent advances in noble metal nanocatalysts for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions. Molecules 15: 2124-2138. doi: 10.3390/molecules15042124
[35]	Polshettiwar V, Decottignies A, Len C, et al. (2010) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in aqueous media: Green and sustainable syntheses of biaryls. ChemSusChem 3: 502-522. doi: 10.1002/cssc.200900221
[36]	Seechurn C, Kitching MO, Colacot TJ, et al. (2012) Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling: A historical contextual perspective to the 2010 Nobel prize. Angew Chem 51: 5062-5085. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107017
[37]	Colon I, Kelsey DR (1986) Coupling of aryl chlorides by nickel and reducing metals. J Org Chem 51: 2627-2637. doi: 10.1021/jo00364a002
[38]	Bell JR, Joseph RAI, McFarlane J, et al. (2012) Phenylnaphthalene as a Heat Transfer Fluid for Concentrating Solar Power: High-Temperature Static Experiments Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL/TM-2012/118.
[39]	Cioslowski J, Liu G, Martinov M, et al. (1996) Energetics and site specificity of the homolytic C-H bond cleavage in benzenoid hydrocarbons: An ab initio electronic structure study. J Am Chem Soc 118: 5261-5264. doi: 10.1021/ja9600439
[40]	Cioslowski J, Piskorz P, Liu G, et al. (1996) Regularities in energies and geometries of biaryls: An ab initio electronic structure study. J Phys Chem 100: 19333-19335. doi: 10.1021/jp961298b
[41]	Cioslowski J, Piskorz P, Moncrieff D (1998) Thermally induced cyclodehydrogenation of biaryls: A simple radical reaction of a sequence of rearrangements? J Org Chem 63: 4051-4054. doi: 10.1021/jo980132z
[42]	Gaynor S, Greszta D, Mardare D, et al. (1994) Controlled radical polymerization. J Macromolec Sci, Part A: Pure Appl Chem 31: 1561-1578. doi: 10.1080/10601329408545868
[43]	Duran A, Carmona M, Monteagudo JM (2004) Modelling soot and SOF emissions from a diesel engine. Chemosphere 56: 209-225. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.008
[44]	Pope CJ, Marr JA, Howard JB (1993) Chemistry of fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ formation in flames. J Phys Chem 97: 11001-11013. doi: 10.1021/j100144a018
[45]	MatLab (2012). 2012a ed. Natick, MA: Mathworks.
[46]	Hines AL, Maddox RN (1985) Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc
[47]	Rocha MAA, Lima CFRAC, Santos LMNBF (2008) Phase transition thermodynamics of phenyl and biphenyl naphthalenes. J Chem Thermodyn 40: 1458-1463. doi: 10.1016/j.jct.2008.04.010
[48]	Turchi C (2010) Parabolic Trough Reference Plant for Cost Modeling with Solar Advisor Model (SAM). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-550-47605.
[49]	Curzon FL, Ahlborn B (1975) Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output. Am J Phys 43: 22-24. doi: 10.1119/1.10023
[50]	Kolb GJ, Diver RB (2008) Conceptual design of an advanced trough utilizing a molten salt working fluid. SolarPACES Symposium. Las Vegas, NV: Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
[51]	Kennedy CE, Price H (2005) Progress in development of high-temperature solar-selective coating. International Solar Energy Conference. Orlando, FL: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. pp. ISEC2005-76039.
[52]	Adili A, Kerkeni C, Ben Nasralla S (2009) Estimation of thermophysical properties of fouling using inverse problem and its impact on heat transfer efficiency. Solar Energy 83: 1619-1628. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2009.05.014
[53]	Kennedy CE, Price H (2005) Progress in Development of High-Temperature Solar-Selective Coating. Golden, CO National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/CP-520-36997.
[54]	Kennedy CE (2002) Review of Mid-to-High-Temperature Solar Selective Absorber Materials. Golden, CO National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-520-31267.

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2014 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)