Smoking and prevalence of COVID-19: Evidence from studies from January 2020 – May 2020

Rafia Butt; Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani; Muhammad Aslam; Mohammed Albassam; Rafia Butt; Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani; Muhammad Aslam; Mohammed Albassam

doi:10.3934/publichealth.2023038

AIMS Public Health

2023, Volume 10, Issue 3: 538-552. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023038

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Research article

Smoking and prevalence of COVID-19: Evidence from studies from January 2020 – May 2020

1.
College of Statistical Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
2.
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia

Received: 14 March 2023 Revised: 29 May 2023 Accepted: 06 June 2023 Published: 19 June 2023

It is well-known that smoking tobacco harms the respiratory system and can lead to various health problems. Regarding COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, smoking may have implications for both the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. Several studies have explored the association between smoking and COVID-19. However, findings have been somewhat inconsistent and vary from region to region for sample size. This article aims to study the prevalence of COVID-19 among those affected with their ongoing smoking history by computing pooled estimates of the published research. Fixed effect meta-analysis by following the guidelines of PRISMA has been carried out on 34 studies. The patients with confirmed RT-PCR and CT-scan were included, a total of 13,368; The studies' quality assessment was performed according to the Appraisal Checklist recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The effect sizes of the published research are presented in the form of pooled estimates with their respective confidence intervals. Forest plots are used to represent the effect size graphically. Current smokers' effect sizes are 0.12 (CI = 0.11–0.12); for non-smokers, it is estimated to be 0.88 (CI = 0.88–0.89). The heterogeneity statistic I² describes 0% of the total variation, meaning no heterogeneity among studies exists. A higher prevalence of COVID-19 among non-smokers is observed than the smokers.
- COVID-19,
- PRISMA,
- pooled proportion,
- forest plot,
- smoking,
- prevalence,
- effect size
Citation: Rafia Butt, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani, Muhammad Aslam, Mohammed Albassam. Smoking and prevalence of COVID-19: Evidence from studies from January 2020 – May 2020[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(3): 538-552. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023038

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Abstract

It is well-known that smoking tobacco harms the respiratory system and can lead to various health problems. Regarding COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, smoking may have implications for both the risk of infection and the severity of the disease. Several studies have explored the association between smoking and COVID-19. However, findings have been somewhat inconsistent and vary from region to region for sample size. This article aims to study the prevalence of COVID-19 among those affected with their ongoing smoking history by computing pooled estimates of the published research. Fixed effect meta-analysis by following the guidelines of PRISMA has been carried out on 34 studies. The patients with confirmed RT-PCR and CT-scan were included, a total of 13,368; The studies' quality assessment was performed according to the Appraisal Checklist recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The effect sizes of the published research are presented in the form of pooled estimates with their respective confidence intervals. Forest plots are used to represent the effect size graphically. Current smokers' effect sizes are 0.12 (CI = 0.11–0.12); for non-smokers, it is estimated to be 0.88 (CI = 0.88–0.89). The heterogeneity statistic I² describes 0% of the total variation, meaning no heterogeneity among studies exists. A higher prevalence of COVID-19 among non-smokers is observed than the smokers.

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the editor and reviewers for their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.

Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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