Application of biosurfactants in environmental biotechnology; remediation of oil and heavy metal

Mohammed Maikudi Usman; Arezoo Dadrasnia; Kang Tzin Lim; Ahmad Fahim Mahmud; Salmah Ismail; Mohammed Maikudi Usman; Arezoo Dadrasnia; Kang Tzin Lim; Ahmad Fahim Mahmud; Salmah Ismail

doi:10.3934/bioeng.2016.3.289

AIMS Bioengineering

2016, Volume 3, Issue 3: 289-304. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.3.289

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Mini review Topical Sections

Application of biosurfactants in environmental biotechnology; remediation of oil and heavy metal

1.
Department of Biohealth, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2.
Department of Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, PMB 2076, Yola, Nigeria

Received: 23 May 2016 Accepted: 17 July 2016 Published: 20 July 2016

Many toxic substances have been introduced into environment through human activities. These compounds are danger to human health when they are ultimately or immediately in contact with soil particles. A conventional method to reduce, degrade and remove these substances is associated with some risk. In recent years, microorganisms have proved a unique role in the degradation and detoxification of polluted soil and water environments and, this process has been termed bio reclamation. The diversity of bioemulsifiers/biosurfactants makes them an attractive group and important key roles in various fields of industrial as well as biotechnological applications such as enhanced oil recovery, biodegradation of pollutants, and pharmaceutics. Environmental application of microbial surfactant has been shown as a promising due to solubilization of low solubility compounds, low toxicity observed and efficacy in improving biodegradation. However, it is important to note that full scale tests and more information is require to predict the behavior and model of surfactant function on the remediation process with biosurfactants. The purpose of this review is to describe the state of art in the potential applications of biosurfactants in remediation of environmental pollution caused by oil and heavy metal.

Keywords:

Citation: Mohammed Maikudi Usman, Arezoo Dadrasnia, Kang Tzin Lim, Ahmad Fahim Mahmud, Salmah Ismail. Application of biosurfactants in environmental biotechnology; remediation of oil and heavy metal[J]. AIMS Bioengineering, 2016, 3(3): 289-304. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.3.289

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Abstract

Escherichia coli genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) have been published with ability to predict metabolic engineering capabilities that could be consistent with experimental measurements. However, the GEMs have limited scope, and the models are of two types, metabolism models (M-model), and metabolism and gene expression (ME-model) that could guide the constructions of proof-of-principle strains of particularly E. coli bacterium that may find applications in metabolic engineering strategies, synthetic biology ^[1], and beyond.

GEMs have been clearly established to be capable of predicting metabolic engineering capabilities and could sometime lead to biological discoveries for missing reactions and/or missing gene functions ^[2^,3^,4]. In addition, systems metabolic engineering has proof useful with the use of GEMs where time consuming experimental trial and error was shortened by predicting engineering strategies using GEMs. Although sometimes prediction could fail to agree with experimental data, but in that circumstances missing knowledge can be uncovered and gaps in the reconstruction can therefore be bridged leading to novel biological discoveries ^[3^,4].

The GEMs that is designated as M-model does not differentiate between isozymes as such its predictive capability is not as accurate as that of ME model, which integrates metabolism and gene expression data. The construction of the former model (M-model) is relatively much easier, as the full protocol has been previously published ^[5], while the ME model requires additional expertise, as it integrates both metabolism, and gene expression data ^[6]. These two models could serve as platforms for construction of proof-of-principle strains.

A number of proof-of-principle strains were constructed using E. coli GEMs for increasing succinic acid production ^[7^,8^,9^,10] and/or other chemicals such as 1,-4 butanediol ^[11]. These strategies used GEMs that are considered M-models, with limited scope and fairly accurate predictive power. What we hope to see in the future is the of extended version of M-model that could include gene expression data (ME-model) in predicting proof-of-concept studies that could be much more accurate predictive power that is greater than 80%.

In conclusion, the M-models of E. coli has been extensively used for the construction of proof-of-concept studies, particularly in increasing succinic acid production using a number of carbon sources, including glucose, and glycerol. Because of its limited scope and fair predictive accuracy, M-models are expected to be extended to ME-models for the construction of future proof-of-principle strains not limited to E. coli bacterium alone, but also for the forthcoming GEMs of microbial species with varieties of biotechnological applications in the field of medicine, agriculture, environment, industries and probably beyond.

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