Strategic analysis of hub port competitiveness in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe: a focus on sustainability and efficiency

Samia Bouazza; Zoubida Benmamoun; Hanaa Hachimi; Samia Bouazza; Zoubida Benmamoun; Hanaa Hachimi

doi:10.3934/environsci.2024010

AIMS Environmental Science

2024, Volume 11, Issue 2: 184-220. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2024010

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Special Issues

Strategic analysis of hub port competitiveness in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe: a focus on sustainability and efficiency

1.
Advanced Systems Engineering Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University ENSA, BP 241 Av. de L'Université, Kénitra 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
2.
Faculty of Engineering, LIWA College, Sheikh Hamdan Street, P. O. Box 41009, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Received: 20 January 2024 Revised: 26 March 2024 Accepted: 26 March 2024 Published: 07 April 2024

The evolution of mega-ships and maritime alliances, in tandem with global changes, has intensified hub port competitiveness, increasing the need for innovation and adaptation, with a focus on sustainability. This study analyzed the competitiveness of the Mediterranean maritime hub port with Northern European ports. It provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitiveness of ten leading international hub ports in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. Using the Hybrid F-AHP TOPSIS method, this research first identified and assigned weights to 10 criteria across five categories of port competitiveness from a shipping liner perspective in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. It then ranked those ten leading ports based on the weighted criteria. The results showed that handling cost, operational efficiency, and infrastructure were the main factors for defining a competitive hub port, with growing emphasis on sustainability considerations. The results also highlight that Tangier Med, Algeciras, and Port Said were the leading ports in the region, excelling in technical efficiency and maritime costs compared to Northern European ports. The analysis further provided a holistic overview of competitiveness in the region, identifying the strengths and opportunities of each port based on 5 aspects with a special focus on the hub ports of the Southern Mediterranean. This research offers valuable insights for maritime shippers and port authorities in understanding hub port performance and competitiveness in a sustainable context.
- competitiveness port,
- criteria of competitiveness,
- hub ports,
- logistics port,
- sustainability of port,
- MCDM analysis
Citation: Samia Bouazza, Zoubida Benmamoun, Hanaa Hachimi. Strategic analysis of hub port competitiveness in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe: a focus on sustainability and efficiency[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2024, 11(2): 184-220. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2024010

Related Papers:

Abstract

The evolution of mega-ships and maritime alliances, in tandem with global changes, has intensified hub port competitiveness, increasing the need for innovation and adaptation, with a focus on sustainability. This study analyzed the competitiveness of the Mediterranean maritime hub port with Northern European ports. It provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitiveness of ten leading international hub ports in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. Using the Hybrid F-AHP TOPSIS method, this research first identified and assigned weights to 10 criteria across five categories of port competitiveness from a shipping liner perspective in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. It then ranked those ten leading ports based on the weighted criteria. The results showed that handling cost, operational efficiency, and infrastructure were the main factors for defining a competitive hub port, with growing emphasis on sustainability considerations. The results also highlight that Tangier Med, Algeciras, and Port Said were the leading ports in the region, excelling in technical efficiency and maritime costs compared to Northern European ports. The analysis further provided a holistic overview of competitiveness in the region, identifying the strengths and opportunities of each port based on 5 aspects with a special focus on the hub ports of the Southern Mediterranean. This research offers valuable insights for maritime shippers and port authorities in understanding hub port performance and competitiveness in a sustainable context.

References

[1]	Yang Y C, Chen S L (2016) Determinants of global logistics hub ports: Comparison of the port development policies of Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Transp Policy 45: 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.11.010 doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.11.010
[2]	CNUCED. "Review of maritime transport," NEW YORK, 2022. Available From: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2022_en.pdf
[3]	Notteboom T, Parola F, Satta G (2014) Partim transshipment volumes. Portopia Deliverable 1. Available in https://transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-09/2014-01-08-partim-transshipment-volumes.pdf
[4]	Notteboom T E, Parola F, Satta G (2019) The relationship between transhipment incidence and throughput volatility in North European and Mediterranean container ports. J Transp Geogr 74: 371–381.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.002 doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.002
[5]	D T Notteboom "Économie, gestion et politique portuaires," New York, 2022. Available from: https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/
[6]	Yuen C L A, Zhang A, Cheung W (2012) Port competitiveness from the users' perspective: An analysis of major container ports in China and its neighboring countries. Res Transp Econ 35: 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2011.11.005 doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2011.11.005
[7]	Winkelmans W (2002) Port competitiveness: an economic and legal analysis of the factors determining the competitiveness of seaports.
[8]	Parola F, Risitano M, Ferretti M, et al (2017) The drivers of port competitiveness: a critical review. Transp Rev 37: 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1231232 doi: 10.1080/01441647.2016.1231232
[9]	Lagoudis I N, Theotokas I, Broumas D (2017) A literature review of port competition research. Int J Shipp Transp Logistics 9: 724–762.https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2017.086940 doi: 10.1504/IJSTL.2017.086940
[10]	Arvis J F, Duval Y, Shepherd B, et al (2013) Trade costs in the developing world: 1995–2010. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6309)., Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract = 2198265
[11]	Fancello G, Serra P, Aramu V, et al (2021) Evaluating the efficiency of Mediterranean container ports using data envelopment analysis. Compet Regul Netw Ind 22: 163–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/17835917211047837 doi: 10.1177/17835917211047837
[12]	Fancello G, Vitiello D M, Serra P (2022, August) The impact of globalization on Mediterranean container terminals. In The International Maritime and Logistics Conference "Marlog (Vol. 11).
[13]	Lloydlist, "One hundred ports 2021," Lloydlist, Vancouver, 2021. Available from: https://lloydslist.com/-/media/lloyds-list/images/top-100-ports-2021/top-100-ports-2021-digital-edition.pdf
[14]	Willingale M C (1981) The port-routeing behaviour of short-sea ship operators; theory and practice. Marit Policy Manag 8: 109–120.https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838100000032 doi: 10.1080/03088838100000032
[15]	Collison F M (1984) North to Alaska: marketing in the Pacific Northwest–Central Alaska linear trade. Marit Policy Manag 11: 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088838400000003 doi: 10.1080/03088838400000003
[16]	Slack B (1985) Containerization, inter-port competition, and port selection. Marit Policy Manag 12: 293–303.
[17]	Brooks M R (1984) An alternative theoretical approach to the evaluation of liner shipping: Part Ⅰ. Situational factors. Marit Policy Manag 11: 35–43.
[18]	Brooks M R (1985) An alternative theoretical approach to the evaluation of liner shipping Part Ⅱ. Choice criteria. Marit. Policy Manag 12: 145–155.
[19]	Murphy P R, Daley J M, Dalenberg D R (1992) Port selection criteria: an application of a transportation. Logist Transp Rev28: 237.
[20]	U Secretariat "Review of martime transport 1992," New york, 1993. Available from: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt1992_en.pdf
[21]	Cullinane K, Wang T (2010) The efficiency analysis of container port production using DEA panel data approaches. OR spectrum 32: 717–738.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-010-0202-7 doi: 10.1007/s00291-010-0202-7
[22]	Wang T F, Cullinane K (2006) The efficiency of European container terminals and implications for supply chain management. Marit Econ Logist 8: 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100151 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100151
[23]	Díaz-Hernández J J, Martínez-Budría E, Jara-Díaz S (2008) Productivity in cargo handling in Spanish ports during a period of regulatory reforms. Netw Spat Econ 8: 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-007-9056-1 doi: 10.1007/s11067-007-9056-1
[24]	Odeck J, Brå then S (2012) A meta-analysis of DEA and SFA studies of the technical efficiency of seaports: A comparison of fixed and random-effects regression models. Transport Res A-Pol 46: 1574–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.08.006 doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2012.08.006
[25]	Rios L R, Maç ada A C G (2006) Analysing the relative efficiency of container terminals of Mercosur using DEA. Marit Econ Logist 8: 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100168 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100168
[26]	Schø yen H, Odeck J (2013) The technical efficiency of Norwegian container ports: A comparison to some Nordic and UK container ports using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Marit Econ Logist 15: 197–221.https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2013.3 doi: 10.1057/mel.2013.3
[27]	Tongzon, J (2001) Efficiency measurement of selected Australian and other international ports using data envelopment analysis. Transport Res A-Pol 35: 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(99)00049-X doi: 10.1016/S0965-8564(99)00049-X
[28]	Lirn T C, Thanopoulou H A, Beresford A K (2003) Transhipment port selection and decision-making behaviour: analysing the Taiwanese case. Int J Logist Res Appl 6: 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560310001626990 doi: 10.1080/13675560310001626990
[29]	Ha M S (2003) A comparison of service quality at major container ports: implications for Korean ports. J Transp Geogr 11: 131–137.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00069-8 doi: 10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00069-8
[30]	Song D W, Yeo K T (2004) A competitive analysis of Chinese container ports using the analytic hierarchy process. Marit Econ Logist 6: 34–52.https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100096 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100096
[31]	Chang Y T, Lee S Y, Tongzon J L (2008) Port selection factors by shipping lines: Different perspectives between trunk liners and feeder service providers. Marine Policy 32: 877–885.
[32]	Dang V L, Yeo G T (2017) A competitive strategic position analysis of major container ports in Southeast Asia. Asian J Shipping Logist 33: 19–25.
[33]	Kavirathna C, Kawasaki T, Hanaoka S, et al. (2018) Transshipment hub port selection criteria by shipping lines: the case of hub ports around the bay of Bengal. J Shipping Trade 3: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-018-0030-5 doi: 10.1186/s41072-018-0030-5
[34]	J Gao J, Li X (2019) Research on Logistics Competitiveness of Yangtze River Delta Ports from the Perspective of Niche. J Transport Technol 9: 309–324.https://doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2019.93019 doi: 10.4236/jtts.2019.93019
[35]	Kavirathna C A, Kawasaki T, Hanaoka S (2018) Transshipment hub port competitiveness of the port of Colombo against the major Southeast Asian hub ports. Asian J Shipping Logist 34: 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.004 doi: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.004
[36]	Tongzon J L, Sawant L (2007) Port choice in a competitive environment: from the shipping lines' perspective. Appl Econ 39: 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500438871 doi: 10.1080/00036840500438871
[37]	Ng K Y (2006) Assessing the attractiveness of ports in the North European container transhipment market: an agenda for future research in port competition. Marit Econ Logist 8: 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100158 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100158
[38]	Wiegmans B W, Hoest A V D, Notteboom T E (2008) Port and terminal selection by deep-sea container operators. MariT Policy Manag 35: 517–534.https://doi.org/10.1080/03088830802469329 doi: 10.1080/03088830802469329
[39]	Saeed N, Aaby B C (2013) Analysis of factors contributing to criteria for selection of European container terminals. Transport Res Rec 2330: 31–38. https://doi.org/10.3141/2330-05 doi: 10.3141/2330-05
[40]	Tsakiridis A, Mateo-Mantecón I, O'Connor E, et al (2021) Efficiency benchmarking of Irish and North Atlantic Spanish ports: Implications for blue growth. Util Policy 72: 101268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101268 doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2021.101268
[41]	Lam J S L, Notteboom T (2014) The greening of ports: a comparison of port management tools used by leading ports in Asia and Europe. Transp Rev 34: 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.891162 doi: 10.1080/01441647.2014.891162
[42]	Elsayed ElKhouly S, Ebrahim Kamel A (2023) The Impact of Mega Expansion Projects on Container Terminal Competitiveness in The East Mediterranean Region. 613–641.‎
[43]	Baştuğ S, Esmer S, Eminoğlu E (2023) Port Competitiveness Criteria for Transshipment Container Market: A Turkish Port Industry Application. Acta Natura & Scientia 4.
[44]	Lirn T C, Thanopoulou H A, Beynon M J, et al. (2004) An application of AHP on transhipment port selection: a global perspective. Marit Econ Logist 6: 70–91.
[45]	Briceno-Garmendia C, Foster Vivien.(2009) Africa's infrastructure : a time for transformation, World Bank Group. United States of America. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1509090/africas-infrastructure/2176700/ on 01 Apr 2024. CID: 20.500.12592/q5qcrj.
[46]	van Dyck G K, Ismael H M (2015) Multi-criteria evaluation of port competitiveness in West Africa using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Am J Indl Bus Manage 5: 432–446.
[47]	Gohomene D A, Yang Z L, Bonsal S, et al. (2016) The Attractiveness of Ports in W est A frica: Some Lessons from Shipping Lines' Port Selection. Growth and Change 47: 416–426.
[48]	Notteboom T E, Rodrigue J P (2005) Port regionalization: towards a new phase in port development. Marit Policy Manag 32: 297–313.
[49]	Okorie C, Tipi N, Hubbard N (2016) Analysis of the potential contribution of value-adding services (VAS) to the competitive logistics strategy of ports. Marit Econ Logist 18: 158–173.
[50]	Mohamed S A, Hassan T M Y, Emam E M A, et al. (2024) Implementation of Green Freight Transport approach in Egypt: A case study of Port Said ports. Int J Eng Sci Appl 5: 136–149.
[51]	J P Rodrigue. "Port Economics.Transshipment hubs: Connecting global and regional maritime shipping networks., "[Online]. Available from: https://www.porteconomics.eu/transshipment-hubs-connecting-global-and-regional-maritime-shipping-networks/.[Accessed 05 04 2020].
[52]	Munim Z H, Duru O, Ng A K (2022) Transhipment port's competitiveness forecasting using analytic network process modelling. Transp Policy 124: 70–82.
[53]	D A Pallis, J P Dr Rodrigue, "Économie, gestion et politique portuaires," 2020-23.[Online]. Available from: https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part6/port-efficiency/.[Accessed 30 03 2022].
[54]	İpek E K E R, ERGİN A, ALKAN G (2013) Selection of container port with fahp-topsis technique. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 1: 43–58.
[55]	Xchange "Demurrage & Detention fees," Container xChange, 2023.
[56]	The World Bank, "The world Bank," 2018.[Online]. Available: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ.[Accessed 17 November 2022].
[57]	Low J M, Lam S W, Tang L C (2009) Assessment of hub status among Asian ports from a network perspective. Transport Res A-Pol 43: 593–606.
[58]	Nir A S, Lin K, Liang G S (2003) Port choice behaviour--from the perspective of the shipper. MariT Policy Manag 30: 165–173.
[59]	Esmer S (2008) Performance measurements of container terminal operations.
[60]	Haezendonck E, Van Den Broeck J, Jans T (2011) Analysing the lobby-effect of port competitiveness' determinants: a stochastic frontier approach. J Prod Anal 36: 113–123.
[61]	Wang Y, Cullinane K (2008) Measuring container port accessibility: An application of the Principal Eigenvector Method (PEM). Marit Econ Logist 10: 75–89.
[62]	Bichou K, Gray R (2004) A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement. MariT Policy Manag 31: 47–67.
[63]	Chou C C (2007) A fuzzy MCDM method for solving marine transshipment container port selection problems. Appl Math Comput 186: 435–444.
[64]	Sumner M, Rudan I (2018) A hybrid MCDM approach to transshipment port selection. Pomorstvo 32: 258–267.
[65]	Mardani A, Zavadskas E K, Khalifah Z, et al. (2016) Multiple criteria decision-making techniques in transportation systems: A systematic review of the state of the art literature. Transport 31: 359–385.
[66]	Agrebi M (2018) Méthodes d'aide à la décision multi-attribut et multi-acteur pour résoudre le problème de sélection dans un environnement certain/incertain: cas de la localisation des centres de distribution (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis; Université de Sfax (Tunisie)).
[67]	Tzeng G H, Huang J J (2011) Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications. CRC press.
[68]	Duckstein L, Opricovic S (1980) Multiobjective optimization in river basin development. Water resources research 16: 14–20.
[69]	Wang Y M, Luo Y, Hua Z (2008) On the extent analysis method for fuzzy AHP and its applications. Eur J Oper Res 186: 735–747.
[70]	Chen C T (2000) Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets Syst 114: 1–9.
[71]	Liu D C, Ding J F, Liang G S, etnal. (2020) Use of the fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method to select the most attractive container port. J Mar Sci Technol 28: 3.
[72]	Zadeh L A (1965) Fuzzy sets. Information and control 8: 338–353.
[73]	Zouggari A, Benyoucef L (2011) Une approche couplant logique floue et capitalisation des connaissances pour la résolution du problème de choix des fournisseurs. Université Paul Verlaine–Metz, France.
[74]	Chang D Y (1996) Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. Eur J Oper Res 95: 649-655.
[75]	Opricovic S, Tzeng G H (2004) Compromise solution by MCDM methods: A comparative analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS. Eur J Oper Res 156: 445–455.
[76]	Etikan I, Musa S A, Alkassim R S (2016) Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Am J Theore Appl Stat 5: 1–4.
[77]	Saaty T L, Vargas L G (1980) Hierarchical analysis of behavior in competition: Prediction in chess. Behav Sci 25: 180–191.
[78]	Van Laarhoven P J, Pedrycz W (1983) A fuzzy extension of Saaty's priority theory. Fuzzy Sets Syst 11: 229–241.
[79]	Dimitriou L (2021) Optimal competitive pricing in European port container terminals: A game-theoretical framework. Trans Res 9: 100287.
[80]	Wagner N, Kotowska I, Pluciński M (2022) The Impact of improving the quality of the port's infrastructure on the shippers' decisions. Sustainability 14: 6255.
[81]	Munim Z H, Schramm H J (2018) The impacts of port infrastructure and logistics performance on economic growth: the mediating role of seaborne trade. J Shipping Trade 3: 1–19.
[82]	Notteboom T, Yap W Y (2012) Port competition and competitiveness. Blackwell Companion Marit Econo 549–570.
[83]	srm "Port competitiveness in the mediteranean and northern Europe: Comparaion among regional," SRM, ITALIA, 2014. https://www.sr-m.it/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2014/10/competitivita-porti-eng.pdf
[84]	Merk O (2013) The competitiveness of global port-cities: synthesis report. https://doi.org/10.1787/20737009
[85]	YEO Gi-Tae, ROE Michael, et DINWOODIE John (2008) Evaluating the competitiveness of container ports in Korea and China. Transport Res A-Pol 42: 910–921.
[86]	Kaliszewski A, Kozłowski A, Dąbrowski J, et al. (2020) Key factors of container port competitiveness: A global shipping lines perspective. Mar Pol 117: 103896.
[87]	Hossain T, Adams M, Walker T R (2021) Role of sustainability in global seaports. Ocean Coast Manage 202: 105435.
[88]	Lee P T W, Kwon O K, Ruan X (2019) Sustainability challenges in maritime transport and logistics industry and its way ahead. Sustainability, 11: 1331.
[89]	Lu B, Ming X, Lu H, et al. (2023) Challenges of decarbonizing global maritime container shipping toward net-zero emissions. npj Ocean Sustainability 2: 11.
[90]	Bachkar K, Lam N C (2021) A conceptual model for benchmarking transhipment ports: the case of Tangier-Med and Algeciras Bay. Int J Logist Syst Managet 40: 525–540.
[91]	Serry A, Kerbiriou R (2020) Spanish container ports integration in the maritime network. In Maritime Transport Ⅷ: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Maritime Transport: Technology, Innovation and Research: Maritime Transport'20 (26–45). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria Nàutiques.
[92]	El Imran O, Babounia A (2018) Benchmark and competitive analysis of port performances model: algeciras bay, rotterdam, new york-new jersey and tangier med. Eur J Log Purch Supply Chain Manag 6: 28–48.
[93]	Eldin Youssef Abdel Raouf E, Al-Saeed Abdul-Qader M, Abdul-Hafez M, et al. (2023) Analyzing the efficiency criteria of the hub ports in the Mediterranean (The current state of the hub ports in the vicinity of East Port Said port). 14: 300–326.‎
[94]	Nikghadam S, Molkenboer K F, Tavasszy L, et al. (2021) Information sharing to mitigate delays in port: the case of the Port of Rotterdam. Marit Econ Logist 1–26.
[95]	Węcel K, Stróżyna M, Szmydt M, et al. (2024) The Impact of Crises on Maritime Traffic: A Case Study of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the War in Ukraine. Netw Spat Econ 1–32.
[96]	WORLD BANK GROUP, "The container port performance index 2021," Washington, 2021.available from: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/66e3aa5c3be4647addd01845ce353992-0190062022/original/Container-Port-Performance-Index-2021.pdf
[97]	M Magazine, "Maritime Magazine," 12 octobre 2021.[Online]. Available from: https://maritimemag.com/la-congestion-des-ports-en-europe-du-nord-entraine-une-baisse-massive-des-escales-des-transporteurs/.[Accessed 03 03 2022].
[98]	R KAMMOUN, C ABDENNADHER, "Seaport efficiency and competitiveness in European seaports," Transp Policy 121: 113–124, 2022.
[99]	Tanger med, "Port de tanger Med, "[Online]. Available from: https://www.tangermed.ma/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/TM_News_FR_Janvier_2022-WEB.pdf.
[100]	Mareï N, Piveteau A (2022) Tanger-Med: le territoire à l'épreuve du réseau. Les Cahiers d'EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée, (34).
[101]	Deandreis M, Panaro A, Ferrara O (2022) Maritime Scenario in the Mediterranean: Analysis of the Competitiveness and Investments of the Major Logistics Players. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
[102]	PSCCHC, "Port Said Container & Cargo Handling Co., "[Online]. Available from: (https://www.pscchc.com/).[Accessed 30 09 2022].
[103]	Huo W, Zhang W, Chen P S L (2018) Recent development of Chinese port cooperation strategies. Res Transp Bus Manag 26: 67–75.
[104]	R Jean-Paul, "Port Economics," 17 09 2015.[Online]. Available from: https://www.porteconomics.eu/transshipment-hubs-connecting-global-and-regional-maritime-shipping-networks/.[Accessed 30 04 2021].

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)