Most of the research in distributed generation focuses on power flow optimization and control algorithm development and related fields. However, microgrids are evolving on multiple levels with respect to the chemical processes used to manufacture the underlying technologies, deployment strategies, physical architecture (which is important to the economic factor) as well as environmental impact mitigation of microgrids. Special use cases and paradigms of deploying Distributed Generation (DG) in harmony with agricultural or decorative purposes for existing spaces are emerging, propelled by research in frontiers that the DG engineer would benefit from being aware of. Also, offshore photovoltaic (PV) has emerged as an increasingly important research area. Many nascent technologies and concepts have not been techno-economically analyzed to determine and optimize their benefits. These provide ample research opportunities from a big-picture perspective regarding microgrid development. This also provides the avenue for research in distributed generation from a physical integration and space use perspective. This study reviews a selection of developments in microgrid technology with the themes of manufacturing technology, optimal deployment techniques in physical spaces, and impact mitigation approaches to the deployment of renewable energy from a qualitative perspective.
Citation: Paul K. Olulope, Oyinlolu A. Odetoye, Matthew O. Olanrewaju. A review of emerging design concepts in applied microgrid technology[J]. AIMS Energy, 2022, 10(4): 776-800. doi: 10.3934/energy.2022035
Most of the research in distributed generation focuses on power flow optimization and control algorithm development and related fields. However, microgrids are evolving on multiple levels with respect to the chemical processes used to manufacture the underlying technologies, deployment strategies, physical architecture (which is important to the economic factor) as well as environmental impact mitigation of microgrids. Special use cases and paradigms of deploying Distributed Generation (DG) in harmony with agricultural or decorative purposes for existing spaces are emerging, propelled by research in frontiers that the DG engineer would benefit from being aware of. Also, offshore photovoltaic (PV) has emerged as an increasingly important research area. Many nascent technologies and concepts have not been techno-economically analyzed to determine and optimize their benefits. These provide ample research opportunities from a big-picture perspective regarding microgrid development. This also provides the avenue for research in distributed generation from a physical integration and space use perspective. This study reviews a selection of developments in microgrid technology with the themes of manufacturing technology, optimal deployment techniques in physical spaces, and impact mitigation approaches to the deployment of renewable energy from a qualitative perspective.
| [1] |
Akorede M, Ibrahim O, Amuda S, et al. (2016) Current status and outlook of renewable energy development in Nigeria. Niger J Technol, 36. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.25 doi: 10.4314/njt.v36i1.25
|
| [2] |
Elum ZA, Momodu AS (2017) Climate change mitigation and renewable energy for sustainable development in Nigeria: A discourse approach. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 76: 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.040 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.040
|
| [3] |
Adewuyi A (2020) Challenges and prospects of renewable energy in Nigeria: A case of bioethanol and biodiesel production. Energy Reports 6: 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.12.002
|
| [4] |
Olujobi OJ, Ufua DE, Olokundun M, et al. (2021) Conversion of organic wastes to electricity in Nigeria: legal perspective on the challenges and prospects. Int J Environ Sci Technol https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03059-3 doi: 10.1007/s13762-020-03059-3
|
| [5] |
Adelaja AO (2020) Barriers to national renewable energy policy adoption: Insights from a case study of Nigeria. Energy Strateg Rev 30: 100519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100519 doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2020.100519
|
| [6] |
Emodi NV, Boo KJ (2015) Sustainable energy development in Nigeria: Current status and policy options. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 51: 356–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.016 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.016
|
| [7] |
Aliyu AK, Modu B, Tan CW (2018) A review of renewable energy development in Africa: A focus in South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 81: 2502–2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.055 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.055
|
| [8] |
Chathurangi D, Jayatunga U, Rathnayake M, et al. (2018) Potential power quality impacts on LV distribution networks with high penetration levels of solar PV. Proc Int Conf Harmon Qual Power, ICHQP 2018: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHQP.2018.8378890 doi: 10.1109/ICHQP.2018.8378890
