Energy saving potential diagnosis for Moroccan university campuses

Badr Ouhammou; Fatima Zohra Gargab; Samir El idrissi kaitouni; Slimane Smouh; Rachid El mrabet; Mohammed Aggour; Abdelmajid Jamil; Tarik Kousksou; Badr Ouhammou; Fatima Zohra Gargab; Samir El idrissi kaitouni; Slimane Smouh; Rachid El mrabet; Mohammed Aggour; Abdelmajid Jamil; Tarik Kousksou

doi:10.3934/energy.2023030

AIMS Energy

2023, Volume 11, Issue 3: 576-611. doi: 10.3934/energy.2023030

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Special Issues

Energy saving potential diagnosis for Moroccan university campuses

1.
Faculty of Science of Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
2.
Higher School of Technology of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Morocco
3.
Green Energy Park, Benguerir, Morocco
4.
High School of Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Km 5, Agouray Street P1, Meknes 50040, Morocco
5.
Marafik Berkane campany, Berkane city, Morocco
6.
Laboratory of Engineering Sciences Applied to Mechanics and Electrical Engineering (SIAME), University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, EA4581, 64000, Pau, France

Received: 12 September 2022 Revised: 14 January 2023 Accepted: 16 January 2023 Published: 19 June 2023

Public buildings are energy-intensive users, especially when energy management is lacking. More than ever, the use of energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy sources (RES) in buildings are a national priority for Morocco in order to improve energy self-sufficiency, replace fossil fuel use and lower energy bills and greenhouse gas emissions. Relating to the exemplarity of the Moroccan government in terms of energy efficiency and sustainable development, the study support that aim and presents results of a deep energy performance analysis of more than 20 university campuses across Morocco, which has concluded that around 80% of the energy consumed in the university campuses is designated for lightning and hot water for sanitary use. Later, this study examined the potential for energy saving and the environmental benefits of implementing actions to reduce energy demand from the grid, considering the use of on-site solar energy. Thereafter, the study aimed to analyze the impact of RES integration in public university campuses, namely the photovoltaic (ESM1) for electricity output and solar thermal system for hot water use (ESM2), to assess the techno-economic-environmental performance on building energy consumption reduction. Hence, the paper reported a detailed energetic-economic and environmental (3E) analysis simulation for campuses by integration of the two Energy Saving Measurements (ESM). The results showed that the integration of ESM1 system can reduce the annual energy demand by 22% and the energy bill by 34%, whereas the integration of ESM2 achieved 67% in energy saving. According to the analysis of the results, the integration of ESM1 is expected to save 6044 MWh of electrical energy annually on the 30222 MWh for all campuses and 2559 MWh for ESM2 which is equivalent to 284 m³/yr of diesel. With the reduced energy consumption, it is possible to cut down fossil fuels for electricity production and offset greenhouse gas emissions by 672 tons of carbon dioxide annually. Besides, the evaluation of results showed that the energy performance indicator was reduced from 530 kWh/bed /yr to 248 kWh/bed/yr, which represents 56% of energy saving.
- buildings low consumption,
- energy efficiency,
- PV simulation,
- solar thermal,
- carbon footprint
Citation: Badr Ouhammou, Fatima Zohra Gargab, Samir El idrissi kaitouni, Slimane Smouh, Rachid El mrabet, Mohammed Aggour, Abdelmajid Jamil, Tarik Kousksou. Energy saving potential diagnosis for Moroccan university campuses[J]. AIMS Energy, 2023, 11(3): 576-611. doi: 10.3934/energy.2023030

Related Papers:

Abstract

Public buildings are energy-intensive users, especially when energy management is lacking. More than ever, the use of energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy sources (RES) in buildings are a national priority for Morocco in order to improve energy self-sufficiency, replace fossil fuel use and lower energy bills and greenhouse gas emissions. Relating to the exemplarity of the Moroccan government in terms of energy efficiency and sustainable development, the study support that aim and presents results of a deep energy performance analysis of more than 20 university campuses across Morocco, which has concluded that around 80% of the energy consumed in the university campuses is designated for lightning and hot water for sanitary use. Later, this study examined the potential for energy saving and the environmental benefits of implementing actions to reduce energy demand from the grid, considering the use of on-site solar energy. Thereafter, the study aimed to analyze the impact of RES integration in public university campuses, namely the photovoltaic (ESM1) for electricity output and solar thermal system for hot water use (ESM2), to assess the techno-economic-environmental performance on building energy consumption reduction. Hence, the paper reported a detailed energetic-economic and environmental (3E) analysis simulation for campuses by integration of the two Energy Saving Measurements (ESM). The results showed that the integration of ESM1 system can reduce the annual energy demand by 22% and the energy bill by 34%, whereas the integration of ESM2 achieved 67% in energy saving. According to the analysis of the results, the integration of ESM1 is expected to save 6044 MWh of electrical energy annually on the 30222 MWh for all campuses and 2559 MWh for ESM2 which is equivalent to 284 m³/yr of diesel. With the reduced energy consumption, it is possible to cut down fossil fuels for electricity production and offset greenhouse gas emissions by 672 tons of carbon dioxide annually. Besides, the evaluation of results showed that the energy performance indicator was reduced from 530 kWh/bed /yr to 248 kWh/bed/yr, which represents 56% of energy saving.

References

[1]	Wai CW, Abdul HM, Ting LS (2011) Energy management key practices: A proposed list for Malaysian universities. Int J Energy Environ 2: 749.
[2]	Allouhi A, El Fouih Y, Kousksou T, et al. (2015) Energy consumption and efficiency in buildings: Current status and future trends. J Cleaner Produc 109: 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.139 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.139
[3]	Parameshwaran R, Kalaiselvam S, Harikrishnan S, et al. (2012) Sustainable thermal energy storage technologies for buildings: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 16: 2394–2433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.058 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.058
[4]	International Energy Agency (IEA) (2016) Energy efficiency market report. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264266100-en
[5]	Choukri K, Naddami A, Hayani S (2017) Renewable energy in emergent countries: Lessons from energy transition in Morocco. Energy Sustainability Soc. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-017-0131-2 doi: 10.1186/s13705-017-0131-2
[6]	Alhamwi A, Kleinhans D, Weitemeyer S (2015) Moroccan National Energy Strategy reviewed from a meteorological perspective. Energy Strategy Rev 6: 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2015.02.002 doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2015.02.002
[7]	Harrouni KE, Filali M, Kharmich H (2018) Energy efficient houses meeting both bioclimatic architecture principles and Moroccan thermal regulation. In 2018 6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), Rabat, Morocco, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRSEC.2018.8702273 doi: 10.1109/IRSEC.2018.8702273
[8]	Merini I, Molina-García A, García-Cascales MS, et al. (2019) Energy efficiency regulation and requirements: Comparison between Morocco and Spain. In Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD'2018), Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12065-8_19 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-12065-8_19
[9]	International Energy Agency (2019) Morocco renewable energy target 2030. Technical report: Paris, France. Available from: https://www.iea.org/policies/6557-morocco-renewable-energy-target-2030.
[10]	International Energy Agency (2016) Partner country series—Clean energy technology assessment methodology pilot study: Morocco. Technical report: Paris, France. Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/partner-country-series-clean-energy-technology-assessment-methodology-pilot-study-morocco.
[11]	Pereira LD, Raimondo D, Corgnati SP, et al. (2014) Energy consumption in schools—A review paper. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 40: 911–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.010 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.010
[12]	Sait HH (2013) Auditing and analysis of energy consumption of an educational building in hot and humid area. Energy Convers Manage 66: 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.005
[13]	Semprini G, Marinosci C, Ferrante A, et al. (2016) Energy management in public institutional and educational buildings: The case of the school of engineering and architecture in Bologna. Energy Build 126: 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.009 doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.009
[14]	Singh H, Seera M, Idin MAM (2012) Electrical energy audit in a Malaysian university—A case study. In Power and Energy (PECon), 2012 IEEE International Conference on IEEE, 616–619. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECon.2012.6450288 doi: 10.1109/PECon.2012.6450288
[15]	Escobedo A, Briceño S, Juárez H, et al. (2014) Energy consumption and GHG emission scenarios of a university campus in Mexico. Energy Sustainable Dev 18: 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2013.10.005
[16]	Division Paris City Hall-Department of Green Spaces and the Environment-Urban Ecology Agency Climate-Energy Division (2014) Energy renovation of Parisian schools. Available from: https://cdn.locomotive.works/sites/5ab410c8a2f42204838f797e/content_entry5ae2f905a2f4220ae645f026/5af7316614ad660b652531de/files/Paris_-Paris_Climate_Action_Plan.pdf?1526890697.
[17]	Thewes A, Maas S, Scholzen F, et al. (2014) Field study on the energy consumption of school buildings in Luxembourg. Energy Build 68: 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.002 doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.002
[18]	Alajmi A (2012) Energy audit of an educational building in a hot summer climate. Energy Build 47: 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.033 doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.033
[19]	Butala V, Novak P (1999) Energy consumption and potential energy savings in old school buildings. Energy Build 29: 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00062-0 doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00062-0
[20]	Dimoudi A, Kostarela P (2009) Energy monitoring and conservation potential in school buildings in the C' climatic zone of Greece. Renewable Energy 34: 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.025 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.025
[21]	Hamdaoui S, Mahdaoui M, Allouhi A, et al. (2018) Energy demand and environmental impact of various construction scenarios of an office building in Morocco. J Clean Prod 188: 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.298 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.298
[22]	Guechchati R, Moussaoui MA, Mezrhab A, et al. (2012) Improving the energy-efficient envelope design for moroccan houses. Int J Ambient Energy 33: 184–192, https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2012.686199 doi: 10.1080/01430750.2012.686199
[23]	Lafqir FE, Sobhy I, Benhamou B, et al. (2020) Thermal performance of passive techniques integrated to a house and the concept of passive house in the six climates of Morocco. Sci Technol Built Environ 26: 1490–1508. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1805983 doi: 10.1080/23744731.2020.1805983
[24]	Good C, Andresen I, Hestnes AG, et al. (2015) Solar energy for net zero energy buildings—A comparison between solar thermal, PV and photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems. Sol Energy 122: 986–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.10.013 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.10.013
[25]	Chegari B, Tabaa M, Moutaouakkil F, et al. (2020) Local energy self-sufficiency for passive buildings: Case study of a typical Moroccan building. J Build Eng 29: 101164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101164 doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101164
[26]	Harkouss F, Fardoun F, Biwole PH (2018) Passive design optimization of low energy buildings in different climates. Energy 165: 591–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.019 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.019
[27]	Jamaludin AA, Mahmood NZ, Ilham Z (2017) Performance of electricity usage at residential college buildings in the University of Malaya campus. Energy Sustainable Dev 40: 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.07.005 doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2017.07.005
[28]	ADEREE (2015) The energy efficiency vision of the Kingdom.
[29]	MEMEE (2016) Minister speech during photovoltaic conference and exhibition.
[30]	Division Paris City Hall-Department of Green Spaces and the Environment-Urban Ecology Agency Climate-Energy Division (2016) Energy renovation of Parisian schools. Available from: https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2019/07/24/1a706797eac9982aec6b767c56449240.pdf.
[31]	Allouhi A, Boharb A, Saidur R, et al. (2018) Energy Auditing. Compr Energy Syst 5: 1–44 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809597-3.00503-4 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809597-3.00503-4
[32]	Lytras K, Caspar C (2005) Energy Audit Models. SAVE-project AUDIT Ⅱ, Topic Report.
[33]	D'Adamo I (2018) The profitability of residential photovoltaic systems. A new scheme of subsidies based on the price of CO₂ in a developed PV market. Soc Sci 7: 148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090148 doi: 10.3390/socsci7090148
[34]	GSE (2020) Annual reports. Available from: https://www.gse.com.ge/communication/reports/annual-reports.
[35]	Ouhammou B, Mohammed A, Sliman S, et al. (2022) Experimental conception and thermo-energetic analysis of a solar biogas production system. Case Stud Thermal Eng 30: 101740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101740 doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101740
[36]	Ouhammou B, Mohammed A, Frimane A, et al. (2019) A new system design and analysis of a solar bio-digester unit. Energy Convers Manage 198: 111779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111779 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111779
[37]	Bohm B (2013) Production and distribution of domestic hot water in selected Danish apartment buildings and institutions: analysis of consumption, energy efficiency and the significance for energy design requirements of buildings. Energy Convers Manage 67: 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.002 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.002
[38]	Raugei M, Bargigli S, Ulgiati S, et al. (2007) Life cycle assessment and energy pay-back time of advanced photovoltaic modules: CdTe and CIS compared to poly-Si. Energy 32: 1310–1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.003 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.003
[39]	Ouhammou B, Gargab FZ, Frimane A, et al. (2022) Modeling of a bio-methane solar system driven by solar energy and heat pump. 158: 106378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106378

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)