Search Advanced

AIMS Public Health

2025, Volume 12, Issue 1: 16-32. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2025002
Previous Article Next Article
Research article Special Issues

Attitudes and consumption habits of energy drinks among adolescents and young adults in a Spanish population

  • 1.
    Internal Medicine Department, Punta de Europa Hospital, 11207, Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
  • 2.
    Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, School of Nursing, University of Cádiz, C/Venus s/n, 11207 Cádiz, Spain
  • 3.
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Puerta del Mar. University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
  • 4.
    Doctoral School of the University of Cádiz (EDUCA), Campus Cádiz, Edificio Hospital Real (Primera Planta), Plaza Falla 8, 11003 Cádiz Spain
  • 5.
    Sports Sciences Department, School of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda. Rep. Saharahui 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
  • 6.
    Biomedicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Plaza Fragela s/n 11003 Cadiz Spain
  • 7.
    Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Plaza Fragela s/n 11003 Cadiz Spain
  • 8.
    Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Plaza Fragela s/n 11003 Cadiz Spain
  • Received: 02 May 2024 Revised: 20 June 2024 Accepted: 15 July 2024 Published: 03 January 2025

  • Nowadays, the consumption of energy drinks (ED) is increasing exponentially in Western society. This has been widely associated with physical (arrhythmias, headaches, etc.), psychological (anxiety, depression, etc.), and social issues (risky behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption, etc.). The present study aimed to investigate the consumption habits of energy drinks (ED) among adolescents and young adults in the Spanish population and their attitudes toward these drinks, as well as the factors influencing their consumption. A cross-sectional descriptive study based on a voluntary online questionnaire was conducted with a sample of 387 participants. Amongst participants, 38.8% consumed ED, and the youngest (14–18 years old) in this group were the most likely to mix them with alcohol and the least likely to consider them harmful (32.1%, p < 0.001; and 8.9%, p < 0.002, respectively). Male respondents and people who vaped were more likely to consume ED (OR = 2.94, CI = 1.76–4.93, p < 0.001; and OR = 3.18, CI = 1.91–8.00, p < 0.001, respectively). Social and healthcare policies should be proposed in order to reduce the consumption of ED, particularly among young people, provided that it is associated with other risky behaviors and the occurrence of adverse events.

    Citation: Eduardo Sánchez-Sánchez, Nuria Trujillo-Garrido, Jara Díaz-Jimenez, Alejandro García-García, Miguel A Rosety, Manuel Bandez, Manuel Rosety-Rodriguez, Francisco J Ordonez, Ignacio Rosety, Antonio J Diaz. Attitudes and consumption habits of energy drinks among adolescents and young adults in a Spanish population[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2025, 12(1): 16-32. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2025002

    Related Papers:

  • Nowadays, the consumption of energy drinks (ED) is increasing exponentially in Western society. This has been widely associated with physical (arrhythmias, headaches, etc.), psychological (anxiety, depression, etc.), and social issues (risky behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption, etc.). The present study aimed to investigate the consumption habits of energy drinks (ED) among adolescents and young adults in the Spanish population and their attitudes toward these drinks, as well as the factors influencing their consumption. A cross-sectional descriptive study based on a voluntary online questionnaire was conducted with a sample of 387 participants. Amongst participants, 38.8% consumed ED, and the youngest (14–18 years old) in this group were the most likely to mix them with alcohol and the least likely to consider them harmful (32.1%, p < 0.001; and 8.9%, p < 0.002, respectively). Male respondents and people who vaped were more likely to consume ED (OR = 2.94, CI = 1.76–4.93, p < 0.001; and OR = 3.18, CI = 1.91–8.00, p < 0.001, respectively). Social and healthcare policies should be proposed in order to reduce the consumption of ED, particularly among young people, provided that it is associated with other risky behaviors and the occurrence of adverse events.



    加载中

    Acknowledgments


    We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Excelentísimo Colegio de Enfermería de Cádiz (the Distinguished Nursing Association of Cádiz), which covered the article processing charge for this publication. Their contribution has been invaluable in facilitating the dissemination of this research.

    Authors' contribution


    Conceptualization: E.S.-S.; methodology, E.S.-S. and N.T.-G.; software, E.S.-S., N.T.-G. and J.D.-J.; validation, E.S.-S., N.T.-G. and J.D.-J.; formal analysis, E.S.-S. and N.T.-G.; investigation, E.S.-S. and J.D.-J.; resources, E.S.-S.; data curation, E.S.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, E.S.-S., N.T.-G., J.D.-J., M.B, I.R., M.Á.R., M.R.-R., A.J.D. and F.J.O.; writing—review and editing, E.S.-S., N.T.-G., J.D.-J., M.B., I.R., M.Á.R., M.R.-R., A.J.D., and F.J.O.; visualization E.S.-S., N.T.-G., J.D.-J., G.R.-V., I.R., M.B., M.Á.R., M.R.-R., A.J.D., and F.J.O.; supervision, E.S.-S., I.R., M.Á.R., M.R.-R., A.J.D., and F.J.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    [1] Nadeem IM, Shanmugaraj A, Sakha S, et al. (2020) Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health 13: 265-277. https://doi.org/101177/1941738120949181
    [2] Aonso-Diego G, Krotter A, García-Pérez Á (2024) Prevalence of energy drink consumption world-wide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 119: 438-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16390
    [3] Khouja C, Kneale D, Brunton G, et al. (2022) Consumption and effects of caffeinated energy drinks in young people: An overview of systematic reviews and secondary analysis of UK data to inform policy. BMJ Open 12: e047746. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047746
    [4] Oliver Anglès A, Camprubí Condom L, Valero Coppin O, et al. (2021) Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain). Gac Sanit 35: 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.08.013
    [5] Tahmassebi JF, BaniHani A (2020) Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: A critical review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21: 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-019-00458-0
    [6] Evans R, Christiansen P, Masterson T, et al. (2024) Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing via Fortnite streamers on Twitch: A content analysis. Appetite 195: 107207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107207
    [7] Pollack CC, Kim J, Emond JA, et al. (2020) Prevalence and strategies of energy drink, soda, processed snack, candy and restaurant product marketing on the online streaming platform Twitch. Public Health Nutr 23: 2793-803. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020002128
    [8] Edwards CG, Pollack CC, Pritschet SJ, et al. (2022) Prevalence and comparisons of alcohol, candy, energy drink, snack, soda, and restaurant brand and product marketing on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming. Public Health Nutr 25: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021004420
    [9] Peñafiel Canez JA, Fernández Peña E, Monclús Blanco B (2023) El mundo del streaming: una comparación del grado de conciencia sobre product placement entre seguidores de Auronplay e Ibai Llanos en Twitch - Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB. Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB . Available from: https://ddd.uab.cat/record/284732?ln=ca
    [10] RCPCHEnding the sale of energy drinks to children-consultation response (2018). Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/ending-sale-energy-drinks-children-consultation-response
    [11] Holt E (2023) Poland bans energy drinks for under 18s. Lancet 401: 540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00322-7
    [12] Veselska ZD, Husarova D, Kosticova M (2021) Energy drinks consumption associated with emotional and behavioural problems via lack of sleep and skipped breakfast among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 6055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116055
    [13] Yüksel B, Öncü T, Şen N (2023) Assessing caffeine levels in soft beverages available in Istanbul, Turkey: An LC-MS/MS application in food toxicology. Toxicol Anal Clin 35: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2022.08.004
    [14] Yüksel B, Ustaoğlu F, Yazman MM, et al. (2023) Exposure to potentially toxic elements through ingestion of canned non-alcoholic drinks sold in Istanbul, Türkiye: A health risk assessment study. J Food Compos Anal 121: 105361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105361
    [15] Doggett A, Qian W, Cole AG, et al. (2019) Youth consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks in Canada: Assessing the role of energy drinks. Prev Med Rep 14: 100865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100865
