Study of the antibacterial effects of the starch-based zinc oxide nanoparticles on methicillin resistance <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates from different clinical specimens of patients from Basrah, Iraq

Reham M. Al-Mosawi; Hanadi Abdulqadar Jasim; Athir Haddad; Reham M. Al-Mosawi; Hanadi Abdulqadar Jasim; Athir Haddad

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2023006

AIMS Microbiology

2023, Volume 9, Issue 1: 90-107. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2023006

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Research article

Study of the antibacterial effects of the starch-based zinc oxide nanoparticles on methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different clinical specimens of patients from Basrah, Iraq

1.
Department of Microbiology, Dentistry College of Basic Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
2.
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Bashrah, Iraq
3.
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Received: 01 December 2022 Revised: 28 January 2023 Accepted: 06 February 2023 Published: 15 February 2023

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of starch-based zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical specimens in Basrah, Iraq. In this cross-sectional study, 61 MRSA were collected from different clinical specimens of patients in Basrah city, Iraq. MRSA isolates were identified using standard microbiology tests, cefoxitin disc diffusion and oxacillin salt agar. ZnO-NPs were synthesized in three different concentrations (0.1 M, 0.05 M, 0.02 M) by the chemical method using starch as the stabilizer. Starch-based ZnO-NPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial effects of particles were investigated by the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the most effective starch-based ZnO-NPs were determined using a broth microdilution assay. The UV-Vis of all concentrations of starch-based ZnO-NPs exhibited a strong absorption band at 360 nm which was characteristic of the ZnO-NPs. XRD assay confirmed the representative hexagonal wurtzite phase of the starch-based ZnO-NPs, and their purity and high crystallinity. The spherical shape with a diameter of 21.56 ± 3.42 and 22.87 ± 3.91 was revealed for the particles by FE-SEM and TEM, respectively. EDS analysis confirmed the presence of zinc (Zn) (61.4 ± 0.54%) and oxygen (O) (36 ± 0.14%). The 0.1 M concentration had the highest antibacterial effects (mean ± SD of inhibition zone = 17.62 ± 2.65 mm) followed by the 0.05 M concentration (16.03 ± 2.24 mm) and the 0.02 M concentration (12.7 ± 2.57 mm). The MIC and the MBC of the 0.1 M concentration were in the range of 25–50 µg/mL and 50–100 µg/mL, respectively. Infections caused by MRSA can be treated with biopolymer-based ZnO-NPs as effective antimicrobials.
- antibiotic resistance,
- antimicrobial,
- Iraq,
- MRSA,
- ZnO-NPs
Citation: Reham M. Al-Mosawi, Hanadi Abdulqadar Jasim, Athir Haddad. Study of the antibacterial effects of the starch-based zinc oxide nanoparticles on methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different clinical specimens of patients from Basrah, Iraq[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2023, 9(1): 90-107. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2023006

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of starch-based zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical specimens in Basrah, Iraq. In this cross-sectional study, 61 MRSA were collected from different clinical specimens of patients in Basrah city, Iraq. MRSA isolates were identified using standard microbiology tests, cefoxitin disc diffusion and oxacillin salt agar. ZnO-NPs were synthesized in three different concentrations (0.1 M, 0.05 M, 0.02 M) by the chemical method using starch as the stabilizer. Starch-based ZnO-NPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial effects of particles were investigated by the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the most effective starch-based ZnO-NPs were determined using a broth microdilution assay. The UV-Vis of all concentrations of starch-based ZnO-NPs exhibited a strong absorption band at 360 nm which was characteristic of the ZnO-NPs. XRD assay confirmed the representative hexagonal wurtzite phase of the starch-based ZnO-NPs, and their purity and high crystallinity. The spherical shape with a diameter of 21.56 ± 3.42 and 22.87 ± 3.91 was revealed for the particles by FE-SEM and TEM, respectively. EDS analysis confirmed the presence of zinc (Zn) (61.4 ± 0.54%) and oxygen (O) (36 ± 0.14%). The 0.1 M concentration had the highest antibacterial effects (mean ± SD of inhibition zone = 17.62 ± 2.65 mm) followed by the 0.05 M concentration (16.03 ± 2.24 mm) and the 0.02 M concentration (12.7 ± 2.57 mm). The MIC and the MBC of the 0.1 M concentration were in the range of 25–50 µg/mL and 50–100 µg/mL, respectively. Infections caused by MRSA can be treated with biopolymer-based ZnO-NPs as effective antimicrobials.

Acknowledgments

God Almighty and My Dear Mother for her constant support and support for me in all circumstances and my brothers. In addition, everyone who helped me in diagnose nanomaterial's and research.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors' contributions

RMAM and HAJ were involved in the conception and design of the work, data analysis and drafting of the article. RMAM and AH were involved in experimental works and data collection. HAJ and AH revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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