Research article Special Issues

The vanishing discount problem for monotone systems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Part 1: linear coupling

  • We establish a convergence theorem for the vanishing discount problem for a weakly coupled system of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The crucial step is the introduction of Mather measures and their relatives for the system, which we call respectively viscosity Mather and Green-Poisson measures. This is done by the convex duality and the duality between the space of continuous functions on a compact set and the space of Borel measures on it. This is part 1 of our study of the vanishing discount problem for systems, which focuses on the linear coupling, while part 2 will be concerned with nonlinear coupling.

    Citation: Hitoshi Ishii. The vanishing discount problem for monotone systems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Part 1: linear coupling[J]. Mathematics in Engineering, 2021, 3(4): 1-21. doi: 10.3934/mine.2021032

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  • We establish a convergence theorem for the vanishing discount problem for a weakly coupled system of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The crucial step is the introduction of Mather measures and their relatives for the system, which we call respectively viscosity Mather and Green-Poisson measures. This is done by the convex duality and the duality between the space of continuous functions on a compact set and the space of Borel measures on it. This is part 1 of our study of the vanishing discount problem for systems, which focuses on the linear coupling, while part 2 will be concerned with nonlinear coupling.


    Dedicated to Italo Capuzzo Dolcetta with friendship, respect, and admiration on the occasion of his retirement.

    We consider the weakly coupled m-system of Hamilton-Jacobi equations

    λvλ+Bvλ+H[vλ]=0   in Tn,(Pλ)

    where mN, λ is a nonnegative constant, called the discount factor in terms of optimal control. Here Tn denotes the n-dimensional flat torus, H=(Hi)iI is a family of Hamiltonians given by

    Hi(x,p)=maxξΞ[gi(x,ξ)pLi(x,ξ)],(H)

    where I={1,,m}, Ξ is a given compact metric space, g=(gi)iIC(Tn×Ξ,Rn)m and L=(Li)iIC(Tn×Ξ)m. The unknown in (Pλ) is an Rm-valued function vλ=(vλi)iI on Tn, B:C(Tn)mC(Tn)m is a linear map represented by a matrix B=(bij)i,jIC(Tn)m×m, that is,

    (Bu)i(x)=(B(x)u(x))i:=jIbij(x)uj(x)   for (x,i)Tn×I.

    We use the abbreviated notation H[vλ] to denote (Hi(x,Dvλi(x))iI. The system is called weakly coupled since the i-th equation depends on Dvλ only through Dvλi but not on Dvλj, with ji. Problem (Pλ) can be stated in the component-wise style as

    λvλi+jIbij(x)vλj+Hi(x,Dvλi)=0   in Tn, iI.

    We are mainly concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the solution vλ of (Pλ) as λ0+. Asymptotic problems in this class are called the vanishing discount problem, in view that the constant λ in (Pλ) appears as a discount factor in the dynamic programming PDE in optimal control.

    Recently, there has been a keen interest in the vanishing discount problem concerned with Hamilton-Jacobi equations and, furthermore, fully nonlinear degenerate elliptic PDEs. We refer to [1,7,10,12,19,20,23,24,25,27] for relevant work. The asymptotic analysis in these papers relies heavily on Mather measures or their generalizations and, thus, it is considered part of the Aubry-Mather and weak KAM theories. For the development of these theories we refer to [14,16,17] and the references therein.

    We are here interested in the case of systems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations and, indeed, Davini and Zavidovique in [12] have established a general convergence result for the vanishing discount problem for (Pλ). We establish a result (Theorem 9 below) similar to the main result of [12]. In establishing our convergence result, we adapt the argument in [23] (see also [18]) to the case of systems, especially, to construct generalized Mather measures for (Pλ). Regarding the recent developments of the weak KAM theory and asymptotic analysis in its influence for systems, we refer to [5,6,26,28,29,30,33].

    The new argument, which is different from that of [12], makes it fairly easy to build a generalized Mather measure for systems in a wide class. One advantage of our argument is that it allows us to treat the case where the coupling matrix B in (Pλ) depends on the space variable xTn. As in [20,23], our approach is applicable to the system with nonlinear coupling of fully nonlinear second-order elliptic PDEs, but we restrict ourselves in this paper to the case of the linearly coupled system of first-order Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Another possible approach for constructing generalized Mather measures is the so-called adjoint method (see [5,15,19,27,33]).

    This paper is part 1 of our study of the vanishing discount problem for weakly coupled systems of Hamilton-Jacobi equations and deals only with the linear coupling and with compact control sets Ξ. These restrictions make the presentation of our results clear and transparent. In part 2 [20], we remove these restrictions and establish a general convergence result extending Theorem 9 below. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to the study of ergodic problems of the form Bu+H[u]=c, where cRm is an unknown as well. Also, thanks to the linearity of the coupling, our results on the ergodic problems are applied to extend the scope of Theorem 9. On the other hand, the role of the ergodic problem, with general right-hand side c, is not clear at least for the author in the vanishing discount problem for the systems with the nonlinear coupling.

    In this paper, we adopt the notion of viscosity solution to (Pλ), for which the reader may consult [2,4,8,31].

    To proceed, we give our main assumptions on the system (Pλ).

    We assume that H is coercive, that is, for any iI,

    lim|p|minxTnHi(x,p)=.(C)

    This is a convenient assumption, under which any upper semicontinuous subsolution of (Pλ) is Lipschitz continuous on Tn.

    We assume that B(x)=(bij(x)) is a monotone matrix for every xTn, that is, it satisfies

    for any xTn, if u=(ui)iIRm and uk=maxiIui0, then (B(x)u)k0.    (M)

    This is a natural assumption that (Pλ) should possess the comparison principle between a subsolution and a supersolution.

    In what follows we set, for λ0,

    Bλ=λI+B,

    and (Pλ) can be written as

    Bλvλ+H[vλ]=0   in Tn.

    We use the symbol uv (resp., uv) for m-vectors u,vRn to indicate uivi (resp., uivi) for all iI.

    The following theorem is well-known: see [13,22] for instance.

    Theorem 1. Assume (C) and (M). Let λ>0. Then the exists a unique solution vλLip(Tn)m of (Pλ). Also, if v=(vi),w=(wi) are, respectively, upper and lower semicontinuous on Tn and a subsolution and a supersolution of (Pλ), then vw on Tn.

    Henceforth, let 1 denote the vector (1,,1)Rm.

    Outline of proof. We follow the line of the arguments in [22]. Although [22] is concerned with the case when the domain is an open subset of a Euclidean space, the results in [22] is valid in the case when the domain is Tn.

    Choose a large constant C>0 so that the constant functions ±C1 are a supersolution and a subsolution of (Pλ), respectively. (See also (2.3) below.) According to [22,Theorems 3.3,Lemma 4.8], there is a function vλ=(vλi)iI:TnRm such that the upper and lower semicontinuous envelopes (vλ) and vλ are a subsolution and a supersolution of (Pλ), respectively. By the coercivity assumption (C), we find (see [9,Theorem I.14], [21,Example 1]) that the functions (vλi) are Lipschitz continuous on Tn. Let R1>0 be a Lipschitz bound of the functions (vλi). To take into account the Lipschitz property of (vλi), we modify the Hamiltonian H. Fix any M>0 so that

    max(x,ξ,i)Tn×Ξ×I|gi(x,ξ)|<M, (1.1)

    and choose constants N>0 and R2>0 so that

    Hi(x,p)M|p|N   for (x,p,i)Tn×BR1×I,

    and, in view of (1.1),

    Hi(x,p)M|p|N   for (x,p,i)Tn×BR2×I.

    Define G=(Gi)iIC(Tn×Rn)m by

    Gi(x,p)=Hi(x,p)(M|p|N).

    By the choice of R1, it is easy to see that (vλ) is a subsolution of

    λu+Bu+G[u]=0  Tn. (1.2)

    Also, since GH, vλ is a supersolution of (1.2). Observe furthermore that, if |p|R2, then

    Gi(x,p)=M|p|N   for (x,i)Tn×I,

    the functions Gi are uniformly continuous on Tn×BR2, and hence, for some continuous function ω on [0,), with ω(0)=0,

    |Gi(x,p)Gi(y,p)|ω(|xy|)   for (x,y,p)(Tn)2×Rn,iI.

    The last inequality above shows that G satisfies [22,(A.2)], which allows us to apply [22,Theorem 4.7], to conclude that (vλ)vλ on Tn and, moreover, that vλLip(Tn). Similarly, we deduce that the comparison assertion is valid. Thus, vλ is a unique solution of (Pλ).

    Regarding the coercivity (C), the following proposition is well-knwon.

    Proposition 2. The function given by (H) satisfies (C) if and only if there exists δ>0 such that

    Bδco{gi(x,ξ):ξΞ}  for(x,i)Tn×I, (1.3)

    where co designates "convex hull" and Bδ denotes the open ball with origin at the origin and radius δ.

    Outline of proof. Set C(x,i)=co{gi(x,ξ):ξΞ}. Assume that (1.3) is valid for some δ>0 and observe that

    Hi(x,p,u)maxξΞgi(x,ξ)pmax(x,i,ξ)Tn×I×ΞLi(x,ξ)=maxqC(x,i)qpmax(x,i,ξ)Tn×I×ΞLi(x,ξ)supqBδqpmax(x,i,ξ)Tn×I×ΞLi(x,ξ)=δ|p|max(x,i,ξ)Tn×I×ΞLi(x,ξ),

    which shows that (C) holds.

    Next, assume that (1.3) does not hold for any δ>0. Then there exists (xk,ik)Tn×I for each kN such that

    B1/kC(xk,ik).

    For each kN select qkB1/kC(xk,ik) and rkC(xk,ik) so that rk is the point of C(xk,ik) closest to qk. (Notice that C(xk,ik) is a compact convex set.) Setting νk=(qkrk)/|qkrk|, we find that

    νk(qrk)0   for qC(xk,ik).

    Sending k along an appropriate subsequence, say (kj)jN, we find that there are a unit vector ν=limjνkj of Rn, r=limjrkjRn and (x,i)Tn×I such that

    rC(x,i)   and   ν(qr)0   for qC(x,i).

    If r0, then we have ν=r/|r|, since limkqk=0, and the inequality above reads

    νq|r|<0   for qC(x,i).

    These observations imply that for t>0,

    Hi(x,tν)=maxξΞtgi(x,ξ)νminξΞLi(x,ξ)minξΞLi(x,ξ),

    which shows that (C) does not hold. This completes the proof.

    The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall some basic facts concerning monotone matrices. In Section 3, we study viscosity Green-Poisson measures for our system, which are crucial in our asymptotic analysis. We establish the main result for the vanishing discount problem in Section 4. We study the ergodic problem (P0) in the cases when B is irreducible, and B is a constant matrix, respectively, in Sections 5 and 6, and combine the results with the analysis on the vanishing discount problem of Section 4.

    Here we are concerned with m×m real matrix B=(bij)i,jI.

    Let ei denote the vector (ei1,,eim), with eii=1 and eij=0 if ij.

    Lemma 3. Let B=(bij) be a real m×m matrix. It is monotone if and only if

    bij0  ifij  and  jIbij0  foriI. (2.1)

    We remark that if B satisfies (2.1), then

    bii=jIbijjibij0. (2.2)

    Proof. We assume first that B is monotone. Since

    1i=1=maxj1j>0,

    By the monotonicity of B, we have

    0(B1)i=mj=1bij1j=mj=1bij   for iI. (2.3)

    Similarly, if ij and t0, then we have 1=(eitej)i=maxkI(eitej)k and hence,

    0(B(eitej))i=biitbij,

    from which we find by sending t that

    bij0.

    Hence, (2.1) is satisfied.

    Next, we assume that (2.1) holds. Let uRm satisfy

    uk=maxiIui0.

    Then we observe that, since ukuj for all jI,

    (Bu)k=jIbkjuj=bkkuk+jkbkjuj=bkkuk+jkbkjuk=ukjIbkj0.

    Thus, B is monotone.

    Lemma 4. Let uRm and C0 be a constant. Let B be an m×m real monotone matrix. Then we have

    B(uC1)BuB(u+C1).

    Proof. Using Lemma 3, we see that

    (B1)i=jIbij0   for iI,

    which states that B10. It is then obvious to compute that

    B(u+C1)Bu=CB1,BuB(uC1)=CB1   and   CB10

    and therefore,

    B(u+C1)BuB(uC1).

    For λ0 we write F(λ) for the set of all (ϕ,u)C(Tn×Ξ)m×C(Tn)m such that u is a subsolution of

    Bλu+Hϕ[u]=0   in Tn,

    where Hϕ=(Hϕ,i)iI and

    Hϕ.i(x,p)=maxξΞ(gi(x,ξ)pϕi(x,ξ)).

    In the above, since ϕ is bounded on Tn×Ξ, if H satisfies (C), then Hϕ satisfies (C).

    Lemma 5. The set F(λ) is a convex cone in C(Tn×Ξ)m×C(Tn)m with vertex at the origin.

    Proof. Recall [3,Remark 2.5] that for any uLip(Tn)m, u is a subsolution of

    Bλu+H[u]=0   in Tn

    if and only if for any iI,

    (Bλu)i(x)+Hi(x,Dui(x))0   a.e. in Tn,

    and by the coercivity (C) that for any (ϕ,u)F(λ), we have uLip(Tn)m.

    Fix (ϕ,u),(ψ,v)F(λ) and t,s[0,). Fix iI and observe that

    (Bλu)i(x)+Hϕ,i(x,Dui(x))0   a.e. in Tn,(Bλv)i(x)+Hψ,i(x,Dvi(x))0   a.e. in Tn,

    which imply that there is a set NTn of Lebesgue measure zero such that

    (Bλu)i(x)g(x,ξ)Dui(x)+ϕi(x.ξ)   for all (x,ξ)TnN×Ξ,(Bλv)i(x)gi(x,ξ)Dvi(x)+ψi(x,ξ)   for all (x,ξ)TnN×Ξ.

    Multiplying the first and second by t and s, respectively, adding the resulting inequalities and setting w=tu+sv, we obtain

    (Bλw)i(x)g(x,ξ)Dwi(x)+(tϕi+sψ)(x.ξ)   for all (x,ξ)TnN×Ξ,

    which readily implies that t(ϕ,u)+s(ψ,v)F(λ).

    We refer the reader to [23,Lemma 2.2] for another proof of the above lemma.

    We establish a representation formula for the solution of (Pλ), with λ>0, by modifying the argument in [23] (see also [18]).

    For any nonnegative Borel measure ν on Tn×Ξ and ϕC(Tn×Ξ), we write

    ν,ϕ=Tn×Ξϕ(x,ξ)ν(dx,dξ).

    Similarly, for any collection ν=(νi)iI of nonnegative Borel measures on Tn×Ξ and ϕ=(ϕi)C(Tn×Ξ)m, we write

    ν,ϕ=iIνi,ϕiR.

    Note that any collection ν=(νi)iI of nonnegative Borel measures on Tn×Ξ is regarded as a nonnegative Borel measure on Tn×Ξ×I and vice versa.

    We set

    ρi(x):=jIbij(x)   for iI.

    Note that

    B1=(b11(x)b1m(x)bm1(x)bmm(x))(11)=(ρ1(x)ρm(x))   and   Bλ1=(λ+ρ1(x)λ+ρm(x)). (3.1)

    By assumption (M) and Lemma 3, we have ρi0 on Tn for all iI.

    Given a constant λ>0, let PBλ denote the set of of nonnegative Borel measures ν=(νi)iI on Tn×Ξ×I such that

    ν,Bλ=1.

    The last condition reads

    iI(λ|νi|+νi,ρi)=1,

    where |νi| denotes the total mass of νi on Tn×Ξ. Note as well that PBλ can be identified with the space of Borel probability measures on Tn×Ξ×I by the correspondence between ν=(νi)iI and iI(λ+ρi)νiδi, where indicates the product of two measures and δi denotes the Dirac measure at i. If we set μ:=iI(λ+ρi)νiδi and consider μ as a collection (μi) of measures on Tn×Ξ, then νi=(λ+ρi)1μi. We denote simply by P the space of Borel probability measures on Tn×Ξ×I.

    For λ0 and (z,k)Tn×I we set

    G(z,k,λ):={ϕuk(z)Bλ1:(ϕ,u)F(λ)}C(Tn×Ξ)m,

    and

    G(z,k,λ)={ν=(νi)iIPBλ:ν,f0   for  f=(fi)G(z,k,λ)}.

    Theorem 6. Assume (H), (C) and (M). Let λ>0 and (z,k)Tn×I. Let vλC(Tn×I) be the unique solution of (Pλ). Then there exists a νz,k,λ=(νz,k,λi)iIG(z,k,λ) such that

    vλk(z)=νz,k,λ,L. (3.2)

    We remark that for any νG(z,k,λ) we have ν,Lvλk(z)ν,Bλ=vλk(z) and, accordingly, in the theorem above, the measures νz,k,λ has the minimizing property:

    vλk(z)=νz,k,λ,L=minνG(z,k,λ)ν,L. (3.3)

    We call any minimizing family (νi)iIPBλ of the optimization problem above a viscosity Green-Poisson measure for (Pλ).

    Proof. Note first that (L,vλ)F(λ) and hence, for any νG(z,k,λ),

    0ν,Lvλk(z)Bλ=ν,Lvλk(z)ν,Bλ=ν,Lvλk(z). (3.4)

    Next, we show that

    sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)infνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ=0. (3.5)

    Note that for zTn,

    sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)infνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))BλinfνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ|(ϕ,u)=(L,vλ)=0.

    Hence, in order to prove (3.5), we only need to show that

    sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)infνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ0. (3.6)

    We postpone the proof of (3.6) and, assuming temporarily that (3.5) is valid, we prove that there exists νG(z,k,λ) such that

    vλk(z)=ν,L, (3.7)

    which, together with (3.4), completes the proof.

    To prove (3.7), we observe that PBλ and, by Lemma 5, F(λ) are convex,

    PBλνν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ

    is convex and continuous, in the topology of weak convergence of measures, for any (ϕ,u)F(λ) and

    F(λ)(ϕ,u)ν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ

    is concave and continuous for any νPBλ. Hence, noting moreover that Tn×Ξ×I is a compact set, we apply the minimax theorem ([34,32]), to find from (3.5) that

    0=sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)minνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ=minνPBλsup(ϕ,u)F(λ)ν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ. (3.8)

    Observe by using the cone property of F(λ) that

    sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)ν,uk(z)Bλϕ={0 if  νG(z,k,λ), if  νPBλG(z,k,λ).

    This and (3.8) yield

    0=minνPBλsup(ϕ,u)F(λ)ν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z)Bλ=minνG(z,k,λ)sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)ν,Lvλk(z)Bλ=minνG(z,k,λ)ν,Lvλk(z)Bλ=minνG(z,k,λ)(ν,Lvλk(z)ν,Bλ)=minνG(z,k,λ)ν,Lvλk(z),

    which proves (3.7).

    It remains to show (3.6). For this, we argue by contradiction and thus suppose that (3.6) does not hold. Accordingly, we have

    sup(ϕ,u)F(λ)infνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ>ε

    for some ε>0. We may select (ϕ,u)F(λ) so that

    infνPBλν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ>ε.

    That is, for any νPBλ, we have

    ν,Lϕ+(uk(z)vλk(z))Bλ>ε=ν,εBλ.

    Plugging ν=(λ+ρi)1δ(x,ξ,i)PBλ, with any (x,ξ,i)Tn×Ξ×I, into the above, we find that

    (Liϕi)(x,ξ)(vλk(z)uk(z)ε)(Bλ1)i>0.

    Hence, we have

    ϕ(x,ξ)<L(x,ξ)+(uk(z)vλk(z)ε)Bλ1   for (x.ξ)Tn×Rn.

    This ensures that u is a subsolution of

    Bλu+H[u]=(uk(z)vλk(z)ε)Bλ1   in Tn,

    which implies that u(uk(z)vλk(z)ε)1 is a subsolution of (Pλ). By comparison (Theorem 1), we get

    u(x)(uk(z)vλk(z)ε)vλ(x)   for xTn.

    The k-th component of the above, evaluated at x=z, yields an obvious contradiction. Thus we conclude that (3.6) holds.

    We have the following characterization of G(z,k,λ).

    Proposition 7. Assume (H), (C) and (M) hold. Let ν=(νi)iIPBλ and (z,k,λ)Tn×I×(0,). Then we have νG(z,k,λ) if and only if

    iIνi,(Bλψ)igiDψi=ψk(z)  for ψ=(ψi)iIC1(Tn)m. (3.9)

    Proof. Assume first that νG(z,k,λ). Fix any ψ=(ψi)iIC1(Tn)m and define ϕ=(ϕi)iIC(Tn×I)m by

    ϕi(x,ξ)=(Bλψ)i(x)gi(x,ξ)Dψi(x).

    Observe that u:=±ψ satisfy, respectively,

    Bλu+H±ϕ[u]=0   in Tn,

    and, hence,

    ±(ϕ,ψ)F(λ).

    Since νG(z,k,λ), we have

    ±ψk(z)ν,±ϕ=±ν,ϕ,

    respectively, which shows that (3.9) is valid.

    Now, assume that (3.9) is satisfied. Fix any (u,ϕ)F(λ). As noted in the proof of Theorem 1, we have uLip(Tn). By the standard mollification technique, given a positive constant ε>0, we can approximate u by a smooth function uε so that

    maxTn|uuε|<ε   and   Bλuε+Hϕ[uε]εBλ1   in Tn.

    The last inequality reads

    Bλuεi(x)gi(x,ξ)Duεi(x)ϕi(x,ξ)ε(Bλ1)i(x)   for (x,ξ,i)Tn×Rn×I.

    Integrating the above by νi, summing up in iI and using (3.9), we get

    uεk(z)ν,ϕεν,Bλ=ε.

    Sending ε0 shows that νG(z,k,λ).

    It is convenient to restate the theorem above as follows. For μ=(μi)iIP and λ>0, consider ν=(νi)iIPBλ given by

    νi:=(λ+ρi)1μi=1(Bλ1)iμi.

    (Notice by the above definition that ν,Bλ=μ,=1.) Observe that for ϕ=(ϕi)iIC(Tn×Ξ)m,

    ν,ϕ=iIνi,ϕi=iIμi,(λ+ρi)1ϕi,

    and that for any (z,k)Tn×I, we have νG(z,k,λ) if and only if

    iIμi,(λ+ρi)1ϕiuk(z)   for (ϕ,u)F(λ). (3.10)

    The condition above is stated in the spirit of Proposition 7 as

    iIμi,(λ+ρi)1((Bλψ)igiDψi)=ψk(z)   for  ψ=(ψi)iIC1(Tn)m.

    We define

    P(z,k,λ)={μ=(μi)iIP:μ satisfies (3.10)}.

    The following proposition is an immediate consequence of Theorem 6.

    Corollary 8. Assume (H), (C) and (M). Let λ>0 and (z,k)Tn×I. Let vλC(Tn×I) be the unique solution of (Pλ). Then there exists a μz,k,λ=(μz,k,λi)iIP(z,k,λ) such that

    vλk(z)=iIμz,k,λi,(λ+ρi)1Li=minμ=(μi)iIP(z,k,λ) iIμi,(λ+ρi)1Li. (3.11)

    We study the asymptotic behavior of the solution vλ of (Pλ), with λ>0, as λ0.

    We make a convenient assumption on the system (P0):

    problem (P0) has a solution v0Lip(Tn). 

    If ρi>0 for all iI, then Theorem 1 assures that there exists a unique solution v0 of (E). In this situation, it is not difficult to show that the uniform convergence, as λ0+, of vλ to the unique solution v0 on Tn. In general, existence and uniqueness of a solution of (P0) may fail. In fact, one can prove at least in the case when the bij are constants (see Theorem 18) that there exists cRm such that

    Bu+H[u]=c   in Tn (4.1)

    has a solution v0Lip(Tn) and possibly multiple solutions. If such a c=(ci) exists, then the introduction of a new family of Hamiltonians,

    ˜H=(˜Hi)iI, with ˜Hi(x,p)=Hi(x,p)ci,

    allows us to view (4.1) as in the form of (P0). The link between two vanishing discount problems for the original (Pλ) and for (Pλ), with ˜H in place of H, is discussed in Sections 5 and 6.

    Theorem 9. Assume (H), (C), (M) and (E). Let vλ be the unique solution of (Pλ) for λ>0. Then there exists a solution v0Lip(Tn)m of (P0) such that the functions vλi converge to v0i uniformly on Tn as λ0 for all iI.

    Lemma 10. Under the hypotheses of Theorem 9, there exists a constant C0>0 such that for any λ>0,

    |vλi(x)|C0  for(x,i)Tn×I. (4.2)

    Proof. Let v0=(v0,i)iILip(Tn)m be the solution of (P0). Choose a constant C0>0 so that

    |v0,i(x)|C1   for (x,i)Tn×I,

    and observe by the monotonicity of B (Lemma 4) that v0+C11 and v0C11 are a supersolution and a subsolution of (P0), respectively. Noting that v0+C110 and v0C110, we deduce that v0+C110 and v0C110 are a supersolution and a subsolution of (Pλ) for any λ>0, respectively. By comaprison (Theorem 1), we see that, for any λ>0, v0C11vλv0+C11 on Tn and, moreover, 2C11vλ2C11 on Tn. Thus, (4.2) holds with C0=2C1.

    Lemma 11. Under the hypotheses of Theorem 9, the family (vλ)λ(0,1) is equi-Lipschitz continuous on Tn.

    Indeed, the family (vλ)λ>0 is equi-Lipschitz continuous on Tn, which we do not need here.

    Proof. By Lemma 10, there is a constant C0>0 such that

    |(Bλvλ(x))i|C0   for (x,i,λ)Tn×I×(0,1).

    Hence, as vλ is a solution of (Pλ), we deduce by (C) that there exists a constant C1>0 such that the vλi are subsolutions of |Du|C1 in Tn. It is a standard fact that the vλi are Lipschitz continuous on Tn with C1 as their Lipschitz bound.

    In the proof of Theorem 9, Corollary 8 has a crucial role. We need also results for λ=0 similar to the corollary.

    We consider the condition for μP,

    μ,ϕ0   for (ϕ,u)F(0). (4.3)

    We denote by P(0) the subset of P consisting of those μ which satisfy (4.3).

    Theorem 12. Assume (H), (C), (M) and (E). Assume that ρi=0 on Tn for every iI. Then there exists a μ0=(μ0i)iIP(0) such that

    0=μ0,L=minμP(0)μ,L. (4.4)

    Proof. We fix a (z,k)Tn×I. By Corollary 8, for each λ>0 there exists μλ=(μλi)iIP(z,k,λ) such that

    λvλk(z)=iIλμλi,λ1Li=μλ,L. (4.5)

    Since (μλ)λ>0 is a family of Borel probability measures on a compact space Tn×Ξ×I, there exists a sequence (λj)jN(0,1) converging to zero such that the sequence (μλj)jN converges weakly in the sense of measures to a Borel probability measure μ0 on Tn×Ξ×I. It follows from (4.5) and Lemma 10 that

    0=μ0,L.

    Observe that if (ϕ,u)F(0), then, for any λ>0, u is a subsolution of

    Bλu+Hϕ[u]=λu   in Tn,

    and hence, (ψ,u)F(λ), with ψ(x,ξ)=ϕ(x,ξ)+λu(x). Hence, the inclusion μλG(z,k,λ) yields

    uk(z)iIμλi,λ1(ϕi+λui)=λμλ,ϕ+μλ,u.

    Multiplying the above by λ and sending λ=λj0, in view of Lemma 10, we get

    0μ0,ϕ.

    This shows that μ0P(0). These observations together with (4.3) for μP(0) guarantee that

    0=μ0,L=minμP(0)μ,L.

    We state a characterization of P(0) in the next, similar to Proposition 7, which we leave to the reader to verify.

    Proposition 13. Assume (H), (C) and (M). Let μ=(μi)iIP. We have μP(0) if and only if

    iIμi,(Bψ)igiDψi=0  for ψ=(ψi)iIC1(Tn)m.

    We call any minimizer μP(0) of the optimization problem (4.4) a viscosity Mather measure.

    We denote by M+ the set of all Borel nonnegative measures μ=(μi)iI on Tn×Ξ×I. We set

    M+(0)={μM+:μ satisfies (4.3)}.

    Theorem 14. Let (z,k)Tn×I. Assume (H), (C), (M) and (E). For any λ>0, let vλ be the unique solution of (Pλ) and μλP(z,k,λ) be a minimizer of (3.11). Then there exists a subsequence of (λj), which is denoted again by the same symbol, such that, as j,

    λjλj+ρiμλjiμ0i

    weakly in the sense of measures for some μ0=(μ0i)iIM+(0), and μ0 satisfies

    μ0,L=0. (4.6)

    In particular,

    0=μ0,L=minμM+(0)μ,L. (4.7)

    Notice that the minimization problem (4.7) is trivial since μ0=0 is a minimizer.

    Proof. The proof is similar to that of Theorem 12.

    We fix a (z,k)Tn×I. For each λ>0, we have

    λvλk(z)=iIλμλi,(λ+ρi)1Li. (4.8)

    Observe that

    λ(λ+ρi)1μλi,μλi,=iI|μλi|=1.

    Accordingly, since Tn×Ξ×I is a compact metric space, the families (λ(λ+ρi)1μλi)λ=λj,jN have a common subsequence, along which all the families converge to some Borel nonnegative measures μ0i weakly in the sense of measures. We may assume by replacing the original sequence (λj) by its subsequence that

    λjλj+ρiμλjiμ0i

    weakly in the sense of measures. Combining this with (4.8) yields

    0=iIμ0i,Li=μ0,L.

    It is obvious to see that μ0M+.

    Let (ϕ,u)F(0). As before, we have (ψ,u)F(λ), with ψ(x,ξ)=ϕ(x,ξ)+λu(x) and moreover

    uk(z)iIμλi,(λ+ρi)1(ϕi+λui)=μλ,(λ+ρi)1ϕ+λμλ,(λ+ρi)1u.

    Multiplying the above by λ and sending λ=λj0, we get

    0μ0,ϕ.

    This shows that μ0M+(0).

    Proof of Theorem 9. Let V denote the set of accumulation points v=(vi)C(Tn)m in the space C(Tn)m of vλ as λ0. In view of the Ascoli-Arzela theorem, Lemmas 4.2 and 4.3 guarantee that the family (vλ)λ(0,1) is relatively compact in C(Tn)m. In particular, the set V is nonempty. Note by the stability of the viscosity property under uniform convergence that any vV is a solution of (P0).

    If V is a singleton, then it is obvious that the whole family (vλ)λ>0 converges to the unique element of V in C(Tn)m as λ0.

    We need only to show that V is a singleton. It is enough to show that for any v,wV and (z,k)Tn×I, the inequality wk(z)vk(z) holds.

    Fix any v,wV and (z,k)Tn×I. Select sequences (λj) and (δj) converging to zero so that

    vλjv,  vδjw   in C(Tn)m   as j.

    By Corollary 8, there exists a sequence (μj)jN such that

    μjG(z,k,λj)   and   vλjk(z)=iIμji,(λj+ρi)1Li   for jN. (4.9)

    In view of Theorem 14, we may assume by passing to a subsequence if necessary that, as j,

    λjλj+ρiμjiμ0i   weakly in the sense of measures

    for all iI and for some μ0=(μ0i)iIM+(0) and, moreover,

    0=μ0,L. (4.10)

    Since (Lλvλ,vλ)F(0) and μ0M+(0), in view of (4.10), we have

    0μ0,Lλvλ=μ0,Lμ0,λvλ=λμ0,vλ,

    which yields after dividing by λ>0 and then sending λ0 along λ=δj

    μ0,w0. (4.11)

    Now, note that w is a solution of

    Bλw+H[w]=λw   in Tn,

    and thus, (L+λw,w)F(λ) and infer by (4.9) that

    wk(z)iIμji,(λj+ρi)1(Li+λjwi)=vλjk(z)+λjiIμji,(λj+ρi)1wi.

    Sending j now yields

    wk(z)vk(z)+μ0,w.

    This together with (4.11) shows that wk(z)vk(z), which completes the proof.

    We consider the problem of finding c=(ci)iIRm and v=(vi)iIC(Tn)m such that v is a solution of

    Bv+H[v]=c   in Tn. (5.1)

    The pair of such c and v is also called a solution of (5.1). This problem is called the ergodic problem in this paper although the term, ergodic problem, should be used only when the condition that jIbij(x)=0 holds for some (i,x)I×Tn.

    Henceforth, D(x) denotes the diagonal matrix

    D(x)=diag(ρ1(x),,ρm(x))    for xTn,

    where, as before, ρi(x)=jIbij(x).

    Throughout this section, we treat the case when

    B(x)  is irreducible. (5.2)

    The irreducibility of B(x) is stated as follows: for any nonempty subset I of I, which is not identical to I, there exists a pair of iI and jII such that bij(x)0.

    The following result has been established in Davini-Zavidovique [11,Theorem 2.10] (see also [6,30]).

    Proposition 15. Assume (H), (C), (M), (5.2), and that

    jIbij(x)=0  for all(i,x)I×Tn. (5.3)

    Then there exist c0R and v0Lip(Tn)m such that the pair (c01,v0) is a solution of (5.1).

    We remark that (5.3) is satisfied if and only if B(x)1=0 for all xTn, which holds if and only if ρi(x)=0 for all (i,x)I×Tn.

    The next theorem states the central result of this section.

    Theorem 16. Assume (H), (C), (M), (5.2), and (5.3). Let vλ be the unique solution of (Pλ) for λ>0. Then there exists a constant c0R and a function v0Lip(Tn)m such that the functions vλ+λ1c01 converge to v0 uniformly on Tn as λ0. Moreover, the pair (c01,v0) is a solution of (5.1).

    Proof. Thanks to Proposition 15, there exists a solution (c0,v0)Rm×C(Tn)m of (5.1). We set ˜H=Hc01, and note that, since B(x)1=0 for all xTn, the function wλ:=vλ+λ1c01 satisfies, in the viscosity sense,

    λwλ+Bwλ+˜H[wλ]=λvλ+c01+Bvλ+H[vλ]c01=0.

    By Theorem 9, there exists a solution v0Lip(Tn)m of Bv0+˜H[v0]=0 in Tn such that, as λ0+, wλv0 in C(Tn)m. Noting that (c01,v0) is a solution of (5.1), we finish the proof.

    The condition (5.3) in Proposition 15 can be removed and the following theorem is valid.

    Theorem 17. Assume (H), (C), (M), and (5.2). Then there exist c0R and v0=(v0i)iILip(Tn)m such that the pair (c01,v0) is a solution of (5.1).

    Proof. For xI×Tn, we set

    B0(x)=(b0ij(x)):=B(x)D(x).

    and note that B0(x) is irreducible and (5.3) holds with bij(x) replaced by b0ij(x). Note also that ρi(x)0 for all (i,x)I×Tn.

    Thanks to Proposition 15, there exist c0R and v=(vi)Lip(Tn)m which solve

    B0v+H[v]=c01   in Tn.

    We choose a constant C>0 so that max(i,x)I×Tn|vi(x)|C and set v±(x)=v(x)±C1, respectively. Observe that, since v+i(x)0 and vi(x)0 for all (i,x)I×Tn, the functions u=v+ and u=v are a supersolution and subsolution of

    B0u+Pu+H[u]=c01   in Tn,

    that is, Bu+H[u]=c01   in Tn, respectively. In view of the Perron method, the function v0=(v0i)iILip(Tn) given by

    v0i(x)=sup{ui(x):u=(ui)C(Tn)m is a subsolution of Bu+H[u]=c01  in Tn,vuv+  in Tn},

    is a solution of (5.1), with c=c01.

    Even without the assumption (5.3), it is immediate from Theorem 9 that, under the hypotheses of Theorem 17, if c0=0, then the convergence holds for the whole family of the solutions vλ of (Pλ), with λ>0. A typical case when c0=0 is given by [6,Theorem 4.2] (see also [11,28]).

    Throughout this section we assume that B is a constant matrix, that is, independent of xTn.

    The main results in this section are as follows.

    Theorem 18. Assume (H), (C), (M), and that B is a constant matrix. Then (5.1) has a solution (c,v)Rm×C(Tn)m.

    Theorem 19. Under the same hypotheses of Theorem 18, let (c,v0)Rm×C(Tn)m be a solution of (5.1) and let vλ be the unique solution of (Pλ) for λ>0. Then there exists a function v0C(Tn)m such that the functions vλ+(λI+B)1c converge to v0 uniformly on Tn as λ0. Moreover, the pair (c,v0) is a solution of (5.1).

    Proof. It is well-known (and easily checked) that due to the monotonicity of B, (λI+B) is invertible for any λ>0. We set ˜H(x,p)=H(x,p)c for (x,p)Tn×Rn and also wλ(x)=vλ(x)+(λI+B)1c for xTn. Observe that, in the viscosity sense,

    λwλ(x)+Bwλ(x)+˜H[wλ]=λvλ+Bvλ+H[vλ]c+λ(λI+B)1c+B(λI+B)1c=0   in Tn.

    It is clear that ˜H satisfies (H) and (C) and that v0 is a solution of Bu+˜H[u]=0 in Tn. By Theorem 9, we conclude that there exists a solution v0C(Tn)m of Bu+˜H[u]=0 in Tn such that wλv0 in C(Tn)m as λ0+. Noting that (c,v0) is a solution of (5.1), we finish the proof.

    For the proof of Theorem 18, we begin with a preliminary remark on the permutations.

    For a given permutation π:II, we define the m×m matrix P by

    P=(δπ(i),j)i,jI, (6.1)

    where δij=δi,j:=1 if i=j and =0 otherwise. Note that P1=(δi,π(j))i,jI=PT and that for any u=(ui)iI,

    Pu=P(u1um)=(uπ(1)uπ(m)).

    The system of Hamilton-Jacobi equations

    λu+Bu+H[u]=0 (6.2)

    can be written component-wise as

    λuπ(i)+(Bu)π(i)+Hπ(i)[uπ(i)]=0   for iI.

    By the use of P, the system above is expressed as

    λ(Pu)i+(PBu)i+(PH)i[(Pu)i]=0,

    and furthermore, if v=Pu,

    λ(v)i+(PBPTv)i+(PH)i[vi]=0. (6.3)

    Set A=(aij)i,jI=PBPT and observe that if B is monotone, then

    aij=k,lIδi,π(k)bklδπ(l),j=bπ1(i),π1(j){0 if i=j,0 if ij,

    and

    jIaij=jIbπ1(i),π1(j)=jIbπ1(i),j0.

    Consequently, if B is monotone, then PBPT is monotone as well, and the system (6.2), by using the permutation matrix P, is converted to (6.3).

    Proof of Theorem 18. It is well-known (see for instance [35,Section 2.3]) that, given a monotone matrix B, one can find a permutation π:II such that

    PBPT=(B(1)00B(2)0B(rp)), (6.4)

    where, P is given by (6.1), B(1) is a diagonal matrix of order r1 and, for 1<ip, B(i) are irreducible matrices of order ri. In view of the preliminary remark before this proof, to seek for a solution of (5.1), we may and do assume henceforth B has the normal form of the right hand side of (6.4).

    Set

    sk=1i<kri   and   Ik={sk+1,,sk+rk}   for k{1,,p}.

    Notice that s1=0. If r11, then we first show that there exist an r1-vector c(1)=(c(1)i)iI1Rr1 and a function v(1)=(v(1)i)iI1C(Tn)r1 such that v(1) is a solution of

    B(1)v(1)+H(1)[v(1)]=c(1)   in Tn, (6.5)

    where H(1)=(Hi)iI1. The system is, in fact, a collection of single equations

    biiv(1)i+H(1)i[v(1)i]=c(1)i   in Tn, with iI1, (6.6)

    and thus the existence of a solution (c(1),v(1)) of (6.5) is a classical result. Indeed, for each iI1, if b(1)ii>0, then (6.6) has a (unique) solution v(1)iLip(Tn) for any choice of c(1)i. If b(1)ii=0, then (6.6) has a solution (c(1)i,v(1)i)R×Lip(Tn) (see unpublished work by Lions PL, Papanicolaou G, and Varadhan S: Homogenization of Hamilton-Jacobi equations). If r1=m, then we are done.

    Next, assume that r1<m (and equivalently, 1<p) and we show that there exist a vector c(2)=(c(2)i)iI2Rr2 and a function v(2)=(v(2)i)iI2C(Tn)r2 such that v(2) is a solution of the system

    B(2)v(2)+H(2)[v(2)]=c(2)   in Tn, (6.7)

    where

    H(2)i(x,p)=Hi(x,p)jI1bi,jv(1)j(x)   for iI2. (6.8)

    According to Proposition 15, there exist c(2)=(c(2)i)iI2Rr2 and v(2)=(v(2)i)iI2C(Tn)r2 which satisfy (6.7). This way (by induction), we find c(1),,c(p) and v(1),,v(p) such that

    c(k)Rrk   and   v(k)C(Tn)rk   for k{1,,p},

    and v(k) satisfies

    B(k)v(k)+H(k)[v(p)]=c(k)   in Tn,   for k{1,,p}. (6.9)

    where

    H(k)i(x,p)=Hi(x,p)1j<kqIjbi,qv(j)q(x)   for iIk. (6.10)

    We define c=(ci)iIRm and v=(vi)iIC(Tn)m by setting

    ci=c(k)i   and   vi=v(k)i   for iIk,k{1,,p},

    and observe that

    Bv+H[v]=c   in Tn.

    This completes the proof.

    The author would like to thank the anonymous referee for useful and critical comments on the original version of this paper, which have helped significantly to improve the presentation. This work is partially supported by the JSPS KAKENHI #16H03948, #18H00833, #20K03688, and #20H01817.

    The author declares no conflicts of interest in this paper.



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    1. Son N.T. Tu, Vanishing discount problem and the additive eigenvalues on changing domains, 2022, 317, 00220396, 32, 10.1016/j.jde.2022.01.055
    2. Maxime Zavidovique, Convergence of solutions for some degenerate discounted Hamilton–Jacobi equations, 2022, 15, 1948-206X, 1287, 10.2140/apde.2022.15.1287
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