Figure 1.
Experimental plan.
Monobulb garlic, distinguished by its elevated allic.in content, has garnered heightened consumer interest due to its perceived health benefits. However, the challenge lies in scaling up production to meet this demand. This study investigates the potential enhancement of monobulb garlic growth by employing a novel approach that combines corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilizers. By employing a factorial complete randomized design with nine treatments and three repetitions, the research evaluates the impact of varying durations of plasma radiation (0, 15, and 30 minutes) and levels of organic fertilizers (0, 31.25, and 62.5 grams). Key growth parameters, including plant height, leaf count, root length, and root quantity, were measured. Results indicate that the optimal combination for growth enhancement involves 30 minutes of radiation coupled with 31.25 grams of organic fertilization. In conclusion, the integration of corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilization proves effective in promoting the growth of monobulb garlic plants.
Citation: Erma Prihastanti, Sumariyah Sumariyah, Febiasasti Trias Nugraheni. Increasing growth of monobulb garlic through the application of corona glow discharge plasma radiation and organic fertilizers[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(1): 85-96. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024006
| [1] | Ulrich Lüttge . Physics and the molecular revolution in plant biology: union needed for managing the future. AIMS Biophysics, 2016, 3(4): 501-521. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2016.4.501 |
| [2] | Francesca Ballarini, Mario P. Carante, Alessia Embriaco, Ricardo L. Ramos . Effects of ionizing radiation in biomolecules, cells and tissue/organs: basic mechanisms and applications for cancer therapy, medical imaging and radiation protection. AIMS Biophysics, 2022, 9(2): 108-112. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022010 |
| [3] | Etimad Alattar, Eqbal Radwan, Khitam Elwasife . Improvement in growth of plants under the effect of magnetized water. AIMS Biophysics, 2022, 9(4): 346-387. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022029 |
| [4] | Richard C Petersen . Free-radicals and advanced chemistries involved in cell membrane organization influence oxygen diffusion and pathology treatment. AIMS Biophysics, 2017, 4(2): 240-283. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2017.2.240 |
| [5] | Wei Zhang, Sheng Cao, Jessica L. Martin, Joachim D. Mueller, Louis M. Mansky . Morphology and ultrastructure of retrovirus particles. AIMS Biophysics, 2015, 2(3): 343-369. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2015.3.343 |
| [6] | E.N. Baranova, R.M. Sarimov, A.A. Gulevich . Stress induced «railway for pre-ribosome export» structure as a new model for studying eukaryote ribosome biogenesis. AIMS Biophysics, 2019, 6(2): 47-67. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2019.2.47 |
| [7] | Alexander G. Volkov, Yuri B. Shtessel . Electrotonic signal transduction between Aloe vera plants using underground pathways in soil: Experimental and analytical study. AIMS Biophysics, 2017, 4(4): 576-595. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2017.4.576 |
| [8] | Tatyana Tretyakova, Maya Makharadze, Sopio Uchaneishvili, Mikhael Shushanyan, Dimitri Khoshtariya . Exploring the role of preferential solvation in the stability of globular proteins through the study of ovalbumin interaction with organic additives. AIMS Biophysics, 2023, 10(4): 440-452. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2023025 |
| [9] | Daniela Meleleo, Cesare Sblano . Influence of cholesterol on human calcitonin channel formation. Possible role of sterol as molecular chaperone. AIMS Biophysics, 2019, 6(1): 23-38. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2019.1.23 |
| [10] | T. M. Medvedeva, A. K. Lüttjohann, M. V. Sysoeva, G. van Luijtelaar, I. V. Sysoev . Estimating complexity of spike-wave discharges with largest Lyapunov exponent in computational models and experimental data. AIMS Biophysics, 2020, 7(2): 65-75. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2020006 |
Monobulb garlic, distinguished by its elevated allic.in content, has garnered heightened consumer interest due to its perceived health benefits. However, the challenge lies in scaling up production to meet this demand. This study investigates the potential enhancement of monobulb garlic growth by employing a novel approach that combines corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilizers. By employing a factorial complete randomized design with nine treatments and three repetitions, the research evaluates the impact of varying durations of plasma radiation (0, 15, and 30 minutes) and levels of organic fertilizers (0, 31.25, and 62.5 grams). Key growth parameters, including plant height, leaf count, root length, and root quantity, were measured. Results indicate that the optimal combination for growth enhancement involves 30 minutes of radiation coupled with 31.25 grams of organic fertilization. In conclusion, the integration of corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilization proves effective in promoting the growth of monobulb garlic plants.
The utilization of medicinal plants has been deeply rooted in historical traditions, contributing not only to culinary practices but also to holistic well-being. Among these botanical treasures, garlic (Allium sativum L.) has garnered widespread attention for its multifaceted health benefits, spanning anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antifungal, antihypertensive, and antioxidant properties [1]. As the global demand for medicinal plants escalates, understanding and enhancing the cultivation of valuable varieties such as garlic becomes paramount. The monobulb or single garlic stands out in Indonesia's diverse landscape of garlic. Distinguished by its capacity to produce a solitary clove under specific conditions [2], monobulb garlic boasts heightened allicin content—a compound renowned for its potent antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses [3],[4]. The significant elevation of allicin content in monobulb garlic, surpassing that of regular garlic, has spurred public interest in its consumption. However, despite the increasing demand, the production of monobulb garlic has not met market needs, presenting a unique challenge to the agricultural sector.
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a major compound in garlic, derived from the enzymatic conversion of the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) following tissue damage [5],[6]. Monobulb garlic, with its superior allicin content, containing approximately 5 mg of allicin [7], has become a focal point for consumers seeking enhanced medicinal benefits. The growing demand for monobulb garlic, juxtaposed with its suboptimal production, is evident in Indonesia's reliance on garlic imports despite a reported production of 88,816 tons [8]. This paradox underscores the urgent need for innovative and efficient production methods to meet the escalating demand for garlic.
This study addresses this critical gap by exploring the application of corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology—an established growth catalyst in various crops [9]. Paired with this technological intervention is the judicious incorporation of organic fertilizers strategically chosen to fortify soil fertility and supply essential nutrients [10]–[12]. The amalgamation of these two approaches aims to unravel their synergistic impact on the growth of monobulb garlic, focusing on pivotal parameters such as plant height, leaf count, root length, and the abundance of roots.
The corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology, recognized for its ability to generate crucial nitrogen ions essential for plant growth, is examined in conjunction with organic fertilizers known for their contributions to soil fertility and nutrient supply. Our study endeavors to comprehensively analyze growth parameters, elucidating the synergistic impact of these combined treatments on monobulb garlic plants. By positioning this research at the forefront of agricultural innovation, the integration of plasma technology and organic fertilizers offers a transformative avenue for monobulb garlic cultivation [11],[12].
The significance of plasma technology lies in its unique ability to introduce nitrogen ions crucial for plant growth, sourced directly from air infiltration—a process indispensable for forming new tissue [13]. Additionally, in alignment with Kakar et al.'s insights, organic matter emerges as a key player, enriching soil nutrition and serving as a pivotal plant growth regulator [14]. The primary objective of this investigation is to discern whether the synergistic augmentation of nitrogen elements, facilitated by the tandem use of corona glow discharge plasma radiation and organic fertilizers, translates into tangible improvements in crucial growth metrics for monobulb garlic plants. Against the backdrop of burgeoning global demand for medicinal plants, the investigation's outcomes hold the promise of revolutionizing monobulb garlic cultivation, addressing production challenges, and contributing to the sustainable supply of this invaluable botanical resource.
The study was conducted from December 27, 2018, to February 22, 2019, at the Center for Plasma Research Laboratory, BSF Plant Laboratory (Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Diponegoro), and an experimental garden in Kalisidi Village, Ungaran, Central Java (7°07′51.4″S, 110°22′04.4″E).
Monobulb garlic seeds, soil, burned husks (1: 1 ratio), and cow dung organic fertilizer constituted the materials. Employing a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with nine treatments and three repetitions, the study assessed the impact of corona glow discharge plasma radiation durations (0, 15, and 30 minutes) and organic fertilizer dosages (0 g, 31.25 g, and 62.5 g).
Selected disease-free bulbs underwent corona glow discharge plasma radiation using a device with a voltage of 14 kV and a current of 1 mA. Radiation durations varied (0, 15, and 30 minutes).
A planting medium comprising soil and burned husks (1: 1 ratio) was placed in polybags (20 x 15 cm) and supplemented with organic fertilizer doses (0, 31.25, and 62.5 g).
Sliced monobulb garlic bulbs were planted in polybags (approximately 15 cm depth) after being sliced to expedite sprouting.
Plant height and leaf count were observed one week post-planting (dap) and subsequently on a weekly basis. After 63 dap, the length and number of roots were also examined. The research encompassed nine treatments, consisting of a control group (R0P0) without radiation and fertilization, plants not irradiated and provided with 31.25 g of organic fertilizers (R0P1), plants not irradiated and given 62.5 g of organic fertilizers (R0P2), plants irradiated for 15 minutes without fertilization (R1P0), plants irradiated for 15 minutes and given 31.25 g of organic fertilizers (R1P1), plants irradiated for 15 minutes and given 62.5 g of organic fertilizers (P2R1), plants irradiated for 30 minutes without fertilization (R2P0), plants irradiated for 30 minutes and given 31.25 g of organic fertilizers (R2P1), and plants irradiated for 30 minutes and given 62.5 g of organic fertilizers (P2R2). Measurements of plant height were taken from the ground to the highest leaf tip using a ruler, while root length was determined from the end of the longest root, also utilizing a ruler. The duration of radiation was determined based on prior research [15], and the methodology for parameter measurement was adapted from the study conducted by Yani et al. [16].
Data underwent ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) at a 95% significance level, with DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) for further analysis.
Results are depicted in Figures 2 and 3, showing the visual impact of different treatments on monobulb garlic plants.
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 32.47 | 36.44 | 35.09 | 34.66b |
| P1 | 31.49 | 33.80 | 35.47 | 33.58ab |
| P2 | 36.30 | 35.14 | 37.01 | 36.15a |
| Average | 33.42b | 35.12a | 35.85a | (-) |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (-) = There was no interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
The interaction between plasma radiation and fertilization did not significantly affect plant height (Table 1). However, plasma radiation alone exhibited a significant impact, with 30 minutes of radiation yielding the highest plant height at 35.85 cm.
The interaction between plasma radiation and fertilization did not affect the number of leaves (Table 2).
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.33 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.05b |
| P1 | 4.03 | 4.62 | 4.77 | 4.47ab |
| P2 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 4.46a |
| Average | 3.88b | 4.48a | 4.62a | (−) |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (−) = There was no interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
The interaction between plasma radiation and fertilization significantly influenced the length of roots (Table 3). The optimum treatment was 30 minutes of radiation with 31.25 g fertilization (R2P1), resulting in a root length of 17.16 cm. Factors of plasma radiation and fertilization each significantly affected the length of roots. The longest length of roots was found in 30 min of radiation (R2), which was 14.14 cm. Fertilization of 31.25 g (P1) showed the highest length of roots of 14.58 cm.
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 8.33d | 15.16ab | 10.53cd | 11.34b |
| P1 | 13.16bc | 13.43bc | 17.16a | 14.58a |
| P2 | 8.06d | 8.30d | 14.73ab | 10.36b |
| Average | 9.85c | 12.29b | 14.14a | |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (+) = There was an interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
The interaction between plasma radiation and fertilization significantly impacted the number of roots. The most favorable combination was observed with 30 minutes of radiation and 31.25 g fertilization, producing 62.66 roots (Table 4).
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.70d | 51.00c | 60.00ab | 49.33b |
| P1 | 57.66b | 49.66c | 62.66a | 56.66a |
| P2 | 49.66c | 49.00c | 46.66c | 48.44b |
| Average | 48.1b | 49.88b | 56.44a | |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (+) = There was an interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
The observed significant influence of nitrogen content on plant height corroborates the critical role of nitrogen in vegetative growth, encompassing cell division, elongation, and differentiation [17],[18]. Consistent with existing literature, the positive correlation between plasma radiation duration and plant height emphasizes the growth-promoting effects of the corona glow discharge plasma system, generating nitrogen ions that aid bulb penetration [19]. Notably, organic fertilizers support essential nutrients, particularly amino acids and proteins, further enhancing garlic growth [20].
While the interaction between plasma radiation and fertilization did not yield a significant response in the number of leaves, the treatment with 30 minutes of radiation and 62.5 g fertilization (R2) resulted in the highest leaf count at 5 strands. Interestingly, the delayed positive effect of organic fertilizers on leaf development, attributed to their slow nutrient release, underscores the prioritization of root development before leaf expansion [21]. Cow manure application, known to provide nutrients for leaf formation, did not exhibit a similar effect in this study, possibly due to the gradual nutrient release pattern prioritizing root over leaf development [11]–[14],[17]–[20].
The contribution of nitrogen in fertilizers to plant growth and development, as highlighted by Sitompul, Zulfati, Royani, and Prihastanti, involves its role in synthesizing amino acids and proteins and stimulating vegetative growth, mainly leaves [22]–[24]. The nitrogen element's stimulation of leaf formation and chlorophyll production are crucial factors, as an increase in chlorophyll positively correlates with carbohydrate formation and subsequent storage in garlic bulbs [23].
Root length, influenced by nitrogen from organic fertilizers and nitrogen ions produced by corona glow discharge plasma technology, reflects the plant's capacity to access deeper soil layers for nutrient absorption [25]. The facilitating effect of the combination treatment on soil penetration by roots enhances the plant's ability to extract essential nutrients, in line with the observations of Frona et al. [26]. The interaction that produced the highest number of roots was identified in the R2P1 treatment (30 min radiation and 31.25 g fertilization), underscoring the significance of both plasma radiation and fertilization. The highest number of roots was associated with 30 minutes of radiation (R2), emphasizing the positive impact of extended plasma exposure. The length of plant roots can indicate that the plant can meet the needs of nutrients and minerals in the soil [27]. Supplemented with 31.25 g fertilization (P1), this combination achieved the most robust root development, possibly due to the interplay of nitrogen from organic fertilizers and nitrogen ions produced by plasma radiation [28]. The successful absorption of nutrients by roots, indicated by an increased number of roots, aligns with studies highlighting the correlation between the number of roots and nutrient levels in the soil [29],[30].
The length of the roots formed was caused by the presence of N provided by organic fertilizers and the presence of N ions produced by the corona glow discharge plasma technology. Root length describes the plant's ability to obtain water supply including nutrients in deeper soil layers [25]. The roots cannot penetrate the soil or hard planting media, so that this combination treatment makes the soil easy to penetrate by the roots to find nutrient supplies. Frona et al. stated that in general, nitrogen is needed to form or grow vegetative parts of plants such as leaves, stems and roots [26].
The interaction that produced the highest number of roots was found in the R2P1 treatment (30 min radiation and 31.25 g fertilization), which was 62.66 strands. Factors of plasma radiation and fertilization each significantly affected the number of roots. The highest number of roots was found in 30 min of radiation (R2), of 56.44 strands/clumps. Fertilization of 31.25 g (P1) showed the highest number of roots of 56.66 strands/clumps. The large composition of nitrogen in free air, causes the release of plasma in the free air to produce N + ions [19]. which can be used as nutrients or regulatory signals for metabolism and plant growth, especially in roots [28]. Supposed, the more fertilizer is applied, the more N can increase growth. However, the highest number of roots parameter was in P1 fertilization, this was possible because root growth was also affected by food reserves in the bulb.
The number of roots plays a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, directly proportional to the increasing levels of macro and micronutrients in the soil [29]. Enhanced nutrient absorption, facilitated by a higher number of roots, positively impacts the availability of materials for photosynthesis [30]. An efficient photosynthesis process stimulates the accumulation of carbohydrates and proteins in plant organs, contributing to the overall formation of monobulb garlic. The symbiotic combination of burned husks and cow manure as a plant medium further enhances nutrient absorption, with burned husks effectively binding water and nutrients and preventing nutrient loss [31].
In summary, the synergistic application of corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilization has proven effective in enhancing monobulb garlic plants' growth. The most favorable outcomes were observed when employing a 30-minute radiation duration coupled with 31.25 g of fertilization, underscoring the collaborative benefits of these technologies. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing monobulb garlic production through innovative agricultural approaches. Further research optimization is recommended to explore additional combinations of corona glow discharge plasma radiation technology and organic fertilization to fully exploit their potential in enhancing monobulb garlic growth. Notably, the study found no interaction between radiation factors and organic fertilization concerning plant height and the number of leaves in garlic plants. However, there was an evident interaction between these two factors when considering the length and number of roots. The treatment combination that yielded optimal results, with 62.66 roots and 17.16 cm root length, was identified as P1R2 (31.25 g of organic fertilization and 30 minutes of irradiation), further emphasizing the effectiveness of this specific combination.
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
| [1] |
Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Wasef LG, et al. (2020) Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): a review. Nutriens 12: 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872 
|
| [2] | Tran GB, Dam SM, Tram Le NT (2018) Amelioration of single clove black garlic aqueous extract on dyslipidemia and hepatitis in chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxicated Swiss albino mice. Int J Hepatol 2018: 9383950. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9383950 |
| [3] |
Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, et al. (2019) Bioactive cmpounds and biological functions of garlic (allium sativum L.). Foods 8: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246
|
| [4] |
Fesseha H, Goa E (2019) Therapeutic value of garlic (allium sativum): a review. Adv Food Technol Sci Open J 5: 107-117. https://doi.org/10.17140/aftnsoj-5-162
|
| [5] |
Gruhlke MCH, Nicco C, Batteux F, et al. (2016) The effects of allicin, a reactive sulfur species from garlic, on a selection of mammalian cell lines. Antioxidants 6: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010001
|
| [6] |
Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MChH, et al. (2014) Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules 19: 12591-12618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812591
|
| [7] |
Gruhlke M, Schlembach I, Leontiev R, et al. (2017) Yap1p, the central regulator of the S. cerevisiae oxidative sterss response, is activated by allicin, a natural oxidant, and defence substance of garlic. Free Radical Biol Med 108: 793-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.004
|
| [8] | Central Bureau of Statistic, Produksi tanaman sayuran, Jakarta, 2019. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/55/61/1/produksi-tanaman-sayuran.html |
| [9] | Puspitasari I (2018) Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman bawan merah (Allium cepa l.) lokal akibat perbedaan lama radiasi plasma [Response of growth and production of local red onion (Allium cepa l.) due to differences in plasma radiation duration]. Undergraduate thesis, Diponegoro University . |
| [10] |
Yarami N, Sepaskhah AR (2015) Saffron response to irrigation water salinity, cow manure and planting method. Agr Water Manage 150: 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.12.004
|
| [11] |
Bashir S, Gulshan AB, Iqbal J, et al. (2021) Comparative role of animal manure and vegetable waste induced compost for polluted soil restoration and maize growth. Saudi J Biol Sci 28: 2534-2539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.057
|
| [12] | Sarido AD (2013) Uji empat jenis pupuk kandang terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai keriting (Capsicum annum L.) [Test of four types of manure on growth and yield of curly chili (Capsicum annum L.)]. J Agrifor 12: 22-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.31293/af.v12i1.167 |
| [13] | Putra FJN, Muhlisin Z, Putro S (2015) Treatments of plasma corona radiation on seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) papenfuss: efforts to increase growth and biomass. Int J Sci Eng 8: 75-79. https://doi.org/10.12777/IJSE.8.1.75-79 |
| [14] |
Kakar K, Nitta Y, Asagi N, et al. (2019) Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities. Plant Prod Sci 22: 510-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1657777
|
| [15] |
Nugraheni FT, Prihastanti E, Hastuti ED (2021) The Effect of corona incandescent plasma radiation and storage temperature on the viability of garlic seeds (Allium sativum L. Lumbu Kuning Variety). Int J Eng Sci Technol 5: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.29121/IJOEST.v5.i1.2021.149
|
| [16] |
Yani S, Opik T, Belinda N (2019) Role of biological agents Trichoderma sp. at growth three garlic varieties (Allium sativum). J Phys Conf Ser 1402: 033043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/3/033043
|
| [17] | Hore JK, Ghanti S, Chanchan M (2014) Influence of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Crop Weed 10: 14-18. |
| [18] |
Leveau J, Lindow S (2005) Utilization of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid for growth by Pseudomonas putida strain 1290. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 2365-2371. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2365-2371.2005
|
| [19] | Nucifera N, Kanie MAJ, Pratiwi SH, et al. (2016) Corona discharge plasma technology to accelerate the growth of black soybean plants. J Nat Sci Res 6: 35-40. |
| [20] | Mahabub ST, Khan MSH, et al. (2016) Effect of cow manure on growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean. Asian Res J Agr 2: 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ARJA/2016/29297 |
| [21] |
Pujiningsih DS, Yuniarti A, Sandrawati A (2019) Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi jenis dan dosis pupuk kandang terhadap pH, N-Total, serapan-N, serta hasil tanaman pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) pada Fluventic eutrudepts [Effect of combination of type and dose of manure on pH, N-Total, N-uptake, and yield of pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Fluventic eutrudepts.]. J Agrikultura 30: 33-39. https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v30i1.22701
|
| [22] | Royana KQ, Prihastanti E (2015) Uji penggunaan limbah sagu sebagai media tanam anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) [Test the use of sago waste as a growing medium for orchids (Dendrobium sp.)]. Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi dh Sellula 23: 108-117. https://doi.org/10.14710/baf.v23i1.8741 |
| [23] |
Yudiati E, Ridho A, Nugroho AA, et al. (2020) Analisis Kandungan Agar, Pigmen dan Proksimat Rumput Laut Gracilaria sp. pada Reservoir dan Biofilter Tambak Udang Litopenaeus vannamei. Bul Oseanografi Mar 9: 133-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v9i2.29453
|
| [24] | Sitompul SM, Zulfati AP (2019) Betacyanin and growth of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) in response to nitrogen fertilization in a tropical condition. Agrivita J Agr Sci 41: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v41i1.2050 |
| [25] | Munarso YP (2011) Keragaan padi hibrida pada sistem pengairan intermittent dan tergenang. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 30: 189-195. https://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v30n3.2011.p%p |
| [26] |
Frona WS, Zein A, Vauzia V (2016) Pengaruh penambahan bokashi kubis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) terhadap pertumbuhan bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) pada tanah podzolik merah kuning [Effect of the addition of bokashi cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) on the growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on red-yellow podzolic soil.]. Sainstek Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 8: 10-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/js.v8i1.435
|
| [27] | Sathiyavani E, Prabaharan NK, Surendar KK (2017) Role of mineral nutrition on root growth of crop plants—a review. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6: 2810-2837. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.324 |
| [28] |
Muratore C, Espen L, Prinsi B (2021) Nitrogen uptake in plants: the plasma membrane root transport systems from a physiological and proteomic perspective. Plants 10: 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040681
|
| [29] |
Song XH, Wan FF, Chang XC, et al. (2019) Effects of nutrient deficiency on root morphology and nutrient allocation in pistacia chinensis bunge seedlings. Forests 10: 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10111035
|
| [30] |
Goelzer A, da Silva OB, Santos FHM, et al. (2021) Photosynthetic performance, nutrition and growth of campomanesia xanthocarpa o. berg. in chicken manure substrate and liming. Floresta Ambiente 28: e20200005. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2020-0005
|
| [31] |
Naimnule MA (2016) Pengaruh takaran arang sekam dan pupuk kandang sapi terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.). Savana Cendana 1: 118-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.32938/sc.v1i04.72
|
Figures(3) / Tables(4)
Erma Prihastanti, Sumariyah Sumariyah, Febiasasti Trias Nugraheni. Increasing growth of monobulb garlic through the application of corona glow discharge plasma radiation and organic fertilizers[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2024, 11(1): 85-96. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2024006
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 32.47 | 36.44 | 35.09 | 34.66b |
| P1 | 31.49 | 33.80 | 35.47 | 33.58ab |
| P2 | 36.30 | 35.14 | 37.01 | 36.15a |
| Average | 33.42b | 35.12a | 35.85a | (-) |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (-) = There was no interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.33 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.05b |
| P1 | 4.03 | 4.62 | 4.77 | 4.47ab |
| P2 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 4.46a |
| Average | 3.88b | 4.48a | 4.62a | (−) |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (−) = There was no interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 8.33d | 15.16ab | 10.53cd | 11.34b |
| P1 | 13.16bc | 13.43bc | 17.16a | 14.58a |
| P2 | 8.06d | 8.30d | 14.73ab | 10.36b |
| Average | 9.85c | 12.29b | 14.14a | |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (+) = There was an interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.70d | 51.00c | 60.00ab | 49.33b |
| P1 | 57.66b | 49.66c | 62.66a | 56.66a |
| P2 | 49.66c | 49.00c | 46.66c | 48.44b |
| Average | 48.1b | 49.88b | 56.44a | |
Notes: The numbers in the row and column followed by the same letter showed no difference at the significant level (α) of 5% according to the DMRT test. (+) = There was an interaction between factors.
DownLoad:
CSV
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 32.47 | 36.44 | 35.09 | 34.66b |
| P1 | 31.49 | 33.80 | 35.47 | 33.58ab |
| P2 | 36.30 | 35.14 | 37.01 | 36.15a |
| Average | 33.42b | 35.12a | 35.85a | (-) |
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.33 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.05b |
| P1 | 4.03 | 4.62 | 4.77 | 4.47ab |
| P2 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 4.46a |
| Average | 3.88b | 4.48a | 4.62a | (−) |
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 8.33d | 15.16ab | 10.53cd | 11.34b |
| P1 | 13.16bc | 13.43bc | 17.16a | 14.58a |
| P2 | 8.06d | 8.30d | 14.73ab | 10.36b |
| Average | 9.85c | 12.29b | 14.14a | |
| Fertilization (P) | Plasma Radiation (R) |
Average | ||
| R0 | R1 | R2 | ||
| P0 | 3.70d | 51.00c | 60.00ab | 49.33b |
| P1 | 57.66b | 49.66c | 62.66a | 56.66a |
| P2 | 49.66c | 49.00c | 46.66c | 48.44b |
| Average | 48.1b | 49.88b | 56.44a | |
