Figure 1.
The process of sample preparation.
Nanomaterials integration within construction materials could promote the generation of more sophisticated structural materials, as it imbues reinforcement at the nanoscale. This research adopted experimental approaches to assess the influence of metallic nanomaterials on the performance of cementitious composites with various ratios of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5% by sand's weight) and lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by sand's weight), respectively, for use in construction infrastructure facilities. This research provides valuable insight into the potential of using boric acid and lime as well as metallic nanomaterials to strengthen cement-based composites. Initial curing stages revealed a notable decrease in compressive strength attributed to the inhibitory effects of boric acid and lime on cement hydration. However, the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated significant enhancements in compressive strength and durability. Statistical analysis emphasized the significance of nanomaterials in augmenting compressive strength, with implications for long-term performance. This study has shown that the addition of nano-titanium dioxide TiO2 can significantly enhance the compressive strength of Portland cement mortars, particularly when used in conjunction with appropriate ratios of boric acid and lime. The results of the 7 days test indicated that the inclusion of boric acid and lime in the cement mortars significantly decreased the compressive strength. However, the addition of nano-TiO2 to cement mortars containing 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime resulted in a 31-fold increase in compressive strength compared to cementitious composites without nano-TiO2. In contrast, the compressive strength significantly increased by 1.2 times, 85.3 times, and 65.1 times, respectively, after 56 days for the addition of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5%) with lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%), respectively, in the presence of nano-TiO2, compared to the 7 days strength. The results also illustrated that, in general, the incorporation of various types of nano-TiO2 into cementitious composites containing boric acid and lime increases their compressive strength as the ratios of boric acid and lime increase, as long as sufficient curing time is allowed.
Citation: Ahmed Al-Ramthan, Ruaa Al Mezrakchi. Investigation of cementitious composites reinforced with metallic nanomaterials, boric acid, and lime for infrastructure enhancement[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(3): 495-514. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024025
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Nanomaterials integration within construction materials could promote the generation of more sophisticated structural materials, as it imbues reinforcement at the nanoscale. This research adopted experimental approaches to assess the influence of metallic nanomaterials on the performance of cementitious composites with various ratios of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5% by sand's weight) and lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by sand's weight), respectively, for use in construction infrastructure facilities. This research provides valuable insight into the potential of using boric acid and lime as well as metallic nanomaterials to strengthen cement-based composites. Initial curing stages revealed a notable decrease in compressive strength attributed to the inhibitory effects of boric acid and lime on cement hydration. However, the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated significant enhancements in compressive strength and durability. Statistical analysis emphasized the significance of nanomaterials in augmenting compressive strength, with implications for long-term performance. This study has shown that the addition of nano-titanium dioxide TiO2 can significantly enhance the compressive strength of Portland cement mortars, particularly when used in conjunction with appropriate ratios of boric acid and lime. The results of the 7 days test indicated that the inclusion of boric acid and lime in the cement mortars significantly decreased the compressive strength. However, the addition of nano-TiO2 to cement mortars containing 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime resulted in a 31-fold increase in compressive strength compared to cementitious composites without nano-TiO2. In contrast, the compressive strength significantly increased by 1.2 times, 85.3 times, and 65.1 times, respectively, after 56 days for the addition of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5%) with lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%), respectively, in the presence of nano-TiO2, compared to the 7 days strength. The results also illustrated that, in general, the incorporation of various types of nano-TiO2 into cementitious composites containing boric acid and lime increases their compressive strength as the ratios of boric acid and lime increase, as long as sufficient curing time is allowed.
Cementitious materials are widely used for infrastructures such as building, transport networks, geotechnical structures, nuclear and radiation buildings, and grouting applications. The resilience of infrastructure is typically associated with the design of individual elements such that they have sufficient capacity or potential to react in an appropriate manner to adverse events; however, frequent inspections and repairs are often needed. Construction materials are designed to meet a prescribed specification, while degradation of these materials is viewed as inevitable, which necessitates the mitigation of expensive maintenance systems. Since cementitious composites are nanostructure in nature and feature obvious nano-behavior, the developments in nano-science have great impacts on the field of construction materials. Nanoscience has the great potential to engineer cementitious composites with superior mechanical performance and durability. Small changes at the nanoscale make performances differ significantly at larger scales [1,2]. Innovative design and production of materials and infrastructures lead to large accumulated benefits, such as lower use of raw materials, improved properties, and higher construction/industry efficiency that make materials stronger and more durable throughout their life cycles [3,4]. Additionally, the incorporation of macromolecules, such as boric acid, is challenging due to the inherent costs associated with the initial construction process, as well as the negative impact on physical properties. The use of boric acid significantly deteriorates the mechanical properties of Portland cement [5]. One of the other key challenges in the use of boric acid is its costly nature, which makes it economically unviable. Besides, the addition of lime powder to the cement mortars may lead to a reduction in compressive strength of mortars [6]. Additionally, an array of materials has emerged as potent reinforcements for cement composites, such as fly ash, silica fume, and nano-silica [7]. In addition, investigating the long-term durability and performance of these composites under various environmental conditions, such as exposure to aggressive chemicals or cyclic loading [8], could be a valuable avenue for future research that can contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient infrastructure materials.
Nanotechnology has now become a widely accepted technology to improve the performance and functionality of materials. Recently, the use of reinforcements has led to significant improvement in the mechanical properties of cement-based materials by delaying the transformation of microcracks into macroforms; however, they could not stop the crack growth [9,10,11]. Opportunities for using nano-sized reinforcement were also explored [12,13] mainly in the form of carbon nano-fibers and nano-tubes [14], as well as of various nano-fibers [15,16]. Besides working out their reinforcement effect at the size of crystalline structure of the material, they have also proved effective in providing additional functionalities, including enhanced corrosion resistance [17], self-curing, and self-sensing abilities [18,19], while also being able to upgrade durability in a cracked state [18], e.g., fostering and enhancing the autogenous self-healing capacity [19]. The latest developments in this field include the use of graphene nano-platelets and graphene oxide which were able to provide enhancement due to both nano-filling and nano-reinforcing effects but at even much lower loading than other "conventional" nano-constituents [20], provided, like for all other nanoparticles, tailored methods are adopted to adequately disperse and stabilize it into alkaline cementitious solutions [21]. Moreover, the coating materials for fiber treatment, exploiting their interaction with cement hydrates in enhancing the overall performance of the composites have been recently explored [22,23]. Early investigations showed that nanomaterials have a strong influence on the hydration process and hardness of cementitious composites [24].
Nano-titania (NT) is titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles that can be found as three crystalline polymorphs: anatase, rutile, and brookite. NT is one of the most used nanoparticles in human life, being found in biomedical applications, sunscreen, and photovoltaic devices [25], among others. In cement-based composites, titanium dioxide has been considered a potential additive for building materials such as cement pastes, mortars, and concretes. The primary focus of using TiO2 in the construction industry has been implemented to generate environmental coating of pavements and protection of building facades, as well as to impart self-cleaning, air-purifying, and antimicrobial properties to cement-based materials. These enumerated benefits stem from the photocatalytic efficiency exhibited by titania. Since the inception of photocatalysis development in the 1970s, the majority of research and applications in this field have been centered on titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst of particular interest [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. Despite the extraordinary properties of nano-titania, a very limited number of studies have been conducted to investigate its effects on the mechanical characteristics of cement-based materials. In the fresh state, nano-titania has been observed to decrease the setting time [36,37] and workability [38] of cement-based matrices. Studies involving the incorporation of various nanomaterials into cement-based materials have been conducted extensively. However, the investigation of the influence exerted by NT on cementitious materials containing boric acid and lime has not been undertaken until now.
The aim of this research is to enhance the properties of the cementitious materials via embedding nanoparticles and forming interconnected nanocomposites. An optimal processing procedure for adding TiO2 nanomaterials to the cement-lime-boric acid mixtures are developed. The mechanical characteristics of the produced nanocomposite cement-based mixtures with various ratios of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5% by sand's weight) and lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by sand's weight) are investigated.
Ordinary Portland cement type I/II was utilized in this work, supplemented with standard sand that had been graded between the 600 μm (No. 30) sieve and the 150 μm (No. 100) sieve, according to the specification of ASTM C778 [39]. The sand was added with 200% by weight of cement, alongside a water/cement (w/c) ratio of 35%. Additionally, commercially available contents of boric acid and lime powders were incorporated into the mixtures in a manner relative to the weight of sand in the mixtures.
Generally, NT is titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles that can be found in different crystalline polymorph forms such as anatase and rutile. Various nano-TiO2 types were employed in the mixtures with different ratios according to the cement's weight in the mixtures, due to its enhanced decomposition capability when incorporated in nanometer-size particles. The NT types were: type (A) nanoparticles, anatase, purity 99+%, size 10 nm; type (B) nanotubes, anatase, purity 99%, 10–15 nm; type (C) silica- and alumina-coated nanoparticles, anatase/rutile, size 20 nm. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 10 mL of ethanol was measured and added to 0.5 g of metallic nanomaterials followed by ultrasonication for 10 min. A carbon film was used to place a drop of the mixture then dried for 72 h in a vacuum desiccator. In addition, a polycarboxylate superplasticizer, namely ADVA 140M, was incorporated to disperse the NT by acquiring an adequate workability and flowable mortar with the presence of NT. The ADVA ratio was 0.4% by weight of cement for mixtures without NT and 0.6% by weight of cement for mixtures with NT.
TEM was utilized to unveil the structure of the metal particles and evaluate their dimensions along with their size distributions via dark field contrast. JEOL TEM equipment with 80–200 kV acceleration voltages along with a cold field emission gun (CFEG) and an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) was used to examine the samples. 1 μg of nanomaterial was dissolved in 1 mL isopropanol then sonicated for 15 min to acquire a good dispersion of the nanomaterial. A drop of this produced solution was placed on a carbon film and left for 24 h to dry for further analysis.
The cement composite samples were prepared by controlling the ratios of cement, sand, metallic nanomaterials, boric acid, and lime. Various proportions of boric acid and lime contents were considered including (1%, 3%, and 5%) and (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%) by sand's weight, respectively. Types A, B, and C of metallic nanomaterials NT with and without nanocoating were incorporated within the samples. Prior to mixing with cement, nano-titania was dispersed in aqueous solution with added superplasticizer at 0.6% by the weight of the cement mixtures. Ultrasonic dispersion treatment for 5 min was used to disperse the nanomaterials [40]. Then, cement, sand, lime, and boric acid were added to the NT solution. The mixture was placed in the cement mixer and mixed for 15 min, then casted into a cube mold of 2 in. size according to the test method of ASTM C109 [41]. The process of the sample preparation is shown in Figure 1.
The mixing proportions of the test specimens are depicted in Table 1. The specimens utilized to test the compressive strength of the composite cement mortars were molded using 2 × 2 × 2 in. molds. The samples were cured under controlled conditions for a period of 24 h, demolded, and then immersed in a curing box filled with saturated lime water in accordance with the test method of ASTM C109 [41] until they reached their designated test ages of 7 and 56 days. Subsequently, the samples were tested using a compression test machine to determine their compressive strength.
| Mix # | Nano type | Cement | TiO2 (by cement's weight) |
Boric acid (by sand's weight) |
Lime (by sand's weight) |
| 1 | — | 100 | — | — | — |
| 2 | — | 100 | — | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3 | — | 100 | — | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4 | — | 100 | — | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-A | A | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-A | A | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-A | A | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-B | B | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-B | B | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-B | B | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-C | C | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-C | C | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-C | C | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
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The compressive strength tests were conducted using a Test Mark Industries machine with a maximum capacity of 300,000 lb. The tests were carried out using a 2 in. cube test set according to the test method of ASTM C109 [41]. Three samples were tested per batch, and the average strength value was reported to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the test results.
TEM images of nano-titania are shown in Figure 2. Three different types of metallic nanomaterials are presented in this figure including type A anatase nanoparticles in Figure 2a, type B anatase nanotubes in Figure 2b, and type C anatase/rutile nanoparticles coated with silica and alumina nanocoating in Figure 2c. The nanoparticles' sizes in Figure 2 were measured manually. The average measurements were found to be: 10 ± 4 nm for type A nanoparticles, 20 ± 2 nm for type C nanoparticles with nanocoating, and for type B nanotubes, the dimensions were 4 ± 1 nm inner diameter and 12 ± 3 nm outer diameter with over 1 µm length.
An investigation into the effects of boric acid and lime additions to cement mortars at various curing periods has been undertaken. It has been noted that no significant changes in strength at the 28 days curing period were observed, aligning with earlier research findings [42]. As a result, emphasis was placed on determining the compressive strength of the specimens at 7 and 56 days of curing to ensure the emergence of conclusive results. Thus, the results of adding boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5% by sand's weight) and lime powder (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by sand's weight), respectively, to cement mortars and curing for 7 and 56 days are presented in Figures 3–5. It can be noticed that the addition of the boric acid and lime to the cement mortars leads to a decrease in the compressive strength significantly at the 7 days test, as presented in Figure 3. This decrease might be attributed to a weakening of the hardening strength of cement mortar with increasing boric acid and lime contents, in addition to the effect of the boric acid and lime on the hydration of the cementitious material at the early ages [43,44,45,46]. However, at the later testing age of 56 days (Figure 4), the compressive strength of the cement mortars augmented in proportion to the percentage increase of boric acid and lime. As depicted in Figure 5, it can be observed that the compressive strength of the control mix (mix #1) increased by 28% at the 56 days test in comparison to its strength at the 7 days test. Additionally, the compressive strength significantly increased by 30.5 times, 36.3 times, and 46.7 times for adding boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5%) and lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%), respectively.
The influence of embedding nano-metallics into cementitious composites with boric acid and lime additives are presented in Figures 6–8. Adding 5% nano-TiO2, type A, by cement's weight with different boric acid and lime ratios improves the mechanical properties of these cementitious composites regarding the compressive strength of the samples for the early testing age (7 days) with 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime, as shown in Figure 6. The reason could be attributed to the hydration of cement and the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) which are greatly accelerated due to the presence of the TiO2 particles. The titanium dioxide can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and significantly improve the durability of the cement matrix. From the results of the early age (7 days) test shown in Figure 6, it can be noticed that the addition of 5% nano-TiO2 to cement mortars containing 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime markedly improves the compressive strength by 31 times compared to the cementitious composites without nano-TiO2 and containing the same ratios of boric acid and lime. However, further increases in the percentages of the boric acid and lime tended to dominate and therefore compromised any improvements in the properties due to the nano-titania additives at early ages. The results of the 56 days tests presented in Figure 7 show an overall increase in the compressive strength of the samples with the integration of nano-TiO2 (type A) compared to the samples without nano-TiO2. Additionally, it can be observed that the compressive strength of the composites with nano-TiO2 (type A) noticeably increases at 56 days by 26%, 17%, and 2% for the cases of boric acid ratios of 1%, 3%, and 5% in combination with lime ratios of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%, respectively, compared to the samples without nano-TiO2. The results at highest percentages of boric acid and lime show their dominant effect over the nano-titania. Consequently, from the results of 56 days strength compared with the results of 7 days strength with nano-TiO2 additives shown in Figure 8, it can be depicted that the compressive strength at the 56 days test significantly increases by 1.2 times, 85.3 times, and 65.1 times for the addition of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5%) with lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%), respectively, in the presence of nano-titania. Thus, these findings suggest that the nanometallic particles assist in enhancing the cementitious composites with higher ratios of boric acid and lime. These outcomes are consistent with prior studies that have proposed the acceleration of the hydration rate of cement-based materials by the addition of nano-TiO2 particles, except in their composites devoid of boric acid and lime. It has been claimed that nano-TiO2 particles expedite the hydration rate, with hydration products forming on the surfaces of the TiO2 nanoparticles and the C3S [37,47].
The addition of three different types (types A, B, and C) of nano-TiO2 at a concentration of 5% by weight of cement into the cementitious composites with different ratios of boric acid and lime has been shown to improve the 7 days compressive strength of the cementitious composites by 31 times, 18.3 times, and 13.4 times for the inclusion of nano-TiO2 type A (mix #2-A), type B (mix #2-B), and type C (mix #2-C), respectively, compared to the cementitious composite with 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime (mix #2) only, as depicted in Figure 9. This improvement was only seen in samples with 1% boric acid and 0.5% lime, while other percentages did not show improvements, indicating a potential decrease in the overall durability of the composites. Thus, all nano-TiO2 types contribute, at different levels, to the strength of the cement composites with lower ratios of boric acid and lime at the early age.
Additionally, the improvement in the 56 days compressive strength of the cementitious composites for mix #2-A, 2-B, and 2-C compared to the control composite (mix #1) can be shown in Figure 10. Although mixes #2-B and #2-C exhibited lower values than mix #2-A, they still demonstrated an enhancement in mechanical properties compared to the control mix #1, likely due to the influence of metallic nanotubes and nano-coated metallic nanoparticles in comparison to uncoated nanoparticles. The presence of TiO2 nanotubes with lengths exceeding 1 micron compromised the microstructure of the mixture, leading to a reduction in the overall compressive strength. These observations with metallic nanotubes are consistent with the trend previously observed in the use of long carbon nanotubes as additives [48]. On the other hand, experiencing lower properties of the coated nanoparticles compared with the uncoated ones could be attributed to the surface roughness. Typically, a certain level of roughness on the surface of nanoparticles is desirable to introduce a better mechanism for transferring and distributing the load within the matrix. The nano-coating of nanoparticles adds a thin layer to the surface of the nanoparticles, which may have reduced their surface roughness by sealing the pores and thus weakened the interface locking forces or adhesion between the nanoparticles and the mixture. All mixes #3-A, 3-B, and 3-C had a similar trend to mixes #2-A, 2-B, and 2-C with higher property rates due to the influence of increasing boric acid and lime and allowing enough curing time of 56 days, as shown in Figure 11. Moreover, the compressive strength of mix #3-A at the 56 days test with 3% boric acid and 1.5% lime had higher values compared to the control composite (mix #1). However, the other mixtures of #3-B and #3-C had lower values compared to mix #3-A, although they were still higher than mix #1.
Furthermore, Figure 12 illustrates that the addition of three types of nano-TiO2 into the cementitious composites (mix #4-A, mix #4-B, and mix #4-C) containing 5% boric acid and 2.5% lime led to an increase in the compressive strength of these composites. Among the three, mix #4-A exhibited the highest value compared to the others. Generally, the data suggested that the incorporation of nano-titania with nanosized particles into cementitious composites can improve their durability and overall performance. However, the degree of improvement is influenced by the ratios of boric acid and lime. Additionally, the results of the 56 days tests (depicted in Figure 13) for the mixtures with varying ratios of boric acid and lime that incorporated three different types of nano-TiO2 demonstrated a trend of increasing compressive strength in the cementitious composites with the inclusion of nano-TiO2 and increasing ratios of boric acid and lime. These enhancements are related to the increase in the ratios of boric acid and lime with the presence of different nanomaterials added to the cementitious composites, as well as sufficient curing time.
In this study, analysis of the variance method (abbreviated as ANOVA) was used to evaluate statistically significant process parameters. Furthermore, the percent contribution of the experimental parameters on the compressive strength were investigated. The ANOVA method gives the variance and reliability of any experimental data with particular relations. Here, the ANOVA test was applied to determine whether the effects of adding the nano-TiO2 on cement mortar compressive strength are statistically significant based on a significance level of 5% (p = 0.05). Furthermore, a large F-value can show that the variation of the process parameter made a big change in the performance characteristics of the cement mortar.
The results of average compressive strengths for cementitious composites at 7 and 56 days tests with three different types of nano-TiO2 (A, B, and C) compared to control composites without nanomaterials are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 38.41 |
| 2-B | 22.70 |
| 2-C | 16.57 |
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| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 47.68 |
| 2-B | 42.89 |
| 2-C | 41.94 |
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The results of ANOVA for these compressive strengths at the 7 and 56 days tests are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The calculated p-value of around 0.02, in the mentioned tables, highlighted that the effects of adding three different types of nano-TiO2 (A, B, and C) on the compressive strength of cementitious composites is less than the significance level of p = 0.05. When the p-value is less than 0.05, it suggests that there is strong statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis. In other words, you have sufficient statistical evidence to conclude that there are significant differences among the groups. In addition, the calculated F-value (approximately 12 to 14) is larger than the critical F-value for the chosen significance level. This indicates that the variation between groups is large enough to be considered statistically significant. In practical terms, when both the p-value is less than 0.05 and the F-value is larger than the critical F-value, it can typically be concluded that there are statistically significant differences among the groups being compared. In such cases, the null hypothesis is rejected and it can be drawn that the observed variation in the data is unlikely to be due to random chance, but rather, it is due to meaningful differences between the groups.
| Summary | |||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | |||||
| Without NT | 3 | 3.72 | 1.24 | 0 | |||||
| With NT | 3 | 77.68729 | 25.89576205 | 126.8068374 | |||||
| ANOVA | |||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | |||
| Between groups | 911.8599 | 1 | 911.859904 | 14.38187281 | 0.01923 | 7.708647 | |||
| Within groups | 253.6137 | 4 | 63.4034187 | ||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | |||||||
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| Summary | ||||||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||||||||
| Without NT | 3 | 113.55 | 37.85 | 0 | ||||||||
| With NT | 3 | 132.51 | 44.17 | 9.4657 | ||||||||
| ANOVA | ||||||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | ||||||
| Between groups | 59.9136 | 1 | 59.9136 | 12.659095 | 0.0236292 | 7.708647422 | ||||||
| Within groups | 18.9314 | 4 | 4.73285 | |||||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | ||||||||||
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The potential for enhancing structural materials through the incorporation of nanomaterials in construction has been investigated in this study. Experimental methods were employed to assess the impact of metallic nanomaterials on cementitious composites with varying proportions of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5% by sand's weight) and lime powder (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by sand's weight), essential components in infrastructure construction. Based on the outcomes of the conducted research, it becomes feasible to draw conclusions regarding the effects of incorporating metallic nanomaterials into construction materials, particularly cementitious composites with boric acid and lime:
● At the early stages of curing, the addition of boric acid and lime to cement mortar may lead to a significant decrease in compressive strength, which may be attributed to the inhibiting effect of the substances of the boric acid and lime on the hydration of the cementitious material. The results of the 7 days test (Figures 3, 5, 6, and 9) indicated that the implication of boric acid and lime in the cement mortars significantly decreased the compressive strength.
● The incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into cementitious composites with boric acid and lime can improve the mechanical properties of these composites, particularly in terms of compressive strength and durability.
● The ANOVA analysis (Tables 4 and 5) demonstrates that the nanomaterials effect on the compressive strength of cementitious composites with boric acid and lime contents is statistically significant for a significance level of p = 0.05 and can never be neglected.
● At 56 days, the compressive strength significantly increased by 1.2 times, 85.3 times, and 65.1 times, respectively, for the addition of boric acid (1%, 3%, and 5%) with lime (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%) in the presence of nano-TiO2 (Figures 10–13), compared to the 7 days strength.
● The results indicated that, in general, the compressive strength of cementitious composites with the integration of various types of nano-TiO2 (types A, B, and C) and containing boric acid and lime increases with increasing ratios of boric acid and lime at a sufficient curing time of 56 days (Figure 13).
● The nano-TiO2 enhances the bonding and filling between the cement and aggregate particles, leading to a more homogenous mortar. As such, nano-TiO2 is an effective solution for improving the compressive strength and durability of cement mortars.
Overall, the nano-TiO2 can significantly improve the compressive strength of Portland cement mortars, particularly with the development of hydration of cement mortar when used with suitable ratios of boric acid and lime.
The findings presented here highlight the transformative potential of nanomaterial integration in advancing the structural performance of construction materials. Future research endeavors could open avenues for further exploration and refinement in the realm of advanced construction materials. Future investigations could delve into exploring the long-term durability and performance of these composite materials under various environmental conditions, such as exposure to aggressive chemicals or cyclic loading, which would provide valuable insights for real-world applications. Moreover, considering the potential synergistic effects of incorporating diverse types of metallic nanomaterials alongside boric acid and lime could unlock further improvements in mechanical properties and durability. By addressing these avenues of inquiry, future research endeavors can contribute to the continued advancement of sustainable and resilient infrastructure materials, thereby fostering innovation and addressing the evolving needs of the construction industry.
The authors declare that they have not used artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
The authors would like to thank GCP company for providing the ADVA materials required for this research.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figures(13) / Tables(5)
Ahmed Al-Ramthan, Ruaa Al Mezrakchi. Investigation of cementitious composites reinforced with metallic nanomaterials, boric acid, and lime for infrastructure enhancement[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(3): 495-514. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024025
| Mix # | Nano type | Cement | TiO2 (by cement's weight) |
Boric acid (by sand's weight) |
Lime (by sand's weight) |
| 1 | — | 100 | — | — | — |
| 2 | — | 100 | — | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3 | — | 100 | — | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4 | — | 100 | — | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-A | A | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-A | A | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-A | A | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-B | B | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-B | B | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-B | B | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-C | C | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-C | C | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-C | C | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 38.41 |
| 2-B | 22.70 |
| 2-C | 16.57 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 47.68 |
| 2-B | 42.89 |
| 2-C | 41.94 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Summary | |||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | |||||
| Without NT | 3 | 3.72 | 1.24 | 0 | |||||
| With NT | 3 | 77.68729 | 25.89576205 | 126.8068374 | |||||
| ANOVA | |||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | |||
| Between groups | 911.8599 | 1 | 911.859904 | 14.38187281 | 0.01923 | 7.708647 | |||
| Within groups | 253.6137 | 4 | 63.4034187 | ||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | |||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Summary | ||||||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||||||||
| Without NT | 3 | 113.55 | 37.85 | 0 | ||||||||
| With NT | 3 | 132.51 | 44.17 | 9.4657 | ||||||||
| ANOVA | ||||||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | ||||||
| Between groups | 59.9136 | 1 | 59.9136 | 12.659095 | 0.0236292 | 7.708647422 | ||||||
| Within groups | 18.9314 | 4 | 4.73285 | |||||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | ||||||||||
DownLoad:
CSV
| Mix # | Nano type | Cement | TiO2 (by cement's weight) |
Boric acid (by sand's weight) |
Lime (by sand's weight) |
| 1 | — | 100 | — | — | — |
| 2 | — | 100 | — | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3 | — | 100 | — | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4 | — | 100 | — | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-A | A | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-A | A | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-A | A | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-B | B | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-B | B | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-B | B | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| 2-C | C | 95 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 3-C | C | 95 | 5 | 3 | 1.5 |
| 4-C | C | 95 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 |
| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 1.24 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 38.41 |
| 2-B | 22.70 |
| 2-C | 16.57 |
| Mix # | Compressive Strength, MPa (without NT) |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| 2 | 37.85 |
| Compressive Strength, MPa (with NT) | |
| 2-A | 47.68 |
| 2-B | 42.89 |
| 2-C | 41.94 |
| Summary | |||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | |||||
| Without NT | 3 | 3.72 | 1.24 | 0 | |||||
| With NT | 3 | 77.68729 | 25.89576205 | 126.8068374 | |||||
| ANOVA | |||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | |||
| Between groups | 911.8599 | 1 | 911.859904 | 14.38187281 | 0.01923 | 7.708647 | |||
| Within groups | 253.6137 | 4 | 63.4034187 | ||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | |||||||
| Summary | ||||||||||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||||||||
| Without NT | 3 | 113.55 | 37.85 | 0 | ||||||||
| With NT | 3 | 132.51 | 44.17 | 9.4657 | ||||||||
| ANOVA | ||||||||||||
| Source of variation | Sum of squares (SS) | Degree of freedom (df) | Mean squares (MS) | F-value | p-value | Fcrit-value | ||||||
| Between groups | 59.9136 | 1 | 59.9136 | 12.659095 | 0.0236292 | 7.708647422 | ||||||
| Within groups | 18.9314 | 4 | 4.73285 | |||||||||
| Total | 1165.474 | 5 | ||||||||||
