The discernibility approach for multi-granulation reduction of generalized neighborhood decision information systems

1.   Introduction

Geometric Function Theory (GFT) is a field within complex analysis that focuses on the geometric and analytic properties of holomorphic (complex-differentiable) functions and their mappings. It focuses on topics such as conformal mappings, univalent (injective) functions, and the distortion of shapes induced by these mappings. Central concepts include the Riemann mapping theorem, Schwarzian derivatives, and extremal problems, which explore the limits of function behavior. GFT has wide-ranging applications in areas such as physics and engineering, and computational sciences, particularly in solving boundary value problems and modeling fluid dynamics. By blending geometry and analysis, GFT provides deep insights into the structure and behavior of complex functions. Let us define the collection of all functions that are analytic within the open unit disk, denoted as $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$, by $\mathcal{\overline{H}}(\mathcal{\widetilde{G}})$. Here, the open unit disk $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$ consists of all complex numbers $\eta$ satisfying $|\eta| < 1$. Within $\mathcal{\overline{H}}(\mathcal{\widetilde{G}})$, we consider a specific subset $\mathcal{\overline{H}}$, containing functions represented by the following power series:

where $\eta$ lies in $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$. The functions in $\mathcal{\overline{H}}$ are characterized by having the coefficient of the first-order term equal to 1, and all higher-order terms contribute via the coefficients $a_v$ for $v \geq 2$. Let $\psi, g \in \mathcal{\overline{H}}$ be two analytic functions, where $\psi(\eta) = \eta + \sum_{v = 2}^\infty a_v \eta^v$ and $g(\eta) = \eta + \sum_{v = 2}^{\infty} b_v \eta^i$. The convolution of $\psi$ and $g$, denoted $\psi * g$, is referred to as:

This operation involves multiplying the corresponding coefficients from the series expansions of $\psi$ and $g$.

In complex analysis, $(j, k)$-symmetrical functions are a special class of analytic functions characterized by symmetry properties involving two integers $j$ and $k$. These functions are defined in the unit disk $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$ and exhibit a form of rotational symmetry that relates their values under transformations by roots of unity.

In their influential 1995 study, Liczberski and Polubinski ^[1] proposed the concept of $(j, k)$ -symmetrical functions, where $j$ and $k$ are integers with $j$ being an element of $\{0, 1, 2, \ldots, k-1\}$ and $k \geq 2$. Let ${\widetilde{U}}$ denote a domain possessing $j$ -fold symmetry, and let $j$ be an integer within the specified range. A function $\psi: {\widetilde{U}} \to \mathbb{C}$ is defined as $(j, k)$ -it is considered symmetrical if it satisfies the following condition for every $\eta \in {\widetilde{U}}$ :

where $\varepsilon = e^{\frac{2\pi i}{k}}$ represents any symmetry operation associated with the $j$ -fold symmetry of ${\widetilde{U}}$.

The class of all $(j, k)$-symmetrical functions is represented by $\mathcal{\overline{H}}_j^k$. Within this structure, $\mathcal{\overline{H}}_2^0$ corresponds to the class of even functions, $\mathcal{\overline{H}}_2^1$ represents the class of odd functions, and $\mathcal{\overline{H}}_j^1$ consists of functions that exhibit symmetry under $j$ -fold operations.

Based on the decomposition theorem proposed by Liczberski and Polubinski ^[1], any function $\psi: \widetilde{U} \to \mathbb{C}$ defined on a $j$ -fold symmetric domain $\widetilde{U}$ can be uniquely expressed as a combination of $(j, k)$ -symmetrical components.

Alternatively, (1.1) can be expressed as

To demonstrate the concept of $(j, k)$-symmetrical functions, let's examine some straightforward examples:

● Three-Fold Symmetry ($j = 1, k = 3$).

For $k = 3$, functions exhibit symmetry under rotation by $2\pi/3$, satisfying $\psi(e^{2\pi i/3} \eta) = e^{2\pi i/3} \psi(\eta)$.

where $\arg(\eta)$ is the argument of $\eta$. Under rotation $\eta \to e^{2\pi i/3} \eta$, the argument shifts by $2\pi/3$, resulting in the required symmetry.

● Four-Fold Symmetry ($j = 2, k = 4$).

For $k = 4$, functions are symmetric under rotation by $\pi/2$, satisfying $\psi(e^{\pi i/2} \eta) = -\psi(\eta)$.

Under rotation $\eta \to e^{\pi i/2} \eta$, the symmetry condition $\psi(e^{\pi i/2} \eta) = -\psi(\eta)$ is satisfied.

● Five-Fold Symmetry ($j = 1, k = 5$).

For $k = 5$, functions are symmetric under rotation by $\pi/5$, satisfying $\psi(e^{\pi i/5} \eta) = e^{2\pi i/5} \psi(\eta)$, where $e^{2\pi i/5}$ is the primitive 5th root of unity. One such function could be

Geometrically, For different values of $j$ and $k$, the image domains of the unit disk are illustrated below (see Figures 1 and 2).

The surface plot of the function $f(\eta) = \eta^4 \sin(5 \arg(\eta))$ clearly shows its 5-fold symmetry, repeating every $\frac{2\pi}{5}$ rotation. The radial variation of the function's magnitude forms a smooth surface across the unit disk, with sinusoidal patterns emerging from the argument of $\eta$. This 3D visualization helps to understand how the function's symmetry influences its behavior in the complex plane. Such symmetry is widely applied in signal processing for analyzing periodic signals, fluid dynamics for modeling wave patterns, crystal structures for atomic arrangements, and electromagnetic theory for designing rotationally symmetric fields like antennas.

With the utmost respect, let us define the family $\Delta$ of Schwarz functions as follows:

Within the region $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$, let $\psi(\eta)$ and $g(\eta)$ be two analytic functions. We define $\psi(\eta)$ as subordinate to $g(\eta)$, denoted as $\psi(\eta) \prec g(\eta)$, if there exists an analytic function $w(\eta) \in \overline{\Omega}$ such that $\psi(\eta) = g(w(\eta))$ for all $\eta \in \mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$. Furthermore, if $g(\eta)$ is univalent in $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$, then subordination $\psi(\eta) \prec g(\eta)$ is equivalent to conditions $\psi(0) = g(0)$ and $\psi(\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}) \subseteq g(\mathcal{\widetilde{G}})$. This result is discussed in ^[2]. This relation ensures that $\psi(\eta)$ inherits important geometric and analytic properties from $g(\eta)$, such as convexity, starlikeness, and boundedness. Discussing its implications further could involve exploring its role in function theory, its connection to differential subordination, and how it affects the growth, distortion, and coefficient estimates of $\psi(\eta)$. Additionally, applications of subordination in complex analysis, geometric function theory, and operator theory can be elaborated upon.

Definition 1.1. ^[3] Let $\mathcal{P}$ represent the class of functions $p \in \mathcal{\overline{H}}(\mathcal{\widetilde{G}})$ that satisfy $p(0) = 1$ and $\operatorname{Re} \{p(\eta)\} > 0$ for all $\eta \in \mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$. An equivalent characterization of $p \in \mathcal{P}$ is defined by its representation $p(\eta) = \dfrac{1 + w(\eta)}{1 - w(\eta)}$ for some $w \in \overline{\Omega}$.

Janowski ^[4] introduced the class $\mathcal{P}[A, B]$ for $-1 \leq B < A \leq 1$, defined as follows: A function $\psi$ is considered to belong to the class $\mathcal{P}[A, B]$ if and only if it satisfies one of the following equivalent conditions:

or

for some $w(\eta) \in \overline{\Omega }$. The study of $q$ -Janowski type functions extends classical Janowski functions by incorporating $q$ -calculus, offering a more flexible framework for geometric function theory. These functions are significant due to their applications in mathematical physics, combinatorics, and quantum calculus, where discrete and continuous structures interact.

With the utmost respect, to establish a new class of $q$ -Janowski symmetrical functions within the framework of $\mathcal{\widetilde{G}}$, we begin by revisiting the core principles of quantum calculus, often known as $q$ -calculus. In ^[5,6], Jackson introduced and examined the $q$ -derivative operator. $\mathbf{\partial}_q \psi(\eta)$ defined as:

and

Equivalently, (1.3) may be written as

Quantum calculus has emerged as an essential tool for addressing mathematical challenges within the realms of discrete and quantum systems. By harnessing the unique properties of the parameter $q$, it extends and enriches traditional calculus techniques. The application of the $q$ -derivative has led scholars to explore its potential in geometric function theory. For instance, Ismail et al. ^[7] offered significant insights into the association of quantum calculus with geometric function theory. More recently, researchers such as Srivastava et al. ^[8] have employed $q$ -calculus to investigate the modification and radius of univalence and starlikeness within various subsets of $q$-starlike functions. Additionally, Naeem et al. ^[9] have explored subfamilies of $q$ -convex functions associated with Janowski functions and domains that are $q$-conic. At the same time, in their work, Mohammed and Darus ^[10] studied the approximation and geometric characteristics of $q$-operators in particular subclasses of analytic functions within a compact disk. In parallel, significant advancements have been made in the study of $q$ -calculus and its various classes ^[11,12]. In ^[13], a new subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions was defined using the symmetric $q$-calculus. Bulboac$\check{a}$, Frasin, and their collaborators ^[14,15] have achieved numerous notable results across diverse classes that were constructed by making use of the $(j, k)$-symmetrical functions and the $q$-derivative. Moreover, Srivastava ^[16] has published an extensive survey and review paper that provides a valuable resource for researchers and scholars engaged in this rapidly evolving field.

