We investigated the relationship between supply chain disruptions (SCD) and the financial performance (FP) of European automotive companies across emerging and developed nations. Addressing gaps in the literature, it offers a comprehensive, industry-specific analysis using panel data from 73 automotive firms across 21 European countries from 2013 to 2022. We examined the impact of SCD on return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and stock returns (SR), while controlling for factors such as age, leverage, size, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment. Our findings revealed that disruptions related to industrial materials and iron prices (IRAW) positively influence stock market performance, with a 99.5% increase in SR per 1% rise in IRAW, suggesting increased demand. Conversely, precious metal prices negatively affected all financial metrics, reducing ROE by 17.3% and SR by 55.5% per 1% increase. Heightened shipping costs showed varied impacts on ROA and ROE but contributed to a 12.9% average increase in SR, indicating effective cost transfer to consumers. The pandemic years significantly decreased ROA, ROE, and SR, highlighting challenges faced by the automotive sector. Rising oil prices showed no significant association, underscoring the importance of hedging strategies. The control variable outcomes emphasize the need for detailed evaluation in assessing financial performance. This study's contribution lies in its detailed analysis of specific disruptions within the automotive industry and their distinct impacts on financial performance metrics, providing a nuanced understanding that addresses significant gaps in the existing literature.
Citation: Viviane Naimy, Tatiana Abou Chedid, Nicolas Bitar. Econometric analysis of supply chain disruptions: financial performance in the European automotive sector[J]. Electronic Research Archive, 2024, 32(8): 5010-5032. doi: 10.3934/era.2024231
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We investigated the relationship between supply chain disruptions (SCD) and the financial performance (FP) of European automotive companies across emerging and developed nations. Addressing gaps in the literature, it offers a comprehensive, industry-specific analysis using panel data from 73 automotive firms across 21 European countries from 2013 to 2022. We examined the impact of SCD on return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and stock returns (SR), while controlling for factors such as age, leverage, size, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment. Our findings revealed that disruptions related to industrial materials and iron prices (IRAW) positively influence stock market performance, with a 99.5% increase in SR per 1% rise in IRAW, suggesting increased demand. Conversely, precious metal prices negatively affected all financial metrics, reducing ROE by 17.3% and SR by 55.5% per 1% increase. Heightened shipping costs showed varied impacts on ROA and ROE but contributed to a 12.9% average increase in SR, indicating effective cost transfer to consumers. The pandemic years significantly decreased ROA, ROE, and SR, highlighting challenges faced by the automotive sector. Rising oil prices showed no significant association, underscoring the importance of hedging strategies. The control variable outcomes emphasize the need for detailed evaluation in assessing financial performance. This study's contribution lies in its detailed analysis of specific disruptions within the automotive industry and their distinct impacts on financial performance metrics, providing a nuanced understanding that addresses significant gaps in the existing literature.
The class of normalized analytic functions in the open unit disc Δ={z∈C:|z|<1} denoted by Ω consists of the functions f of the form
f(z)=z+∞∑n=2anzn, | (1.1) |
where f′(0)−1=f(0)=0. Let ℓ(z)∈Ω defined by
ℓ(z)=z+∞∑n=2bnzn. | (1.2) |
Then the Hadamard product, also known as the convolution of two function f(z) and ℓ(z) denoted by f∗ℓ is defined as
(f∗ℓ)(z)=f(z)∗ℓ(z)=z+∞∑n=2anbnzn,z∈Δ. |
Moreover, f(z)≺ℓ(z), if there exist a Schwartz function χ(z) in A, satisfying the conditions χ(0)=0 and |χ(z)|<1, such that f(z)=ℓ(χ(z)). The symbol ≺ is used to denote subordination.
Let S denote the subclass of Ω of univalent functions in Δ. Let P,C,S∗ and K represent the subclasses of S known as the classes of Caratheodory functions, convex funtions, starlike functions, and close-to-convex functions, respectively.
The concept of bounded rotations was introduced by Brannan in [7]. A lot of quality work on the generalization of this concept has already been done. Working in the same manner, we have defined the following new classes.
Definition 1.1. Let
ν(z)=1+∞∑n=1pnzn | (1.3) |
be analytic in Δ such that ν(0)=1. Then for m≥2, ν(z)∈Pm(ℏ(z)), if and only if
ν(z)=(m4+12)ν1(z)−(m4−12)ν2(z), | (1.4) |
where ℏ(z) is a convex univalent function in Δ and νi(z)≺ℏ(z) for i=1,2.
Particularly, for m=2, we get the class P(ℏ(z)).
Definition 1.2. Let f(z) and ℓ(z) be two analytic functions as defined in (1.1) and (1.2) such that (f∗ℓ)′(z)≠0. Let ℏ(z) be a convex univalent function. Then for m≥2, f∈Vm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if
(z(f∗ℓ)′)′(f∗ℓ)′∈Pm(ℏ(z)),z∈Δ. | (1.5) |
Particularly, for m=2, we will get the class C[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)]. So, a function f∈C[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if
(z(f∗ℓ)′)′(f∗ℓ)′≺ℏ(z),z∈Δ. |
Definition 1.3. Let f(z) and ℓ(z) be the functions defined in (1.1) and (1.2), then f(z)∈Rm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if
z(f∗ℓ)′(f∗ℓ)∈Pm(ℏ(z)),z∈Δ. | (1.6) |
Particularly, for m=2, we get the class SΛ[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)], i.e., f∈SΛ[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if
z(f∗ℓ)′(f∗ℓ)≺ℏ(z),z∈Δ. |
From (1.5) and (1.6) it can be easily noted that f∈Vm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if zf′(z)∈Rm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)]. For m=2, this relation will hold for the classes C[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] and SΛ[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)].
Definition 1.4. Let f(z) and ℓ(z) be analytic function as defined in (1.1) and (1.2) and m≥2. Let ℏ(z) be the convex univalent function. Then, f∈Tm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] if and only if there exists a function ψ(z)∈SΛ[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)] such that
z(f∗ℓ)′ψ∗ℓ∈Pm(ℏ(z)),z∈Δ. | (1.7) |
It is interesting to note that the particular cases of our newly defined classes will give us some well-known classes already discussed in the literature. Some of these special cases have been elaborated below.
Special Cases: Let ℓ(z) be the identity function defined as z1−z denoted by I i.e., f∗ℓ=f∗I=f. Then
(1) For ℏ(z)=1+z1−z we have Pm(ℏ(z))=Pm,Rm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)]=Rm introduced by Pinchuk [23] and the class Vm[ℏ(z);ℓ(z)]=Vm defined by Paatero [21]. For m=2, we will get the well-known classes of convex functions C and the starlike functions SΛ.
(2) Taking ℏ(z)=1+(1−2δ)z1−z, we get the classes Pm(δ),Rm(δ) and Vm(δ) presented in [22]. For m=2, we will get the classes C(δ) and SΛ(δ).
(3) Letting ℏ(z)=1+Az1+Bz, with −1≤B<A≤1 introduced by Janowski in [12], the classes Pm[A,B],Rm[A,B] and Vm[A,B] defined by Noor [16,17] can be obtained. Moreover, the classes C[A,B] and SΛ[A,B] introduced by [12] can be derived by choosing m=2.
A significant work has already been done by considering ℓ(z) to be different linear operators and ℏ(z) to be any convex univalent function. For the details see ([4,9,18,19,24]).
The importance of Mittag-Leffler functions have tremendously been increased in the last four decades due to its vast applications in the field of science and technology. A number of geometric properties of Mittag-Leffler function have been discussed by many researchers working in the field of Geometric function theory. For some recent and detailed study on the Geometric properties of Mittag-Leffler functions see ([2,3,31]).
Special function theory has a vital role in both pure and applied mathematics. Mittag-Leffler functions have massive contribution in the theory of special functions, they are used to investigate certain generalization problems. For details see [11,26]
There are numerous applications of Mittag-Leffler functions in the analysis of the fractional generalization of the kinetic equation, fluid flow problems, electric networks, probability, and statistical distribution theory. The use of Mittag-Leffler functions in the fractional order integral equations and differential equations attracted many researchers. Due to its connection and applications in fractional calculus, the significance of Mittag-Leffler functions has been amplified. To get a look into the applications of Mittag-Leffler functions in the field of fractional calculus, (see [5,27,28,29,30]).
Here, in this article we will use the operator Hγ,κλ,η:Ω→Ω, introduced by Attiya [1], defined as
Hγ,κλ,η(f)=μγ,κλ,η∗f(z),z∈Δ, | (1.8) |
where η,γ∈C, ℜ(λ)>max{0,ℜ(k)−1} and ℜ(k)>0. Also, ℜ(λ)=0 when ℜ(k)=1;η≠0. Here, μγ,κλ,η is the generalized Mittag-Leffler function, defined in [25]. The generalized Mittag-Leffler function has the following representation.
μγ,κλ,η=z+∞∑n=2Γ(γ+nκ)Γ(λ+η)Γ(γ+κ)Γ(η+λn)n!zn. |
So, the operator defined in (1.8) can be rewritten as:
Hγ,κλ,η(f)(z)=z+∞∑n=2Γ(γ+nκ)Γ(λ+η)Γ(γ+κ)Γ(η+λn)n!anzn,z∈Δ. | (1.9) |
Attiya [1] presented the properties of the aforesaid operator as follows:
z(Hγ,κλ,η(f(z)))′=(γ+κκ)(Hγ+1,κλ,η(f(z)))−(γκ)(Hγ,κλ,η(f(z))), | (1.10) |
and
z(Hγ,κλ,η+1(f(z)))′=(λ+ηλ)(Hγ,κλ,η(f(z)))−(ηλ)(Hγ,κλ,η+1(f(z))). | (1.11) |
However, as essential as real-world phenomena are, discovering a solution for the commensurate scheme and acquiring fundamentals with reverence to design variables is challenging and time-consuming. Among the most pragmatically computed classes, we considered the new and novel class which is very useful for efficiently handling complex subordination problems. Here, we propose a suitably modified scheme in order to compute the Janowski type function of the form ℏ(z)=(1+Az1+Bz)β, where 0<β≤1 and −1≤B<A≤1, which is known as the strongly Janowski type function. Moreover, for ℓ(z), we will use the function defined in (1.9). So, the classes defined in Definition 1.1–1.4 will give us the following novel classes.
Definition 1.5. A function ν(z) as defined in Eq (1.3) is said to be in the class P(m,β)[A,B] if and only if for m≥2 there exist two analytic functions ν1(z) and ν2(z) in Δ, such that
ν(z)=(m4+12)ν1(z)−(m4−12)ν2(z), |
where νi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β for i=1,2. For m=2, we get the class of strongly Janowki type functions Pβ[A,B].
Moreover,
V(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]={f∈Ω:(z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′)′(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′∈P(m,β)[A,B]}, |
R(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]={f∈Ω:z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]}, |
Cβ[A,B,γ,η]={f∈Ω:(z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′)′(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′∈Pβ[A,B]}, |
SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]={f∈Ω:z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)∈Pβ[A,B]}, |
T(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]={f∈Ω:z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B],whereψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]}, |
where η,γ∈C, ℜ(λ)>max{0,ℜ(k)−1} and ℜ(k)>0. Also, ℜ(λ)=0 when ℜ(k)=1;η≠0. It can easily be noted that there exists Alexander relation between the classes V(m,β)[A,B;γ,η] and R(m,β)[A,B;γ,η], i.e.,
f∈V(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]⟺zf′∈R(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]. | (1.12) |
Throughout this investigation, −1≤B<A≤1, m≥2 and 0<β≤1 unless otherwise stated.
Lemma 2.1. ([13]) Let ν(z) as defined in (1.3) be in P(m,β)[A,B]. Then ν(z)∈Pm(ϱ), where 0≤ϱ=(1−A1−B)β<1.
Lemma 2.2. ([8]) Let ℏ(z) be convex univalent in Δ with h(0)=1 and ℜ(ζℏ(z)+α)>0(ζ∈C). Let p(z) be analytic in Δ with p(0)=1, which satisfy the following subordination relation
p(z)+zp′(z)ζp(z)+α≺ℏ(z), |
then
p(z)≺ℏ(z). |
Lemma 2.3. ([10]) Let ℏ(z)∈P. Then for |z|<r, 1−r1+r≤ℜ(ℏ(z))≤ |ℏ(z)|≤1+r1−r, and |h′(z)|≤2rℜℏ(z)1−r2.
Theorem 3.1. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then for ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ,
R(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. |
Proof. Let f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]. Set
φ(z)=z(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z), | (3.1) |
then φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Now, Assume that
ψ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z). | (3.2) |
Plugging (1.10) in (3.2), we get
ψ(z)=(γ+κκ)(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))−(γκ)(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))Hγ,κλ,ηf(z). |
It follows that
Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)(κγ+κ)(ψ(z)+γκ)=Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z). |
After performing logarithmic differentiation and simple computation, we get
ψ(z)+zψ′(z)ψ(z)+γκ=φ(z). | (3.3) |
Now, for m≥2, consider
ψ(z)=(m4+12)ψ1(z)−(m4−12)ψ2(z). | (3.4) |
Combining (3.3) and (3.4) with the similar technique as used in Theorem 3.1 of [20], we get
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), |
where
φi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+γκ, |
for i=1,2. Since φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], therefore
φi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+γκ≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
for i=1,2. By using Lemma 2.1 and the condition ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, we have
ℜ(γκ+(1+Az1+Bz)β)>0, |
where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Hence, in view of Lemma 2.2, we have
ψi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
for i = 1, 2. This implies ψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], so
f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], |
which is required to prove.
Theorem 3.2. If ℜ(λη)>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, then
R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]. |
Proof. Let f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. Taking
φ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z), | (3.5) |
we have φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Now, suppose that
ψ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z))′Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z). | (3.6) |
Applying the relation (1.11) in the Eq (3.6), we have
ψ(z)=(λ+ηλ)(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))−(ηλ)(Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z))Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z). |
arrives at
Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z)(λη+λ)(ψ(z)+ηλ)=Hγ,κλ,ηf(z). |
So by the logarithmic differentiation and simple computation we get,
ψ(z)+zψ′(z)ψ(z)+ηλ=φ(z). | (3.7) |
Therefore, for m≥2, take
ψ(z)=(m4+12)ψ1(z)−(m4−12)ψ2(z). | (3.8) |
Combining Eqs (3.6) and (3.7) using the similar technique as in Theorem 3.1 of [20], we get
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), |
where
φi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+ηλ, |
for i=1,2. Since φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], therefore
φi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+ηλ≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
for i=1,2. Applying Lemma 2.1 and the condition ℜ(ηλ)>−ϱ, we get
ℜ(ηλ+(1+Az1+Bz)β)>0, |
where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Hence, by Lemma 2.2, we have
ψi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
for i = 1, 2. This implies ψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], so
f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1], |
which completes the proof.
Corollary 3.1. For m=2, if ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then
SΛβ[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]. |
Moreover, if ℜ(λη)>−ϱ, then
SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]⊂SΛβ[A,B,γ,η+1]. |
Theorem 3.3. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then for ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ,
V(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. |
Proof. By means of theorem 3.1 and Alexander relation defined in (1.12), we get
f∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⟺zf′∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⟺zf′∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⟺f∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. |
Hence the result.
Analogously, we can prove the following theorem.
Theorem 3.4. If ℜ(λη)>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, then
V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]. |
Corollary 3.2. For m=2, if ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then
Cβ[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂Cβ[A,B,γ,η]. |
Moreover, if ℜ(λη)>−ϱ, then
Cβ[A,B,γ,η]⊂Cβ[A,B,γ,η+1]. |
Theorem 3.5. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, and ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Then
T(m,β)[A,B;γ+1,η]⊂T(m,β)[A,B;γ,η]. |
Proof. Let f(z)∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]. Then there exist ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ+1,η] such that
φ(z)=z(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ+1,κλ,ηψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.9) |
Now consider
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z). | (3.10) |
Since ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ+1,η] and ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, therefore by Corollary 3.3, ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]. So
q(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈Pβ[A,B]. | (3.11) |
By doing some simple calculations on (3.11), we get
(κq(z)+γ)Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)=(γ+κ)Hγ+1,κλ,ηψ(z). | (3.12) |
Now applying the relation (1.10) on (3.10), we get
ϕ(z)Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)=γ+κκHγ+1,κλ,ηf(z)−γκHγ,κλ,ηf(z). | (3.13) |
Differentiating both sides of (3.13), we have
ϕ(z)(Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z))′+ϕ′(z)Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)=γ+κκ(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))′−γκ(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′. |
By using (3.12) and with some simple computations, we get
ϕ(z)+zϕ′(z)q(z)+γκ=φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], | (3.14) |
with ℜ(q(z)+γκ)>0, since q(z)∈Pβ[A,B], so by Lemma 2.1, ℜ(q(z)>ϱ and ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Now consider
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z). | (3.15) |
Combining (3.14) and (3.15) with the similar technique as used in Theorem 3.1 of [20], we get
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), | (3.16) |
where
φi(z)=ϕ(z)+zϕ′zq(z)+γκ, |
for i=1,2. Since φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], therefore
φi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2. |
Using the fact of Lemma 2.2, we can say that
ϕi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2. |
So, ϕ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Hence we get the required result.
Theorem 3.6. If ℜ(λη)>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, then
T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]. |
Let f(z)∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. Then there exist ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η] such that
φ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.17) |
Taking
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z))′Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z). | (3.18) |
As we know that, ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η] and ℜ(ηλ)>−ϱ, therefore by Corollary 3.3, ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η+1]. So
q(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z))′Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z)∈Pβ[A,B]. | (3.19) |
By doing some simple calculations on (3.19) with the help of (1.11), we get
(λq(z)+η)Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z)=(η+λ)Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z). | (3.20) |
Now, applying the relation (1.11) on (3.18), we get
ϕ(z)Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z)=η+λλHγ,κλ,ηf(z)−ηλHγ,κλ,η+1f(z). | (3.21) |
Differentiating both sides of Eq (3.21), we have
ϕ(z)(Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z))′+ϕ′(z)Hγ,κλ,η+1ψ(z)=η+λλ(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′−ηλ(Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z))′, |
some simple calculations along with using (3.20) give us
ϕ(z)+zϕ′(z)q(z)+ηλ=φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], | (3.22) |
with ℜ(q(z)+ηλ)>0. Since q(z)∈Pβ[A,B], so applying Lemma 2.1, we have ℜ(q(z)>ϱ and ℜ(ηλ)>−ϱ.
Assume that
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z). | (3.23) |
Combining (3.22) and (3.23), along with using the similar technique as in Theorem 3.1 of [20], we get
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), | (3.24) |
where
φi(z)=ϕ(z)+zϕ′zq(z)+ηλ, |
for i=1,2. Since φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], therefore
φi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2. |
Applying the fact of Lemma 2.2, we have
ϕi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2. |
So ϕ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Which gives us the required result.
Corollary 3.3. If ϱ>−min{ℜ(γκ),ℜ(λη)}, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, then we have the following inclusion relations:
(i) R(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1].
(ii)V(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1].
(iii)T(m,β)[A,B,γ+1,η]⊂T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1].
Now, we will discuss some radius results for our defined classes.
Theorem 3.7. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, and ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Then
R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂R(m,β)[ϱ,γ+1,η] |
whenever
|z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ,where0≤ϱ<1. |
Proof. Let f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. Then
ψ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.25) |
In view of Lemma 2.1 P(m,β)[A,B]⊂Pm(ϱ), for ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, therefore ψ(z)∈Pm(ϱ). So by the Definition of Pm(ϱ) given in [22], there exist two functions ψ1(z),ψ2(z)∈P(ϱ) such that
ψ(z)=(m4+12)ψ1(z)−(m4−12)ψ2(z), | (3.26) |
with m≥2 and ℜ(ψi(z))>ϱ,i=1,2. We can write
ψi(z)=(1−ϱ)hi(z)+ϱ, | (3.27) |
where hi(z)∈P and ℜ(hi(z)>0, for i=1,2. Now, let
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z). | (3.28) |
We have to check when ϕ(z)∈Pm(ϱ). Using relation (1.10) in (3.25), we get
ψ(z)Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z)=(γ+κκ)(Hγ+1,κλ,η(f(z)))−(γκ)(Hγ,κλ,η(f(z))). |
So, by simple calculation and logarithmic differentiation, we get
ψ(z)+zψ′zψ(z)+γκ=ϕ(z). | (3.29) |
Now, consider
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z), |
where
ϕi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′izψi(z)+γκ,i=1,2. |
To derive the condition for ϕi(z) to be in P(ϱ), consider
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ(ψi(z)+zψ′izψi(z)+γκ−ϱ). |
In view of (3.27), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ((1−ϱ)hi(z)+ϱ+z(1−ϱ)h′i(z)γκ+ϱ+(1−ϱ)hi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−(1−ϱ)|zh′i(z)|ℜ(γκ+ϱ)+(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z)). | (3.30) |
We have, ℜ(γκ+ϱ)>0 since ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Since hi(z)∈P, hence by using Lemma 2.3 in inequality (3.30), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−1−ϱ2r1−r2ℜ(hi(z))(1−ϱ)(1−r1+r)=(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))[(1−r)2(1−ϱ)−2r(1−r)2(1−ϱ)]≥(1−ϱ)(1−r1+r)[(1−r)2(1−ϱ)−2r(1−r)2(1−ϱ)]=r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ)1−r2. | (3.31) |
Since 1−r2>0, letting T(r)=r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ). It is easy to note that T(0)>0 and T(1)<0. Hence, there is a root of T(r) between 0 and 1. Let ro be the root then by simple calculations, we get
ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ. |
Hence ϕ(z)∈Pm(ϱ) for |z|<ro. Thus for this radius ro the function f(z) belongs to the class R(m,β)[ϱ,γ+1,η], which is required to prove.
Theorem 3.8. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, and ℜ(λη)>−ϱ. Then
R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]⊂R(m,β)[ϱ,γ,η], |
whenever
|z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ,where0≤ϱ<1. |
Proof. Let f(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]. Then
ψ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z))′Hγ,κλ,η+1f(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.32) |
By applying of Lemma 2.1, we get P(m,β)[A,B]⊂Pm(ϱ), for ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, therefore ψ(z)∈Pm(ϱ). Hence, the Definition of Pm(ϱ) given in [22], there exist two functions ψ1(z),ψ2(z)∈P(ϱ) such that
ψ(z)=(m4+12)ψ1(z)−(m4−12)ψ2(z), | (3.33) |
with m≥2 and ℜ(ψi(z))>ϱ,i=1,2. We can say that
ψi(z)=(1−ϱ)hi(z)+ϱ, | (3.34) |
where hi(z)∈P and ℜ(hi(z)>0, for i=1,2. Now, assume
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z). | (3.35) |
Here, We have to obtain the condition for which ϕ(z)∈Pm(ϱ). Using relation (1.11) in (3.51), we get
ψ(z)Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)=(η+λλ)(Hγ,κλ,η(f(z)))−(ηλ)(Hγ,κλ,η+1(f(z))). |
Thus, by simple calculation and logarithmic differentiation, we have
ψ(z)+zψ′zψ(z)+ηλ=ϕ(z). | (3.36) |
Now, consider
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z), |
where
ϕi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′izψi(z)+ηλ,i=1,2. |
To derive the condition for ϕi(z) to be in P(ϱ), consider
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ(ψi(z)+zψ′izψi(z)+ηλ−ϱ). |
In view of (3.34), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ((1−ϱ)hi(z)+ϱ+z(1−ϱ)h′i(z)ηλ+ϱ+(1−ϱ)hi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−(1−ϱ)|zh′i(z)|ℜ(ηλ+ϱ)+(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z)). | (3.37) |
Here, ℜ(ηλ+ϱ)>0 since ℜ(ηλ)>−ϱ. We know that hi(z)∈P, therefore by using Lemma 2.3 in inequality (3.37), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−1−ϱ2r1−r2ℜ(hi(z))(1−ϱ)(1−r1+r)=(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))[(1−r)2(1−ϱ)−2r(1−r)2(1−ϱ)]≥(1−ϱ)(1−r1+r)[(1−r)2(1−ϱ)−2r(1−r)2(1−ϱ)]=r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ)1−r2. | (3.38) |
Since 1−r2>0, letting T(r)=r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ). It can easily be seen that T(0)>0 and T(1)<0. Hence, there is a root of T(r) between 0 and 1. Let ro be the root then by simple calculations, we get
ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ. |
Hence ϕ(z)∈Pm(ϱ) for |z|<ro. Thus for this radius ro the function f(z) belongs to the class R(m,β)[ϱ,γ,η], which is required to prove.
Corollary 3.4. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then, for m=2, and |z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ,
(i) If ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, then SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]⊂SΛβ[ϱ,γ+1,η].
(ii) Ifℜ(λη)>−ϱ, then SΛβ[A,B,γ,η+1]⊂SΛβ[ϱ,γ,η].
Theorem 3.9. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. Then for |z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ, we have
(1)V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂V(m,β)[ϱ,γ+1,η], if ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ.
(2)V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]⊂V(m,β)[ϱ,γ,η], if ℜ(λη)>−ϱ.
Proof. The above results can easily be proved by using Theorem 3.10, Theorem 3.11 and the Alexander relation defined in (1.12).
Theorem 3.10. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, and ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Then
T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]⊂T(m,β)[ϱ,γ+1,η], |
whenever
|z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ,where0≤ϱ<1. |
Proof. Let f∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], then there exist ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η] such that
φ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.39) |
Since by Lemma 2.1 we know that P(m,β)[A,B]⊂Pm(ϱ), where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, therefore φ(z)∈Pm(ϱ). So by using the Definition of Pm(ϱ) defined in [22], there exist two functions φ1(z) and φ2(z) such that
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), | (3.40) |
where φi(z)∈P(ϱ),i=1,2. We can write
φi(z)=ϱ+(1−ϱ)hi(z), | (3.41) |
where hi(z)∈P. Now, let
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ+1,κλ,ηψ(z). |
Since ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η], therefore
q(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈Pβ[A,B], | (3.42) |
then by using relation (1.10) and doing some simple computation on Eq (3.42), we have
(κq(z)+γ)Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)=(γ+κ)Hγ+1,κλ,ηψ(z). | (3.43) |
Now, using relation (1.10) in (3.39), we get
φ(z)=(γ+κκ)(Hγ+1,κλ,ηf(z))−(γκ)(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z). | (3.44) |
By some simple calculations along with differentiation of both sides of (3.44) and then applying (3.43) we get the following relation
φ(z)+zφ′(z)q(z)+(γκ)=ϕ(z). |
Let us consider
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z), |
where
ϕi(z)=φi(z)+zφ′i(z)q(z)+(γκ), |
i=1,2. Since q(z)∈Pβ[A,B]⊂P(ϱ). Therefore, we can write
q(z)=ϱ+(1−ϱ)qo(z), | (3.45) |
where qo(z)∈P. We have to check when ϕi(z)∈Pm(ϱ). For this consider
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ(φi(z)+zφ′i(z)q(z)+(γκ)−ϱ). |
Using (3.41) and (3.45), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ(ϱ+(1−ϱ)hi(z)+(1−ϱ)zh′i(z)ϱ+(1−ϱ)qo(z)+(γκ)−ϱ), |
where hi(z),qo(z)∈P.
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−(1−ϱ)|zh′i(z)|ℜ(ϱ+γκ)+(1−ϱ)ℜqo(z). |
Since ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ, so ℜ(ϱ+γκ)>0. Now by using the distortion results of Lemma 2.3, we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)=ℜ((1−ϱ)hi(z)+ϱ+z(1−ϱ)h′i(z)γκ+ϱ+(1−ϱ)hi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−(1−ϱ)|zh′i(z)|ℜ(γκ+ϱ)+(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z)). | (3.46) |
Since hi(z)∈P, so ℜ(hi(z))>0 and ℜ(γκ+ϱ)>0 for ℜ(γκ)>−ϱ. Hence, by using Lemma 2.3 in inequality (3.46), we have
ℜ(ϕi(z)−ϱ)≥(1−ϱ)ℜ(hi(z))−1−ϱ2r1−r2ℜ(hi(z))(1−ϱ)(1−r1+r)≥r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ)1−r2. |
Since 1−r2>0, taking T(r)=r2(1−ϱ)−2r(2−ϱ)+(1−ϱ). Let ro be the root then by simple calculations, we get
ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ. |
Hence ϕ(z)∈Pm(ϱ) for |z|<ro. Thus for this radius ro the function f(z) belongs to the class T(m,β)[ϱ,γ+1,η], which is required to prove.
Using the analogous approach used in Theorem 3.14, one can easily prove the following theorem.
Theorem 3.11. Let ϱ=(1−A1−B)β, and ℜ(ηλ)>−ϱ. Then
T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η+1]⊂T(m,β)[ϱ,γ,η] |
whenever
|z|<ro=1−ϱ2−ϱ+√3−2ϱ,where0≤ϱ<1. |
Integral Preserving Property: Here, we will discuss some integral preserving properties of our aforementioned classes. The generalized Libera integral operator Iσ introduced and discussed in [6,14] is defined by:
Iσ(f)(z)=σ+1zσ∫z0tσ−1f(t)dt, | (3.47) |
where f(z)∈A and σ>−1.
Theorem 3.12. Let σ>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. If f∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η] then Iσ(f)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η].
Proof. Let f∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], and set
ψ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z), | (3.48) |
where ψ(z) is analytic and ψ(0)=1. From definition of Hγ,κλ,η(f) given by [1] and using Eq (3.47), we have
z(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z))′=(σ+1)Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)−σHγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z). | (3.49) |
Then by using Eqs (3.48) and (3.49), we have
(σ+1)Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z)=ψ(z)+σ. |
Logarithmic differentiation and simple computation results in
ϕ(z)=ψ(z)+zψ′(z)ψ(z)+σ=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηf(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], | (3.50) |
with ℜ(ψ(z)+σ)>0, since ℜ(σ)>−ϱ. Now, consider
ψ(z)=(m4+12)ψ1(z)−(m4−12)ψ2(z). | (3.51) |
Combining (3.50) and (3.51), we get
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z), |
where ϕi(z)=ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+σ, i=1,2. Since ϕ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], therefore
ϕi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
which implies
ψi(z)+zψ′i(z)ψi(z)+σ≺(1+Az1+Bz)βi=1,2. |
Therefore, using Lemma 2.2 we get
ψi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
or ψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Hence the result.
Corollary 3.5. Let σ>−ϱ. Then for m=2, if f∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η] then Iσ(f)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η], where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β.
Theorem 3.13. Let σ>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. If f∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η] then Iσ(f)∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η].
Proof. Let f∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. Then by using relation (1.12), we have
zf′(z)∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], |
so by using Theorem 3.16, we can say that
Iσ(zf′(z))∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], |
equivalently
z(Iσ(f(z)))′∈R(m,β)[A,B,γ,η], |
so again by using the relation (1.12), we get
Iσ(f)∈V(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. |
Theorem 3.14. Let σ>−ϱ, where ϱ=(1−A1−B)β. If f∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η] then Iσ(f)∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η].
Proof. Let f∈T(m,β)[A,B,γ,η]. Then there exists ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η], such that
φ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηf(z))′(Hγ,κλ,ηψ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. | (3.52) |
Consider
ϕ(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z). | (3.53) |
Since ψ(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η], then by Corollary 3.17, Iσ(ψ)(z)∈SΛβ[A,B,γ,η]. Therefore
q(z)=z(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z))′Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z)∈Pβ[A,B]. | (3.54) |
By using (3.47) and Definition of Hγ,κλ,η, we get
q(z)Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z)=(σ+1)Hγ,κλ,η(ψ)(z)−σHγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z), |
or we can write it as
Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z)=σ+1q(z)+σHγ,κλ,η(ψ)(z). | (3.55) |
Now using the relation (3.47) and the Definition of Hγ,κλ,η, in (3.53), we have
ϕ(z)Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z)=(σ+1)Hγ,κλ,η(f)(z)−σHγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z). | (3.56) |
Differentiating both sides of (3.56), we have
ϕ′(z)Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z)+ϕ(z)(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(ψ)(z))′=(σ+1)(Hγ,κλ,η(f)(z))′−σ(Hγ,κλ,ηIσ(f)(z))′, |
then by simple computations and using (3.53)–(3.55), we get
ϕ(z)+zϕ′(z)q(z)+σ=φ(z), | (3.57) |
with ℜ(σ)>−ϱ, so ℜ(q(z)+σ)>0, since q(z)∈Pβ[A,B]⊂P(ϱ). Consider
ϕ(z)=(m4+12)ϕ1(z)−(m4−12)ϕ2(z), | (3.58) |
Combining Eqs (3.57) and (3.58), we have
φ(z)=(m4+12)φ1(z)−(m4−12)φ2(z), | (3.59) |
where φi(z)=ϕi(z)+zϕ′i(z)q(z)+σ, i=1,2.
Since φ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B], thus we have
φi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β, |
then
ϕi(z)+zϕ′i(z)q(z)+σ≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2. |
Since ℜ(q(z)+σ)>0, therefore using Lemma 2.2 we get
ϕi(z)≺(1+Az1+Bz)β,i=1,2, |
thus ϕ(z)∈P(m,β)[A,B]. Hence the result.
Due to their vast applications, Mittag-Leffler functions have captured the interest of a number of researchers working in different fields of science. The present investigation may help researchers comprehend some stimulating consequences of the special functions. In the present article, we have used generalized Mittag-Leffler functions to define some novel classes related to bounded boundary and bounded radius rotations. Several inclusion relations and radius results for these classes have been discussed. Moreover, it has been proved that these classes are preserved under the generalized Libera integral operator. Finally, we can see that the projected solution procedure is highly efficient in solving inclusion problems describing the harmonic analysis. It is hoped that our investigation and discussion will be helpful in cultivating new ideas and applications in different fields of science, particularly in mathematics.
Δ Open Unit Disc.
Ω Class of normalized analytic functions.
ℜ Real part of complex number.
Γ Gamma function.
χ(z) Schwartz function.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
The authors would like to thank the Rector of COMSATS Univeristy Islamabad, Pakistan for providing excellent research oriented environment. The author Thabet Abdeljawad would like to thank Prince Sultan University for the support through TAS research Lab.
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