Understanding the influence of graphene and nonclay on the microcracks developed at cryogenic temperature

1.   Introduction

It is well known that the general approaches in fuzzy differential systems are established using the concept of fuzzy sets, as introduced by Zadeh ^[1] in 1965. The theory of fuzzy sets and some of their applications have been developed in a number of books and papers. We will refer the readers to ^[2,3,4] and the references cited there.

On the other hand, the notions of an $H-$Hukuhara derivative and $H-$ differentiability were introduced in 1983 for fuzzy mappings ^[5], and the notion of integrals in ^[6]. Since then, the investigations of fuzzy differential equations have undergone rapid development. See, for example, ^{[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]} and the references therein. The theory of fuzzy differential equations is still a hot topic for research ^{[15,16,17,18,19]} including numerous applications considering fuzzy neural networks and fuzzy controllers ^{[20,21,22,23,24,25]}.

It is also well known that the functionality of many complex engineering systems, as well as, the long life of their practical operation are provided under the conditions of uncertainties ^[26]. In fact, due to inaccuracy in the measurements of the model parameters, data input and different types of unpredictability, uncertain parameters occur in a real system ^[27]. It is, therefore, clear that the study of the effects of uncertain values of the parameters on the fundamental and qualitative behavior of a system is of significant interest for theory and applications ^{[28,29,30,31,32,33,34]}, including fuzzy modeling ^[35]. Considering the high importance of considering uncertain parameters, the theory of uncertain fuzzy differential equations needs future development and this is the basic aim and contribution of our research.

This paper deals with systems of fuzzy differential equations that simulate the perturbed motion of a system with uncertain values of parameters that belong to a certain domain. A regularization procedure is proposed for the family of differential equations under consideration with respect to the uncertain parameter. An analysis of some fundamental properties of the solutions is performed for both, the original fuzzy system of differential equations and the intermediate families of differential equations. The introduced regularization scheme expands the horizon for the extension of the fundamental and qualitative theory of fuzzy differential equations to the equations involving uncertain parameters. The authors expect that the proposed results will be of particular interest to researchers in the study of the qualitative properties of such systems, including equations with delays and some modifications of the Lyapunov theory. In addition, the engineering applications of such results to the design of efficient fuzzy controllers are numerous.

The innovation and practical significance of our research are as follows:

(ⅰ) we introduce a new regularization scheme for uncertain fuzzy differential equations;

(ⅱ) new existence criteria of the solutions of the regularized fuzzy differential equations are proposed;

(ⅲ) the distance between two solutions is estimated;

(ⅳ) the offered regularization scheme reduces a family of fuzzy differential equations to a simple form that allows analysis of the properties of solutions of both the original fuzzy system of differential equations, as well as the intermediate families of differential equations.

The rest of the paper is organized according to the following scenario. In Section 2 we provide the necessary preliminary notes from the theory of fuzzy sets. Some main properties of fuzzy functions and $H-$Hukuhara derivatives are also given. In Section 3 we introduce a regularization procedure for uncertain fuzzy systems of differential equations, and the basic problem of analyzing such systems based on the developed procedure is presented. In Section 4 conditions for existence of the solutions of the regularized fuzzy differential equations are established. In Section 5 we offer an estimate of the distance between solutions of the regularized equations. The closing Section 6 provides some comments and future directions for research.

2.   Fuzzy sets and functions: Preliminary notations and results

This section is mainly based on the results in ^[2,4,14].

The use of fuzzy sets introduced in ^[1] has facilitated the mathematical modeling and analysis of real processes that involve uncertain parameters. Recently, the fuzzy set approach achieved significant development. In this section, we will present some elements from the fuzzy set theory and fuzzy functions that are necessary for the analysis of uncertain systems.

2.1.   Fuzzy sets

Consider a basic set $\cal X$ with elements of an arbitrary nature. To each element ${x} \in {\cal X}$ a value of a membership function $\xi (x)$ is assigned, and the function $\xi (x)$ takes its values from the closed interval $[0, 1]$.

Following ^[1], for a function $\xi \colon \, {\cal X}\to[0, 1]$, we consider a fuzzy subset of the set $\cal X$ as a nonempty subset with elements $\{(x, \xi (x))\colon \, x\in {\cal X}\}$ from ${\cal X}\times [0, 1]$.

For a fuzzy set with a membership function $\xi$ on $\cal X$ its $\varkappa$-level sets $[\xi]^{\varkappa}$ are defined by

The closure of the union of all $\varkappa$-level sets for a fuzzy set with a membership function $\xi$ in the general topological space $\cal X$ is called its support, and it is denoted by $[\xi]^0$, i.e.,

Note that most often, the space $\cal X$ is the $N$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^N$ equipped with a norm $\|\cdot\|$.

Next, the Hausdorff distance between two nonempty subsets $U$ and $V$ of $\mathbb{R}^N$ is defined as

where $V_{r}(0) = \{x\in \mathbb{R}^N\colon \|x\| < r\}$, $r \geq 0$.

The above distance is symmetric with respect to both subsets $U$ and $V$. For more properties of $\Delta_H(U, V)$ we refer the reader to ^[2,4,14].

2.2.   The space ${\cal E}^N$

We will next need the space ${\cal E}^N$ of functions $\xi :\Bbb R^N\rightarrow [0, 1]$, which satisfy the following conditions (cf. ^[2]):

$1)$ $\xi$ is upper semicontinuous;

$2)$ there exists an $x_0\in\mathbb{R}^N$ such that $\xi(x_0) = 1$;

$3)$ $\xi$ is fuzzy convex, i. e.,

for any values of $\nu\in[0, 1]$;

$4)$ the closure of the set $\{x\in\Bbb R^N: \xi(x) > 0\}$ is a compact subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$.

It is well known that ^{[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]} and ^{[15,16,17,18,19]}, if a fuzzy set with a membership function $\xi$ is a fuzzy convex set, then $[\xi]^\varkappa$ is convex in $\mathbb{R}^N$ for any $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$.

Since ${\cal E}^N$ is a space of functions $\xi\colon \; \mathbb{R}^N\to[0, 1]$, then a metric in it can be determined as

The least upper bound of $\Delta_H$ on ${\cal E}^N$ is defined by

for $\xi, \, \eta\in {\cal E}^N$. The above defined $d[\xi, \eta]$ satisfies all requirements to be a metric in ${\cal E}^N$ ^[2].

2.3.   Properties of fuzzy functions

Consider a compact $T = [\alpha, \beta], \ \beta > \alpha > 0$.

The mapping ${\cal F}\colon \, T \to {\cal E}^N$ is strictly measurable, if for any $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$ the multivalued mapping ${\cal F}_\varkappa\colon \, T\to P_k(\mathbb{R}^N)$, defined as ${\cal F}_\varkappa(\tau) = [{\cal F}(\tau)]^\varkappa$, is measurable in the sense of Lebesgue under the condition that $P_k(\mathbb{R}^N)$ is equipped with a topology generated by the Hausdorff metric, where $P_k(\mathbb{R}^N)$ denotes the family of all nonempty compact convex subsets of $\mathbb{R}^N$ ^[11,36].

The mapping ${\cal F}\colon \, T \to {\cal E}^N$ is integrally bounded if there exists an integrable function $\omega(\tau)$ such that $\|x\|\le \omega(\tau)$ for $x\in {\cal F}_0(\tau)$.

We will denote by $\int\limits_{\alpha}^{\beta}{\cal F}(\tau)\, d\tau$ the integral of ${\cal F}$ on the interval $T$ defined as

for any $0 < \varkappa\le1$.

The strictly measurable and integrally bounded mapping ${\cal F}\colon \; T\to\mathbb{R}^N$ is integrable on $I$, if $\int\limits_T {\cal F}(\tau)\, d\tau\in {\cal E}^N$.

Numerous important properties of fuzzy functions are given in ^[2,4,11].

2.4.   Hukuhara-type derivative

Let $\xi, \eta \in {\cal E}^N$. If there exists $\zeta \in {\cal E}^N$ such that $\xi = \eta+\zeta$, $\zeta$ is determined as the Hukuhara-type difference of the subsets $\xi$ and $\eta$ and is denoted by $\xi-\eta$.

If both limits in the metric space $({\cal E}^N, \Delta)$

exist and are equal to $L$, then the mapping ${\cal F}\colon \, T\to {\cal E}^N$ is differentiable at the point $\tau_0\in T$, and $L = {\cal F}'(\tau_0)\in {\cal E}^N$.

The family $\{D_H {\cal F}_{\varkappa}(\tau):\varkappa\in[0, 1]\}$ determines an element ${\cal F}'(\tau)\in {\cal E}^N$. If ${\cal F}_\varkappa$ is differentiable, then the multivalued mapping ${\cal F}_\varkappa$ is differentiable in the sense of Hukuhara for all $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$ and

where $D_H{\cal F}_\varkappa$ is the Hukuhara-type derivative of ${\cal F}_\varkappa$.

Several basic properties of differentiable mappings ${\cal F}\colon \, I\to {\cal E}^N$ in the Hukuhara sense are given below:

$1)$ ${\cal F}$ is continuous on $T$;

$2)$ For $\tau_1, \tau_2\in T$ and $\tau_1\neq \tau_2$ there exists an $\iota \in {\cal E}^N$ such that ${\cal F}(\tau_2) = {\cal F}(\tau_1)+\iota$;

$3)$ If the derivative $\cal F'$ is integrable on $T$, then

$4)$ If ${\theta}_{0}\in {\cal E}^N$ and $\theta_0(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll}1, & \text{for}\; \; x = 0, \\0, &x\in\mathbb{R}^N\setminus \{0\}\end{array}\right.$, then

3.   Regularization scheme for systems of fuzzy differential equations

In this section, we will introduce a regularization scheme for a system of fuzzy differential equations with respect to an uncertain parameter.

Consider the following fuzzy system with an uncertain parameter

where $\tau_0 \in \mathbb{R}_+$, $\xi\in {\cal E}^N$, $f\in C(\mathbb{R}_+\times{\cal E}^N\times {\cal S}, {\cal E}^N)$, $\mu\in{\cal S}$ is an uncertain parameter, $\cal S$ is a compact set in $\mathbb{R}^l$.

The parameter vector $\mu$ that represents the uncertainty in system (3.1) may vary in nature and can represent different characteristics. More precisely, the uncertainty parameter $\mu$:

$({\rm{a}})$ may represent an uncertain value of a certain physical parameter;

$({\rm{b}})$ may describe an estimate of an external disturbance;

$({\rm{c}})$ may represent an inaccurate measured value of the input effect of one of the subsystems on the other one;

$({\rm{d}})$ may represent some nonlinear elements of the considered mechanical system that are too complicated to be measured accurately;

$({\rm{e}})$ may be an indicator of the existence of some inaccuracies in the system (3.1);

$({\rm{f}})$ may be a union of the characteristics (a)–(e).

Denote

and suppose that $f_m(\tau, \xi)$, $f_M(\tau, \xi)\in C(\mathbb{R}_+\times{\cal E}^N, {\cal E}^N)$. It is clear that

for $(\tau, \xi, \mu)\in\mathbb{R}_+\times {\cal E}^N \times \cal S$.

For $(\tau, \eta)\in\mathbb{R}_+\times {\cal E}^N$ and $0\le\varkappa\le1$, we introduce a family of mappings $f_\varkappa(\tau, \eta)$ by

and, we will introduce a system of fuzzy differential equations corresponding to the system (3.1) as

where $f_\varkappa\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N, \, {\cal E}^N)$, $\, T = [\tau_0, \, \tau_0+a]$, $\, \tau_0\ge0$, $\, a > 0$, $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$.

We will say that the mapping $\eta \colon \; T\to {\cal E}^N$ is a solution of (3.6), if it is weakly continuous and satisfies the integral equation

for all $\tau\in T$ and any value of $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$.

The introduced fuzzy system of differential equations (3.6) is considered as a regularized system of the system (3.1) with respect to the uncertain parameter.

It is clear that for all $\tau\in T$ we have diam$[\xi(\tau)]^\varkappa\ge \text{diam}[\xi_0]^\varkappa$, for any value of $\, \varkappa\in[0, 1]$, where diam denotes the set diameter of any level ^[2,4,11].

The main goal and contribution of the present paper are to investigate some fundamental properties of the regularized system (3.6) on $T$ and $[\tau_0, \infty)$.

4.   Criteria for existence and uniqueness of solutions

In this section we will state criteria for the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the introduced regularized problem (3.6).

Theorem 4.1. If the family $f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \eta)\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N, {\cal E}^N)$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and there exists a positive constant $L_{\varkappa}$ such that

then for the problem (3.6) there exists a unique solution defined on $T$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Proof. We define a metric in $C(T, {\cal E}^N)$ as:

for all $\eta, \bar{\eta}\in {\cal E}^N$, where ${\lambda} = 2\max L_{\varkappa}$, ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$. The completeness of $({\cal E}^N, d)$implies the completeness of the space $(C(T, {\cal E}^N), H)$.

Let $\xi_{\varkappa}\in C(T, {\cal E}^N)$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and the mapping ${\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}$ is defined as

From the above definition we have that ${\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}\in C(T, {\cal E}^N)$ and

Since $d[\eta, \bar{\eta}] = H[\eta, \bar{\eta}]e^{{\lambda} \tau}$, we have

Given the choice of ${\lambda}$, from (4.1) we obtain

The last inequality implies the existence of a unique fixed point $\xi_{\varkappa}(\tau)$ for the operator ${\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}$ which is the solution of the initial value problem (3.6) for ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Now, let us define a second metric in $C(T, {\cal E}^N)$ as follows:

where $\eta, \bar{\eta}\in {\cal E}^N$, and consider a family of continuous functions that have equal variation over a given neighborhood. Such a family of functions is know to be equi-continuous ^[11].

Theorem 4.2. If the family $f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \eta)\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N, {\cal E}^N)$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and there exists a positive constant $\Omega_{\varkappa} > 0$ such that

then for the problem (3.6) there exists a unique solution defined on $T$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Proof. Let the set $B$, $B \subseteq C(T, {\cal E}^N)$ be bounded. Then, according to the definition of the mapping ${\cal T}$, the set ${\cal T}B = \{{\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}:\, \xi_{\varkappa}\in B, {\varkappa}\in[0, 1]\}$ is bounded, if it is equi-continuous, and for any $\tau\in T$ the set $[{\cal T}B](\tau) = \{[{\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}](\tau):\, \tau\in T, {\varkappa}\in[0, 1]\}$ is a bounded subset of ${\cal E} ^N$.

For $\tau_1 < \tau_2\in T$ and $\eta\in B$, we have from (2.1) that

where $\overline{\Omega} = \max\limits_{\varkappa} \Omega_{\varkappa}$. This implies the equi-continuity of the set ${\cal T}B$.

Also, for any fixed $\tau\in T$ we have that

for $\tau_1\in T$, $\eta\in B$.

From the above inequality, we conclude that the set $\{[{\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}](\tau):\, \xi_{\varkappa}\in B, {\varkappa}\in[0, 1]\}$ is bounded in the space ${\cal E}^N$, which, according to the Arzela–Ascoli theorem, implies that the set ${\cal T}B$ is a relatively compact subset of $C(T, {\cal E}^N)$.

Next, for ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and $M > 0$ we define $B^\ast = \{\xi_{\varkappa}\in C(T, {\cal E}^N):\, H^\ast[\xi_{\varkappa}, \theta_0] < M \overline{\Omega}$, $B^\ast \subseteq (C(T, {\cal E}^N), H^\ast)$.

Obviously, ${\cal T}B\subset B^\ast$, since $\xi_{\varkappa}\in C(T, {\cal E}^N)$, ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and $d[{\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}(\tau), {\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}(\tau_0)] = d[{\cal T}\xi_{\varkappa}(\tau), \theta_0]\leq |\tau-\tau_0|\Omega_{\varkappa} < M\overline{\Omega}$, ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$. Let $\theta_0(\tau) = \theta_0$ for $\tau\in T$, where $\theta_0(\tau):T\to {\cal E}^N$. Then

Hence, ${\cal T}$ is compact. Therefore, it has a fixed point $\xi_{\varkappa}(t)$, and according to the definition of ${\cal T}$, $\xi_{\varkappa}(t)$ is the solution of the initial value problem (3.6) for ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$. This completes the proof.

Remark 4.3. Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 offered new existence criteria for the regularized system (3.6). The proposed criteria show that the idea to use a family of mappings and regularize the fuzzy system (3.1) with respect to uncertain parameters greatly benefits its analysis. Note that due to some limitations and difficulties in the study of fuzzy differential systems with uncertain parameters, the published results in this direction are very few ^[11,18]. Hence, the proposed regularization procedure complements such published accomplishments and, due to the offered advantages is more appropriate for applications.

Remark 4.4. The proposed existence results also extend and generalize some recently published existence results for differential systems with initial and nonlocal boundary conditions ^[37], where the fixed-point argument plays a crucial role in manipulating the integral equation, to the fuzzy case.

The validity of Theorem 4.1 is demonstrated by the next example.

Example 4.5. Let $f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \eta) = A_{\varkappa}\eta+B_{\varkappa}$ for any value of ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and $A_{\varkappa}, B_{\varkappa} \in\mathbb{E}^1.$ Consider the initial value problem

It is easy to show that

where $L_{\varkappa} = \max\mid A_{\varkappa}\mid$ for ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 4.1 are satisfied, and hence there exists a unique solution of the initial value problem (4.4)-(4.5). The unique solution is of the type

where

for any value of ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$. A solution in the form of (4.6) is compact for all $t\in T$ and the union contains all upper and lower solutions of the problem (4.4)-(4.5). For the rationale for this approach, see ^[11], pp. 150–155).

Remark 4.6. The conditions of Theorem 4.1 imply the following estimate

for all $t\in T$, $\eta, \bar{\eta}\in\mathbb{E}^1$ and any value of ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$. Hence, for $\Omega_{\varkappa} = \frac{1}{2}L_{\varkappa} d[\eta, \bar{\eta}]$ all conditions of Theorem 4.1. are also satisfied. Therefore, the conditions of Theorem 4.2 are some modifications of these of Theorem 4.1.

5.   Distance between solutions

Given that the inequalities

are satisfied for all $(\tau, \eta)\in T\times {\cal E}^N$, it is important and interesting to evaluate the distance between two solutions $\eta(\tau)$, $\bar{\eta}(\tau)$ of the regularized system (3.6) depending on the initial data. This is the aim of the present section.

Theorem 5.1. Assume the following:

1) The family $f_{\varkappa}\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N, {\cal E}^N)$ for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

2) There exists a continuous function $g(\tau, \zeta)$, $g:\ T\times\mathbb{R}_+ \to \mathbb{R}$, which is nondecreasing with respect to its second variable $\zeta$ for any $\tau \in T$, and such that for $(\tau, \eta), (\tau, \bar{\eta})\in T\times {\cal E}^N$ and ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$,

3) The maximal solution $u(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$ of the scalar problem

exists on $T$.

4) The functions $\eta(\tau)$ and $\bar{\eta}(\tau)$ are any two solutions of the problem (3.6) defined on $T$, corresponding to initial data $(\eta_0, \bar{\eta}_0)$ such that $d[\eta_0, \bar{\eta}_0]\leq y_0$.

Then,

Proof. Set $d[\eta(\tau), \bar{\eta}(\tau)] = \rho(\tau)$. Then, $\rho(\tau_0) = d[\eta_0, \bar{\eta}_0]$. Also, from (3.7), for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ we obtain

Using (5.2) we get

Applying to (5.3) Theorem 1.6.1 from ^[38], we conclude that the estimate (5.1) is satisfied for any $\tau \in T$ and ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Remark 5.2. The estimate offered in Theorem 5.1 is based on the integral equation, and on the existence and uniqueness results established in Section 4. Such estimations are crucial in the investigation of the qualitative properties of the solutions when the Lyapunov method is applied. Hence, the proposed result can be developed by the use of the Lyapunov technique in the study of the stability, periodicity and almost periodicity behavior of the states of the regularized system (3.6).

Condition 2 of Theorem 5.1 can be weakened while maintaining its statement.

Theorem 5.3. Assume that Condition 1 of Theorem 5.1 holds, and that the following are true:

1) There exists a family of functions $g_{\varkappa}\in C(T\times \mathbb{R}_+, \mathbb{R})$ such that

for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ and $(\tau, \eta), (\tau, \bar{\eta}) \in \mathbb{R}_+\times {\cal E}^N$.

2) The maximal solution $u_{\varkappa}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$ of the scalar problem

is defined on $T$.

Then,

where $\eta(\tau)$ and $\bar{\eta}(\tau)$ are any two solutions of the problem (3.6) defined on $T$, corresponding to initial data $(\eta_0, \bar{\eta}_0)$ such that $d[\eta_0, \bar{\eta}_0]\leq y_0$ and $\overline{u}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0) = \max\limits_{\varkappa} u_{\varkappa}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$.

Proof. Denote again $\rho(t) = d[\eta(\tau), \bar{\eta}(\tau)]$. Then, for the difference $\rho(\tau+h)-\rho(\tau)$, $h > 0$, we have

From the above inequalities, we get

The conclusion of Theorem 5.3 follows in the same way as in Theorem 5.1 by applying Theorem 1.6.1 from ^[38] to (5.5). Hence, for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$ we get

and, therefore, $d[\eta(\tau), \bar{\eta}(\tau)]\leq \overline{u}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$ for $\tau\in T$. The proof of Theorem 5.2 is complete.

Theorems 5.1 and 5.3 offer also the opportunities for estimating the distance between an arbitrary solution $\eta(\tau)$ of the regularized problem (3.6) and the "steady state" $\theta_0\in {\cal E}^N$ of (3.6).

Corollary 5.4. Assume that Condition 1 of Theorem 5.1 holds, and that the family of functions $g_{\varkappa}^\ast\in C(T\times \mathbb{R}_+, \mathbb{R})$ is such that

(a) $d[f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \eta), \theta_0]\leq g_{\varkappa}^\ast (\tau, d[\eta, \theta_0])$ or

(b) $\lim\sup\{[d[\eta+hf_{\varkappa}(\tau, \eta), \theta_0]-d[\eta, \theta_0]]h^{-1}:\, h\to 0^+\}\leq g_{\varkappa}^\ast(\tau, d[\eta, \theta_0])$ for all $\tau\in T$, ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Then $d[\eta_0, \theta_0]\leq y_0$ implies

where $\overline{u}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0) = \max\limits_{\varkappa} u_{\varkappa}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$, $u_{\varkappa}(\tau, \tau_0, y_0)$ is the maximal solution of the family of comparison problem

and $\eta(\tau)$ is an arbitrary solution of the problem (3.6) defined on $T$, corresponding to the initial value $\eta_0$.

Corollary 5.5. If in Corollary 5.4, $g_{\varkappa}^\ast(\tau, d[\eta, \theta_0]) = {\lambda}(\tau)d[\eta, \theta_0]$ with ${\lambda}(\tau) > 0$ for $\tau\in T$, then the estimate (5.6) has the form

for any ${\varkappa}\in[0, 1]$.

Remark 5.6. All established results for the regularized system (3.6) can be applied to obtain corresponding results for the uncertain fuzzy problem (3.1). Thus, the proposed regularized scheme offers a new approach to study a class of fuzzy differential systems with uncertainties via systems of type (3.6), which significantly simplifies their analysis and is very appropriate for applied models of type (3.1). This will be demonstrated by the next example.

Remark 5.7. The proposed regularized scheme and the corresponding approach can be extended to more general systems considering delay effects, impulsive effects and fractional-order dynamics.

Example 5.8. We will apply Theorem 5.1 to estimate the distance between a solution of the problem (3.1) and the equilibrium state $\theta_{0}$. To this end, we consider a particular function $g(\tau, \zeta)$ from Condition 2 of Theorem 5.1. We transform the fuzzy equation in (3.1) by using the regularized process to the form

where $g(\tau, \xi, \mu) = f(\tau, \xi, \mu)-f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \xi)$ for all $\mu\in \cal{S}$. Further we will suppose that $f_{\varkappa}\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N, {\cal E}^N)$ for all $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$ and $g\in C(T\times {\cal E}^N \times {\cal{S}}, {\cal E}^N)$, $T\subseteq[\tau_0, \alpha]$, $g(\tau, 0, \mu)\neq 0$ for all $\tau\geq \tau_0$.

Let $f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \xi)$ and $g(\tau, \xi, \mu)$ be such that for all $\tau\in T$ there exist continuous positive functions $\Omega(\tau)$ and $o(\tau)$ satisfying the hypotheses

$1)$ $d[f_{\varkappa}(\tau, \xi), \theta_0]\leq \Omega(\tau)d[\xi, \theta_0]$ for all $\varkappa\in[0, 1]$;

$2)$ $d[g(\tau, \xi, \mu), \theta_0]\leq o(\tau)d^q[\xi, \theta_0]$ for all $\mu \in \cal{S}$;

$3)$ $\psi(\tau_0, \tau) = (q-1)d^{q-1}[\xi_0, \theta_0] \int\limits_{\tau_0}^{\tau}o(\sigma)\exp\bigg[(q-1) \int\limits_{\tau_0}^{\sigma}\Omega(\upsilon)d\upsilon\bigg]d\sigma < 1, \ q > 1$.

For the family of equations (5.7), we assume that Hypotheses $1$–$3$ are fulfilled for all $\tau, \sigma\in[\tau_0, \alpha]$.

Then, the deviations of any solution $\xi(\tau)$ of (5.7) from the state $\theta_0\in {\cal E}^N$ are estimated as follows

for all $\tau\in[\tau_0, \alpha]$.

From (5.7), we have

Let $z(t) = d[\xi(\tau), \theta_0]$. Then $z(\tau_0) = d[\xi_0, \theta_0]$, and

In view of Hypotheses $1$ and $2$, the inequality (5.10) yields

or

Applying the estimation technique from ^[39] to inequality (5.11), we obtain the estimate

From (5.12) we obtain (5.8).

If the Hypotheses $1$ and $2$ are satisfied and $0 < q < 1$, then by applying Theorem 2.2 from ^[40] to the inequality (5.11), we get the estimate (5.8) in the form

for all $\tau \in [\tau_0, \alpha]$.

6.   Concluding remarks

In this paper we investigate some fundamental properties of fuzzy differential equations using a new approach. We introduce a regularization scheme for systems of fuzzy differential equations with uncertain parameters. Existence and uniqueness criteria for the regularized equations are established. Estimates about the distance between solutions of the regularized equations are also proposed. The proposed technique and the new results will allow us to consider the qualitative properties of the solutions such as stability, boundedness, periodicity, etc. The introduced approach can also be extended to study delayed systems and impulsive control systems via modifications of the Lyapunov theory ^{[41,42,43,44]}. The advantages of the proposed regularization procedure can be implemented in various fuzzy models such as fuzzy neural networks with uncertain parameters, fuzzy models in biology with uncertain parameters, fuzzy models in economics with uncertain parameters, and much more. Numerical applications of our finding in a way that is similar to ^[45] are also interesting and challenging further directions of research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.