    [16] Ball NJ, Miller KE, Quigley BM, et al. (2018) Alcohol mixed with energy drinks and sexually related causes of conflict in the barroom. J Interpers Violence 36: 3353-3373. https://doi.org/101177/0886260518774298
    [17] Acquas E, Dazzi L, Correa M, et al. (2023) Editorial: Alcohol and energy drinks: Is this a really good mix?. Front Behav Neurosci 17: 1213723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1213723
    [18] Tarragon E (2023) Alcohol and energy drinks: Individual contribution of common ingredients on ethanol-induced behaviour. Front Behav Neurosci 17: 1057262. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1057262
    [19] Sefen JAN, Patil JD, Cooper H (2022) The implications of alcohol mixed with energy drinks from medical and socio-legal standpoints. Front Behav Neurosci 16: 968889. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.968889
    [20] De Giorgi A, Valeriani F, Gallè F, et al. (2022) Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks (AmED) use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 14: 4985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234985
    [21] Fagan MJ, Di Sebastiano KM, Qian W, et al. (2020) Coffee and cigarettes: Examining the association between caffeinated beverage consumption and smoking behaviour among youth in the COMPASS study. Prev Med Rep 19: 101148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101148
    [22] Brunborg GS, Raninen J, Burdzovic Andreas J (2022) Energy drinks and alcohol use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 241: 109666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109666
    [23] Tarragon E, Calleja-Conde J, Giné E, et al. (2021) Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: What about taurine?. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 238: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05705-7
    [24] Pérez-Mañá C, Mateus JA, Díaz-Pellicer P, et al. (2022) Effects of mixing energy drinks with alcohol on driving-related skills. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 25: 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab051
    [25] Sánchez-Sánchez E, García-Ferrer L, Ramirez-Vargas G, et al. (2023) Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of adolescents and young adult population on the use of e-cigarettes or personal vaporizer. Healthcare 11: 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030382
    [26] Kinnunen JM, Ollila H, Minkkinen J, et al. (2018) A longitudinal study of predictors for adolescent electronic cigarette experimentation and comparison with conventional smoking. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020305
    [27] Kaur A, Yousuf H, Ramgobin-Marshall D, et al. (2022) Energy drink consumption: A rising public health issue. Rev Cardiovasc Med 23: 83. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2303083
    [28] de Sanidad Ministerio, de España Gobierno (2019) Portal Plan Nacional sobre Drogas - Encuestas y Estudios. La Encuesta sobre alcohol y otras drogas en España, EDADES . Available from: https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/encuestas_EDADES.htm
    [29] Mahoney CR, Giles GE, Marriott BP, et al. (2019) Intake of caffeine from all sources and reasons for use by college students. Clinical Nutrition 38: 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.004
    [30] Wharton S, Lau DCW, Vallis M, et al. (2020) Obesity in adults: A clinical practice guideline. CMAJ 192: E875-E891. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191707
    [31] INEbase.Renta anual neta media por hogar por la persona de referencia y periodo. Base 2013(10939) (2013) . Available from: https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=10939#!tabs-grafico
    [32] Rayhan RU, Zheng Y, Uddin E, et al. (2013) Administer and collect medical questionnaires with google documents: A simple, safe, and free system. Appl Med Inform 33: 12-21.
    [33] Costa BM, Hayley A, Miller P (2014) Young adolescents' perceptions, patterns, and contexts of energy drink use. A focus group study. Appetite 80: 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.013
    [34] Luo R, Fu R, Dong L, et al. (2021) Knowledge and prevalence of energy drinks consumption in Shanghai, China: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents. Gen Psychiatr 34: e100389. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100389
    [35] Narine C, Weller J, Mathieson K (2021) Energy drink use in adolescents with and without ADHD: Trends and influences. Innov Clin Neurosci 18: 28-32.
    [36] Subaiea GM, Altebainawi AF, Alshammari TM (2019) Energy drinks and population health: Consumption pattern and adverse effects among Saudi population. BMC Public Health 19: 1539. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7731-z
    [37] Ellithorpe ME, Bleakley A, Hennessy M, et al. (2023) Athletes drink gatorade: DMA advertising expenditures, ad recall, and athletic identity influence energy and sports drink consumption. Health Commun 38: 3031-3039. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2131971
    [38] Almulla AA, Faris MAIE (2020) Energy drinks consumption is associated with reduced sleep duration and increased energy-dense fast foods consumption among school students: A cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Public Health 32: 266-273. https://doi.org/101177/1010539520931351
    [39] Lebacq T, Desnouck V, Dujeu M, et al. (2020) Determinants of energy drink consumption in adolescents: Identification of sex-specific patterns. Public Health 185: 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.040
    [40] Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, et al. (2022) Risky behaviors, substance use, and other lifestyle correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 181: 1307-1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04322-6
    [41] Verster JC, Benson S, Johnson SJ, et al. (2018) Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 33: e2650. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2650
    [42] Yang CY, Chang FC, Rutherford R, et al. (2022) Excessive gaming and online energy-drink marketing exposure associated with energy-drink consumption among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 10661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710661
    [43] Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R, Trinkuniene L (2022) Associations between self-objectification and lifestyle habits in a large sample of adolescents. Children 9: 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071022
    [44] Puupponen M, Tynjälä J, Välimaa R, et al. (2023) Associations between adolescents' energy drink consumption frequency and several negative health indicators. BMC Public Health 23: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15055-6
    [45] Trapp GSA, Hurworth M, Christian H, et al. (2022) Individual, social, and environmental correlates of energy drink use among adolescents. J Nutr Educ Behav 54: 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2020.12.013
    [46] Galimov A, Hanewinkel R, Hansen J, et al. (2020) Association of energy drink consumption with substance-use initiation among adolescents: A 12-month longitudinal study. J Psychopharmacol 34: 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895545
    [47] Markon AO, Ding M, Chavarro JE, et al. (2023) Demographic and behavioural correlates of energy drink consumption. Public Health Nutr 26: 1424-1435. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022001902
    [48] Rounsefell APD K, Gibson S, Lecturer S, et al. (2020) Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutr Diet 77: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12581
    [49] Amson A, Pauzé E, Remedios L, et al. (2023) Adolescent exposure to food and beverage marketing on social media by gender: A pilot study. Public Health Nutr 26: 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022002312
    [50] Potvin Kent M, Pauzé E, Roy EA, et al. (2019) Children and adolescents' exposure to food and beverage marketing in social media apps. Pediatr Obes 14: e12508. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12508
    [51] Kucharczuk AJ, Oliver TL, Dowdell EB (2022) Social media's influence on adolescents' food choices: A mixed studies systematic literature review. Appetite 168: 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105765
    [52] Fredrickson BL, Roberts TA (1997) Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol Women Quart 21: 173-206. https://doi.org/101111/j1471-64021997.tb00108.x
    [53] Ekman A, Dickman PW, Klint Å, et al. (2006) Feasibility of using web-based questionnaires in large population-based epidemiological studies. Eur J Epidemiol 21: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-005-6030-4
    [54] Rubio Armendáriz C, Cámara Hurtado MM, Giner Pons RM, et al. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre los riesgos asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas. no 33. 151–210 (2021). Available from: https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/publicaciones/revistas_comite_cientifico/comite_cientifico_33.pdf
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2025 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索
AIMS Public Health
3.1 4.8

Metrics

Article views(442) PDF downloads(53) Cited by(0)

Preview PDF
Download XML
Export Citation
Article outline

Figures and Tables

Tables(5)

Other Articles By Authors

Related pages

Tools

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog