Vaccine-induced reduction of COVID-19 clusters in school settings in Japan during the epidemic wave caused by B.1.1.529 (Omicron) BA.2, 2022

1.   Introduction

Semirings have significant applications in theory of automata, optimization theory, and in theoretical computer sciences (see ^[1,2,3]). A group of Russian mathematicians was able to create novel probability theory based on additive inverse semirings, called idempotent analysis (see^[4,5]) having interesting applications in quantum physics. Javed et al. ^[6] identified a proper subclass of semirings known as MA-Semirings. The development of commutator identities and Lie type theory of semirings ^[6,7,8,9,10] and derivations ^{[6,7,8,11,12]} make this class quite interesting for researchers. To investigate commuting conditions for rings through certain differential identities and certain ideals are still interesting problems for researchers in ring theory (see for example ^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19]}) and some of them are generalized in semirings (see ^{[6,8,9,10,11,20]}). In this paper we investigate commuting conditions of prime MA-semirings through certain differential identities and Jordan ideals (Theorems 2.5–2.8) and also study differential identities with the help of Jordan ideals (Theorem 2.3, Theorem 2.4, Theorem 2.10). In this connection we are able to generalize a few results of Oukhtite ^[21] in the setting of semirings. Now we present some necessary definitions and preliminaries which will be very useful for the sequel. By a semiring $S$, we mean a semiring with absorbing zero '$0$' in which addition is commutative. A semiring $S$ is said to be additive inverse semiring if for each $s\in S$ there is a unique $s^{'}\in S$ such that $s+s^{'}+s = s$ and $s^{'}+s+s^{'} = s^{'}$, where $s^{'}$ denotes the pseudo inverse of $s$. An additive inverse semiring $S$ is said to be an MA-semiring if it satisfies $s+s^{'}\in Z(S), \forall s\in S$, where $Z(S)$ is the center of $S$. The class of MA-semirings properly contains the class of distributive lattices and the class of rings, we refer ^[6,8,11,22] for examples. Throughout the paper by semiring $S$ we mean an MA-semiring unless stated otherwise. A semiring $S$ is prime if $aSb = \{0\}$ implies that $a = 0$ or $b = 0$ and semiprime if $aSa = \{0\}$ implies that $a = 0$. $S$ is 2-torsion free if for $s\in S, \; 2s = 0$ implies $s = 0$. An additive mapping $d:S\longrightarrow S$ is a derivation if $d(st) = d(s)t+sd(t)$. The commutator is defined as $[s, t] = st+t^{'}s$. By Jordan product, we mean $s\circ t = st+ts$ for all $s, t\in S$. The notion of Jordan ideals was introduced by Herstein ^[23] in rings which is further extended canonically by Sara ^[20] for semirings. An additive subsemigroup $G$ of $S$ is called the Jordan ideal if $s\circ j\in G$ for all $s\in S, j\in G$. A mapping $f:S\longrightarrow S$ is commuting if $[f(s), s] = 0$, $\forall s\in S$. A mapping $f:S\longrightarrow S$ is centralizing if $[[f(s), s], r] = 0$, $\forall s, r\in S$. Next we include some well established identities of MA-semirings which will be very useful in the sequel. If $s, t, z\in S$ and $d$ is a derivation of $S$, then $[s, st] = s[s, t]$, $[st, z] = s[t, z]+[s, z]t$, $[s, tz] = [s, t]z+t[s, z]$, $[s, t]+[t, s] = t(s+s^{'}) = s(t+t^{'})$, $(st)^{'} = s^{'}t = st^{'}$, $[s, t]^{'} = [s, t^{'}] = [s^{'}, t]$, $s\circ (t+z) = s\circ t+s\circ z$, $d(s^{'}) = (d(s))^{'}.$ To see more, we refer ^[6,7].

From the literature we recall a few results of MA-semirings required to establish the main results.

Lemma 1. ^[11] Let $G$ be a Jordan ideal of an MA-semiring $S$. Then for all $j\in G$ (a). $2[S, S]G\subseteq G$ (b). $2G[S, S]\subseteq G$ (c). $4j^{2}S\subseteq G$ (d). $4Sj^{2}\subseteq G$ (e). $4jSj\subseteq G$.

Lemma 2. ^[11] Let $S$ be a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $G$ a Jordan ideal of $S$. If $aGb = \{0\}$ then $a = 0$ or $b = 0$.

In view of Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we give some very useful remarks.

Remark 1. ^[11]

a). If $r, s, t\in S, u\in G$, then $2[r, st]u\in G$.

b). If $aG = \{0\}$ or $Ga = \{0\}$, then $a = 0$.

Lemma 3. ^[12] Let $G$ be a nonzero Jordan ideal and $d$ be a derivation of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$ such that for all $u\in G$, $d(u^2) = 0$. Then $d = 0$.

2.   Main results

Lemma 4. Let $G$ be a nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$. If $a\in S$ such that for all $g\in G$, $[a, g^{2}] = 0$. Then $[a, s] = 0, \forall s\in S$ and hence $a\in Z(S).$

Proof. Define a function $d_a:S\longrightarrow S$ by $d_{a}(s) = [a, s]$, which is an inner derivation. As every inner derivation is derivation, therefore in view of hypothesis $d_{a}$ is derivation satisfying $d_{a}(g^{2}) = [a, g^{2}] = 0, \forall g \in G$. By Lemma 3, $d_{a} = 0$, which implies that $d_{a}(s) = [a, s] = 0$, for all $s\in S$. Hence $a\in Z(S).$

Lemma 5. Let $S$ be a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $G$ a nonzero Jordan ideal of $S$. If $S$ is noncommutative such that for all $u, v \in G$ and $r \in S$

then $a = 0$ or $b = 0$.

Proof. In (2.1) replacing $r$ by $ar$ and using MA-semiring identities, we obtain

Using (2.1) again, we get $a[a, uv]Sb = 0$. By the primeness of $S$, we have either $b = 0$ or $a[a, uv] = 0$. Suppose that

In view of Lemma 1, replacing $v$ by $2v[s, t]$ in (2.3) and using 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we get $0 = a[a, uv[s, t]] = auv[a, [s, t]]+a[a, uv][s, t]$. Using (2.3) again $auv[a, [s, t]] = 0$ and therefore $auG[a, [s, t]] = \{0\}$. By the Lemma 2, we have either $aG = \{0\}$ or $[a, [s, t]] = 0$. By Remark 1, $aG = \{0\}$ implies $a = 0$. Suppose that

In (2.4) replacing $s$ by $sa$, we get $[a, s[a, t]]+[a, [s, t]a] = 0$ and therefore $[a, s[a, t]]+[a, [s, t]]a = 0$. Using (2.4) again, we get $[a, s][a, t] = 0$. By the primeness of $S$, $[a, s] = 0$ and therefore $a\in Z(S)$. Hence from (2.2), we can write $aS[r, uv]b = \{0\}$. By the primeness of $S$, we obtain $a = 0$ or

In (2.5) replacing $r$ by $rs$ and using (2.5) again, we get $[r, uv]Sb = \{0\}$. By the primeness of $S$, we have either $b = 0$ or $[r, uv] = 0$. Suppose that

In (2.6) replacing $y$ by $2v[s, t]$ and using (2.6) again, we obtain $2[r, uv[s, t]] = 0$. As $S$ is 2-torsion free, $[r, uv[s, t]] = 0$ which further gives $uG[r, [s, t]] = \{0\}$. As $G\neq \{0\}$, by Lemma 2 $[r, [s, t]] = 0$ which shows that $S$ is commutative, a contradiction. Hence we conclude that $a = 0$ or $b = 0$.

Theorem 1. Let $S$ be a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $G$ a nonzero Jordan ideal of $S$. If $d_1$ and $d_2$ are derivations of $S$ such that for all $u\in G$,

then either $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$.

Proof. Suppose that $d_2\neq 0$. We will show that $d_1 = 0$. In view of Lemma 1, replacing $u$ by $4u^{2}v, v\in G$ in (2.7), we obtain $d_1d_2(4u^{2}v) = 0$ and by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we have $d_1d_2(u^{2}v) = 0$. Using (2.7) again, we obtain

By lemma 1, replacing $v$ by $2[r, jk]v, j, k\in G$ in (2.8), we get

and

Using (2.8) again and hence by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain

In (2.9), replacing $v$ by $4v^{2}t, t\in S$ and using (2.9) again, we obtain

As $S$ is 2-torsion free, therefore

In (2.10), taking $t = d_2(g), g\in G$ and using (2.7), we obtain

In (2.11) writing $a$ for $d_1(u^{2})$ and $b$ for $v^{2}d_2(d_2(g))$, we have $a[r, jk]b = 0, \forall r\in S, j, k\in G$.

Firstly suppose that $S$ is not commutative. By Lemma 5, we have $a = 0$ or $b = 0$. If $d_1(u^{2}) = a = 0$, then by Lemma 3, $d_1 = 0$. Secondly suppose that $S$ is commutative. In (2.7) replacing $u$ by $2u^{2}$, we obtain $0 = d_1d_2(2u^{2}) = 2d_1d_2(u^{2}) = 4d_1(ud_2(u)) = 4(d_1(u)d_2(u)+ud_1d_2(u))$. Using (2.7) and the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain $d_1(u)d_2(u) = 0$. By our assumption $S$ is commutative, therefore $d_1(u)Sd_2(u) = \{0\}$. By the primeness of $S$, we have either $d_1(G) = \{0\}$ or $d_2(G) = \{0\}$. By Theorem 2.4 of ^[11], we have $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$. But $d_2\neq 0$. Hence $d_1 = 0$ which completes the proof.

Theorem 2. Let $S$ be a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $G$ a nonzero Jordan ideal of $S$. If $d_{1}$ and $d_{2}$ are derivations of $S$ such that for all $u\in G$

then $d_{1} = 0$.

Proof. Firstly suppose that $S$ is commutative. Replacing $u$ by $2u^{2}$ in (2.12) and using (2.12) again, we obtain $d_{1}(u)d_{2}(u) = 0$ which further implies $d_{1}(u)Sd_{2}(u) = \{0\}$. In view of Theorem 2.4 of ^[11], by the primeness of $S$ we have $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$. If $d_2 = 0$, then from (2.12), we obtain $d_1(u) = 0, \forall u\in G$ and hence by Lemma 3, we conclude $d_1 = 0$. Secondly suppose that $S$ is noncommutative. Further suppose that $d_2\neq0$. We will show that $d_1 = 0$. In (2.12) replacing $u$ by $4u^{2}v, v\in G$, and using (2.12) again, we obtain $2(d_{2}(u^{2})d_{1}(v)+d_{1}(u^{2})d_{2}(v)) = 0$. As $S$ is 2-torsion free, therefore

In (2.13) replacing $v$ by $2[r, jk]v, r\in S, j, k, v\in G$, we obtain

As by MA-semiring identities, $2[r, jk] = 2j[r, k]+2[r, j]k$, by Lemma 1 $2[r, jk]\in G$. Therefore using (2.13) again and the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain

In (2.14) replacing $v$ by $4v^{2}t, t \in S$ and using (2.14) again, we get

In (2.15) taking $t = t(d_2(w)+w^{'}), w\in G$, we get

and therefore

$d_{2}(u^{2})[r, jk]v^{2}d_{1}(t)(d_2(w)+w^{'})+d_{2}(u^{2})[r, jk]v^{2}td_{1}((d_2(w)+w^{'}))$

Using (2.12) and (2.15) in the last expression, we obtain

Applying Lemma 5 on (2.15), we get either $d_{1}(u^{2}) = 0$ or $v^{2}td_{2}(d_2(w)+w^{'}) = 0$. If $d_{1}(u^{2}) = 0$ then by Lemma 3, $d_1 = 0$. If $v^{2}Sd_{2}(d_2(w)+w^{'}) = \{0\}$, the by the primeness of $S$, we have $v^{2} = 0$ or $d_{2}(d_2(w)+w^{'}) = 0$. If $v^{2} = 0, \forall v\in G$, then $G = \{0\}$, a contradiction. Suppose that for all $w\in G$

In (2.17)replacing $w$ by $4z^{2}u, z, u\in G$, and using (2.17) again, we obtain

In (2.18), replacing $u$ by $4xz^{2}, x\in G$ and using (2.18) again, we obtain $d_{2}(z^{2})Gd_2(z^{2}) = \{0\}$. By Lemma 2, $d_2(z^{2}) = 0$ and hence by Lemma 3, we conclude that $d_2 = 0$. Taking $d_2 = 0$ in the hypothesis to obtain $d_1(u) = 0$ and hence by Theorem 2.4 of ^[11], we have $d_1 = 0$.

Theorem 3. Let $G$ be a nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$ and $d_1$ and $d_2$ be derivations of $S$ such that for all $u, v\in G$

Then $S$ is commutative.

Proof. If $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$, then from (2.19), we obtain $[G, G] = \{0\}$. By Theorem 2.3 of ^[11] $S$ is commutative. We assume that both $d_1$ and $d_2$ are nonzero. In (2.19) replacing $u$ by $4uw^{2}$ and using MA-semiring identities and 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we get

$d_1(u)[2w^{2}, d_2(v)]+([d_1(u), d_2(v)]+[u, v]^{'})2w^{2}+u([d_1(2w^{2}), d_2(v)]$

Using (2.19) again, we get

and by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we have

Replacing $u$ by $2u[r, jk]$ in (2.20) and using it again, we obtain

In (2.21) replacing $u$ by $4su^{2}$ and using (2.21) again, we obtain

In (2.22) replacing $s$ by $d_2(v)s$ and then using commutator identities, we get

Therefore $d_1d_2(v)Su^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)] = \{0\}$. By the primeness of $S$, we obtain either $d_1d_2(v) = 0$ or $u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)] = 0$. Consider the sets

and

We observe that $G = G_1\cup G_2$. We will show that either $G = G_1$ or $G = G_2$. Suppose that $v_1\in G_1\setminus G_2$ and $v_2\in G_2\setminus G_1$. Then $v_1+v_2\in G_1+G_2\subseteq G_1\cup G_2 = G$. We now see that $0 = d_1d_2(v_1+v_2) = d_1d_2(v_2)$, which shows that $v_2\in G_1$, a contradiction. On the other hand $0 = u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v_1+v_2)] = u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v_1)]$, which shows that $v_1\in G_2$, a contradiction. Therefore either $G_1\subseteq G_2$ or $G_2\subseteq G_1$, which respectively show that either $G = G_1$ or $G = G_2$. Therefore we conclude that for all $v\in G$, $d_1d_2(v) = 0$ or $u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)] = 0$. Suppose that $d_1d_2(v) = 0, v\in G$. then by Lemma 2.1, $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$. Secondly suppose that $u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)] = 0, u, v, w, j, k\in G, r\in S$. By Lemma 5, we have either $u^{2} = 0$ or $[w^{2}, d_2(v)] = 0$. But $u^{2} = 0$ leads to $G = \{0\}$ which is not possible. Therefore $[w^{2}, d_2(v)] = 0$ and employing Lemma 4, $[d_2(v), s] = 0, s\in S$. Hence by Theorem 2.2 of ^[22], $S$ is commutative.

Theorem 4. Let $G$ be a nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$ and $d_1$ and $d_2$ be derivations of $S$ such that for all $u, v\in G$

Then $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$ and thus $S$ is commutative.

Proof. It is quite clear that if at least one of $d_1$ and $d_2$ is zero, then we obtain $[G, G] = \{0\}$. By Theorem 2.3 of ^[11] and Theorem 2.1 of ^[22], $S$ is commutative. So we only show that at least one of the derivations is zero. Suppose that $d_2\neq 0$. In (2.24), replacing $v$ by $4vw^{2}, w\in G$, we obtain $d_1(u)d_2(4vw^{2})+[u, 4vw^{2}]^{'} = 0$ and therefore using MA-semirings identities, we can write

In view of Lemma 1 as $2w^{2}\in G$, using (2.24) and the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain

In (2.25) replacing $v$ by $2[s, t]v$, $s, t\in S$ and hence by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we get

Multiplying (2.25) by $[s, t]$ from the left, we get

and since $S$ is an MA-semiring, therefore

Using (2.27) into (2.26), we obtain $d_1(u)[s, t]vd_2(w^{2})+[s, t]^{'}d_1(u)vd_2(w^{2}) = 0$. By MA-semirings identities, we further obtain $[d_1(u), [s, t]]Gd_2(w^{2}) = \{0\}$. By Lemma 2, we obtain either $[d_1(u), [s, t]] = 0$ or $d_2(w^{2}) = 0$. If $d_2(w^{2}) = 0$, then by Lemma 3, $d_2 = 0$. On the other hand, if

In (2.28) replacing $t$ by $st$, we get $[d_1(u), s[s, t]] = 0$ and using (2.23) again $[d_1(u), s][s, t] = 0$ and therefore $[d_1(u), s]S[s, t] = \{0\}$ and by the primeness of $S$, we get $[S, S] = \{0\}$ and hence $S$ is commutative or $[d_1(u), s] = 0$. In view of Theorem 2.2 of ^[22] from $[d_1(u), s] = 0$ we have $[S, S] = \{0\}$ which further implies $S$ is commutative. Hence (2.19)becomes $d_1(u)d_2(v) = 0$. As above we have either $d_1 = 0$ or $d_2 = 0$.

Theorem 5. Let $S$ be a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $G$ a nonzero Jordan ideal of $S$. If $d_1$, $d_2$ and $d_3$ be nonzero. derivations such that for all $u, v\in G$ either

1). $d_3(v)d_1(u)+d_2(u^{'})d_3(v) = 0$ or

2). $d_3(v)d_1(u)+d_2(u^{'})d_3(v)+[u, v]^{'} = 0$.

Then $S$ is commutative and $d_1 = d_2$.

Proof. 1). By the hypothesis for the first part, we have

which further implies

In (2.29) replacing $u$ by $4uw^{2}$, we obtain

and therefore by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we have

Using (2.30) into (2.31), we obtain

In (2.32) replacing $u$ by $2u[r, jk], r\in S, j, k\in G$, and using (2.32) again, we get

In (2.33) replacing $u$ by $4tu^{2}, t\in S$ and using 2-torsion freeness and (2.33) again, we get

Taking $t = d_3(v)t$ in (2.34) and using (2.34) again we obtain

We see that equation (2.35) is similar as (2.23) of the previous theorem, therefore repeating the same process we obtain the required result.

2). By the hypothesis, we have

For $d_3 = 0$, we obtain $[G, G] = \{0\}$ and by Theorem 2.3 of ^[11] this proves that $S$ is commutative. Assume that $d_3\neq0$. From (2.36), using MA-semiring identities, we can write

and

In (2.36), replacing $u$ by $4uz^{2}$, we obtain

and using (2.37) and (2.38) and then 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain

We see that (2.39) is same as (2.32) of the previous part of this result. This proves that $[S, S] = \{0\}$ and hence $S$ is commutative. Also then by the hypothesis, since $d_3\neq0$, $d_1 = d_2$.

Theorem 6. Let $G$ be nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$ and $d_1$ and $d_2$ be nonzero derivations of $S$ such that for all $u, v\in G$

Then $S$ is commutative.

In (2.40) replacing $u$ by $4uw^{2}, w\in G$ and using 2-torsion freeness and again using(2.40), we obtain

In (2.41) replacing $u$ by $2u[r, jk], j, k\in G, r\in S$, we obtain

$u[d_2(v)+v^{'}, 2[r, jk]]d_1(w^{2})+2[d_2(v)+v^{'}, u][r, jk]d_1(w^{2})$

Using 2-torsion freeness and (2.41) again, we get

In(2.42) replacing $u$ by $4tu^{2}, t\in S$and using (2.42) again, we get

In (2.43) taking $t = (d_2(v)+v^{'})t$ and using MA-semirings identities, we obtain

$(d_2(v)+v^{'})[d_2(v)+v^{'}, t]u^{2}[r, jk]d_1(w^{2})+d_1(d_2(v)+v^{'})tu^{2}[r, jk][d_2(v)+v^{'}, w^{2}]$

and using (2.43) again, we obtain

By the primeness we obtain either $d_1(d_2(v)+v^{'}) = 0$ or $u^{2}[r, jk][d_2(v)+v^{'}, w^{2}] = 0$. If $d_1(d_2(v)+v^{'}) = 0$, then by Theorem 2 we have $d_1 = 0$, which contradicts the hypothesis. Therefore we must suppose $u^{2}[r, jk][d_2(v)+v^{'}, w^{2}] = 0$. By Lemma 5, we have either $u^{2} = 0$ or $[d_2(v)+v^{'}, w^{2}] = 0$. But $u^{2} = 0$ implies $G = \{0\}$ which is not possible. On the other hand applying Lemma 5, we have $[d_2(v)+v^{'}, r] = 0, \forall r\in S$ and therefore taking $r = v, v\in G$ and $[d_2(v), v]+[v^{'}, v] = 0$ and using MA-semiring identities, we get

As $[v, v]^{'} = [v, v]$, from (2.45), we obtain $[d_2(v), v]+[v, v] = 0$ and therefore

Using (2.46) into (2.45), we get $2[d_2(v), v] = 0$ and by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we get $[d_2(v), v] = 0$. By Theorem 2.2 of ^[22], we conclude that $S$ is commutative.

Corollary 1. Let $G$ be nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring $S$ and $d$ be a nonzero derivation of $S$ such that for all $u, v\in G$ d[v, u] = 0. Then $S$ is commutative

Proof. In theorem (6) taking $d_2 = 0$ and $d_1 = d$, we get the required result.

Theorem 7. Let $G$ be a nonzero Jordan ideal of a 2-torsion free prime MA-semiring and $d_2$ be derivation of $S$. Then there exists no nonzero derivation $d_1$ such that for all $u, v\in G$

Proof. Suppose on the contrary that there is a nonzero derivation $d_1$ satisfying (2.47). In (2.47) replacing $u$ by $4uw^{2}, w\in G$ and using (2.47) again, we obtain

In (2.48), replacing $u$ by $u[r, jk], r\in S, j, k\in G$ and using (2.48) again, we get

In (2.49) replacing $u$ by $4tu^{2}, t\in S$ and using (2.49) again, we obtain

$d_1(t)u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v]+td_1(u^{2})[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v]$

and using2-torsion freeness and (2.49) again, we obtain

In (2.50) taking $t = (d_2(v)+v)t$ and using MA-semirings identities, we get $d_1(d_2(v)+v)tu^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v]+(d_2(v)+v)d_1(t)u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v]$

Using (2.50) again, we obtain

that is $d_1(d_2(v)+v)Su^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v] = 0$. Therefore by the primeness following the same process as above, we have either $d_1(d_2(v)+v) = 0$ or $u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v] = 0$ for all $u, v, j, k, w\in G, r\in S$. If $d_1(d_2(v)+v) = 0$. As $d_1\neq0$, therefore $d_2(v)+v = 0$. Secondly suppose that $u^{2}[r, jk][w^{2}, d_2(v)+v] = 0$. By Lemma 5, we have either $u^{2} = 0$ or $[w^{2}, d_2(v)+v] = 0$. But $u^{2} = 0$ implies that $G = \{0\}$, a contradiction. Therefore we consider the case when $[w^{2}, d_2(v)+v] = 0$, which implies, by Lemma 4, that $[d_2(v)+v, r] = 0, \forall r\in S$ and taking in particular $t = v\in G$, we have

Also by definition of MA-semirings, we have $[v, v] = [v, v]^{'}$. Therefore $[d_2(v), v]+[v, v]^{'} = 0$ and therefore

Using (2.53) into (2.52) and then using 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain $[d(v), v] = 0$. By Theorem 2.2 of ^[22], we conclude that $S$ is commutative. Therefore (2.47) will be rewritten as $2d_1(u)d_2(v)+2(d_1(v^{'})u+v^{'}d_1(u)) = 0$ and hence by the 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we obtain

In (2.54) replacing $u$ by $2uw$ and using 2-torsion freeness of $S$, we get

and therefore

Using (2.54) again, we obtain

In (2.55) replacing $v$ by $2vz$, we get

and therefore

and using (2.55) again, we get $d_1(w)uGd_2(z) = \{0\}$. By the above Lemma 2, we have either $d_1(w)u = 0$ or $d_2(z) = 0$ and therefore by Remark 1, we have either $d_1(w) = 0$ or $d_2(z) = 0$. As $d_1\neq0$, therefore $d_2 = 0$. Therefore our hypothesis becomes $d_1(u\circ v) = 0$ and therefore $d_1(u^{2}) = 0$, $\forall u\in G$. By Lemma 3, $d_1 = 0$ a contraction to the assumption. Hence $d_1$ is zero.

3.   Open problem

We have proved the results of this paper for prime semirings and it would be interesting to generalize them for semiprime semirings, we leave it as an open problem.

Acknowledgments

Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/154), Taif University Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.