Definition 1.2. Given arbitrary fixed numbers $q$, $\alpha$, and $\beta$, $0 < q < 1,$ $-1\leq B < A\leq1,$ let $\psi\in \mathcal{\overline{H}}$ and $\partial_q\psi$ be defined on a $q$-geometric, such that

then $\psi(\eta)\in\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B).$ where $\psi_{j, k}$ is defined in (1.1).

We can readily provide the equivalent form of Definition 1.2, which may prove beneficial for further exploration within the function class. $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ as:

We define $\mathcal{{\overline{K}}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ as the subclass of $\overline{\mathcal{H}}$ that includes all functions $\psi$ for which

In specific cases involving the parameters $j$, $k$, $q$, $A$, and $B$, the class $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ gives rise to several well-known subclasses of $\mathcal{\overline{H}}$. For example, $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{0, 1}_q(A, B) : = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}_q(A, B)$ reduces to the class described by Srivastava et al. ^[17]. Similarly, $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_1(A, B) : = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}^{j, k}(A, B)$ (introduced by Latha et al. ^[18]) and $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{1, k}_1(A, B) : = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}_j(A, B)$ (motivated by the author Latha and Darus ^[19]) are notable subclasses. Additionally, $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{1, 1}_q(1-2\lambda, -1, 0) = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}_q(\lambda)$ (introduced by Agrawal and Sahoo in ^[20]) and $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{1, 1}_1(1-2\lambda, -1, 0) = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}(\lambda)$ (the well-known class of starlike functions of order $\lambda$, which is introduced by Robertson ^[21]) are also important examples. Other significant subclasses include $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{1, k}_1(1, -1, 0) : = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}_k$ (inspired by Sakaguchi ^[22]) and $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{1, 1}_q(1, -1, 0) = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}_q$ (originally introduced by Ismail et al. ^[7]). Furthermore, $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}_1^{1, 1}(A, B) : = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}[A, B]$ simplifies to the widely recognized class defined by Janowski ^[4], and $\mathcal{{\overline{T}}}^{1, 1}_1(1, -1) = \mathcal{\widetilde{S}}^*$, the class introduced by Nevanlinna ^[23].

Consider the following functions as candidates for membership in the class $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ :

1) Fractional exponential function

The $q$ -derivative of $e_q(\gamma \eta)$ is:

Substituting this into the left-hand side of (1.5), we verify that the function belongs to $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$.

2) Deformed logarithmic function

The $q$ -derivative of $\psi(\eta)$ is:

By verifying Eq (1.5), we confirm that this function satisfies the required properties.

3) Rational function

The $q$ -derivative is:

Substituting this expression into (1.5), we check that it meets the subordination condition.

Thus, each of these functions serves as a valid example illustrating Definition 1.2.

In this study, we aim to explore the properties of functions within the classes $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ and $\mathcal{\overline{K}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ defined using $q$ -derivatives and $(j, k)$ -symmetrical functions. Our goals include deriving conditions for membership in these classes, understanding the impact of symmetry on function behavior, and extending classical results in complex analysis by examining the limit as $q \to 1^-$. Through examples and new theorems, we seek to deepen our understanding of the role of symmetry in these mathematical frameworks and its applications in geometric function theory.

2.   Main results

Theorem 2.1. A function $\psi\in \overline{\mathcal{{K}}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ if and only if

where $0\leq\phi < 2\pi, \; -1\leq B < A\leq1, \; 0 < q < 1$ and $u_j$ is given by (2.7).

Proof. We have, $\psi\in \overline{\mathcal{{K}}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ if and only if

which implies

Step 1: Expressing $q$-derivatives as series expansions. Assume that $\psi$ has a power series representation:

Computing its first $q$-derivative:

For the second $q$-derivative:

This can be rewritten using convolution as:

For the $(j, k)$-symmetrical component:

where

Step 2: Reformulating the main inequality. Substituting these into inequality (2.1):

simplifying (2.8), we obtain

since $\eta\partial_q\psi*g = \psi*\eta\partial_qg$, we can write Eq (2.9) as

□

Remark 2.2. When $q \to 1^-$ and for special values of $j$, $k$, $A$, and $B$, the following result, proven by Ganesan et al. in ^[24] and Silverman et al. in ^[25], holds true.

Corollary 2.3. ^[24] The function $\psi\in K(A, B)$ in $|\eta| < R\leq1$, if and only if

Theorem 2.4. A function $\psi\in\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)\; \; \;$ if and only if

where $0\leq\phi < 2\pi,$ $-1\leq B < A\leq1, 0 < q < 1$ and $u_j$ is given by (2.7).

Proof. Since $\psi(\eta)\in\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)\iff g(\eta) = \int_{0}^{\eta}\frac{\psi(\varpi)}{\varpi}d_q\varpi \in \mathcal{\overline{K}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$, we have

Therefore, the result is a direct consequence of Theorem 2.4.

Remark 2.5. As $q \to 1$, the $q$ -difference operator $\partial_q$ approaches the standard differentiation operator, leading to a transition from $q$ -deformed function properties to their classical counterparts. This transition enables the recovery of well-known results in analytic function theory, including Janowski starlike and convex functions. Furthermore, we explicitly evaluate the subordination condition and key functional inequalities in the limiting case, confirming that they reduce to established classical results.

□

Example

Let us take a rational function, say:

We will now demonstrate that this function satisfies the condition (2.4) in Theorem 2.10 for belonging to the class $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$. Substitute $\psi(\eta) = \frac{1}{1 - \eta}$ into this condition.

Now simplify the expression:

Simplifying further:

Now, examine the term inside the parentheses:

Factor out the common terms:

Now, we focus on the difference of the fractions:

The denominator in each fraction is distinct, so the difference is generally non-zero for $|\eta| < 1$. Thus, the term inside the parentheses is non-zero, and so is the overall expression. Finally, the factor $\frac{1}{(1 - \eta)^2}$ does not vanish for $|\eta| < 1$, and therefore the whole expression is non-zero.

Theorem 2.6. A function $\psi\in\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ if and only if

where $A_v = \frac{2(\delta_j^v -[v]_q)+(B+1)[v]_q-(A+1)\delta_j^v}{(B-A)x}a_v.$

Proof. A function $\psi\in\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ if and only if

which implies

we have $\partial_q\psi(\eta) = 1+\sum_{v = 2}^{\infty}[v]_qa_v\eta^{v-1}$ and $\psi_{j, k}(\eta) = \sum_{v = 1}^\infty \delta_{j}^va_v\eta^v.$ Which implies

This

Thus, the desired result is established, completing the proof. □

Remark 2.7. As $q \to 1^-$ and for particular values of $j$, $k$, $A$, and $B$, the following result, established by Ganesan et al. in ^[24] and Silverman et al. in ^[25], holds true:

3.   Conclusions

In this paper, we have explored the properties of the function classes $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ and $\mathcal{\overline{K}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$, which are defined using $q$ -derivatives and $(j, k)$ -symmetrical functions. Through our analysis, we have derived important conditions for membership in these classes, which are essential for understanding the geometric properties and behavior of the functions within them. Furthermore, we have extended classical results in complex analysis by incorporating the parameter $q$ and considering the limit as $q \to 1^-$. This approach has provided a novel perspective on the theory of symmetric functions and their applications in geometric function theory. In this study, we have explored the interplay between $q$ -calculus and $(j, k)$ -symmetrical functions, establishing fundamental results for the function classes $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ and $\mathcal{\overline{K}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$. Our findings contribute to the broader understanding of geometric function theory in the context of $q$ -calculus, offering new insights into their analytic and structural properties. Despite these advancements, several promising directions remain for future research. One potential avenue is the investigation of additional subclasses within $\mathcal{\overline{T}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ and $\mathcal{\overline{K}}^{j, k}_q(A, B)$ by incorporating more intricate conditions and generalizations. Furthermore, analyzing the influence of different values of $j$ and $k$ on the geometric and analytic behavior of these function classes may provide deeper theoretical insights.

Another important direction is the extension of our results to applications in quantum calculus and discrete mathematics. Exploring connections with combinatorial methods and special function theory could further enrich the applicability of $(j, k)$ -symmetrical functions.

Author contributions

F. Alsarari: Conceptualization, Writing original draft, and Methodology. He was responsible for drafting the initial version of the manuscript and developing the research framework. F. Alanzi: Review and editing, Funding acquisition, and Supervision. She contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript, ensured the accuracy of the findings, and provided financial support for the research.

Use of Generative-AI tools declaration

The authors declare that they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in generating the research findings or mathematical results presented in this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number "NBU-FPEJ-2025-1102-02".

Conflict of interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.