This paper introduced a new concrete composites made by quaternary binder by partially replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The motivation is to reduce our dependency on OPC to reduce CO2 emission and carbon foot print. As the main substitute for the OPC, siliceous fly ash was used (FA). Moreover, silica fume (SF) and nanosilica (nS) were also used. This study utilized the following contents of SCMs used: 5% of nS; 10% of SF; 0, 15, and 25% of FA. During examinations the main mechanical properties of concrete composites, i.e. compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm) were assed. The brittleness of these materials was also analysed. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that concrete composite based on quaternary blended cements, of series Mix3, has shown the best results in terms of good strength parameters, whereas the worst mechanical parameters were characterized by concrete of series Mix4. On the other hand, concrete including only SF and nS (Mix2 series) were characterized by the greatest brittleness. It was observed that fcm of concrete composites for series Mix2, Mix3, and Mix4 increase of 41%, 48%, and 31% respectively compared with the concrete without additives, i.e. series Mix1. In addition, fctm also increase of 39%, 47%, and 30%, respectively, for the three series mentioned above, compared with the control concrete. Concrete of series Mix3, with high mechanical properties and demonstrating the features of quasi-plastic material, i.e. having lower brittleness, can be used in concrete and reinforced concrete structures subjected mainly to dynamic and cyclic loads. Therefore, it can be used, in the construction of foundation structures for machines and other types of structures in which the above-mentioned loads are dominant.
Citation: Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski. Mechanical properties and brittleness of concrete made by combined fly ash, silica fume and nanosilica with ordinary Portland cement[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(3): 390-404. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023021
| [1] | Stelladriana Volpe, Andrea Petrella, Valentino Sangiorgio, Michele Notarnicola, Francesco Fiorito . Preparation and characterization of novel environmentally sustainable mortars based on magnesium potassium phosphate cement for additive manufacturing. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(4): 640-658. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021039 |
| [2] | M. Kanta Rao, Ch. N. Satish Kumar . Influence of fly ash on hydration compounds of high-volume fly ash concrete. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(2): 301-320. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021020 |
| [3] | Hashem Al-Mattarneh, Musab Abuaddous, Rabah Ismail, Ahmad B. Malkawi, Yaser Jaradat, Hamsa Nimer, Mohanad Khodier . Performance of concrete paving materials incorporating biomass olive oil waste ash and nano-silica. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(5): 1035-1055. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024049 |
| [4] | Reginald Umunakwe, Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe, Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe, Wilson Uzochukwu Eze, Akinlabi Oyetunji . Review on properties of hybrid aluminum–ceramics/fly ash composites. AIMS Materials Science, 2020, 7(6): 859-870. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2020.6.859 |
| [5] | Salmia Beddu, Mushtaq Ahmad, Daud Mohamad, Muhamed Imran bin Noorul Ameen, Zarina Itam, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Nur Amalina Nadiah Basri . Utilization of fly ash cenosphere to study mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight concrete. AIMS Materials Science, 2020, 7(6): 911-925. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2020.6.911 |
| [6] | Ketut Aswatama Wiswamitra, Sri Murni Dewi, Moch. Agus Choiron, Ari Wibowo . Heat resistance of lightweight concrete with plastic aggregate from PET (polyethylene terephthalate)-mineral filler. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(1): 99-118. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021007 |
| [7] | Kong Fah Tee, Sayedali Mostofizadeh . Numerical and experimental investigation of concrete with various dosages of fly ash. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(4): 587-607. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021036 |
| [8] | Mohamed Samy El-Feky, Passant Youssef, Ahmed Maher El-Tair, Sara Ibrahim, Mohamed Serag . Effect of nano silica addition on enhancing the performance of cement composites reinforced with nano cellulose fibers. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(6): 864-883. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.864 |
| [9] | Temitope Awolusi, Marc Azab, Oussama Accouche, Precious Ajayi, Emeka Nnochiri . Effect of binder-aggregate ratio and glass powder on the performance of concrete cured in different media. AIMS Materials Science, 2025, 12(1): 68-84. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2025006 |
| [10] | Roman Fediuk, Aleksandr Mochalov, Roman Timokhin . Review of methods for activation of binder and concrete mixes. AIMS Materials Science, 2018, 5(5): 916-931. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.5.916 |
This paper introduced a new concrete composites made by quaternary binder by partially replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The motivation is to reduce our dependency on OPC to reduce CO2 emission and carbon foot print. As the main substitute for the OPC, siliceous fly ash was used (FA). Moreover, silica fume (SF) and nanosilica (nS) were also used. This study utilized the following contents of SCMs used: 5% of nS; 10% of SF; 0, 15, and 25% of FA. During examinations the main mechanical properties of concrete composites, i.e. compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm) were assed. The brittleness of these materials was also analysed. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that concrete composite based on quaternary blended cements, of series Mix3, has shown the best results in terms of good strength parameters, whereas the worst mechanical parameters were characterized by concrete of series Mix4. On the other hand, concrete including only SF and nS (Mix2 series) were characterized by the greatest brittleness. It was observed that fcm of concrete composites for series Mix2, Mix3, and Mix4 increase of 41%, 48%, and 31% respectively compared with the concrete without additives, i.e. series Mix1. In addition, fctm also increase of 39%, 47%, and 30%, respectively, for the three series mentioned above, compared with the control concrete. Concrete of series Mix3, with high mechanical properties and demonstrating the features of quasi-plastic material, i.e. having lower brittleness, can be used in concrete and reinforced concrete structures subjected mainly to dynamic and cyclic loads. Therefore, it can be used, in the construction of foundation structures for machines and other types of structures in which the above-mentioned loads are dominant.
Nowadays, concrete is undoubtedly the most used construction material in the world. In addition, the construction of buildings and structures made of concrete, as well as the subsequent maintenance and renovation of concrete structures, catalyze the development of world economies, thus significantly contribute to their economic progress and the increase of gross domestic products. Therefore, from the economic and social point of view, the dynamics of the development of the concrete industry is still highly desirable [1,2,3].
However, when looking at the production process of this very useful composite, it should be realised that its production—despite the fact that it provides safe living conditions for billions of people around the world and has a significant impact on the well-being of many global economies—is unfortunately against the principles of sustainable development, generating definitely negative effects on the natural environment.
The impact of the lack of ecological production of this construction material concerns mainly the cement matrix of the concrete composite [4,5]. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which is the basic binder for the production of concrete, is formed as a result of burning Portland clinker, which generates significant amounts of harmful greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, during this process. It is estimated that approx. 7 to 9% of the total annual CO2 emissions in the world is related to the production of OPC and, interestingly, in terms of the global emission of this harmful oxide, this places OPC production processes above aviation fuel (2.5%) and only slightly lower than agriculture (12%) [6,7,8]. If you add to this the fact that the cement production process consumes significant amounts of energy, both thermal and electrical [9], then after summing up all the above aspects, concrete in its natural form becomes a definitely non-ecological material [10,11,12].
Therefore, in order to reduce the negative environmental impact of the only OPC-based concrete production, measures have been taken to reduce the share of pure Portland clinker in the composition of cements by replacing it with other mineral components in the form of additives [13], and recently also nanoadditives [14,15]. More and more often, modern construction concretes are based on multi-component cements, with a more or less diversified composition, containing one or more substitutes for cement binder [16,17]. Such materials are referred to as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) [18,19].
The use of multi-component cements containing SCMs allows to improve the efficiency of OPC production related to the possibility of using large amounts of mineral additives and nanoadditives, including often problematic or even harmful waste, and meets the guidelines of sustainable development [20]. It should also be emphasised that increasing the share of SCMs in OPC contributes to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption during the production process.
For these reasons, the use of multi-component cements with a diversified composition is justified from an economical and ecological point of view. In addition, the synergistic effect of the interaction of several mineral additives has a more favorable effect on the properties of multi-component cements compared to cements containing only one mineral additive [21]. This allows, among others, for preparing concrete composites resistant to significant static as well as impact [22], dynamic [23,24,25] and fatigue loads [26,27,28]. Therefore, on an increasingly larger scale, laboratory tests are carried out and then implementation works on the use of multicomponent cements [29,30] in concrete technology are realized [31,32].
The main SCMs, used in composites of this type, are fly ash (FA)—both low volume FA and high volume FA, silica fume (SF) [33]. Other frequently used SCMs are also: ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, waste glass, limestone powder and crumb rubber. More and more often, matrices of such concretes also contain nanomaterials, most often in the form of nanosilica, nanocellulose or nanotube [34,35]. In addition, the possibilities of nanotechnology are also used in the field of production of active nanomaterials that are able to purposefully modify the structure of concrete composites, e.g. as a result of the use of nanoseeds of the C–S–H phase affecting the reduction of the unfavorable, brittle CH phase in concrete in order to create a larger amount of dense and permanent phase C–S–H. Unfortunately, a significant factor inhibiting, so far, the development of concrete production based on multi-component cements is the lack of practical experience related to the use of binders of this type in concrete technology [29,30].
Therefore, this article proposes a solution involving modification of the concrete material with the main SCMs, i.e. FA and the two types of silica-based additives. For this purpose, the composition of the binder in the composites by non-compacted silica fume (SF), and nanosilica (nS) were modified [36].
In addition, with regard to the principles of sustainable construction, the proposed solution allows for:
● Effective reduction of CO2 emission [37],
● Significant reduction in the carbon footprint created in the production of OPC for ordinary concrete [37].
In fact, concretes made with applying the quaternary binder were tested for evaluation of their basic mechanical parameters as well as brittleness.
The conclusions resulting from the research undertaken—in terms of the synergy of the impact of SCMs on the main mechanical parameters as well as brittleness in new cementitious composites with a diversified binder composition—may contribute in the future to a more conscious use of such materials in composite structures. Undoubtedly, this will positively affect the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, which will be a significant step towards the further development of sustainable construction.
The constituting materials of concrete used in the present study are: OPC (CEM I 32.5R), natural gravel as coarse aggregates (with specific gravity 2.65 and aggregate size 2.0–8.0 mm) and natural sand as fine aggregates (specific gravity of 2.60 and maximum size of 2.0 mm). The specific gravity of both aggregates (in oven-dried particle conditions) was measured with using pyknometer method based on the European Standard EN-1097-6:2013 [38].
The SCMs, which were used as partial replacement of OPC to produce quaternary mixes, are FA, SF and nS and the relevant properties of these materials were determined in the laboratory as per relevant codes of practice. In addition, superplasticizer (SP) STACHEMENT 2750 based on polycarboxylates (1.8% of binding material weight) was used in order to improve the flowability of the concrete. The laboratory pipeline water for preparation all mixtures was also used.
The chemical composition and physical properties of the cement and SCMs are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
| Material/constituent | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | P2O5 | TiO2 | Ag2O |
| OPC | 15.00 | 2.78 | 71.06 | 1.38 | 4.56 | 2.72 | 1.21 | - | - | - |
| Class F FA | 55.27 | 26.72 | 2.35 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 6.66 | 3.01 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 0.10 |
| Non-condensed SF | 91.90 | 0.71 | 0.31 | 1.14 | 0.45 | 2.54 | 1.53 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | > 99.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Material/parameter | Specific gravity (g/cm3) | Blaine's fineness (m2/g) | Particle diameter (μm) |
| OPC | 3.11 | 0.33 | 40 |
| Class F FA | 2.14 | 0.35 | 30 |
| Non-condensed SF | 2.21 | 1.40 | 11 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | 1.10 | 200 | 0.012 |
DownLoad:
CSV
It should also be noted that, based on previous studies, the effect of the modification of concrete composites FA in the amount of 20 and 30% of cement weight was recognized quite well. On the other hand, it is also known that the most beneficial effects are brought by modification of the concrete structure SF in the amount of 10% [39], while nS 5%, e.g. [40].
For above reasons, and that it was possible to draw additional conclusions regarding the influence of the main SCMs, i.e. FA, on the analysed parameters it was assumed that the content of FA in each of the three concretes based on quaternary blended cements was different (0%, 5% and 15%). Moreover, in all series of concrete, the constant amount of the binder substitute at 10% and 5% was for SF and nS respectively.
Based on the above the mix proportions for all mixes are given in Table 3.
| Mix | Mix No. | OPC | FA | SF | nS | Water | SP | Sand | Gravel |
| 100% OPC | Mix1 | 352 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 676 | 1205 |
| 85%OPC+0%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix2 | 299.2 | 0 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 80%OPC+5%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix3 | 281.6 | 17.6 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 70%OPC+15%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix4 | 246.4 | 52.8 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
DownLoad:
CSV
The full mixing process along with duration of each mixing stage is shown in Figure 1. Then, the fresh mixture was poured into the molds and vibrated on the vibrating table. The concrete cubes were cast for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength testing.
After finishing, the specimens were covered with wet fabric and stored in casting room at 20 ± 2 ℃. In the next step, specimens were demolded after 48 h and kept in a water tank for the first 14 d. For the next 2 weeks, the specimens were cured in a laboratory conditions and then examined after 28 d of their preparation.
Mechanical property tests were carried out according to the European Standards EN 12390-3:2011+AC:2012 [41] and EN 12390-6:2009 [42]. Compression strength—fcm and splitting tensile strength—fctm were investigated during the studies. In order to ensure the repeatability of test results, six specimens for all composites and both mechanical tests were prepared and reported after 28 d of curing.
Cube specimens (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were used for both type of tests, which were conducted in a hydraulic servo testing machine with a maximum bearing capability of 3,000 kN. During the experiments the specimens were loaded statically. The view of cubes during the tests is shown in Figure 2.
Modification of concrete by mineral additives and nanoadditives also affects the brittleness of composites with a cement matrix. Moreover, this property, similarly as the susceptibility to fracture toughness (due to internal primary structure defects like pores, voids and initial cracks etc.) [43,44,45], provides important information about the material in terms of its durability [46].
Therefore, in addition to a detailed analysis of the strength parameters, the presented tests investigated changes in the brittleness of the concrete being the subject of the experiments. For this purpose, one of the available methods was used, i.e. tension-compression strength ratio. Thus, the brittleness indices were calculated based on the results of basic strength tests, i.e. fcm and fctm. According to [47], it is an effective method to estimate this parameter in the case of cured concretes, but unsuitable for concretes analyzed at an early ages.
Furthermore, the method of determining the brittleness of concretes based on the analysis of the Q index, developed by Jeng and Shah [48] and presented in [47], requires knowledge of the modulus of elasticity of the analyzed composites and their parameters of fracture toughness—in both linear and non-linear terms [48]. For this purpose, additional complex studies would have to be carried out.
In addition, it should be stated that the method based on the analysis of proportions of concrete strength parameters is also beneficial due to the fact that the strengths of compressed and tensile strength of concrete samples are closely related. However, this relationship is not proportional.
As fcm increases, fctm also increases, but the rate of this increase is decreasing. The ratio of the two strengths depends on many factors, such as the composition of the concrete mix, the age of the concrete, the shape of the samples, the method of making and curing the materials, and the methods of testing tensile strength. These dependencies are described in detail in their works, e.g. Raphael [49] and Oluokun [50]. They recognized that the mutual relations of the results of fcm and fctm have a close relationship for a given material. Therefore, it can be written with mathematical relations [49,50].
Considering the above, in own research the brittleness index (BI), in percents for particular composites was determined based on the Eq 1:
| BI=fctmfcm⋅100%. | (1) |
The results of tests of basic strength parameters of concretes with a variable structure of the cement matrix are shown in Figure 3. It shows that the proposed material modification resulted in a very clear improvement in both fcm and fctm for all concretes including SCMs. Additionally, the upward trends for both analyzed parameters were strictly consistent with each other between the individual materials.
The highest compressive and tensile strength was obtained for concrete containing the addition of 3 different SCMs in the composition of the cement matrix. The increases in both strength parameters in the case of Mix3 were almost 50% higher when compared to the values obtained for the reference concrete, i.e. Mix1 (48% and 47% for fcm and fctm, respectively). Slightly lower, although still quite high, increase in the value of strength parameters was recorded for concrete with silica-based additives only, i.e. Mix2. For this composite, both parameters increased by 40%. The significantly weakest effect of material strengthening was observed in the Mix4 containing the greater amount of the FA modifier, i.e. 15%. For this material, increases of fcm and fctm by only 30% were visible. Nevertheless, these results also appear to be very advantageous in comparison to the values obtained for concrete based only on OPC (Figure 3).
In addition, when analysing the obtained results of strength parameters, it should also be noted that a more complex modification of the structure of the cement matrix results in a smaller convergence in the obtained results; to a greater extent on fctm. The graphs in Figure 3 show larger dispersions of the obtained results in the case of quaternary binder composites, i.e. from Mix2 to Mix4, compared to the values obtained for the reference concrete, i.e. Mix1. Based on the size of error bars, placed on individual graphs, it can also be observed that the largest dispersion of results were for concrete of series Mix4, i.e. with 3 SCMs in its composition and a higher content of FA.
The FA additive, used in small amounts, is able to additionally produce a larger amount of more compact C–S–H phase, which makes the material more airtight by filling the pores [51,52]. However, the presence of FA in the composition of the cement matrix implies a slight reduction in the strength parameters of the composite through heterogenization of its structure and reduced pozzolanic activity in the initial curing period of materials with these additives [53,54]. As a consequence, the smallest effect of improving the composite strength parameters and the increase of heterogeneity in the obtained results were observed in the concrete of series Mix4 (Figure 3). The effect appeared despite the presence of two other more active SCMs in the concrete composition—SF and nS.
Mix2, which contained only two SCMs, showed a much higher value of both compressive and tensile strength compared to Mix4. Nevertheless, the results for this material were clearly lower than the values obtained for the matrix-based composite composed of 80%OPC+5%FA+10%SF+5%nS (Figure 3). Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementing the composition of the cement binder with three pozzolanic active additives (one of which is FA in the amount of several percent) causes the occurrence of a strong synergy between all components in the material structure, which clearly increases the material strength parameters (Figure 3). This phenomenon is confirmed by the results of tests on the microstructure of composites of this type presented in papers [55,56].
Figure 4 summarizes the calculated brittleness indexes for all analyzed composites with error bars. Due to slight differences between the results in particular series of concrete, the obtained values were rounded to 3 decimal places. Moreover, it should be noted that the obtained brittleness results are quite convergent, i.e. characterized by low levels of error bars (Figure 4). This proves the small dispersion of the obtained values of strength parameters (Figure 3). Thanks to this, the results can be considered representative and the conclusions resulting from the conducted research are significant.
When analyzing the data in Figure 4, it can be seen that concrete of series Mix2 was characterized by the highest brittleness due to the use of highly active pozzolanic additives—SF and nS. On the other hand, the substitution of OPC by FA results in a gradual decrease in the brittleness of the material, which also changed the behaviour of these composites in the destruction process during investigations of mechanical parameters (Figure 5). This is emphasized in the next part of this subsection.
Reactive FA grains are characterized by a different stiffness and a higher modulus of elasticity than the cement matrix [57]. In addition to this, they positively change the structure and porosity of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) in modified concretes [58]. On the other hand, FA grains, due to their lower specific surface area and reactivity compared to silica materials, do not react as quickly as SF, especially nS. As a result, some of the FA grains in the structure of such concretes appear in the first months of curing as micro-aggregates more or less related to the matrix structure. Some of the grains are well integrated with the leaven while there are also grains with microcracks in the ITZ area [59]. In such composites, spots of FA grain separation are also visible [21,22,54]. All these factors mean that composites with FA additive are characterized by lower brittleness than ordinary concretes or concretes modified with other materials such as SF and nS. Such a phenomenon was observed in tests of ordinary concretes containing FA and other SCMs [60] as well as special concretes, e.g. roller compacted concretes [61] and high-performance concretes [62].
However, it should be noted that in the case of the analyzed composites, although the brittleness of Mix3 and Mix4 was lower than in the case of Mix2, it is still higher than in the control concrete, i.e. Mix1. It was undoubtedly the effect of the participation in the matrix composition of these SF and nS composites. In the case of concretes modified only with the FA additive, a significant reduction of the brittleness level is observed usually with an increase of FA in their composition of the concrete mix.
A view of exemplary specimens after the conducted strength tests is shown in Figure 5. The destruction of most of the specimens took place in a typical way for this type of tests. On the other hand, the differences clearly identified the level of brittleness of individual mixtures. In most cases, they were consistent with the results presented in Figure 4.
In the case of the most brittle concretes, i.e. Mix2 and partly Mix3, the specimens failure, both in compression and in tension, occurred rapidly. During compression tests, the side portions of the cubes completely detached from the core of the specimens, leaving a distinct cone. However, during splitting tensile tests, a strong bang was audible and the specimens clearly cracked in their half.
On the other hand, in less brittle concretes, i.e. Mix1 and Mix4, the compression cone was less pronounced and the failure of specimens less spectacular (Figure 5). In addition, the tensile failure effect in these composites was clearly less audible. It can be clearly stated that the visible destructive schemes of investigated specimens fully confirm the BI results obtained on the basis of the calculations (Figure 4).
In this paper, the effect of using SCMs with diversified composition as a partial replacement of OPC on the main strength properties and brittleness of plain concrete was investigated. In the course of the experiments, the composition of concrete binder was modified with three different materials, including two mineral additives, i.e. FA and SF and a nanoadditive in the form of nS.
Based on the results obtained from the presented studies, it was possible to draw conclusions regarding the impact of individual SCMs compositions on the obtained measurements of analyzed parameters and the possibility of using some of the tested materials in specialized concrete and reinforced concrete structures.
Therefore, the main conclusions from the presented studies are as follows:
(1) The substitution of OPC with the FA+SF+nS combination causes a clear change of mechanical parameters and brittleness in quaternary binder concrete.
(2) Modification of the binder composition with three pozzolanic active materials resulted in an increase in the analysed mechanical parameters for each of the combinations compared to the results obtained for the control concrete (Mix 1) by approx. 40% for Mix2, approx. 50% for Mix3 and approx. 30% for Mix4 (Figure 3).
(3) Concrete including the total addition of siliceous materials without FA (Mix2 series) are characterized by the greatest brittleness (Figure 4).
(4) Supplementing the composition of the binder with SF and nS with the 5% FA additive causes an increase in all mechanical parameters by approx. 10%. Such action causes a slight change in the behaviour of the material in the process of its destruction from clearly brittle to quasi-plastic (Figure 4).
(5) An increase in the FA content in the concrete mix by another 10% causes a significant decrease in the strength parameters by 10% compared to concrete with the addition of silica modifiers only (Figure 3). In addition, concrete of series Mix4 is clearly less brittle (Figure 4). In general, as content of FA rises throughout each of quaternary binder series, material becomes more ductile and shows less brittle failure.
(6) Concrete of series Mix3, with high mechanical properties and demonstrating the features of quasi-plastic material, i.e. having lower brittleness, can be used in concrete and reinforced concrete structures subjected mainly to dynamic and cyclic loads. Therefore, concretes with the binder proportions 80%OPC+10SF+5%nS+5%FA can be used, for example, in the construction of foundation structures for machines and other types of structures in which the above-mentioned loads are dominant.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the MINIATURA 2 Grant, No. 2018/02/X/ST8/02726: funded by National Science Center of Poland.
The author declare no conflict of interest.
| [1] |
Chen L, Zhao J, Meng X, et al. (2023) Experimental evaluation on mechanical and thermal insulation properties of shotcrete under constant-variable temperature. Struct Concrete 24: 2041–2056. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202200200 doi: 10.1002/suco.202200200
|
| [2] |
Abood AM, Khazal H, Hassan AF (2022) On the determination of first-mode stress intensity factors and T-stress in a continuous functionally graded beam using digital image correlation method. AIMS Mater Sci 9: 56–70. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2022004 doi: 10.3934/matersci.2022004
|
| [3] |
Golewski GL (2022) The specificity of shaping and execution of monolithic pocket foundations (PF) in hall buildings. Buildings 12: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020192. doi: 10.3390/buildings12020192
|
| [4] |
Kovacik J, Marsavina L, Linul E (2018) Poisson's ratio of closed-cell aluminum foams. Materials 11: 1904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101904 doi: 10.3390/ma11101904
|
| [5] |
Shaban WM, Yang J, Su H, et al. (2019) Properties of recycled concrete aggregates strengthened by different types of pozzolan slurry. Constr Build Mater 216: 632–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.231 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.231
|
| [6] |
Tayeh BA, Alyousef R, Alabduljabbar H, et al. (2021) Recycling of rice husk waste for sustainable concrete: A critical review. J Clean Prod 312: 127734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127734 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127734
|
| [7] |
Abdulrahman H, Muhamad R, Visitin P, et al. (2022) Mechanical properties and bond stress-slip behaviour of fly ash geopolymer concrete. Constr Build Mater 327: 126909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126909 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126909
|
| [8] |
Alex AG, Kemal Z, Gebrehiwet T, et al. (2022) Effect of α: Phase nano Al2O3 and rice husk ash in cement mortar. Adv Civ Eng 2022: 4335736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4335736 doi: 10.1155/2022/4335736
|
| [9] |
Chen S, Wang H, Guan J, et al. (2022) Determination method and prediction model of fracture and strength of recycled aggregate concrete at different curing ages. Constr Build Mater 343: 128070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128070 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128070
|
| [10] |
Guan J, Yin Y, Li Y, et al. (2022) A design method for determining fracture toughness and tensile strength pertinent to concrete sieving curve. Eng Fract Mech 271: 108596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108596 doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108596
|
| [11] |
Wu J, Yang J, Zhang R, et al. (2022) Fatigue life estimating for chloride attacked RC beams using S-N curve combined with mesoscale simulation of chloride ingress. Int J Fat 158: 106751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.106751 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.106751
|
| [12] |
Guan J, Zhang Y, Meng J, et al. (2022) A simple method for determining independent fracture toughness and tensile strength of rock. Int J Min Sci Technol 32: 707–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.05.004 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.05.004
|
| [13] |
Zeyad AM, Tayeh BA, Yusuf MO (2019) Strength and transport characteristics of volcanic pumice powder based high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 216: 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.026 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.026
|
| [14] |
Gao Y, Jing H, Yu Z, et al. (2022) Particle size distribution of aggregate effects on the reinforcing roles of carbon nanotubes in enhancing concrete ITZ. Constr Build Mater 327: 126964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126964 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126964
|
| [15] |
Szeląg M (2018) Development of cracking patterns in modified cement matrix with microsilica. Materials 11: 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101928 doi: 10.3390/ma11101928
|
| [16] |
Xie T, Yang G, Zhao X, et al. (2020) A unified model for predicting the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials. J Clean Prod 251: 119752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119752 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119752
|
| [17] |
Nodehi M, Ozbakkaloglu T, Gholampour A (2022) Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on properties of 3D printed conventional and alkali-activated concrete: A review. Autom Constr 138: 104215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104215 doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104215
|
| [18] |
Bicer A (2020) Effect of production temperature on thermal and mechanical properties of polystyrene-fly ash composites. Adv Compos Lett 29: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2633366X20917988 doi: 10.1177/2633366X20917988
|
| [19] |
Thorstensen RT (2019) Preventing early age chloride into low-carbon concrete. AIMS Mater Sci 6: 1020-1032. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1020. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1020
|
| [20] |
Wang L, Zhang P, Golewski, G, et al. (2023) Editorial: Fabrication and properties of concrete containing industrial waste. Front Mater 10: 1169715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1169715 doi: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1169715
|
| [21] |
Han Q, Zhang P, Wu J, et al. (2022) Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2. Nanotech Rev 1: 1478–1498. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0092 doi: 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0092
|
| [22] |
Wang J, Li J, Shi Z, et al. (2022) Energy evolution and failure characteristics of red sandstone under discontinuous multilevel fatigue loading. Int J Fat 160: 106830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.106830 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.106830
|
| [23] |
Lyratzakis A, Tsompanakis Y, Psarropoulos PN (2022) Efficient mitigation of high-speed train vibrations on adjacent reinforced concrete buildings. Constr Build Mater 314: 125653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125653 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125653
|
| [24] |
Park S, Beak J, Kim K, et al. (2021) Study on reduction effect of vibration propagation due to internal explosion using composite materials. Int J Concr Struct Mater 15: 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-021-00467-8 doi: 10.1186/s40069-021-00467-8
|
| [25] |
Fakoor M, Shahsavar S (2021) The effect of T-stress on mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture of composite materials: reinforcement isotropic solid model in combination with maximum shear stress theory. Int J Sol Struct 229: 111145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111145 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111145
|
| [26] |
Mehri Khansari N, Fakoor M, Berto F (2019) Probabilistic micromechanical damage model for mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture investigation of composite materials. Theor Appl Fract Mech 99: 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.12.003 doi: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.12.003
|
| [27] |
Craciun EM (2008) Energy criteria for crack propagation in prestresses elastic composites. Sol Mech Appl 154: 193–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8772-1_7 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8772-1_7
|
| [28] |
Singh A, Das S, Craciun EM (2019) Effect of thermomechanical loading on an edge crack of finite length in an infinite orthotropic strip. Mech Compos Mater 55: 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-019-09812-1 doi: 10.1007/s11029-019-09812-1
|
| [29] |
Golewski GL, Szostak B (2022) Strength and microstructure of composites with cement matrixes modified by fly ash and active seeds of C–S–H phase. Struct Eng Mech 82: 543–556. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.82.4.543 doi: 10.12989/sem.2022.82.4.543
|
| [30] |
Biricik H, Sarier N (2014) Comparative study of the characteristics of nanosilica-, silica fume- and fly ash-incorporated cement mortars. Mater Res 17: 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392014005000054. doi: 10.1590/S1516-14392014005000054
|
| [31] |
Karim MR, Zain MFM, Jamil M, et al. (2015) Development of a zero-cement binder using slag, fly ash, and rice husk ash with chemical activator. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2015: 247065. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/247065 doi: 10.1155/2015/247065
|
| [32] |
Sohu S, Bheel N, Jhatial AH, et al. (2022) Sustainability and mechanical property assessment of concrete incorporating eggshell powder and silica fume as binary and ternary cementitious materials. Env Sci Poll Res 29: 58685–58697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19894-5 doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19894-5
|
| [33] |
Tee KF, Mostofizadeh S (2021) Numerical and experimental investigation of concrete with various dosage of fly ash. AIMS Mater Sci 8: 587–607. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2021036 doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021036
|
| [34] |
Han F, Pu S, Zhou Y, et al. (2022) Effect of ultrafine mineral admixtures on the rheological properties of fresh cement paste: A review. J Build Eng 51: 104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104313. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104313
|
| [35] |
El-Fekyl MS, Youssef P, El-Tair AM, et al. (2019) Effect of nano silica addition on enhancing the performance of cement composites reinforced with nano cellulose fibers. AIMS Mater Sci 6: 864–883. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2018.6.864. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.6.864
|
| [36] |
Golewski GL (2023) Combined effect of coal fly ash (CFA) and nanosilica (nS) on the strength parameters and microstructural properties of eco-friendly concrete. Energies 16: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010452 doi: 10.3390/en16010452
|
| [37] |
Papatzani S, Paine K (2019) Optimization of low-carbon footprint quaternary and quinary (37% fly ash) cementitious nanocomposites with polycarboxylate or aqueous nanosilica particles. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2019: 5931306. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5931306 doi: 10.1155/2019/5931306
|
| [38] | British Standards Institution (BSI) (2013) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 6: determination of particle density and water absorption. EN 1097-6: 2013. |
| [39] |
Zhang P, Gao JX, Dai XB, et al. (2016) Fracture behavior of fly ash concrete containing silica fume. Struct Eng Mech 59: 261–275. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.59.2.261 doi: 10.12989/sem.2016.59.2.261
|
| [40] |
Zhang P, Wan J, Wang K, et al. (2017) Influence of nano-SiO2 on properties of fresh and hardened high performance concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Constr Build Mater 148: 648–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.059 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.059
|
| [41] | British Standards Institution (BSI) (2012) Testing hardened concrete—Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. EN 12390-3: 2011+AC. |
| [42] | British Standards Institution (BSI) (2009) Testing hardened concrete—Part 6: Tensile splitting strenght of test specimens. EN 12390-6: 2009. |
| [43] |
Golewski GL (2022) Fracture performance of cementitious composites based on quaternary blended cements. Materials 15: 6023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176023 doi: 10.3390/ma15176023
|
| [44] |
Bu J, Xu H, Wu X, et al. (2022) Experimental study on fracture properties of dam concrete under post-peak cyclic loading based on DIC and acoustic emission techniques. Fat Fract Eng Mater Struct 45: 2646–2661. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13779 doi: 10.1111/ffe.13779
|
| [45] |
Golewski GL (2023) The phenomenon of cracking in cement concretes and reinforced concrete structures: The mechanism of cracks formation, causes of their initiation, types and places of occurrence, and methods of detection—A review. Buildings 13: 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030765 doi: 10.3390/buildings13030765
|
| [46] |
Wardach M, Krentowski JR, Mackiewicz M (2022) Evaluation of precast beam defletions resulting in cracks in curtain walls. Eng Fail Anal 140: 106568. https://doi.org/10.1016/engfailanal.2022.106568 doi: 10.1016/engfailanal.2022.106568
|
| [47] |
Zhang S, Han B, Xie H, et al. (2021) Brittleness of concrete under different curing conditions. Materials 14: 7865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247865 doi: 10.3390/ma14247865
|
| [48] |
Jenq Y, Shah SP (1985) Two parameter fracture model for concrete. J Eng Mech 111: 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:10(1227) doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:10(1227)
|
| [49] |
Raphael JM (1984) Tensile strength of concrete. ACI Mater J 81: 158–165. https://doi.org/10.14359/10653 doi: 10.14359/10653
|
| [50] |
Oluokun FA (1991) Prediction of concrete tensile strength from compressive strength: evaluation of existing relations for normal weight concrete. ACI Mater J 88: 302–309. https://doi.org/10.14359/1942 doi: 10.14359/1942
|
| [51] |
Zhou F, Meng H, Pan G, et al. (2022) Influence of CSH grown in situ on steel slag powder on the performance of fresh and hardened cement pastes. Constr Build Mater 344: 128269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125653 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125653
|
| [52] |
Li H, Xiang Y, Xu C (2022) Effect of C-S-H seed/PCE nanocmposites and triisopropanolamine on Portland cement properties: Hydration kinetic and strength. J Build Eng 57: 104946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104466 doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104466
|
| [53] |
Ho DWS, Lewis RK (1985) Effectiveness of fly ash for strength and durability of concrete. Cem Concr Res 15: 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(85)90145-0 doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(85)90145-0
|
| [54] |
Fraay ALA, Bijen JM, de Haan YM (1989) The reaction of fly ash in concrete. A critical examination. Cem Concr Res 19: 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(89)90088-4 doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(89)90088-4
|
| [55] |
Heba AA (2021) A summary on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement material for cement in concrete. UKH J Sci Eng 5: 72–80. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v5n2y2021.pp72-80 doi: 10.25079/ukhjse.v5n2y2021.pp72-80
|
| [56] |
Li Y, Wu B, Wang R (2022) Critical review and gap analysis on the use of high-volume fly ash as a substitute constituent in concrete. Constr Build Mater 341: 127889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127889 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127889
|
| [57] |
Zhang MH (1995) Microstructure, crack propagation and mechanical properties of cement pastes containing high volumes of fly ashes. Cem Concr Res 25: 1165–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00109-P doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00109-P
|
| [58] |
Deng Y, Yan C, Zhang J, et al. (2022) Preparation and mechanical characterization of engineered cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash and waste glass powder. J Clean Prod 333: 130222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130222 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130222
|
| [59] |
Torrence CE, Trageser JE, Jones RE, et al. (2022) Sensivity of the strength and toughness of concrete to the properties of the interfacial transition zone. Constr Build Mater 336: 126875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126875 doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126875
|
| [60] |
Lam L, Wong YL, Poon CS (1998) Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive and fracture behaviors of concrete. Cem Concr Res 28: 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00269-X doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00269-X
|
| [61] |
Atis CD (2005) Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of curing condition. Cem Concr Res 35: 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037 doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037
|
| [62] |
Elshekh AEA, Shafiq N, Nuruddin MF, et al. (2013) Mechanical properties of high strength concrete using fly ash. 2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloqium (BEIAC), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1109/BEIAC.2013.6560137 doi: 10.1109/BEIAC.2013.6560137
|
| 1. | Peng Zhang, Xiaoyao Sun, Jiandong Wei, Juan Wang, Zhen Gao, Influence of PVA fibers on the durability of cementitious composites under the wet–heat–salt coupling environment, 2023, 62, 1605-8127, 10.1515/rams-2023-0155 | |
| 2. | Adel Esmaeili, Bijan Mohammadi, Alireza Yousefi, Fracture parameters and crack initiation Assessment Employing Mixed-mode I/II Fracture Criterion in Laminate Composites Using Digital Image Correlation Method, 2023, 127, 01678442, 104095, 10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.104095 | |
| 3. | Cristina Vălean, Marian Baban, Dipen Kumar Rajak, Emanoil Linul, Effect of multiple process parameters on optimizing tensile properties for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing, 2024, 414, 09500618, 135015, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135015 | |
| 4. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, Enhancement fracture behavior of sustainable cementitious composites using synergy between fly ash (FA) and nanosilica (NS) in the assessment based on digital image processing procedure, 2024, 131, 01678442, 104442, 10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104442 | |
| 5. | Cong Wang, Peng Zhang, Jinjun Guo, Juan Wang, Tianhang Zhang, Durability and microstructure of cementitious composites under the complex environment: Synergistic effects of nano-SiO2 and polyvinyl alcohol fiber, 2023, 400, 09500618, 132621, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132621 | |
| 6. | Xiaodong Wang, Jingyi Zeng, Changjin Qin, Dingding Tang, Jin Yang, Huang Zhao, Yan Zhou, Hualiang Ye, Bijuan Zheng, Xingyang He, Potential industrial approach for efficient dispersion of silica fume: Rapid wet-grinding dispersion technique, 2023, 401, 09500618, 132893, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132893 | |
| 7. | G. Murali, Herda Yati Binti Katman, Leong Sing Wong, Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim, V.R. Ramkumar, Sallal R. Abid, Effect of recycled lime sludge, calcined clay and silica fume blended binder-based fibrous concrete with superior impact strength and fracture toughness, 2023, 409, 09500618, 133880, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133880 | |
| 8. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, Effect of Coarse Aggregate Grading on Mechanical Parameters and Fracture Toughness of Limestone Concrete, 2023, 8, 2412-3811, 117, 10.3390/infrastructures8080117 | |
| 9. | Aditya Kumar Tiwary, Harpreet Singh, Sayed M. Eldin, R. A. Ilyas, Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature, 2023, 12, 2191-9097, 10.1515/ntrev-2023-0162 | |
| 10. | M. M. Mokhtar, Evaluating the physico-mechanical performance of cement mortar reinforced with metakaolin/graphene oxide dual nano-additives, 2024, 9, 2364-4176, 10.1007/s41062-024-01383-y | |
| 11. | Vahab Sarfarazi, Jinwei Fu, Hadi Haeri, Mina Tahmasebi Moez, Manoj Khandelwal, Experimental and numerical investigation on crack propagation for a zigzag central cracked Brazilian disk, 2024, 2196-4378, 10.1007/s40571-024-00762-7 | |
| 12. | Shuo Liu, Wenzhong Zheng, Ying Wang, Utilization of waste foundry sand and fly ash in the production of steel fibre reinforced concrete, 2023, 433, 09596526, 139872, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139872 | |
| 13. | Ganesh Prabhu Ganapathy, Shunmuga Priya Kaliyappan, Venkada Lakshmi Ramamoorthy, Sethuraman Shanmugam, Abeer AlObaid, Ismail Warad, Sampathkumar Velusamy, Aravindan Achuthan, Hemavathi Sundaram, Mohanavel Vinayagam, Vivek Sivakumar, Low alkaline vegetation concrete with silica fume and nano-fly ash composites to improve the planting properties and soil ecology, 2024, 13, 2191-9097, 10.1515/ntrev-2023-0201 | |
| 14. | Manisha Bansal, Manjeet Bansal, Alireza Bahrami, Bal Krishan, Rishav Garg, Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç, Essam Althaqafi, Paul Awoyera, Influence of pozzolanic addition on strength and microstructure of metakaolin-based concrete, 2024, 19, 1932-6203, e0298761, 10.1371/journal.pone.0298761 | |
| 15. | Maedeh Habibvand, Mahdi Fakoor, Non-local stress approach in conjunction with reinforcement isotropic solid model (NLS-RIS): an efficient orthotropic mixed mode I/II fracture criterion, 2024, 235, 0001-5970, 5697, 10.1007/s00707-024-04020-y | |
| 16. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, Effect of Coarse Aggregate Type on the Fracture Toughness of Ordinary Concrete, 2024, 9, 2412-3811, 185, 10.3390/infrastructures9100185 | |
| 17. | Bowei Fang, Rui Zhang, Tiannin Chen, Wenfei Wang, Jian Zhu, Wei Cheng, Bandgap optimization and inverse design of labyrinth metamaterials for sound insulation, 2024, 86, 23527102, 108898, 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108898 | |
| 18. | Mingkun Jia, Junliang Fu, Xianglong Su, Fangyu Han, Wenxiang Xu, Novel non-convex aggregate model for interfacial transition zone (ITZ) mesostructure and diffusivity of concrete, 2024, 299, 00457949, 107399, 10.1016/j.compstruc.2024.107399 | |
| 19. | Xinnan Cui, Jianming Wang, Bo Pan, Comparative analysis of fracture characteristics between rock and rock-like materials, 2023, 9, 24058440, e18486, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18486 | |
| 20. | Faisal Qadri, Nishant Garg, Early-stage performance enhancement of concrete via commercial C-S-H seeds: From lab investigation to field implementation in Illinois, US, 2023, 19, 22145095, e02353, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02353 | |
| 21. | Vahab Sarfarazi, Jinwei Fu, Hadi Haeri, Soheil Abharian, Haleh Rasekh, Masoud Behzadinasab, Mohammad Fatehi Marji, Mechanical characteristics and crack propagation mechanism in rectangular and trapezoidal specimens of excavated pillars with various cavities: experimental and numerical investigations, 2024, 11, 2196-4378, 2069, 10.1007/s40571-024-00752-9 | |
| 22. | Aishwarya Lakshmi, Poornachandra Pandit, Gopinath Nayak, Yamuna Bhagwat, Prabhakar Gundlapalli, Performance evaluation of low volume synthetic fibres in pozzolanic cement concrete, 2024, 11, 2331-1916, 10.1080/23311916.2024.2319398 | |
| 23. | Amandeep Singh, Navdeep Singh, Mechanical properties of silica fume based concrete: A review, 2024, 22147853, 10.1016/j.matpr.2024.05.037 | |
| 24. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, Examination of water absorption of low volume fly ash concrete (LVFAC) under water immersion conditions, 2023, 10, 2053-1591, 085505, 10.1088/2053-1591/acedef | |
| 25. | P. Raj Kumar, D. Harikrishna, Strength and microstructural characterization of silica fume blended concrete with increased curing period, 2024, 22147853, 10.1016/j.matpr.2024.05.102 | |
| 26. | H. K. Sugandhini, Gopinatha Nayak, Kiran K. Shetty, Laxman P. Kudva, Behavior of a high-volume fly ash fiber-reinforced cement composite toward magnesium sulfate: a long-term study, 2023, 8, 2364-4176, 10.1007/s41062-023-01298-0 | |
| 27. | Hongshuo Sun, Li Song, Zhiwu Yu, Assessing the fatigue damage of concrete structures using automatically classified crack severity level information, 2024, 179, 01421123, 108071, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.108071 | |
| 28. | Haihong Fan, Shuaichen Chen, Rui Wu, Kaibo Wei, The Influence of Slag Content on the Structure and Properties of the Interfacial Transition Zone of Ceramisite Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, 2024, 17, 1996-1944, 2229, 10.3390/ma17102229 | |
| 29. | Manikanta Devarangadi, Srikanth Vuppala, M. Uma Shankar, Mavinakere Eshwaraiah Raghunandan, Effect of collated fly ash, GGBS and silica fume on index and engineering properties of expansive clays as a sustainable landfill liner, 2024, 11, 27723976, 100219, 10.1016/j.clema.2024.100219 | |
| 30. | Rashmi Saragur Nanjundaiah, Shrikantha Sasihithlu Rao, K. Praveenkumar, T Ram Prabhu, Arun Kumar Shettigar, Manjunath Patel G C, Emanoil Linul, Fretting wear behavior on LPBF processed AlSi10Mg alloy for different heat treatment conditions, 2024, 30, 22387854, 4330, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.04.147 | |
| 31. | Jinkook Yang, Sangseuk Park, Seongwook Hong, The development and performance evaluation of diagonal tension cracks control devices, 2024, 1346-7581, 1, 10.1080/13467581.2024.2343808 | |
| 32. | R. Kirthiga, S. Elavenil, Potential utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in cementitious composites for developing inorganic binder, 2023, 14, 20904479, 102560, 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102560 | |
| 33. | M. Raga Sudha, A. Muthadhi, Prediction on compressive strength of hybrid textile reinforced concrete using response surface methodology, 2024, 9, 2364-4176, 10.1007/s41062-024-01492-8 | |
| 34. | Muhammad Umar, Hui Qian, Hamad Almujibah, Muhammad Nasir Ayaz Khan, Ali Raza, Aneel Manan, Yifei Shi, Muhammad Faizan Ali, Optimizing superelastic shape-memory alloy fibers for enhancing the pullout performance in engineered cementitious composites, 2024, 31, 2191-0359, 10.1515/secm-2024-0042 | |
| 35. | Ayan Saha, Tanjil Morshed Tonmoy, Md. Habibur Rahman Sobuz, Fahim Shahriyar Aditto, Walid Mansour, Assessment of mechanical, durability and microstructural performance of sulphate-resisting cement concrete over portland cement in the presence of salinity, 2024, 420, 09500618, 135527, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135527 | |
| 36. | Tong Lv, Jinrui Zhang, Chenjiang Li, Lei Xu, Dongshuai Hou, Shuxian Hong, Biqin Dong, Durability and sustainable assessment of fly ash-blended cement paste modified by MgO expansive additive, 2024, 468, 09596526, 143135, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143135 | |
| 37. | Amir Hossein Saesaei, Ali Sahaf, Shima Najjar, M.R.M. Aliha, Laboratory investigation on the fracture toughness (Mode I) and durability properties of eco-friendly cement emulsified asphalt mortar (CRTS II) exposed to acid attack, 2024, 20, 22145095, e02719, 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02719 | |
| 38. | Ahmed Al-Ramthan, Ruaa Al Mezrakchi, Investigation of cementitious composites reinforced with metallic nanomaterials, boric acid, and lime for infrastructure enhancement, 2024, 11, 2372-0484, 495, 10.3934/matersci.2024025 | |
| 39. | Xiaoyu Zhao, Wei Dong, Binsheng Zhang, Hong Zhong, Investigation of Fatigue Crack Initiation of Rock–Concrete Interface Using a Stress-Based Fatigue Damage Evolution Law, 2024, 0723-2632, 10.1007/s00603-024-04104-0 | |
| 40. | Yangyang Yin, Yongsen Yang, Shaowei Hu, Chaofeng Liang, Yueyang Sun, Gang Hou, Influence of specimen geometry on the energy release rate in concrete, 2024, 129, 01678442, 104175, 10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.104175 | |
| 41. | Ming Zhou, Xiongjun He, Huayi Wang, Chao Wu, Jia He, Bingyan Wei, Mechanical properties and microstructure of ITZs in steel and polypropylene hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete, 2024, 415, 09500618, 135119, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135119 | |
| 42. | Jinwei Fu, Vahab Sarfarazi, Hadi Haeri, Saeed Delfan, Reza Bahrami, Xiao Wang, Acoustic emission and breakage mechanism analysis on gypsum-filled granite specimens with varying notch dimensions under uniaxial compression testing, 2024, 2196-4378, 10.1007/s40571-024-00738-7 | |
| 43. | Raju Goyal, Vinay K. Verma, N. B. Singh, Hydration behavior of Portland pozzolana cement in the presence of nano-silica, 2024, 9, 2364-4176, 10.1007/s41062-024-01572-9 | |
| 44. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, Concrete Composites Based on Quaternary Blended Cements with a Reduced Width of Initial Microcracks, 2023, 13, 2076-3417, 7338, 10.3390/app13127338 | |
| 45. | Noor Yaseen, Stefany Alcivar-Bastidas, Muhammad Irfan-ul-Hassan, Daniel M. Petroche, Asad Ullah Qazi, Angel D. Ramirez, Concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials: Temporal evolution of compressive strength and environmental life cycle assessment, 2024, 10, 24058440, e25056, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25056 | |
| 46. | Parinya Chakartnarodom, Sureerat Polsilapa, Wichit Prakaypan, Pitcharat Ineure, Nutthita Chuankrerkkul, Edward A. Laitila, Nuntaporn Kongkajun, Upcycling low-grade coal fly ash for the production of fly ash fibers and their applications in fiber-reinforced cement composites, 2024, 414, 09500618, 134880, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.134880 | |
| 47. | Hadi Haeri, Vahab Sarfarazi, Pouyan Ebneabbasi, Mohammad Fatehi Marji, Assessing the Tensile Crack Growth in Rock Involves Employing a Seesawing Apparatus and its Calibrating Through XFEM: A New Approach, 2024, 48, 2228-6160, 2621, 10.1007/s40996-023-01334-0 | |
| 48. | Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski, The Effect of the Addition of Coal Fly Ash (CFA) on the Control of Water Movement within the Structure of the Concrete, 2023, 16, 1996-1944, 5218, 10.3390/ma16155218 | |
| 49. | Sandeep Tembhurkar, Mangesh Madurwar, S.P. Raut, Jayant Giri, Mohammed Rafi Shaik, Investigating the performance and durability of high mechanical milling nano pulverised refused SCMs, 2024, 21, 22145095, e03818, 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03818 | |
| 50. | Leonid Dvorkin, Vadim Zhitkovsky, Cement–ash concrete with the addition of lime kiln dust, 2023, 10, 2296-8016, 10.3389/fmats.2023.1196407 | |
| 51. | Zhaolong Wang, Yitong Xu, Fanchun Li, Numerical simulation of fatigue crack growth in an engine heat shield, 2024, 52, 1539-7734, 6435, 10.1080/15397734.2023.2278672 | |
| 52. | Vahab Sarfarazi, Jinwei Fu, Hadi Haeri, Koorosh Zamanian, Hesam Dehghani, Shirin Jahanmiri, Investigation of fracture mechanisms in smooth blasting of limestone samples: numerical and experimental approaches, 2024, 2196-4378, 10.1007/s40571-024-00764-5 | |
| 53. | Saqib Iqbal, Ganghua Pan, Haining Meng, Hailong Sun, Bao Liu, Feifei Zhou, Surfactant-free synthesis of highly monodispersed in situ grown nano-silica on modified fly ash and its impact on the properties of cement pastes, 2024, 425, 09500618, 136043, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136043 | |
| 54. | Yuhe Xu, Jingyi Li, Xunhai Yu, Liang Xiao, Tao Luo, Chenhao Wei, Li Li, Composition prediction of pore solution in hardened concrete materials based on machine learning, 2023, 16, 26661659, 100285, 10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100285 | |
| 55. | Sergiu-Valentin Galațanu, Liviu Marșavina, Jaroslav Kováčik, Emanoil Linul, Influence of density and loading speed on static and impact properties of closed-cell metallic foams, 2024, 161, 13506307, 108297, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108297 | |
| 56. | E. P. Sumukh, B. B. Das, Salim Barbhuiya, Synergy of Hydration and Microstructural Properties of Sustainable Cement Mortar Supplemented with Industrial By-Products, 2024, 22, 1735-0522, 1137, 10.1007/s40999-024-00950-9 | |
| 57. | Yu Hu, Pan Chonggen, Shiyang Qu, Qunpeng Li, Sanqi Han, Research progress in mechanisms and properties of nano-modified interface transition zone of Marine concrete, 2024, 1964-8189, 1, 10.1080/19648189.2024.2349916 | |
| 58. | Shreyas Pranav, Mukund Lahoti, G. Muthukumar, En-Hua Yang, Clinker-free CaO-activated silica fume as a cementitious binder for pavement application, 2024, 22, 26673789, 200218, 10.1016/j.rcradv.2024.200218 | |
| 59. | Haochen Wang, Guorui Feng, Tingye Qi, Linfei Wang, Qi Ding, Dawei Pan, Junjie He, Insight into the fracture mechanical properties of the interfacial transition zone of cemented coal gangue backfill under different stress angles by mesoscopic digital image correlation, 2024, 300, 00137944, 109988, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.109988 | |
| 60. | Musa Ajmal Khan, Junaid Ahmad, Hammad Anis Khan, Muhammad Umer, High strength rubberized porous concrete for sustainable pavements: Engineering properties and life cycle assessment, 2024, 451, 09596526, 142012, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142012 | |
| 61. | K. Gayathiri, S. Praveenkumar, Quaternary blended eco high performance concrete utilizing high volumes of siliceous additives, 2024, 430, 09500618, 136389, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136389 | |
| 62. | Emanoil Linul, Sergiu-Valentin Galatanu, Liviu Marsavina, Jaroslav Kováčik, Crushing behavior of closed-cell metallic foams: Anisotropy and temperature effects, 2024, 30, 22387854, 1436, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.186 | |
| 63. | Yan Li, Miguel Herbón-Penabad, Andrea Muñoz-Ibáñez, Tonglu Li, Jordi Delgado-Martín, A simple pseudo-Compact tension (pCT) test apparatus to determine the mode I fracture toughness, 2024, 238, 02632241, 115342, 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115342 | |
| 64. | Canhao Zhao, Ben Li, Kaihang Li, Zhuocheng Li, Research on Mechanical Properties of Silica Fume Cementitious Materials Excited by Wet Grinding Methods, 2024, 14, 2075-5309, 3757, 10.3390/buildings14123757 | |
| 65. | Ziyad Majeed Abed, Wasan Ismail Khalil, Hisham Khalid Ahmed, Rolling Pavements to Sustainability: The Effect of Waste Tires on Roller Compacted Concrete, 2024, 2228-6160, 10.1007/s40996-024-01705-1 | |
| 66. | Temitope Awolusi, Marc Azab, Oussama Accouche, Precious Ajayi, Emeka Nnochiri, Effect of binder-aggregate ratio and glass powder on the performance of concrete cured in different media, 2025, 12, 2372-0484, 68, 10.3934/matersci.2025006 | |
| 67. | Edi Hartono, Willis Diana, R. A. Ainiyah Fadiyah, 2025, Chapter 17, 978-981-96-2142-2, 155, 10.1007/978-981-96-2143-9_17 |
Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski. Mechanical properties and brittleness of concrete made by combined fly ash, silica fume and nanosilica with ordinary Portland cement[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(3): 390-404. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023021
| Material/constituent | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | P2O5 | TiO2 | Ag2O |
| OPC | 15.00 | 2.78 | 71.06 | 1.38 | 4.56 | 2.72 | 1.21 | - | - | - |
| Class F FA | 55.27 | 26.72 | 2.35 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 6.66 | 3.01 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 0.10 |
| Non-condensed SF | 91.90 | 0.71 | 0.31 | 1.14 | 0.45 | 2.54 | 1.53 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | > 99.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Material/parameter | Specific gravity (g/cm3) | Blaine's fineness (m2/g) | Particle diameter (μm) |
| OPC | 3.11 | 0.33 | 40 |
| Class F FA | 2.14 | 0.35 | 30 |
| Non-condensed SF | 2.21 | 1.40 | 11 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | 1.10 | 200 | 0.012 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Mix | Mix No. | OPC | FA | SF | nS | Water | SP | Sand | Gravel |
| 100% OPC | Mix1 | 352 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 676 | 1205 |
| 85%OPC+0%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix2 | 299.2 | 0 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 80%OPC+5%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix3 | 281.6 | 17.6 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 70%OPC+15%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix4 | 246.4 | 52.8 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Material/constituent | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | P2O5 | TiO2 | Ag2O |
| OPC | 15.00 | 2.78 | 71.06 | 1.38 | 4.56 | 2.72 | 1.21 | - | - | - |
| Class F FA | 55.27 | 26.72 | 2.35 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 6.66 | 3.01 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 0.10 |
| Non-condensed SF | 91.90 | 0.71 | 0.31 | 1.14 | 0.45 | 2.54 | 1.53 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | > 99.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Material/parameter | Specific gravity (g/cm3) | Blaine's fineness (m2/g) | Particle diameter (μm) |
| OPC | 3.11 | 0.33 | 40 |
| Class F FA | 2.14 | 0.35 | 30 |
| Non-condensed SF | 2.21 | 1.40 | 11 |
| Konasil K-200 nS | 1.10 | 200 | 0.012 |
| Mix | Mix No. | OPC | FA | SF | nS | Water | SP | Sand | Gravel |
| 100% OPC | Mix1 | 352 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 141 | 0 | 676 | 1205 |
| 85%OPC+0%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix2 | 299.2 | 0 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 80%OPC+5%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix3 | 281.6 | 17.6 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
| 70%OPC+15%FA+10%SF+5%nS | Mix4 | 246.4 | 52.8 | 35.2 | 17.6 | 141 | 6 | 676 | 1205 |
