This study evaluates the logistics cost associated with transporting Wood Pellets (WP) and Torrefied Biomass Pellets (TBP) from Aveiro, Portugal's principal WP exporting port, to Northern European destinations. With increasing emphasis on sustainable energy, understanding the cost dynamics between WP and TBP becomes crucial for market competitiveness. Using data sourced from the Argus Biomass Markets report, we compared the energy in gigajoules per ton of both WP and TBP. Torrefaction results in pellets with superior energy and bulk densities, influencing their transportation logistics costs. The main metrics for comparison were cost per energy unit and the implications of energy and bulk densities on transport costs. Preliminary findings indicate that although torrefied pellets undergo more significant mass loss than energy loss, their enhanced energy and bulk densities present logistical advantages. These advantages manifest as more tons per volume unit and heightened energy per ton, which ultimately lead to reduced transportation cost per energy unit. The insights from this analysis provide valuable input for the biofuel sector. By understanding the cost benefits associated with TBP transportation in contrast to WP, stakeholders can make strategic decisions, bolstering the competitiveness of Portuguese biofuel products in the European domain.
Citation: Leonel J. R. Nunes. Potential exportation of wood pellets and torrefied biomass pellets logistics cost analysis: A comparative case study from Portugal[J]. AIMS Energy, 2024, 12(1): 45-61. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024003
This study evaluates the logistics cost associated with transporting Wood Pellets (WP) and Torrefied Biomass Pellets (TBP) from Aveiro, Portugal's principal WP exporting port, to Northern European destinations. With increasing emphasis on sustainable energy, understanding the cost dynamics between WP and TBP becomes crucial for market competitiveness. Using data sourced from the Argus Biomass Markets report, we compared the energy in gigajoules per ton of both WP and TBP. Torrefaction results in pellets with superior energy and bulk densities, influencing their transportation logistics costs. The main metrics for comparison were cost per energy unit and the implications of energy and bulk densities on transport costs. Preliminary findings indicate that although torrefied pellets undergo more significant mass loss than energy loss, their enhanced energy and bulk densities present logistical advantages. These advantages manifest as more tons per volume unit and heightened energy per ton, which ultimately lead to reduced transportation cost per energy unit. The insights from this analysis provide valuable input for the biofuel sector. By understanding the cost benefits associated with TBP transportation in contrast to WP, stakeholders can make strategic decisions, bolstering the competitiveness of Portuguese biofuel products in the European domain.
| [1] | Yang T, Percival RV (2009) The emergence of global environmental law. Ecol Law Q 36: 615–664. |
| [2] |
Fang JY, Zhu JL, Wang SP, et al. (2011) Global warming, human-induced carbon emissions, and their uncertainties. Sci China Earth Sci 54: 1458–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4292-0 doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4292-0
|
| [3] |
Wu W, Chou SC, Viswanathan K (2023) Optimal dispatching of smart hybrid energy systems for addressing a low-carbon community. Energies 16: 3698. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093698 doi: 10.3390/en16093698
|
| [4] |
Omer AM (2008) Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 12: 2265–2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001
|
| [5] |
Thompson WR (2001) Identifying rivals and rivalries in world politics. Int Stud Quart 45: 557–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00214 doi: 10.1111/0020-8833.00214
|
| [6] |
Ferreira S, Monteiro E, Brito P, et al. (2017) Biomass resources in Portugal: Current status and prospects. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 78: 1221–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.140 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.140
|
| [7] | Torres PJF, Ekonomou L, Karampelas P (2016) The correlation between renewable generation and electricity demand: A case study of Portugal. In: Karampelas, P., Ekonomou, L., Electricity Distribution. Energy Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 119–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49434-9_5 |
| [8] |
Khatiwada D, Vasudevan RA, Santos BH (2022) Decarbonization of natural gas systems in the EU—Costs, barriers, and constraints of hydrogen production with a case study in Portugal. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 168: 112775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112775 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112775
|
| [9] |
Bhutto AW, Bazmi AA, Zahedi G (2011) Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan—Biomass energy prospective. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 15: 3207–3219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.015 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.015
|
| [10] |
Gustavsson L, Börjesson P, Johansson B, et al. (1995) Reducing CO2 emissions by substituting biomass for fossil fuels. Energy 20: 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(95)00065-O doi: 10.1016/0360-5442(95)00065-O
|
| [11] |
Demirbas A (2005) Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues. Prog Energy Combust Sci 31: 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002 doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002
|
| [12] |
Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO (1990) Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250: 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4988.1669 doi: 10.1126/science.250.4988.1669
|
| [13] |
Mousa E, Wang C, Riesbeck J, et al. (2016) Biomass applications in iron and steel industry: An overview of challenges and opportunities. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 65: 1247–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.061 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.061
|
| [14] |
Klein-Marcuschamer D, Simmons BA, Blanch HW (2011) Techno-economic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre-treatment. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5: 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.303 doi: 10.1002/bbb.303
|
| [15] | Godina R, Nunes LJR, Santos FMBC, et al. (2018) Logistics cost analysis between wood pellets and torrefied biomass pellets: The case of Portugal. 2018 7th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM), IEEE, 284–287. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITM.2018.8333962 |
| [16] |
Hakkila P (2006) Factors driving the development of forest energy in Finland. Biomass Bioenergy 30: 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.07.003 doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.07.003
|
| [17] |
Su Y, Hiltunen P, Syri S, et al. (2022) Decarbonization strategies of Helsinki metropolitan area district heat companies. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 160: 112274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112274 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112274
|
| [18] |
Moya R, Tenorio C, Oporto G (2019) Short rotation wood crops in Latin American: A review on status and potential uses as biofuel. Energies 12: 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040705 doi: 10.3390/en12040705
|
| [19] |
Heinimö J, Junginger M (2009) Production and trading of biomass for energy–An overview of the global status. Biomass Bioenergy 33: 1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.017 doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.017
|
| [20] |
Bilgen S, Kaygusuz K, Sari A (2004) Renewable energy for a clean and sustainable future. Energy Sources 26: 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490441421 doi: 10.1080/00908310490441421
|
| [21] |
Bórawski P, Bełdycka-Bórawska A, Szymańska EJ, et al. (2019) Development of renewable energy sources market and biofuels in the European Union. J Cleaner Prod 228: 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.242 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.242
|
| [22] |
Sikkema R, Steiner M, Junginger M, et al. (2011) The European wood pellet markets: Current status and prospects for 2020. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5: 250–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.277 doi: 10.1002/bbb.277
|
| [23] |
Olugbade TO, Ojo OT (2020) Biomass torrefaction for the production of high-grade solid biofuels: A review. Bioenergy Res 13: 999–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10138-3 doi: 10.1007/s12155-020-10138-3
|
| [24] |
Tumuluru JS, Wright CT, Hess JR, et al. (2011) A review of biomass densification systems to develop uniform feedstock commodities for bioenergy application. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5: 683–707. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.324 doi: 10.1002/bbb.324
|
| [25] |
Taipabu MI, Viswanathan K, Chen HT, et al. (2023) Green solvent production of ethyl lactate via process intensification. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 146: 104876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104876 doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104876
|
| [26] | Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Catalão JPS (2016) Torrefied biomass pellets: An alternative fuel for coal power plants. 2016 13th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2016.7521316 |
| [27] |
Tursi A (2019) A review on biomass: Importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion. Biofuel Res J 6: 962–979. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.3 doi: 10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.3
|
| [28] | Tumuluru JS, Wright CT, Boardman RD, et al. (2011) A review on biomass classification and composition, co-firing issues and pretreatment methods. 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7–10, 2011. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.37191 |
| [29] |
Proskurina S, Heinimö J, Schipfer F, et al. (2017) Biomass for industrial applications: The role of torrefaction. Renewable Energy 111: 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.015 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.015
|
| [30] |
Thrän D, Witt J, Schaubach K, et al. (2016) Moving torrefaction towards market introduction—Technical improvements and economic-environmental assessment along the overall torrefaction supply chain through the SECTOR project. Biomass Bioenergy 89: 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.004 doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.004
|
| [31] |
Uslu A, Faaij APC, Bergman PCA (2008) Pre-treatment technologies, and their effect on international bioenergy supply chain logistics. Techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction, fast pyrolysis and pelletisation. Energy 33: 1206–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.03.007 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2008.03.007
|
| [32] |
Ciolkosz D, Wallace R (2011) A review of torrefaction for bioenergy feedstock production. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.275 doi: 10.1002/bbb.275
|
| [33] |
Taipabu MI, Viswanathan K, Wu W (2023) Process design and optimization of green processes for the production of hydrogen and urea from glycerol. Int J Hydrogen Energy 48: 24212–24241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.163 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.163
|
| [34] |
Meisterling K, Samaras C, Schweizer V (2009) Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat. J Cleaner Prod 17: 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.009 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.009
|
| [35] | Litman T (2009) Transportation cost and benefit analysis. Victoria Transp Policy Inst 31: 1–19. |
| [36] |
Psaraftis HN, Kontovas CA (2013) Speed models for energy-efficient maritime transportation: A taxonomy and survey. Transport Res C-Emer 26: 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2012.09.012 doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2012.09.012
|
| [37] |
Gasparatos A, Doll CNH, Esteban M, et al. (2017) Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a green economy. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 70: 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030
|
| [38] |
Ekins P (1999) European environmental taxes and charges: Recent experience, issues and trends. Ecol Econ 31: 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00051-8 doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00051-8
|
| [39] |
Wu W, Taipabu MI, Chang WC, et al. (2022) Economic dispatch of torrefied biomass polygeneration systems considering power/SNG grid demands. Renewable Energy 196: 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.007 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.007
|
| [40] |
Jones-Lee MW (1990) The value of transport safety. Oxford Rev Econ Pol 6: 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/6.2.39 doi: 10.1093/oxrep/6.2.39
|
| [41] |
Searcy E, Flynn P, Ghafoori E, et al. (2007) The relative cost of biomass energy transport. Appl Bioche Biotechnol 137: 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-9085-8 doi: 10.1007/s12010-007-9085-8
|
| [42] |
Abbas T, Costen PG, Lockwood FC (1996) Solid fuel utilization: From coal to biomass. Symp (Int) Combust 26: 3041–3058. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80148-2 doi: 10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80148-2
|
| [43] |
Bajwa DS, Peterson T, Sharma N, et al. (2018) A review of densified solid biomass for energy production. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 96: 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.040 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.040
|
| [44] |
Shahi C, Upadhyay TP, Pulkki R, et al. (2011) Integrated model for power generation from biomass gasification: A market readiness analysis for northwestern Ontario. For Chron 87: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc87048-1 doi: 10.5558/tfc87048-1
|
| [45] |
Herran DS, Nakata T (2012) Design of decentralized energy systems for rural electrification in developing countries considering regional disparity. Appl Energy 91: 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.022 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.022
|
| [46] |
Sharma HB, Sarmah AK, Dubey B (2020) Hydrothermal carbonization of renewable waste biomass for solid biofuel production: A discussion on process mechanism, the influence of process parameters, environmental performance and fuel properties of hydrochar. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 123: 109761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109761 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109761
|
| [47] |
Kambo HS, Dutta A (2014) Strength, storage, and combustion characteristics of densified lignocellulosic biomass produced via torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization. Appl Energy 135: 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094
|
| [48] |
Daskin MS (1985) Logistics: An overview of the state of the art and perspectives on future research. Transp Res Part A Gen 19: 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(85)90036-6 doi: 10.1016/0191-2607(85)90036-6
|
| [49] |
Saidur R, Abdelaziz EA, Demirbas A, et al. (2011) A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 15: 2262–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015
|
| [50] |
Thomas DJ, Griffin PM (1996) Coordinated supply chain management. Eur J Oper Res 94: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(96)00098-7 doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(96)00098-7
|
| [51] | Van Thuijl E, Roos CJ, Beurskens LWM (2003) An overview of biofuel technologies, markets and policies in Europe. Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN Policy Studies Report: ECN-C--03-008. Available from: https://imedea.uib-csic.es/master/cambioglobal/Modulo_Ⅱ_cod101602/Biofuels%20in%20Europe.pdf. |
| [52] |
Beagle E, Belmont E (2019) Comparative life cycle assessment of biomass utilization for electricity generation in the European Union and the United States. Energy Policy 128: 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.006 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.006
|
| [53] |
Thomson H, Liddell C (2015) The suitability of wood pellet heating for domestic households: A review of literature. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 42: 1362–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.009 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.009
|
| [54] |
Yun H, Clift R, Bi X (2020) Process simulation, techno-economic evaluation and market analysis of supply chains for torrefied wood pellets from British Columbia: Impacts of plant configuration and distance to market. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 127: 109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109745 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109745
|
| [55] | Searcy E, Hess JR, Tumuluru JS, et al. (2014) Optimization of biomass transport and logistics. In: Junginger, M., Goh, C., Faaij, A., International Bioenergy Trade, Springer, Dordrecht, 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6982-3_5 |
| [56] |
Forsberg G (2000) Biomass energy transport: Analysis of bioenergy transport chains using life cycle inventory method. Biomass Bioenergy 19: 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00020-9 doi: 10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00020-9
|
| [57] |
Dujmović M, Šafran B, Jug M, et al. (2022) Biomass pelletizing process: A review. Drvna Ind 73: 99–106. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2139 doi: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2139
|
| [58] |
Nunes LJR, Causer TP, Ciolkosz D (2020) Biomass for energy: A review on supply chain management models. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 120: 109658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109658 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109658
|
| [59] |
Rane SB, Thakker SV (2020) Green procurement process model based on blockchain—IoT integrated architecture for a sustainable business. Manage Environ Qual 31: 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-06-2019-0136 doi: 10.1108/MEQ-06-2019-0136
|
| [60] |
Varjani S, Shah AV, Vyas S, et al. (2021) Processes and prospects on valorizing solid waste for the production of valuable products employing bio-routes: A systematic review. Chemosphere 282: 130954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130954 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130954
|
| [61] |
Moro A, Helmers E (2017) A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles. Int J Life Cycle Assess 22: 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z doi: 10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z
|
| [62] |
Lauf S, Haase D, Kleinschmit B (2014) Linkages between ecosystem services provisioning, urban growth and shrinkage—A modeling approach assessing ecosystem service trade-offs. Ecol Indic 42: 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.028 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.028
|
| [63] |
Nunes LJR, Casau M, Ferreira Dias M (2021) Portuguese wood pellets market: Organization, production and consumption analysis. Resources 10: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10120130 doi: 10.3390/resources10120130
|
| [64] |
Tabor DP, Roch LM, Saikin SK, et al. (2018) Accelerating the discovery of materials for clean energy in the era of smart automation. Nat Rev Mater 3: 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0005-z doi: 10.1038/s41578-018-0005-z
|
| [65] |
Garai A, Chowdhury S, Sarkar B, et al. (2021) Cost-effective subsidy policy for growers and biofuels-plants in closed-loop supply chain of herbs and herbal medicines: An interactive bi-objective optimization in T-environment. Appl Soft Comput 100: 106949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106949 doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106949
|
| [66] |
Sarkar M, Sarkar B (2020) How does an industry reduce waste and consumed energy within a multi-stage smart sustainable biofuel production system? J Cleaner Prod 262: 121200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121200 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121200
|
| [67] |
Johansson TB, Turkenburg W (2004) Policies for renewable energy in the European Union and its member states: An overview. Energy Sustainable Dev 8: 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60387-7 doi: 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60387-7
|
| [68] |
Chandel SS, Sharma A, Marwaha BM (2016) Review of energy efficiency initiatives and regulations for residential buildings in India. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 54: 1443–1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.060 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.060
|
| [69] |
Izadian A, Girrens N, Khayyer P (2013) Renewable energy policies: A brief review of the latest US and EU policies. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 7: 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIE.2013.2269701 doi: 10.1109/MIE.2013.2269701
|
| [70] | Metcalf GE (2008) Tax policy financing for alternative energy equipment. J Equip Lease Financ 26: 1–7. Available from: https://www.store.leasefoundation.org/cvweb/Portals/ELFA-LEASE/Documents/Products/Metcalf_article.pdf |
| [71] |
Singh R, Setiawan AD (2013) Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 22: 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.043 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.043
|
| [72] |
Viana H, Cohen WB, Lopes D, et al. (2010) Assessment of forest biomass for use as energy. GIS-based analysis of geographical availability and locations of wood-fired power plants in Portugal. Appl Energy 87: 2551–2560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.007 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.007
|
| [73] |
Enes T, Aranha J, Fonseca T, et al. (2019) Thermal properties of residual agroforestry biomass of northern portugal. Energies 12: 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081418 doi: 10.3390/en12081418
|
| [74] |
Monjardino J, Dias L, Fortes P, et al. (2021) Carbon neutrality pathways effects on air pollutant emissions: The Portuguese case. Atmosphere 12: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030324 doi: 10.3390/atmos12030324
|
| [75] |
Pinto LC, Sousa S, Valente M (2022) Forest bioenergy as a land and wildfire management tool: Economic valuation under different informational contexts. Energy Policy 161: 112765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112765 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112765
|
| [76] |
Skulska I, Duarte I, Rego FC, et al. (2020) Relationships between wildfires, management modalities of community areas, and ownership types in pine forests of mainland Portugal. Small-Scale For 19: 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-020-09445-6 doi: 10.1007/s11842-020-09445-6
|
| [77] |
Novais A, Canadas MJ (2010) Understanding the management logic of private forest owners: A new approach. For Policy Econ 12: 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.010 doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.010
|
| [78] |
Feliciano D, Bouriaud L, Brahic E, et al. (2017) Understanding private forest owners' conceptualisation of forest management: Evidence from a survey in seven European countries. J Rural Stud 54: 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.016 doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.016
|
| [79] |
Martins F, Moura P, de Almeida AT (2022) The role of electrification in the decarbonization of the energy sector in Portugal. Energies 15: 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051759 doi: 10.3390/en15051759
|
| [80] | Faria C, Nunes LJR, Azevedo SG (2016) Portugal as a producer of biomass fuels for power production: An analysis of logistics costs associated to wood pellets exportation. 2016 51st International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2016.8113991 |
| [81] |
Monteiro E, Mantha V, Rouboa A (2012) Portuguese pellets market: Analysis of the production and utilization constrains. Energy Policy 42: 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.056 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.056
|
| [82] |
Proskurina S, Junginger M, Heinimö J, et al. (2019) Global biomass trade for energy—Part 2: Production and trade streams of wood pellets, liquid biofuels, charcoal, industrial roundwood and emerging energy biomass. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 13: 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1858 doi: 10.1002/bbb.1858
|
| [83] |
Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Catalao JPS (2016) Wood pellets as a sustainable energy alternative in Portugal. Renewable Energy 85: 1011–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.065 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.065
|
| [84] |
Sirous R, da Silva FJN, da Cruz Tarelho LA, et al. (2020) Mixed biomass pelleting potential for Portugal, step forward to circular use of biomass residues. Energy Rep 6: 940–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.01.002 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.01.002
|
| [85] | Lins C, Williamson LE, Leitner S, et al. (2014) The first decade: 2004–2014: 10 years of renewable energy progress. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10453/117208. |
| [86] |
Van der Stelt MJC, Gerhauser H, Kiel JHA, et al. (2011) Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 3748–3762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023 doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023
|
| [87] |
Nunes LJR, Matias JCO (2020) Biomass torrefaction as a key driver for the sustainable development and decarbonization of energy production. Sustainability 12: 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030922 doi: 10.3390/su12030922
|
| [88] |
Nunes LJR (2020) A case study about biomass torrefaction on an industrial scale: Solutions to problems related to self-heating, difficulties in pelletizing, and excessive wear of production equipment. Appl Sci 10: 2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072546 doi: 10.3390/app10072546
|
| [89] |
Ribeiro JMC, Godina R, Matias JCO, et al. (2018) Future perspectives of biomass torrefaction: Review of the current state-of-the-art and research development. Sustainability 10: 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072323 doi: 10.3390/su10072323
|
| [90] |
Malico I, Pereira RN, Gonçalves AC, et al. (2019) Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 112: 960–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022
|
| [91] |
Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Catalão JPS (2014) A review on torrefied biomass pellets as a sustainable alternative to coal in power generation. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 40: 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.181 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.181
|
| [92] |
Viswanathan K, Abbas S, Wu W (2022) Syngas analysis by hybrid modeling of sewage sludge gasification in downdraft reactor: Validation and optimization. Waste Manage 144: 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.018 doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.018
|
Figures(1) / Tables(2)
Leonel J. R. Nunes. Potential exportation of wood pellets and torrefied biomass pellets logistics cost analysis: A comparative case study from Portugal[J]. AIMS Energy, 2024, 12(1): 45-61. doi: 10.3934/energy.2024003
DownLoad: