Artificial coral reefs as a localised approach to increase fish biodiversity and abundance along the North Bali coastline

Zach Boakes; Alice E Hall; Georgia CA Jones; Rahmadi Prasetijo; Richard Stafford; Yunaldi Yahya; Zach Boakes; Alice E Hall; Georgia CA Jones; Rahmadi Prasetijo; Richard Stafford; Yunaldi Yahya

doi:10.3934/geosci.2022018

AIMS Geosciences

2022, Volume 8, Issue 2: 303-325. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2022018

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Artificial coral reefs as a localised approach to increase fish biodiversity and abundance along the North Bali coastline

1.
Bournemouth University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Poole, UK
2.
University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Plymouth, UK
3.
Dhyana Pura University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bali, Indonesia
4.
Indonesian Nature Foundation, LINI Aquaculture Training Centre, Bali, Indonesia

Received: 19 January 2022 Revised: 30 March 2022 Accepted: 23 April 2022 Published: 05 May 2022

Coral reefs face worldwide decline from threats such as climate change, destructive fishing practices, overfishing and pollution. Artificial reefs have shown potential as a method to mitigate localised habitat loss and biodiversity decline on degraded coral reefs. The health of coral reefs in Indonesia and their associated faunal populations have displayed a downward trend in recent decades, and community-managed non-government organisations have started using artificial reefs to restore local degraded reef habitats. In this study, we demonstrate how locally-managed NGOs and communities in north Bali, Indonesia have implemented artificial reef projects, and assess the associated benefits to biodiversity. Using Remote Underwater Video (RUV) over a 3 month period in north Bali, fish assemblages on two artificial reefs of different ages (new and mature) were compared to two nearby natural habitats: degraded sand flats and relatively healthy coral reefs. When compared with a nearby degraded sand habitat, both artificial reefs displayed a significantly higher number of species, which for the mature artificial reef was not statistically different to a nearby coral reef. Community structure was also compared, again showing similarity between artificial reefs and natural coral reefs, but differing in a few species, including specific damselfish and wrasse. This study is one of few which highlight the potential of artificial reef habitat enhancement in Indonesia, and suggests that these structures can provide ecologically equivalent mobile faunal communities to a natural reef on a localised scale. As such, well designed projects may be able to provide some local ecosystem services lost from degraded coral reefs, and become an important focus for coastal communities.
- artificial reefs,
- marine biodiversity,
- community coral reef conservation,
- habitat enhancement,
- ecosystem services
Citation: Zach Boakes, Alice E Hall, Georgia CA Jones, Rahmadi Prasetijo, Richard Stafford, Yunaldi Yahya. Artificial coral reefs as a localised approach to increase fish biodiversity and abundance along the North Bali coastline[J]. AIMS Geosciences, 2022, 8(2): 303-325. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2022018

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Abstract

Coral reefs face worldwide decline from threats such as climate change, destructive fishing practices, overfishing and pollution. Artificial reefs have shown potential as a method to mitigate localised habitat loss and biodiversity decline on degraded coral reefs. The health of coral reefs in Indonesia and their associated faunal populations have displayed a downward trend in recent decades, and community-managed non-government organisations have started using artificial reefs to restore local degraded reef habitats. In this study, we demonstrate how locally-managed NGOs and communities in north Bali, Indonesia have implemented artificial reef projects, and assess the associated benefits to biodiversity. Using Remote Underwater Video (RUV) over a 3 month period in north Bali, fish assemblages on two artificial reefs of different ages (new and mature) were compared to two nearby natural habitats: degraded sand flats and relatively healthy coral reefs. When compared with a nearby degraded sand habitat, both artificial reefs displayed a significantly higher number of species, which for the mature artificial reef was not statistically different to a nearby coral reef. Community structure was also compared, again showing similarity between artificial reefs and natural coral reefs, but differing in a few species, including specific damselfish and wrasse. This study is one of few which highlight the potential of artificial reef habitat enhancement in Indonesia, and suggests that these structures can provide ecologically equivalent mobile faunal communities to a natural reef on a localised scale. As such, well designed projects may be able to provide some local ecosystem services lost from degraded coral reefs, and become an important focus for coastal communities.

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