|
| [9] |
Adetokun BB, Ojo JO, Muriithi CM (2020) Reactive Power-Voltage-Based voltage instability sensitivity indices for power grid with increasing renewable energy penetration. IEEE Access 8: 85401–85410. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992194 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992194
|
| [10] |
Laugs GAH, Benders RMJ, Moll HC (2020) Balancing responsibilities: Effects of growth of variable renewable energy, storage, and undue grid interaction. Energy Policy 139: 111203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111203 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111203
|
| [11] |
Impram S, Varbak Nese S, Oral B (2020) Challenges of renewable energy penetration on power system flexibility: A survey. Energy Strategy Rev 31: 100539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100539 doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2020.100539
|
| [12] |
Adineh B, Keypour R, Davari P, et al. (2021) Review of Harmonic Mitigation methods in microgrid: From a hierarchical control perspective. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 9: 3044–3060. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3001971 doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3001971
|
| [13] |
Jain S, Sawle Y (2021) Optimization and comparative economic analysis of standalone and grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system for remote location. Front Energy Res 9: 518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.724162 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.724162
|
| [14] |
Mamun MAA, Hasanuzzaman M (2019) Energy economics. Energy Sustainable Dev 2020: 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814645-3.00007-9 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814645-3.00007-9
|
| [15] |
Edomah N, Ndulue G (2020) Energy transition in a lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on changes in electricity demand in Lagos Nigeria. Glob Transitions 2: 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.07.002 doi: 10.1016/j.glt.2020.07.002
|
| [16] |
Steffen B, Egli F, Pahle M, et al. (2020) Navigating the clean energy transition in the COVID-19 crisis. Joule 4: 1137–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.011 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.011
|
| [17] |
Santiago I, Moreno-Munoz A, Quintero-Jiménez P, et al. (2021) Electricity demand during pandemic times: The case of the COVID-19 in Spain. Energy Policy 148: 111964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111964 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111964
|
| [18] |
Jiang P, Fan Y Van, Klemeš JJ (2021) Impacts of COVID-19 on energy demand and consumption: Challenges, lessons and emerging opportunities. Appl Energy 285: 116441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116441 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116441
|
| [19] | Hossain J, Pota HR (2014) Power system voltage stability and models of devices. Robust Control for Grid Voltage Stability: High Penetration of Renewable Energy, Springer, Singapore, 19–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-116-9_2 |
| [20] | Kimbark E (1995) Power system stability. ISBN-13: 978-0780311350. |
| [21] | Freris L, Infield D (2008) Renewable energy in power systems. ISBN: 978-0-470-98894-7. |
| [22] |
Shen W, Chen X, Qiu J, et al. (2020) A comprehensive review of variable renewable energy levelized cost of electricity. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 133: 110301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110301 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110301
|
| [23] |
Johnson J, Schenkman B, Ellis A, et al. (2012) Initial operating experience of the 1.2-MW la Ola photovoltaic system. Conf Rec IEEE Photovolt Spec Conf 2012: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC-Vol2.2013.6656701 doi: 10.1109/PVSC-Vol2.2013.6656701
|
| [24] |
Dovichi Filho FB, Castillo Santiago Y, Silva Lora EE, et al. (2021) Evaluation of the maturity level of biomass electricity generation technologies using the technology readiness level criteria. J Clean Prod 295: 126426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126426 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126426
|
| [25] | Hossain J, Pota HR (2014) Robust control for grid voltage stability: High penetration of renewable energy. Robust Control for Grid Voltage Stability: High Penetration of Renewable Energy, Singapore, Springer Singapore, 19–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-116-9. |
| [26] | Bollen M, Hassan F (2011) Integration of distributed generation in the power system. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118029039 |
| [27] | Hasankhani A, Hakimi SM (2021) Stochastic energy management of smart microgrid with intermittent renewable energy resources in electricity market. Energy 219: 119668. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220327754. |
| [28] |
Bajaj M, Singh AK (2020) Grid integrated renewable DG systems: A review of power quality challenges and state-of-the-art mitigation techniques. Int J Energy Res 44: 26–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4847 doi: 10.1002/er.4847
|
| [29] | Roberts D (2016) Vox, Got Denmark envy? Wait until you hear about its energy policies, 2016. Available from: https://www.vox.com/2016/3/12/11210818/denmark-energy-policies. |
| [30] |
Bulut M, Özcan E (2021) Optimization of electricity transmission by Ford–Fulkerson algorithm. Sustain Energy, Grids Networks 28: 100544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100544 doi: 10.1016/j.segan.2021.100544
|
| [31] |
Jekayinfa SO, Orisaleye JI, Pecenka R (2020) An assessment of potential resources for biomass energy in Nigeria. Resources 9: 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100544 doi: 10.3390/resources9080092
|
| [32] | De Souza ACZ, Castilla M (2019) Microgrids design and implementation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98687-6_4 |
| [33] | Okoye CU, Omolola SA (2019) A study and evaluation of power outages on 132 kv transmission network in Nigeria for grid security. Int J Eng Sci 8: 53–57. |
| [34] |
Cheng Y, Huang SH, Rose J, et al. (2019) Subsynchronous resonance assessment for a large system with multiple series compensated transmission circuits. IET Renew Power Gener 13: 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5254 doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5254
|
| [35] |
Badal FR, Das P, Sarker SK, et al. (2019) A survey on control issues in renewable energy integration and microgrid. Prot Control Mod Power Syst, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-019-0122-8 doi: 10.1186/s41601-019-0122-8
|
| [36] | Masters GM (2013) Renewable and efficient electric power systems, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-1-118-63350-2. |
| [37] |
Adetokun BB, Muriithi CM, Ojo JO (2020) Voltage stability analysis and improvement of power system with increased SCIG-based wind system integration. 2020 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, PowerAfrica 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerAfrica49420.2020.9219803 doi: 10.1109/PowerAfrica49420.2020.9219803
|
| [38] |
Ozoegwu CG, Akpan PU (2021) A review and appraisal of Nigeria's solar energy policy objectives and strategies against the backdrop of the renewable energy policy of the economic community of West African States. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 143: 110887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110887 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110887
|
| [39] |
Zhu J, Huang S, Liu Y, et al. (2021) Optimal energy management for grid-connected microgrids via expected-scenario-oriented robust optimization. Energy 216: 119224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119224 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119224
|
| [40] | Shayeghi H, Younesi A (2020) Microgrid architectures, control and protection methods. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-23723-3_24. |
| [41] | Akinyele D, Olabode E, Amole A (2020) Review of fuel cell technologies and applications for sustainable microgrid systems. Inventions 5: 1–35. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-23723-3_24. |
| [42] |
Hirsch A, Parag Y, Guerrero J (2018) Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 90: 402–411. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.040
|
| [43] | Ehsan A, Yang Q (2018) Optimal integration and planning of renewable distributed generation in the power distribution networks: A review of analytical techniques. Appl Energy 210: 44–59. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917315519. |
| [44] |
Xie X, Zhang X, Liu H, et al. (2017) Characteristic analysis of subsynchronous resonance in practical wind farms connected to series-compensated transmissions. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 32: 1117–1126. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2017.2676024 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2017.2676024
|
| [45] | Youssef E, Sharaf A, Amin A, et al. (2018) Wind Energy FACTS applications and stabilization schemes, Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812959-3.00014-9 |
| [46] |
Chettibi N, Massi Pavan A, Mellit A, et al. (2021) Real-time prediction of grid voltage and frequency using artificial neural networks: An experimental validation. Sustainable Energy, Grids Networks 27: 100502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100502 doi: 10.1016/j.segan.2021.100502
|
| [47] |
Aziz T, Ketjoy N (2017) PV penetration limits in low voltage networks and voltage variations. IEEE Access 5: 16784–16792. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2747086 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2747086
|
| [48] | Bansal R (2017) Handbook of distributed generation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51343-0 |
| [49] | Zhang G, Hu W, Cao D, et al. (2021) Data-driven optimal energy management for a wind-solar-diesel-battery-reverse osmosis hybrid energy system using a deep reinforcement learning approach. Energy Convers Manage 227: 113608. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890420311365. |
| [50] |
Wen Y, Chung CY, Liu X, et al. (2019) Microgrid dispatch with frequency-aware islanding constraints. IEEE Trans Power Syst 34: 2465–2468. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2895573 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2895573
|
| [51] |
Naderipour A, Abdul-Malek Z, Abohamzeh E, et al. (2018) Control strategy of Grid-Connected PV inverters in microgrid with nonlinear operating conditions. 2018 IEEE 7th Int Conf Power Energy, PECon 2018: 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2018.8684119 doi: 10.1109/PECON.2018.8684119
|
| [52] |
Rawat GS, Sathans (2018) Survey on DC microgrid architecture, power quality issues and control strategies. Proc 2nd Int Conf Inven Syst Control ICISC 2018: 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISC.2018.8399123 doi: 10.1109/ICISC.2018.8399123
|
| [53] |
De Carne G, Buticchi G, Zou Z, et al. (2018) Reverse power flow control in a ST-Fed distribution grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9: 3811–3819. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2651147 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2651147
|
| [54] |
Londono JEV, Mazza A, Pons E, et al. (2021) Modelling and control of a grid-connected RES-hydrogen hybrid microgrid. Energies 14: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061540 doi: 10.3390/en14061540
|
| [55] | Taghavifar H (2021) Adaptive robust control-based energy management of hybrid PV-Battery systems with improved transient performance. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46: 7442–7453. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319920344943. |
| [56] |
Roy NB, Das D (2021) Optimal allocation of active and reactive power of dispatchable distributed generators in a droop controlled islanded microgrid considering renewable generation and load demand uncertainties. Sustainable Energy, Grids Networks 27: 100482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100482 doi: 10.1016/j.segan.2021.100482
|
| [57] |
Ardriani T, Sastya PD, Husnan Arofat A, et al. (2018) A novel power conditioner system for isolated DC microgrid system. 4th IEEE Conf Power Eng Renew Energy, ICPERE 2018-Proc, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPERE.2018.8739686 doi: 10.1109/ICPERE.2018.8739686
|
| [58] |
Ardriani T, Dahono PA, Rizqiawan A, et al. (2021) A dc microgrid system for powering remote areas. Energies 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020493 doi: 10.3390/en14020493
|
| [59] |
Semenov D, Mirzaeva G, Townsend CD, et al. (2018) Recent development in AC microgrid control-A survey. 2017 Australas Univ Power Eng Conf AUPEC 2017 2017: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282457 doi: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282457
|
| [60] |
Li S, Li Y, Chen X, et al. (2020) A novel flexible power support control with voltage fluctuation suppression for islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid involving distributed energy storage units. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 123: 106265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106265 doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106265
|
| [61] |
Wen Y, Chung CY, Ye X (2018) Enhancing frequency stability of asynchronous grids interconnected with HVDC links. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33: 1800–1810. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2726444 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2726444
|
| [62] | Sun J, Li M, Zhang Z, et al. (2017) Renewable energy transmission by HVDC across the continent : system challenges and opportunities. 3: 353–364. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2017.01200 |
| [63] |
Husein M, Chung IY (2018) Optimal design and financial feasibility of a university campus microgrid considering renewable energy incentives. Appl Energy 225: 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.036 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.036
|
| [64] |
Torres-Moreno JL, Gimenez-Fernandez A, Perez-Garcia M, et al. (2018) Energy management strategy for Micro-Grids with PV-Battery systems and electric vehicles. Energies 11: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030522 doi: 10.3390/en11030522
|
| [65] |
Chen Z, Zhang H, Xiong R, et al. (2021) Energy management strategy of connected hybrid electric vehicles considering electricity and oil price fluctuations: A case study of ten typical cities in China. J Energy Storage 36: 102347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102347 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102347
|
| [66] |
Manzoor S, Bakhsh FI, Mufti M (2021) Coordinated control of VFT and fuzzy based FESS for frequency stabilisation of wind penetrated multi-area power system. Wind Eng 46: 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X211030846 doi: 10.1177/0309524X211030846
|
| [67] |
Susetyo ME, Rizqiawan A, Hariyanto N, et al. (2017) Droop control implementation on hybrid microgrid PV-diesel-battery. Int Conf High Volt Eng Power Syst ICHVEPS 2017-Proceeding 2017: 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHVEPS.2017.8225960 doi: 10.1109/ICHVEPS.2017.8225960
|
| [68] |
Meegahapola LG, Bu S, Wadduwage DP, et al. (2021) Review on oscillatory stability in power grids with renewable energy sources: Monitoring, analysis, and control using synchrophasor technology. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 68: 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHVEPS.2017.8225960 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2965455
|
| [69] |
Liu Y, Wu L, Li J (2020) D-PMU based applications for emerging active distribution systems: A review. Electr Power Syst Res 179: 106063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106063 doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106063
|
| [70] | Xu LD, Duan L (2018) Big data for cyber physical systems in industry 4.0: A survey. 13: 148–169. https://doi.org/101080/1751757520181442934 |
| [71] |
Odetoye OA, Afolabi AS, Akinola OA (2020) Development and scaled-up simulation of an automated electrical energy management system for passageway illumination. Int J Emerg Electr Power Syst 21: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2020-0124 doi: 10.1515/ijeeps-2020-0124
|
| [72] |
González I, Calderón AJ, Portalo JM (2021) Innovative Multi-Layered architecture for heterogeneous automation and monitoring systems: Application case of a photovoltaic smart microgrid. Sustainability 13: 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042234 doi: 10.3390/su13042234
|
| [73] |
Samu R, Calais M, Shafiullah GM, et al. (2021) Applications for solar irradiance nowcasting in the control of microgrids: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 147: 111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111187 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111187
|
| [74] |
Li J, Chen S, Wu Y, et al. (2021) How to make better use of intermittent and variable energy? A review of wind and photovoltaic power consumption in China. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 137: 110626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110626 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110626
|
| [75] |
Kumar D, Zare F, Ghosh A (2017) DC microgrid technology: System architectures, AC Grid interfaces, grounding schemes, power quality, communication networks, applications, and standardizations aspects. IEEE Access 5: 12230–12256. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705914 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2705914
|
| [76] |
Pan H, Ding M, Chen A, et al. (2018) Research on distributed power capacity and site optimization planning of AC/DC hybrid micrograms considering line factors. Energies 11: 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN11081930 doi: 10.3390/en11081930
|
| [77] |
Kashem SBA, De Souza S, Iqbal A, et al. (2018) Microgrid in military applications. Proc-2018 IEEE 12th Int Conf Compat Power Electron Power Eng CPE-POWERENG 2018: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/CPE.2018.8372506 doi: 10.1109/CPE.2018.8372506
|
| [78] |
Jiang P, Huang S, Zhang T (2020) Asymmetric information in military microgrid confrontations-evaluation metric and influence analysis. Energies 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081954 doi: 10.3390/en13081954
|
| [79] |
Shabshab SC, Lindahl PA, Nowocin JK, et al. (2020) Demand smoothing in military microgrids through coordinated direct load control. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 11: 1917–1927. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2019.2945278 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2945278
|
| [80] |
Kinnon M, Razeghi G, Samuelsen S (2021) The role of fuel cells in port microgrids to support sustainable goods movement. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 147: 111226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111226 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111226
|
| [81] |
Zachar M, Daoutidis P (2018) Energy management and load shaping for commercial microgrids coupled with flexible building environment control. J Energy Storage 16: 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2017.12.017 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2017.12.017
|
| [82] |
Tavakoli M, Shokridehaki F, Akorede M, et al. (2018) CVaR-based energy management scheme for optimal resilience and operational cost in commercial building microgrids. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 100: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2018.02.022 doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.022
|
| [83] |
Warneryd M, Håkansson M, Karltorp K (2020) Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions' roles for development of microgrids. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 121: 109690. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.109690 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109690
|
| [84] |
Liu G, Jiang T, Ollis TB, et al. (2019) Distributed energy management for community microgrids considering network operational constraints and building thermal dynamics. Appl Energy 239: 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2019.01.210 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.210
|
| [85] |
Hossain MA, Pota HR, Squartini S, et al. (2019) Energy management of community microgrids considering degradation cost of battery. J Energy Storage 22: 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2018.12.021 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.12.021
|
| [86] |
Liang W, Lin S, Lei S, et al. (2022) Distributionally robust optimal dispatch of CCHP campus microgrids considering the time-delay of pipelines and the uncertainty of renewable energy. Energy 239: 122200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2021.122200 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122200
|
| [87] |
Lu X, Wang J (2017) A game changer: Electrifying remote communities by using isolated microgrids. IEEE Electrif Mag 5: 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/MELE.2017.2685958 doi: 10.1109/MELE.2017.2685958
|
| [88] |
Almeshqab F, Ustun TS (2019) Lessons learned from rural electrification initiatives in developing countries: Insights for technical, social, financial and public policy aspects. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 102: 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.035 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.035
|
| [89] |
Lasseter RH, Chen Z, Pattabiraman D (2020) Grid-Forming inverters: A critical asset for the power grid. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 8: 925–935. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2959271 doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2959271
|
| [90] | Denholm P, Mai T, Kenyon RW, et al. (2020) Inertia and the power grid : A guide without the spin. Natl Renewable Energy Lab 48. Available from: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/73856.pdf. |
| [91] | Khalilpour KR, Vassallo A (2016) Community energy networks with storage. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-287-652-2. |
| [92] |
Prevedello G, Werth A (2021) The benefits of sharing in off-grid microgrids: A case study in the Philippines. Appl Energy 303: 117605. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2021.117605 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117605
|
| [93] |
Montoya OD, Gil-González W, Grisales-Norena L, et al. (2019) Economic dispatch of BESS and renewable generators in DC microgrids using voltage-dependent load models. Energies 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234494 doi: 10.3390/en12234494
|
| [94] |
Mahmoud M, Ramadan M, Olabi AG, et al. (2020) A review of mechanical energy storage systems combined with wind and solar applications. Energy Convers Manage 210: 112670. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082159 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112670
|
| [95] |
Khezri R, Oshnoei A, Hagh MT, et al. (2018) Coordination of heat pumps, electric vehicles and AGC for efficient LFC in a smart hybrid power system via SCA-Based optimized FOPID controllers. Energies 11: 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN11020420 doi: 10.3390/en11020420
|
| [96] |
Magdy G, Shabib G, Elbaset AA, et al. (2019) Renewable power systems dynamic security using a new coordination of frequency control strategy based on virtual synchronous generator and digital frequency protection. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 109: 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2019.02.007 doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.02.007
|
| [97] |
Tang Z, Hill DJ, Liu T (2021) Distributed coordinated reactive power control for voltage regulation in distribution networks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 12: 312–323. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3018633 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2020.3018633
|
| [98] |
Lei X, Huang T, Yang Y, et al. (2019) A bi-layer multi-time coordination method for optimal generation and reserve schedule and dispatch of a grid-connected microgrid. IEEE Access 7: 44010–44020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2899915 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2899915
|
| [99] |
Hu M, Xiao F, Wang S (2021) Neighborhood-level coordination and negotiation techniques for managing demand-side flexibility in residential microgrids. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 135: 110248. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.110248 doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110248
|
| [100] |
Kumar J, Agarwal A, Agarwal V (2019) A review on overall control of DC microgrids. J Energy Storage 21: 113–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2018.11.013 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.11.013
|
| [101] |
Diaz NL, Dragičević T, Vasquez JC, et al. (2014) Fuzzy-logic-based gain-scheduling control for state-of-charge balance of distributed energy storage systems for DC microgrids. Conf Proc-IEEE Appl Power Electron Conf Expo-APEC, 2171–2176. https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2014.6803606 doi: 10.1109/APEC.2014.6803606
|
| [102] |
Bhosale R, Agarwal V (2019) Fuzzy logic control of the ultracapacitor interface for enhanced transient response and voltage stability of a dc microgrid. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 55: 712–720. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2870349 doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2870349
|
| [103] |
Zhang L, Wu T, Xing Y, et al. (2011) Power control of DC microgrid using DC bus signaling. Conf Proc-IEEE Appl Power Electron Conf Expo-APEC, 1926–1932. https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2011.5744859 doi: 10.1109/APEC.2011.5744859
|
| [104] | Papadimitriou CN, Kleftakis VA, Rigas A, et al. (2014) A DC-microgrid control strategy using DC-bus signaling, IET Conference Publications, Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1049/CP.2014.1667 |
| [105] |
Xia Y, Yu M, Yang P, et al. (2019) Generation-Storage Coordination for Islanded DC microgrids dominated by PV generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 34: 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2018.2860247 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2018.2860247
|
| [106] |
Wang T, Cheng X, Wang J, et al. (2018) Review of coordinated control strategy for AC/DC hybrid microgrid. 2nd IEEE Conf Energy Internet Energy Syst Integr EI2 2018-Proc. https://doi.org/10.1109/EI2.2018.8581990 doi: 10.1109/EI2.2018.8581990
|
| [107] |
Wang C, Li X, Guo L, et al. (2014) A nonlinear-disturbance-observer-based DC-Bus voltage control for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid. IEEE Trans Power Electron 29: 6162–6177. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2297376 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2297376
|
| [108] |
Zhang C, Xu Y, Li Z, et al. (2019) Robustly coordinated operation of a Multi-Energy microgrid with flexible electric and thermal loads. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10: 2765–2775. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2810247 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2810247
|
| [109] |
Molyneaux L, Wagner L, Foster J (2016) Rural electrification in India: Galilee Basin coal versus decentralised renewable energy micro grids. Renewable Energy 89: 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2015.12.002 doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.002
|
| [110] |
Wang R, Hsu SC, Zheng S, et al. (2020) Renewable energy microgrids: Economic evaluation and decision making for government policies to contribute to affordable and clean energy. Appl Energy 274: 115287. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2020.115287 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115287
|
| [111] | Sechilariu M, Locment F (2016) Connecting and integrating variable renewable electricity in utility grid. Urban DC Microgrid: Intelligent Control and Power Flow Optimization, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803736-2.00001-3 |
| [112] |
Kenyon RW, Bossart M, Marković M, et al. (2020) Stability and control of power systems with high penetrations of inverter-based resources: An accessible review of current knowledge and open questions. Sol Energy 210: 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.053 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.053
|
| [113] | McNutt P, Sekulic WR, Dreifuerst G (2018) Solar/Photovoltaic DC systems: Basics and safety, IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop, IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41044.2018.9063869 |
| [114] |
Dambhare MV, Butey B, Moharil SV (2021) Solar photovoltaic technology: A review of different types of solar cells and its future trends. J Phys Conf Ser 1913. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1913/1/012053 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1913/1/012053
|
| [115] | Gul M, Kotak Y, Muneer T (2016) Review on recent trend of solar photovoltaic technology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598716650552 |
| [116] |
Pulli E, Rozzi E, Bella F (2020) Transparent photovoltaic technologies: Current trends towards upscaling. Energy Convers Manag 219: 112982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112982 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112982
|
| [117] | Khan MR, Patel MT, Asadpour R, et al. (2021) A review of next generation bifacial solar farms: predictive modeling of energy yield, economics, and reliability. J Phys D Appl Phys 54: 323001. Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/abfce5. |
| [118] |
Hasan A, Dincer I (2020) A new performance assessment methodology of bifacial photovoltaic solar panels for offshore applications. Energy Convers Manage 220: 112972. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2020.112972 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112972
|
| [119] |
Gu W, Ma T, Ahmed S, et al. (2020) A comprehensive review and outlook of bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) technology. Energy Convers Manage 223: 113283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113283 doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113283
|
| [120] |
Guo S, Walsh TM, Peters M (2013) Vertically mounted bifacial photovoltaic modules: A global analysis. Energy 61: 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.08.040 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.040
|
| [121] | Odetoye OA, Ibikunle FA, Olulope PK, et al. (2022) Large-Scale solar power in Nigeria: The case for floating photovoltaics, 2022 IEEE Nigeria 4th International Conference on Disruptive Technologies for Sustainable Development (NIGERCON), Lagos, IEEE, 520–524. https://doi.org/10.1109/NIGERCON54645.2022.9803156 |
| [122] |
Wu Y, Li L, Song Z, et al. (2019) Risk assessment on offshore photovoltaic power generation projects in China based on a fuzzy analysis framework. J Clean Prod 215: 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.01.024 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.024
|
| [123] |
Zhou J, Su X, Qian H (2020) Risk assessment on offshore photovoltaic power generation projects in china using D Numbers and ANP. IEEE Access 8: 144704–144717. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3014405 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3014405
|
| [124] | Golroodbari SZ, van Sark W (2020) Simulation of performance differences between offshore and land-based photovoltaic systems. Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 28: 873–886. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pip.3276 |
| [125] |
Golroodbari SZM, Vaartjes DF, Meit JBL, et al. (2021) Pooling the cable: A techno-economic feasibility study of integrating offshore floating photovoltaic solar technology within an offshore wind park. Sol Energy 219: 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2020.12.062 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.062
|
| [126] |
Verma NN, Mazumder S (2015) An investigation of solar trees for effective sunlight capture using monte carlo simulations of solar radiation transport. ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-36085 doi: 10.1115/IMECE2014-36085
|
| [127] |
Gangwar P, Kumar NM, Singh AK, et al. (2019) Solar photovoltaic tree and its end-of-life management using thermal and chemical treatments for material recovery. Case Stud Therm Eng 14: 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSITE.2019.100474 doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2019.100474
|
| [128] | Mostafaeipour A, Rezaei M, Jahangiri M, et al. (2019) Feasibility analysis of a new tree-shaped wind turbine for urban application: A case study. 31: 1230–1256. https://doi.org/101177/0958305X19888878 |
| [129] |
Berny S, Blouin N, Distler A, et al. (2016) Solar trees: First large-scale demonstration of fully solution coated, semitransparent, flexible organic photovoltaic modules. Adv Sci 3: 1500342. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSITE.2019.100474 doi: 10.1002/advs.201500342
|
| [130] | Perna A, Grubbs EK, Agrawal R, et al. (2019) Design considerations for Agrophotovoltaic systems: Maintaining PV area with increased crop yield. Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 668–672. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC40753.2019.8981324 |
| [131] |
Amaducci S, Yin X, Colauzzi M (2018) Agrivoltaic systems to optimise land use for electric energy production. Appl Energy 220: 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.081 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.081
|
| [132] | Weselek A, Ehmann A, Zikeli S, et al. (2019) Agrophotovoltaic systems: applications, challenges, and opportunities. A review. Agron Sustainable Dev 39: 1–20. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-019-0581-3. |
| [133] |
Schindele S, Trommsdorff M, Schlaak A, et al. (2020) Implementation of agrophotovoltaics: Techno-economic analysis of the price-performance ratio and its policy implications. Appl Energy 265: 114737. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2020.114737 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114737
|
| [134] | IEA (2019) The future of hydrogen, Paris. Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen#. |
| [135] |
Han Y, Pu Y, Li Q, et al. (2019) Coordinated power control with virtual inertia for fuel cell-based DC microgrids cluster. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44: 25207–25220. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.06.128 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.06.128
|
| [136] |
Tostado-Véliz M, Kamel S, Hasanien HM, et al. (2022) A mixed-integer-linear-logical programming interval-based model for optimal scheduling of isolated microgrids with green hydrogen-based storage considering demand response. J Energy Storage 48: 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2022.104028 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104028
|
Figures(10)
Paul K. Olulope, Oyinlolu A. Odetoye, Matthew O. Olanrewaju. A review of emerging design concepts in applied microgrid technology[J]. AIMS Energy, 2022, 10(4): 776-800. doi: 10.3934/energy.2022035
DownLoad: