Overview

A quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic and sociopolitical outlook of the MEDA transitional economies: development-paths, governance climate, and sociocultural factors

  • Received: 25 March 2024 Revised: 27 August 2024 Accepted: 12 September 2024 Published: 20 September 2024
  • JEL Codes: E66, F01, H11, O11, Z10

  • We present a quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic and sociopolitical outlook of the South-East Mediterranean transitional economies (MEDA), aiming to understand their development challenges and growth potential. We used various analytical techniques integrated in this study, including macroeconomic indicators, SWOT analysis, clustering, Markovian chains, investment development-path, and sociocultural factors. MEDA countries differ principally due to varying levels of oil dependence, underdeveloped manufacturing systems, and high unemployment rates. Despite various efforts, institutional deficiencies and a lack of governance persist, hindering countries' growth and attractiveness. Finally, the importance of international cooperation, particularly with the European Union, to support MEDA transitional economies in addressing governance issues, enhancing human development, and fostering internal stability is highlighted.

    Citation: Francesco Scalamonti. A quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic and sociopolitical outlook of the MEDA transitional economies: development-paths, governance climate, and sociocultural factors[J]. National Accounting Review, 2024, 6(3): 407-448. doi: 10.3934/NAR.2024019

    Related Papers:

  • We present a quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic and sociopolitical outlook of the South-East Mediterranean transitional economies (MEDA), aiming to understand their development challenges and growth potential. We used various analytical techniques integrated in this study, including macroeconomic indicators, SWOT analysis, clustering, Markovian chains, investment development-path, and sociocultural factors. MEDA countries differ principally due to varying levels of oil dependence, underdeveloped manufacturing systems, and high unemployment rates. Despite various efforts, institutional deficiencies and a lack of governance persist, hindering countries' growth and attractiveness. Finally, the importance of international cooperation, particularly with the European Union, to support MEDA transitional economies in addressing governance issues, enhancing human development, and fostering internal stability is highlighted.



    加载中


    [1] Aarts P, Van Dijke P, Kolman I, et al. (2012) From Resilience to Revolt: Making Sense of the Arab Spring. Amsterdam, NL: WODC Publisher.
    [2] Abbott P, Teti A (2017) EU Policy Impact and Public Perception in the Mena Region. The Arab Transformations Working Paper Series 11: 1–65.
    [3] Abu-Murad MS, Alshyab N (2019) Political instability and its impact on economic growth: the case of Jordan. Int J Dev Issues 18: 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2019-0036 doi: 10.1108/ijdi-02-2019-0036
    [4] Acemoglu D, Johnson S, Robinson J (2001) The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development. Am Econ Rev 91: 1369–1401. https://doi.org/10.3386/w7771 doi: 10.3386/w7771
    [5] Acemoglu D, Naidu S, Restrepo P, et al. (2019) Democracy Does Cause Growth. J Polit Econ 127: 47–100. https://doi.org/10.3386/w7771 doi: 10.3386/w7771
    [6] Ahern KR, Daminelli D, Fracassi C (2015) Lost in translation? The effect of cultural values on mergers around the world. J Financ Econ 117: 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.08.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.08.006
    [7] Albarracín J (2011) The Role of Turkey in the New Middle Eastern Economic Architecture, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 234–239.
    [8] Ali AJ (1999) Middle East Competitiveness in the 21st Century's Global Market. Acad Manage Rev 13: 102–108. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1999.1567367 doi: 10.5465/ame.1999.1567367
    [9] Altunisik MB (2009) The Role of Turkey in the Middle East, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 210–213.
    [10] Amendola A, ‎Ferragina A (2012) Bridging the Gap: The Role of Trade and FDI in the Mediterranean. Soveria Mannelli, IT: Rubbettino.
    [11] Anderson D, Anderson E (2014) An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs, 2 Eds., New York, NY: Routledge.
    [12] Antràs P (2020) Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains World Bank. Econ Rev 34: 551–574. https://https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhaa006 doi: 10.1093/wber/lhaa006
    [13] Antràs P (2021) De-Globalization? Global Value Chain in the post-COVID-19 Age. NBER Working Paper Series 28115: 1–51.
    [14] Asongu SA, Nwachukwu JC (2015) Revolution empirics: predicting the Arab Spring. Empir Econ 51: 439–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-015-1013-0 doi: 10.1007/s00181-015-1013-0
    [15] Ayadi R, Dabrowski M, De Wulf L (2015) Economic and Social Development of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries. Berlin, DE: Springer.
    [16] Ayadi R, Giovannetti G, Marvasi E, et al. (2024) Trade networks and the productivity of MENA firms in global value chains. Struct Change Econ Dyn 69: 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2023.11.014 doi: 10.1016/j.strueco.2023.11.014
    [17] Bailey M, Cao R, Kuchler T, et al. (2018) Social Connectedness: Measurement, Determinants, and Effects. J Econ Perspect 32: 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.3.259 doi: 10.1257/jep.32.3.259
    [18] Barany Z (2011) The Role of the Military. J Democr 22: 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2011.0069 doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0069
    [19] Beinin J, Vairel F (2013) Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    [20] Belokurov I, Demidova O, Signorelli M (2020) Cross-Country Inequality: A Markov Chain Approach. Working Paper presented at 21st Annual Scientific Conference of Italian Association for the Study of Comparative Economic Systems, Urbino, IT: 8–10 October.
    [21] Bernard AB, Jensen JB, Redding SJ, et al. (2018) Global Firms. J Econ Lit 56: 565–619. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160792 doi: 10.1257/jel.20160792
    [22] Beugelsdijk S, Maseland R, Onrust M, et al. (2015) Cultural Distance in International Business and Management: From Mean-based to Variance-based Measures. Int J Hum Resour Manag 26: 165–191. https://doiorg/101080/095851922014922355
    [23] Bianchi R (2013) Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy. Singapore: World Scientific Press.
    [24] Biscop S, Sassel J (2017) Military Factors in the MENA Region: Challenging Trends. MENARA Working Paper Series 6: 1–33.
    [25] Bjornland HC, Thorsrud LA, Torvik R (2019) Dutch Disease Dynamics Reconsidered. Eur Econ Rev 119: 411–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.07.016 doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.07.016
    [26] Boserup RA, Tassinari F (2012) The Return of Arab Politics and Europe's Chance to Engage. Anew Med Polit 17: 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2012.655047 doi: 10.1080/13629395.2012.655047
    [27] Brzezinski Z (1997) A Geostrategy for Eurasia. Foreign Aff 76: 50–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/20048199 doi: 10.2307/20048199
    [28] Çakmak C (2017) The Arab Spring, Civil Society, and Innovative Activism. New York, NY: Palgrave.
    [29] Calza F, Aliane N, Cannavale C (2010) Cross-Cultural Differences and Italian Firms' Internationalization in Algeria: Exploring Assertiveness and Performance Orientation. Eur Bus Rev 22: 246–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555341011023551 doi: 10.1108/09555341011023551
    [30] Calza F, Aliane N, Cannavale C (2013) Intercultural bridges in the internationalization of European businesses towards Islamic countries: the key role of cultural competence. Euro Med J Bus 8: 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-07-2013-0038 doi: 10.1108/EMJB-07-2013-0038
    [31] Cammett M (2018) A Political Economy of the Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press.
    [32] Campante FR, Chor D (2012) Why was the Arab World Poised for Revolution? Schooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring. J Econ Perspect 26: 167–188. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.2.167 doi: 10.1257/jep.26.2.167
    [33] Carrère C, Masood M (2018) Cultural proximity: A source of trade flow resilience? World Econ 41: 1812–1832. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12646 doi: 10.1111/twec.12646
    [34] Castellani D, Narula R, Nguyen QT, et al. (2018) Contemporary issues in international business: institutions, strategy and performance. London, UK: Palgrave.
    [35] Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW (1981) Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [36] Cavatorta E (2010) Unobserved Common Factors in Military Expenditure Interactions Across MENA Countries. Def Peace Econ 21: 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2010.491703 doi: 10.1080/10242694.2010.491703
    [37] Chadwick A (2013) The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    [38] Çizakça M (2011) Islamic Capitalism and Finance: Origins, Evolution, and the Future. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
    [39] Collombier V (2018) Libya: Moving Beyond the Transitional Mood. MENARA-Future Notes 11: 1–6.
    [40] Corden WM, Neary JP (1982) Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Open Economy. Econ J 92: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2232670 doi: 10.2307/2232670
    [41] Cordesman AH, Barfi B, Haddad B, et al. (2011) Symposium: The Arab Uprisings and US Policy: What Is the American National Interest? Middle East Policy 18: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00481.x doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00481.x
    [42] Coveri A, Cozza C, Nascia L, et al. (2020) Supply chain contagion and the role of industrial policy. J Ind Bus Econ 47: 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-020-00167-6 doi: 10.1007/s40812-020-00167-6
    [43] Coveri A, Pianta M (2022) Drivers of inequality: wages vs profits in European industries. Struct Change Econ Dyn 60: 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.11.016 doi: 10.1016/j.strueco.2021.11.016
    [44] Coveri A, Zanfei A (2023) The virtues and limits of specialization in global value chains: analysis and policy implications. J Ind Bus Econ 50: 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-022-00247-9 doi: 10.1007/s40812-022-00247-9
    [45] Cuomo MT, Genovino C, Metallo G, et al. (2023) When opposites attract: Impact of cultural distance and polarised success in the future of economic unions. Futures 153: 103223 https://doiorg/101016/jfutures2023103223
    [46] Currie J, Harrison A (1997) Sharing the Costs: The Impact of Trade Reform on Capital and Labor in Morocco. J Labor Econ 15: S44–S71.
    [47] D'Aponte T (2014) A geopolitical overview on the Mediterranean Sea the approach of the Euromed policy towards the countries of the southern front (from Morocco to Egypt). Riv Ital Econ Demogr Stat 68: 77–98.
    [48] Dabashi H (2012) Arab Spring: End Postcolonialism. London, UK: Zed Books.
    [49] Dabrowski M (2012) What Can Arab Countries Learn from the Post-Communist Transition. MED-PRO Commentary of European Commission 1: 1–6.
    [50] Dabrowski M (2019) Can emerging markets be a source of global troubles again? Russ J Econ 5: 67–87. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.5.35506 doi: 10.32609/j.ruje.5.35506
    [51] Dandashly A (2015) The EU Response to Regime Change in the Wake of the Arab Revolt: Differential Implementation. J Eur Integr 37: 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2014.975988 doi: 10.1080/07036337.2014.975988
    [52] Daniele V, Malanima P, (2008) Divari di sviluppo e crescita nel Mediterraneo 1950–2005. Riv Ital Econ Demogr Stat 62: 59–76.
    [53] Dao MC, Das M, Koczan Z (2019) Why is labor receiving a smaller share of global income? Econ Policy 34: 723–759. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa004 doi: 10.1093/epolic/eiaa004
    [54] De Benedictis L, Rondinelli R, Vinciotti V (2023) Cultures as networks of cultural traits: A unifying framework for measuring culture and cultural distances. J R Stat Soc A 186: 264–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssa/qnac007 doi: 10.1093/jrsssa/qnac007
    [55] De Santis G, Maltagliati M, Salvini S (2016) A Measure of the Cultural Distance Between Countries. Soc Indic Res 126: 1065–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0932-7 doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0932-7
    [56] Dedrick J, Kraemer KL, Linden, G (2010) Who profits from innovation in global value chains?: a study of the iPod and notebook PCs. Ind Corp Change 19: 81–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtp032 doi: 10.1093/icc/dtp032
    [57] Del Sarto RA, Malmvig H, Lecha ES (2019) Interregnum: The Regional Order in the Middle East and North Africa after 2011. MENARA-Final Report 1: 1–57.
    [58] Demir F, Im H (2020) Effects of Cultural Institutes on Bilateral Trade and FDI Flows: Cultural Diplomacy or Economic Altruism? World Econ 43: 2463–2489. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12906 doi: 10.1111/twec.12906
    [59] Diamond L (2010) Why Are There No Arab Democracies? J Democr 21: 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0150 doi: 10.1353/jod.0.0150
    [60] Diop N, Marotta D, De Melo J (2012) Natural Resource Abundance, Growth, and Diversification in the Middle East and North Africa: The Effects of Natural Resources and the Role of Policies. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    [61] Driouchi A (2014) Knowledge-Based Economic Policy Development in the Arab World. Hershey, PA: IGI-Global.
    [62] Dunning J, Narula R (1996) Foreign Direct Investment and Governments. London: UK: Taylor Francis.
    [63] Dupont C, Passy F (2011) Arab Spring or How Explain those Revolutionary Episodes? Swiss Political Sci Rev 17: 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02037.x doi: 10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02037.x
    [64] Durán JJ, Úbeda F (2001) Investment Development Path: A New Empirical Approach and Some Theoretical Issues. Transnatl Corpor 10: 1–34.
    [65] Egger PH, Lassmann A (2012) Language effect in international trade: A meta-analysis. Econ Lett 116: 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.02.018 doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2012.02.018
    [66] Egger PH, Toubal F (2016) Common spoken languages and international trade, In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language, New York, NY: Springer, 263–289.
    [67] Ehteshami A, Huber D, Paciello MC (2017) Mediterranean Reset: Geopolitics New Age. Chichester: Wiley.
    [68] Elbadawi I, Makdisi S, (Eds.) (2017) Democratic Transitions in the Arab World. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    [69] El-Said H, Harrigan J (2014) Economic reform, social welfare, and instability: Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1983–2004. Middle East J 68: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.3751/68.1.15 doi: 10.3751/68.1.15
    [70] ESI (2005) Islamic Calvinism: Change and Conservatism in Central Anatolia. European Stability Initiative Draft, 19 September, 1–41.
    [71] EURO-MED AGENDA (1995) Barcelona Declaration. Euro-Mediterranean Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 27–28 November: 1–14.
    [72] EURO-MED AGENDA (2021) Ex-Post Evaluation of the Impact of Trade Chapters of the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements with Six Partners: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. Brussels, NL: Directorate General for Trade, 1–930.
    [73] Feenstra RC (1998) Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. J Econ Perspect 12: 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.4.31 doi: 10.1257/jep.12.4.31
    [74] Felbermayr GJ, Toubal F (2010) Cultural proximity and trade. Eur Econ Rev 54: 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.06.009 doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.06.009
    [75] Fernández R (2008) Culture and Economics, In: Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E., (Eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–10.
    [76] Ferragina AM (2014) Investment in Turbulent Times: How Political Turbulence Has Affected the FDI Level in the MENA Region, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 280–286.
    [77] Ferragina AM (2016) Frammentazione Internazionale della Produzione: La Posizione dei Paesi Mediterranei dell'area MENA nelle Catene Globali del Valore, In: Ferragina, E. (Ed.), Rapporto sulle Economie del Mediterraneo, Bologna, IT: Il Mulino, Ch 7.
    [78] Ferragina E (2011) Gli Investimenti Esteri: Il Ruolo delle Istituzioni, In: Malanima, P. (Ed.), Rapporto sulle Economie del Mediterraneo, Bologna, IT: Il Mulino, Ch 5.
    [79] Ferragina E (2015) Rapporto sulle Economie del Mediterraneo. Bologna, IT: Il Mulino.
    [80] Forte L, Canitano G, Carli MR (2018) Crescita Economica, Produzione Manifatturiera e Commercio Estero nei Paesi del Mediterraneo: Differenze e Complementarietà tra Paesi Euromediterranei e Paesi della Sponda Sud ed Est del Bacino, In: Ferragina, E. (Ed.), Rapporto sulle Economie del Mediterraneo, Bologna, IT: Il Mulino, Ch 3.
    [81] Freedom House (2011) Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers State University Press.
    [82] Fukuyama F (2020) The End of History and the Last Man. London, UK: Penguin.
    [83] Gani JK, Hinnebusch R (2019) The Routledge Handbook to the Middle East and North African State and States System. London, UK: Routledge.
    [84] Gerges FA (2013) New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    [85] Ghazali M (2009) Trade Openness and Wage Inequality between Skilled and Unskilled Workers in Tunisia. Economie Internationale 1: 63–97.
    [86] Gillespie R, Volpi F (2018) Handbook Mediterranean Politics. New York, NY: Routledge.
    [87] Giovannetti G, Marvasi E (2019) Trade Networks in the MENA Region, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 270–279.
    [88] Giovannetti G, Marvasi E, Sanfilippo M (2015) Supply Chains and the Internationalization of Small Firms. Small Bus Econ 44: 845–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9625-x doi: 10.1007/s11187-014-9625-x
    [89] Gisselquist RM (2015) Varieties of Fragility: Implications for Aid. Third World Q 36: 1269–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1041104 doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1041104
    [90] Gooris J, Peeters C (2014) Home-host Country Distance in Offshore Governance Choices. J Int Manag 20: 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2013.02.002 doi: 10.1016/j.intman.2013.02.002
    [91] Gorodnichenko Y, Roland G (2017) Culture, Institutions, and the Wealth of Nations. Rev Econ Stat 99: 402–416. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00599 doi: 10.1162/rest_a_00599
    [92] Guecioueur A (2019) Obstacles to Arab Economic Integration: The Problems of Arab Economic Development and Integration. New York, NY: Routledge.
    [93] Hafez G (2016) The Arab Spring five years later: toward greater inclusiveness. Washington, DC: Brookings Press.
    [94] Hakimian H, Nugent JB (2003) Trade Policy and Economic Integration in the Middle East and North Africa: Economic boundaries in flux. London, UK: Routledge.
    [95] Haliti B, Merovci S (2020) The Impact of the Investment Environment on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the European Transition Economies. Econ Alternatives 1: 138–147. https://doi.org/10.37075/ea.2020.1.07 doi: 10.37075/ea.2020.1.07
    [96] Halliday F (2005) The Middle East in International Relations Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    [97] Hanieh A (2014) Shifting Priorities or Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in the post-(2011) IMF and World Bank Engagement with Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt. Br J Middle East Stud 42: 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2015.973199 doi: 10.1080/13530194.2015.973199
    [98] Harms P, Méon PG (2017) Good and Useless FDI: The Growth Effects of Greenfield Investment and Mergers and Acquisitions. Rev Int Econ 26: 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12302 doi: 10.1111/roie.12302
    [99] Hartmann D, Guevara MR, Jara-Figueroa C, et al. (2017) Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality. World Dev 93: 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020 doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020
    [100] Hassine NB (2012) Inequality of Opportunity in Egypt. World Bank Econ Rev 2: 265–295. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr046 doi: 10.1093/wber/lhr046
    [101] HEIDELBERG INSTITUTE (2020) Conflict Barometer. Heidelberg University: Institute for International Conflict Research, 1–203.
    [102] Hellmanzik C, Schmitz M (2017) Taking gravity online: The role of virtual proximity in international finance. J Int Money Finan 77: 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.07.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.07.001
    [103] Helpman E (2017) Globalisation and wage inequality. J Br Acad 5: 125–162. https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/005.125 doi: 10.5871/jba/005.125
    [104] Hobson C (2005) A Forward Strategy of Freedom in the Middle East: US Democracy Promotion and the 'War on Terror'. Aust J Int Aff 59: 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035771042000332039 doi: 10.1080/1035771042000332039
    [105] Hoekman B, Messerlin P (2002) Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2921: 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2921 doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-2921
    [106] Hoekman B, Sekkat K (2010) Arab Economic Integration: Missing Links. CEPR-Discussion Paper 7807: 1–39.
    [107] Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ, Minkov M (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3 Eds., New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
    [108] Horst J, Jünemann A, Rothe D (2016) Euro-Mediterranean Relations After the Arab Spring: Persistence in Times of Change. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
    [109] Howard P (2010) The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    [110] Hudson M (1977) Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    [111] Huidrom R, Kose MA, Ohnsorge F (2017) How Important are Spillovers from Major Emerging Markets? Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    [112] Hutzschenreuter T, Kleindienst I, Lange S (2016) The Concept of Distance in International Business Research: A Review and Research Agenda. Int J Manag Rev 18: 160–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12065 doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12065
    [113] Hutzschenreuter T, Voll JC, Verbeke A (2011) The Impact of Added Cultural Distance and Cultural Diversity on International Expansion Patterns: A Penrosean Perspective. J Manag Stud 48: 305–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00966.x doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00966.x
    [114] IEMED (2012) What Economic Governance for Arab Transitions? Barcelona, SP: IEMed.
    [115] ILO (2012) Rethinking economic growth: towards productive and inclusive Arab societies. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
    [116] IMF (1996) MENA Conference Stresses Economic Potential of the Region. World Economic and Financial Surveys, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
    [117] IMF (2013) Regional Economic Outlook Report: Middle East and Central Asia. World Economic and Financial Surveys, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
    [118] IMF (2014) Arab Countries in Transition: Economic Outlook and Key challenges. World Economic and Financial Surveys Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
    [119] IMF (2019) Reigniting Growth in Emerging Market and Low-Income Economies: What Role for Structural Reforms? In: AA.VV., World Economic Outlook: Global Manufacturing Downturn, Rising Trade Barriers, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, Ch 3.
    [120] IMF (2020) Middle East and Central Asia: Regional Economic Outlook. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
    [121] IMF (2022) Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
    [122] Irwin D (2020) Free Trade Under Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [123] Jaumotte F, Lall S, Papageorgiou C (2013) Rising Income Inequality: Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization? IMF Econ Rev 61: 271–309. https://doi.org/10.1057/imfer.2013.7 doi: 10.1057/imfer.2013.7
    [124] Joffé G (2011) The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects. J North Afr Stud 16: 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2011.630881 doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.630881
    [125] Joya A (2011) The Egyptian Revolution: Crisis of Neo-Liberalism and the Potential for Democratic Politics. Rev Afr Polit Econ 38: 367–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2011.602544 doi: 10.1080/03056244.2011.602544
    [126] Kaboub F (2013) The End of Neoliberalism? An Institutional Analysis of the Arab Uprisings. J Econ Issues 47: 533–544 https://doi.org/10.2753/jei0021-3624470227 doi: 10.2753/jei0021-3624470227
    [127] Kahia M (2017) The Framework of Tunisian Textile and Clothing Industry, MPRA-Working Papers 60283, 04 February: 1–21.
    [128] Kamrava M (2004) Structural Impediments to Economic Globalization in the Middle East. Middle East Policy 11: 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00180.x doi: 10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00180.x
    [129] Karam F, Zaki C (2015) Trade Volume and Economic Growth in the MENA Region: Goods or Services? Econ Model 45: 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.038 doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.038
    [130] Kaufmann D, Kraay A (2002) Growth without Governance. Economía 3: 169–229. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2002.0016 doi: 10.1353/eco.2002.0016
    [131] Kaufmann D, Kraay A, Mastruzzi M (2011) The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. Hague J Rule Law 3: 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1876404511200046 doi: 10.1017/s1876404511200046
    [132] Kaufmann D, Kraay A, Zoido P (1999) Governance Matters. Policy Res Working Paper 2196: 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2196 doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-2196
    [133] Kenawy E (2016) The Economic Impacts of the New Suez Canal, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 282–288.
    [134] Khandelwal P, Roitman A (2013) The Economics of Political Transitions: Implications for the Arab Spring. IMF-Working Papers 2013: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475569643.001 doi: 10.5089/9781475569643.001
    [135] Khondker HH (2011) Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations 8: 675–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.621287 doi: 10.1080/14747731.2011.621287
    [136] Kowalewski O, Rybinski KI (2011) The Hidden Transformation: Changing Role of the State After the Collapse of Communism in Central and Easter Europe. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 27: 634–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grr030 doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grr030
    [137] Krugman PR, Melitz MJ, Obstfeld M (2018) International Economics: Theory and Policy. London, UK: Pearson.
    [138] Kuran T (2011) The long divergence: How Islamic law held back the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    [139] Lall S, Sturgeon TJ, Gereffi G (2009) Measuring success in the global economy: International trade, industrial upgrading, and business function outsourcing in global value chains. Transnat Corporations 18: 1–35. https://doi.org/10.18356/64e03043-en doi: 10.18356/64e03043-en
    [140] Lautier M, Morebaub F (2012) Domestic Investment and FDI in Developing Countries: The Missing Link. J Econ Dev 37: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.35866/caujed.2012.37.3.001 doi: 10.35866/caujed.2012.37.3.001
    [141] Liargovas PG, Skandalis KS (2011) Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of Developing Economies. Soc Indic Res 106: 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9806-9 doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9806-9
    [142] Liu A, Lu C, Wang Z (2020) The Roles of Cultural and Institutional Distance in International Trade: Evidence from China's Trade with the Belt-and-Road Countries. China Econ Rev 61: 101234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.001 doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.001
    [143] Makarychev AS (2009) Russia in the Mediterranean Region: (Re)sources of Influence, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 169–172.
    [144] Manhire T (Ed.) (2012) The Arab Spring: Rebellion, Revolution New World Order. London, UK: Guardian Books.
    [145] Marelli E, Signorelli M (2010) Economic Growth and Structural Features of Transition: Theoretical Framework and General Overview, In: Marelli, E., Signorelli, M. (Eds.), Economic Growth and Structural Features of Transition: Studies in Economic Transition, London, UK: Palgrave, 11–38.
    [146] Marsili M (2016) The Islamic State: A Clash within the Muslim Civilization for the New Caliphate. Stud Confl Terror 39: 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1100010 doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2015.1100010
    [147] Martín-Martín O, Drogendijk R (2014) Country Distance (COD): Development and Validation of a New Objective Measure. J Small Bus Manag 52: 102–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12035 doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12035
    [148] Masoud N (2015) John Rawls Theory of Justice: Lessons for Eastern Libya. Int J Manag Inf Tech 10: 2293–2303. https://doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i7.594 doi: 10.24297/ijmit.v10i7.594
    [149] Mathieu P, Pani M, Chen S, et al. (2019) Drivers of Cross-Border Banking in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMF Work Pap 19: 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498321549.001 doi: 10.5089/9781498321549.001
    [150] Matsen E, Natvik GJ, Torvik R (2016). Petro populism. J Dev Econ 118: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.010 doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.010
    [151] Maystre N, Olivier J, Thoenig M, et al. (2014) Product-based cultural change: Is the village global? J Int Econ 92: 212–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.005
    [152] Mazziotta M, Pareto A (2020) Gli Indici Sintetici. Torino, IT: Giappichelli.
    [153] McKee M, Keulertz M, Habibi N, et al. (2017) Demographic and Economic Material Factors in the MENA Region. MENARA-Working Paper Series 3: 1–43.
    [154] Mebtoul A (2017) Impact of the Decline in Hydrocarbon Prices on the Macroeconomic and Macrosocial Balances of the Algerian Economy: The Urgency of a New Economic Policy, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 281–287.
    [155] Mehlum H, Moene K, Torvik R (2006). Institutions and the Resource Curse. Econ J 116: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01045.x doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01045.x
    [156] Melitz J, Toubal F (2014) Native language, spoken language, translation and trade. J Int Econ 93: 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.04.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.04.004
    [157] Montalbano P, Nenci S (2014) Assessing the Trade Impact of the European Neighbourhood Policy on the EU-MED Free Trade Area. Appl Econ 46: 730–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.851776 doi: 10.1080/00036846.2013.851776
    [158] Moran TH (2016) Using foreign direct investment to upgrade and diversify exports from Morocco: opportunities and challenges in comparative perspective. OCP-Policy Papers 16: 1–26.
    [159] Moratinos MA (2012) The Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 35–38.
    [160] Mulligan M, Keulertz M, McKee M (2017) Environmental Factors in the MENA Region: A Swot Analysis. MENARA-Working Paper Series 4: 1–40.
    [161] Najjar F (2005) The Arabs Islam and Globalization. Middle East Policy 12: 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-1924.2005.00215.x doi: 10.1111/j.1061-1924.2005.00215.x
    [162] NATO (2016) Arab Geopolitics in Turmoil: Perceptions, Unknowns and Policies. DFC-Defense College Foundation, Roma: AGRA, 1–160.
    [163] Noueihed L, Warren A (2012) The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    [164] Noutary E, Luçon Z (2013) The Arab Spring: What Consequences on Foreign Investment? In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 251–255.
    [165] Obiols EB (2010) China's Influence in the Mediterranean, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 23–27.
    [166] Obradovich N, Özak Ö, Martín I, et al. (2022) Expanding the measurement of culture with a sample of two billion humans. J R Soc Interface 19: 1–13 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0085 doi: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0085
    [167] Pace M (2014) The EU's Interpretation of the 'Arab Uprisings': Understanding the Different Visions about Democratic Change in EU-MENA Relations. J Common Market Stud 52: 969–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12159 doi: 10.1111/jcms.12159
    [168] Paglialunga E, Coveri A, Zanfei A (2022) Climate change and within-country inequality: New evidence from a global perspective. World Dev 159: 106030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106030 doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106030
    [169] Peng MY, Lin KH (2019) International Networking in Dynamic Internationalization Capability: The Moderating Role of Absorptive Capacity. Total Qual Manage Bus Excell 32: 1065–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2019.1661239 doi: 10.1080/14783363.2019.1661239
    [170] Pierangeli F, Iaquinta P, Carabellese A (2015) The Mediterranean economic transition and the liberal perspective. Riv Ital Econ Demogr Stat 69: 111–118.
    [171] Portelli B (2004) Foreign Direct Investment in the European Union's Mediterranean Neighbours: Past Trends and Future Potential in the MEDA Region, In: Attinà, F., Rossi, R. (Eds.), European Neighbourhood Policy: Political, Economic and Social Issues, Catania, IT: Faculty of Political Sciences, 72–83.
    [172] Radl S (2017) Structural Adjustment in Tunisia: The Crisis of Neoliberalism and the 'Gafsa Riots' of 2008, In: Baumgratz, G., et al. (Eds.), Development by Free Trade? The Impact of the European Union's Neoliberal Agenda on the North African Countries, Bern: Peter Land, 109–130.
    [173] Ragionieri R, Schmidt di Friedberg O (2003) Culture e conflitti nel Mediterraneo. Trieste: Asterios.
    [174] Rogmans TJ, Ebbers H (2013) The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Middle East North Africa Region. Int J Emerg Markets 8: 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801311330310 doi: 10.1108/17468801311330310
    [175] Saidi S, Hammami S (2016) The Place of Transport Infrastructures among the Economic Factors of Foreign Direct Investment Attractiveness in the Meda-10 Region. Am J Econ Bus Adm 8: 23–34. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajebasp.2016.23.34 doi: 10.3844/ajebasp.2016.23.34
    [176] Salamon J (2016) The economic dimension of the EU cooperation with the Maghreb countries. Ann Mark Manag Econ 2: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.22630/amme.2016.2.2.22 doi: 10.22630/amme.2016.2.2.22
    [177] Saraceno P (1978) Irripetibilità dei modelli di sviluppo, In: Saraceno, P. (Eds.), Economia e Direzione dell'Impresa Industriale, Milano: Isedi, 1–41.
    [178] Sawada N (2010) Technology Gap Matters on Spillover. Rev Dev Econ 14: 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2009.00542.x doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2009.00542.x
    [179] Scalamonti F (2020) Mercati emergenti e distanza culturale: una rivisitazione dei driver del processo d'internazionalizzazione delle Pmi. Piccol Impresa/Small Bus 1: 161–187. https://doi.org/10.14596/pisb.361 doi: 10.14596/pisb.361
    [180] Scalamonti F (2021) The Transition of the Southern Economies of Mediterranean Sea: The Macroeconomic Framework and the Determinants of Foreign Investments. Ind 3: 533–578. https://doi.org/10.1430/98711 doi: 10.1430/98711
    [181] Scalamonti F (2024a) The foreign investments-growth nexus in underdeveloped countries: the state-of-art of research analysing a selected and recent empirical literature (2020–2022). Tech Forecast Soc Chang 198: 122933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122933 doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122933
    [182] Scalamonti F (2024b) The Italy-MEDA emerging markets partnership: trade relationships, cross-border operations on firms' equity, and constant market shares analysis. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4820279
    [183] Schlumberger O (2011) The Ties that Do Not Bind: The Union for the Mediterranean and the Future of Euro-Arab Relations, Med Polit 16: 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2011.547401 doi: 10.1080/13629395.2011.547401
    [184] Schumacher T, Marchetti A, Demmelhuber T (2017) The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy, London, UK: Routledge.
    [185] Senor D, Singer S (2009) Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle. New York, NY: Twelve.
    [186] Sheng L, Yang DT (2017) Offshoring and Wage Inequality: Theory and Evidence from China. IZA-Discussion Papers 10924: 1–65.
    [187] Shenkar O (2001) Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences. J Int Bus Stud 32: 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490982 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490982
    [188] Shenkar O (2012) Beyond Cultural Distance: Switching to a Friction Lens in the Study of Cultural Differences. J Int Bus Stud 43: 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.42 doi: 10.1057/jibs.2011.42
    [189] Silajdzic S, Mehic E (2015) Knowledge Spillovers, Absorptive Capacities and the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Transition Economies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 195: 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.142 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.142
    [190] Spolaore E, Wacziarg R (2016) Ancestry, Language and Culture, In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London, UK: Palgrave, 174–211.
    [191] Spolaore E, Wacziarg R (2018) Ancestry and Development: New Evidence. J Appl Econom 33: 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2633 doi: 10.1002/jae.2633
    [192] Stansbury A, Summers LH (2020) The Declining Worker Power Hypothesis: An Explanation for the Recent Evolution of the American Economy. Brook Pap Econ Act 1: 1–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2020.0000 doi: 10.1353/eca.2020.0000
    [193] Stor M (2021) The Configurations of HRM Bundles in MNCs by Their Contributions to Subsidiaries' Performance and Cultural Dimensions. Int J Cross-Cult Manag 21: 123–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595821997488 doi: 10.1177/1470595821997488
    [194] Summo D, Pepe T (2008) Eterogeneità economica tra i paesi del partenariato Euro-mediterraneo. Riv Ital Econ Demogr Stat 62: 443–450.
    [195] Talahite F, Beji S (2013) Foreign exchange reserves' accumulation and the impact on the economies of Algeria and Tunisia, In: Peeters, M., Sabri, N., Shahin, W. (Eds.), Financial Integration: A Focus on the Mediterranean Region, Berlin, DE: Springer, 29–60.
    [196] Tankosić JV, Redžepagić S, Stojsavljević M (2013) Trade, Regional Integration and Economic Growth: MEDA Region and the Western Balkan Countries, In: Peeters, M., Sabri, N., Shahin, W. (Eds.), Financial Integration: Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, Berlin, DE: Springer, 215–229.
    [197] Timmer MP, Erumban AA, Los B, et al. (2014) Slicing Up Global Value Chains. J Econ Perspect 28: 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.99 doi: 10.1257/jep.28.2.99
    [198] Timmer MP, Miroudot S, De Vries GJ (2018) Functional specialisation in trade. J Econ Geogr 19: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby056 doi: 10.1093/jeg/lby056
    [199] Tömmel I (2013) The New Neighbourhood policy of the EU: An Appropriate Response to the Arab Spring? Democr Secur 9: 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2012.736306 doi: 10.1080/17419166.2012.736306
    [200] Torvik R (2002) Natural resources, rent seeking and welfare. J Dev Econ 67: 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(01)00195-x doi: 10.1016/s0304-3878(01)00195-x
    [201] Tzannatos Z (2010) The Financial Crisis's Impact on Employment in the Mediterranean Region: The Story of Two Coasts, In: AA.VV., IEMed-Mediterranean Yearbook, Barcelona, SP: IEMed, 33–38.
    [202] Uctum M, Uctum R (2011) Crises, Portfolio Flows, and Foreign Direct Investment: An Application to Turkey. Econ Syst 35: 462–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.10.005
    [203] UNCTAD (2020) World Investment Report. Geneva, CH: United Nations.
    [204] UNHSP (2012) The State of Arab Cities: Challenges of Urban Transition. Geneva, CH: United Nations.
    [205] UNHSP (2020) The State of Arab Cities: Financing Sustainable Urbanization in the Arab Region. Geneva, CH: United Nations.
    [206] Van Bergeijk PA (2018) On the brink of deglobalisation…again. Cambridge J Reg Econ Soc 11: 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx023 doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsx023
    [207] Van Eeten, MJ, Mueller M (2012) Where Is the Governance in Internet Governance? New Media Soc 15: 720–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462850 doi: 10.1177/1461444812462850
    [208] Vandewalle D (2006) A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    [209] Volpi F (2013) Explaining (and Re-Explaining) Political Change in the Middle East During the Arab Spring: Trajectories of Democratization and of Authoritarianism in the Maghreb. Democratization 20: 969–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.668438 doi: 10.1080/13510347.2012.668438
    [210] Wijnbergen SV (1986) Macroeconomic Aspects of the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid: On the Two-Gap Model, Home Goods Disequilibrium and Real Exchange Rate Misalignment. J Int Econ 21: 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(86)90009-7 doi: 10.1016/0022-1996(86)90009-7
    [211] Williams DW, Gregoire DA (2015) Seeking Commonalities or Avoiding Differences? Re-conceptualizing Distance and Its Effects on Internationalization Decisions. J Int Bus Stud 46: 253–284. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.52 doi: 10.1057/jibs.2014.52
    [212] Woertz E (2014) Mining Strategies in the Middle East and North Africa. Third World Q 35: 939–957. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.907706 doi: 10.1080/01436597.2014.907706
    [213] Wolde H, Bhattacharya R (2010) Constraints on Trade in the MENA region. IMF-Working Papers 10: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451962604.001 doi: 10.5089/9781451962604.001
    [214] WORLD BANK (2009) From privilege to competition: unlocking private-led growth in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    [215] WORLD BANK (2013) Lebanon: Economic and Social Impact Assessment of the Syrian Conflict. Policy Note 81098LB: 1–189.
    [216] Yitzhak R (2018) Between reform and Islam: The Arab spring in Jordan 2011–2014. Democr Secur 14: 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2017.1408464 doi: 10.1080/17419166.2017.1408464
    [217] Zeng D (2015) Global Experiences with Special Economic Zones: Focus on China and Africa. World Bank Group Policy Res 7240: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7240 doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-7240
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(138) PDF downloads(15) Cited by(0)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(4)  /  Tables(5)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog