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Investigating minimal requirements for plants on textile substrates in low-cost hydroponic systems

  • With a growing world population and the concentration of citizens in big cities new methods of agriculture are required. Vertical farming attracts more attention in mending these growing problems. To enable a widespread use of low-cost hydroponic systems this study investigates minimal requirements for plants (different herbs and vegetables) in such a hydroponic vertical farming system and the suitability of textiles as sustainable substrates. Therefore, this study aims to investigate plant stress levels, germination rates and water usage in a low-cost hydroponic system with no special lightning in principle comparison with indoor cultivation in soil. The results of the pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) measurements as measure of photosynthetic performance indicate that the plants were equally stressed in hydroponic and in soil cultivation. In this respect, the photosynthetic quantum yield in both cultivation systems is on average only slightly lower than the values expected under optimal conditions. It was observed that chive and lovage not only had a significantly higher germination rate in the hydroponic system but also accumulated significantly more fresh as well as dry biomass, while spinach, thyme and marjoram showed higher germination rates in soil cultivation. The water consumption in the setup was considerably higher for the hydroponic system compared to indoor soil cultivation.

    Citation: Bennet Brockhagen, Fabian Schoden, Jan Lukas Storck, Timo Grothe, Christian Eßelmann, Robin Böttjer, Anke Rattenholl, Frank Gudermann. Investigating minimal requirements for plants on textile substrates in low-cost hydroponic systems[J]. AIMS Bioengineering, 2021, 8(2): 173-191. doi: 10.3934/bioeng.2021016

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  • With a growing world population and the concentration of citizens in big cities new methods of agriculture are required. Vertical farming attracts more attention in mending these growing problems. To enable a widespread use of low-cost hydroponic systems this study investigates minimal requirements for plants (different herbs and vegetables) in such a hydroponic vertical farming system and the suitability of textiles as sustainable substrates. Therefore, this study aims to investigate plant stress levels, germination rates and water usage in a low-cost hydroponic system with no special lightning in principle comparison with indoor cultivation in soil. The results of the pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) measurements as measure of photosynthetic performance indicate that the plants were equally stressed in hydroponic and in soil cultivation. In this respect, the photosynthetic quantum yield in both cultivation systems is on average only slightly lower than the values expected under optimal conditions. It was observed that chive and lovage not only had a significantly higher germination rate in the hydroponic system but also accumulated significantly more fresh as well as dry biomass, while spinach, thyme and marjoram showed higher germination rates in soil cultivation. The water consumption in the setup was considerably higher for the hydroponic system compared to indoor soil cultivation.



    Covid-19 is a pandemic infections which globally has caused damage to human lives and also effect other lining things. This coronavirus has been a terrible epidemic for mankind around the globe. The transmission of COVID-19 has significant negative effects on the lives of all people, and the many people have died from the virus. The first attack of these viruses occurred on last days of 2019. Symptoms of unfamiliar conditions of lungs, coughing, fever, tiredness and breathing problems were seen in the people of Wuhan, China. The healthy territory of China as well as its Central Infections Control (CDC) quickly reconsidered the cause of such signs, a viral virus from the population of Coronaviruses, and it was named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1,2,3].

    For the investigation of the new coronavirus in terms of predictions and infectivity, the authors in [4] established a deep analysis algorithm and found that bat and minks are the main sourced of the said virus. Mostly, mathematical models have had an important role in modeling the direct transmission between humans in the outbreak. As demonstrated in the literature, many people were infected in Wuhan and had no contact with other people, but the virus spread very rapidly in the whole province and China [5]. The infected people have a long incubation period, they are not aware of the symptoms and don not know the quarantine time. This infection can easily spread to other people, and many researchers have documented models of COVID-19 [6,7,8,9,10]. Several researchers have developed the COVID-19 time delay models and studied by different aspects. Most of them modified the said models by the application of fractional operators such as Power and Mittag-Leffler law [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18].

    In this article, we have re-considered the COVID-19 mathematical model [19], which has not been investigated under novel piecewise derivative and integrals operators. The considered model has ten agents, namely: Susceptible S, Infectious I, Diagnosed D, Ailing A, Recognized R, Infectious Real Ir, Threatened T, Recovered Diagnosed Hd, Healed H, and Extinct population E. The COVID-19 model has the following form:

    ˙S=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S˙I=(ϵ+ζ+λ)I+(αI+βD+γA+δR)S˙D=(η+ρ)D+ϵI˙A=(θ+μ+κ)A+ζI˙R=(ν+ξ)R+ηDθA˙Ir=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S˙T=(σ+τ)T+μA+νR˙Hd=ρDξR+σT˙H=λI+ρD+κA+ξR+σA˙E=τT, (1.1)

    where the used parameters in the model with descriptions are given in Table 1.

    Table 1.  Parameters and their description in model 1.1.
    Parameter Description
    α,β,γ,δ transfer rates from Susceptible class to infectious,
    Diagnosed, Ailing and Recognized stages, respectively
    ϵ Rates of detecting related to Asymptomatic person and
    θ detecting rate of Symptomatic individuals
    ζ,η1 Rates of Awareness and Non-awareness classes from being infected
    μ Rate at which Un-detected class transfers to Threaten class
    v Rate at which Detected classes transfer to Threaten class
    τ Death rate of Threaten individuals, transfer to Extinct class
    λ,κ,ξ,σ,ρ Rates of Recovery from five Compartments

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Modern calculus (MC) has attracted more interest from researchers and scientists in the last 20 years [20,21]. MC, compared to traditional integer-order models, gives novel, accurate, and deeper information on the complicated activity of several infectious disease mathematical models [22,23,24,25]. Because of genetic properties and memory behaviors, integer order problems are not superior to MC problems. Many types of integer order equations are used in mathematical models of the real world. The real phenomena are analyzed for a higher degree of choices and precision by applying the fractional differential equations. Several researchers have done enough work in MC, and the authors in [26] used the Mittag-Leffler derivative and investigated the fractional infectious disease model. In [27], the authors used Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivative and studied a mathematical model of Covid-19. The authors in [28] applied the Caputo-Fabrizio operator along with double Laplace transform and found the series solution for the fractional biological model. The scholars in [29] applied a novel fractional order Lagrangian scheme to show the motion of a beam on nanowire. Liaqat et al. [30], established a new scheme to obtain the approximate and exact solution in the sense of Caputo fractional partial differential equation along with variable. Odibat and Baleanu [31] studied a novel system of fractional differential equations involving generalized fractional Caputo operator. Different disease models have been investigated by researchers by using the fractional operators such as [32,33,34,35,36]. By using various operators to solve a variety of issues from the real world, significant work in the area of fractional calculus has been documented by numerous mathematicians and academics [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44].

    A novel operator for piecewise derivative and integrals was presented by Atangana and Araz [45]. The piecewise derivative is divided into two sub intervals: The first interval solution is found out in the sense of Caputo while the second intervals solution is under the ABC derivative. As the time of crossover behavior is not mentioned by the power or Mittag-Leffler law and therefore it is well defined in the piecewise derivative. In order to overcome these challenges, one of the unique ways of piecewise derivative has been proposed in [45]. A new window of cross-over behaviors using these operators has been studied by researchers. Several applications of the aforesaid fractional operators are investigated in the literature by different researchers [46,47,48,49]. Inspired by the above novel operator, we investigate the model taken from [19] under the framework of piecewise Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu operator as follows:

    {PCABC0DυtS(t)=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,PCABC0DυtI(t)=(ϵ+ζ+λ)I+(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,PCABC0DυtD(t)=(η+ρ)D+ϵI,PCABC0DυtA(t)=(θ+μ+κ)A+ζI,PCABC0DυtR(t)=(ν+ξ)R+ηDθA,PCABC0DυtIr=(αI+βD+γA+δR)SPCABC0DυtT=(σ+τ)T+μA+νRPCABC0DυtHd=ρDξR+σTPCABC0DυtH=λI+ρD+κA+ξR+σAPCABC0DυtE=τT. (1.2)

    In more detail we can write Eq (1.2) as

    CABC0Dυt(S(t))={C0Dυt(S(t))=C1(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(S(t))=ABC1(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(I(t))={C0Dυt(I(t))=C2(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(I(t))=ABC2(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(D(t))={C0Dυt(D(t))=C3(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(D(t))=ABC3(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(A(t))={C0Dυt(A(t))=C4(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(A(t))=ABC4(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(R(t))={C0Dυt(R(t))=C5(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(R(t))=ABC5(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(Ir(t))={C0Dυt(Ir(t))=C6(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(Ir(t))=ABC6(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT, (1.3)
    CABC0Dυt(T(t))={C0Dυt(T(t))=C7(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(T(t))=ABC7(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(Hd(t))={C0Dυt(Hd(t))=C8(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(Hd(t))=ABC8(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(H(t))={C0Dυt(H(t))=C9(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(H(t))=ABC9(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT,CABC0Dυt(E(t))={C0Dυt(E(t))=C10(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  0<tt1,ABC0Dυt(E(t))=ABC10(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t),  t1<tT.

    We considered the dynamics in terms of piecewise fractional operators. The piecewise operators discuss the crossover and abrupt dynamics very well. Therefore, we treated the said model under the two fractional operators in different intervals. For each operator the qualitative analysis is provided on each subinterval. The UH stability is applied for stability analysis of the system. The system is investigated for approximate solution with the piecewise term and also the fractional parameters in the last expression of the system. This gives the choice for any dynamics of integer order as well as rational values.

    Here we present some definitions regarding Caputo and ABC fractional as well as piecewise derivatives and also integrals.

    Definition 2.1. The definition of ABC operator of function K(t) with condition K(t)H1(0,T) is :

    ABC0Dυt(K(t))=ABC(υ)1υt0ddϑK(ϑ)Eυ[υ(tϑ)υ1υ]dϑ. (2.1)

    One can replace Eυ[υ1υ(tϑ)ϑ] by E1=exp[υ1υ(tϑ)] in (2.1) and obtain the Caputo-Fabrizio operator.

    Definition 2.2. Consider K(t)P[0,T], and then the ABC integral is:

    ABC0IυtK(t)=1υABC(υ)K(t)+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)t0K(ϑ)(tϑ)υ1dϑ. (2.2)

    Definition 2.3. The Caputo operator of function K(t) is

    C0DυtK(t)=1Γ(1υ)t0K(ϑ)(tϑ)nυ1dϑ.

    Definition 2.4. Suppose K(t) is piecewise differentiable. Then, the piecewise derivative with Caputo and ABC operators [26] is

    PCABC0DυtK(t)={C0DυtK(t),  0<tt1,ABC0DυtK(t)  t1<tT,

    where PCABC0Dυt represents piecewise differential operator, where Caputo operator is in interval 0<tt1 and ABC operator in interval t1<tT.

    Definition 2.5. Suppose K(t) is piecewise integrable, and then piecewise derivative with Caputo and ABC operators [26] is

    PCABC0ItK(t)={1Γυtt1K(ϑ)(tϑ)υ1d(ϑ),  0<tt1,1υABCυK(t)+υABCυΓυtt1K(ϑ)(tϑ)υ1d(ϑ)  t1<tT,

    where PCABC0Iυt represents piecewise integral operator, where Caputo operator is in interval 0<tt1 and ABC operator in interval t1<tT.

    The existence and the uniqueness results of the suggested model in the piecewise notion are found in this part. We shall now determine whether a solution exists for the hypothetical piecewise derivable function as well as its specific solution attribute. In order to do this, we may use the system (1.3) and can also write the following by way of more explanation:

    PCABC0DυtW(t)=N(t,W(t)),  0<υ1

    is

    W(t)={W0+1Γ(υ)t0N(ϑ,W(ϑ))(tϑ)υ1dϑ, 0<tt1W(t1)+1υABC(υ)N(t,W(t))+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))d(ϑ),  t1<tT, (3.1)

    where

    W(t)={S(t)I(t)D(t)A(t)R(t)Ir(t)T(t)Hd(t)H(t)E(t),   W0={S0I0D0A0R0Ir(0)T0Hd(0)H0E0,   Wt1={St1It1Dt1At1Rt1Ir(t1)Tt1Hd(t1)Ht1Et1,   N(t,W(t))={i={Ci(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t)ABCi(S,I,D,A,R,Ir,T,Hd,H,E,t), (3.2)

    where i=1,2,3...,10. Take 0<tT< and the Banach space E1=C[0,T] with a norm

    W=maxt[0,T]|W(t)|.

    We assume the following growth condition:

    (C1) LW>0; N, ˉWE we have

    |N(t,W)N(t,ˉW)|LN|WˉW|,

    (C2) CN>0 & MN>0,;

    |N(t,W(t))|CN|W|+MN.

    If N is piece-wise continuous on (0,t1] and [t1,T] on [0,T], also satisfying (C2), then (1.3) has 1 solution.

    Proof. Let us use the Schauder theorem to define a closed sub-set as B and E in both subintervals of [0,L].

    B={WE: WR1,2, R1,2>0},

    Suppose L:BB and using (4.8) as

    L(W)={W0+1Γ(υ)t10N(ϑ,W(ϑ))(tϑ)υ1dϑ, 0<tt1W(t1)+1υABC(υ)N(t,W(t))+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))d(ϑ),  t1<tT. (3.3)

    Any WB, we have

    |L(W)(t)|{|W0|+1Γ(υ)t10(tϑ)υ1|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|dϑ,|W(t1)|+1υABC(υ)|N(t,W(t))|+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|d(ϑ),{|W0|+1Γ(υ)t10(tϑ)υ1[CN|W|+MN]dυ,|W(t1)|+1υABC(υ)[CN|W|+MN]+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1[CN|W|+MN]d(υ),{|W0|+TυΓ(υ+1)[CH|W|+MN]=R1, 0<tt1,|W(t1)|+1υABC(υ)[CN|W|+MN]+υ(TT)υABC(υ)Γ(υ)+1[CN|W|+MN]d(υ)=R2, t1<tT,{R1, 0<tt1,R2, t1<tT.

    As determined by the previous equation, WB. Therefore, L(B)B. Thus, it demonstrates that L is closed and complete. In order to further demonstrate the complete continuity, we also write by using ti<tj[0,t1] as the initial interval in the sense of Caputo, consider

    |L(W)(tj)L(W)(ti)|=|1Γ(υ)tj0(tjϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))dϑ1Γ(υ)ti0(tiϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))dϑ|1Γ(υ)ti0[(tiϑ)υ1(tjϑ)υ1]|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|dϑ+1Γ(υ)tjti(tjϑ)υ1|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|dϑ1Γ(υ)[ti0[(tiϑ)υ1(tjϑ)υ1]dϑ+tjti(tjϑ)υ1dϑ](CH|W|+MN)(CNW+MN)Γ(υ+1)[tϑjtυi+2(tjti)υ]. (3.4)

    Next (3.4), we obtain titj, and then

    |L(W)(tj)L(W)(ti)|0, as titj.

    So, L is equi-continuous in [0,t1]. Consider ti,tj[t1,T] in ABC sense as

    |L(W)(tj)L(W)(ti)|=|1υABC(υ)N(t,W(t))+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tjt1(tjϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))dϑ,1υABC(υ)N(t,W(t))+(υ)ABC(υ)Γ(υ)tit1(tiϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))dϑ|υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tit1[(tiϑ)υ1(tjϑ)υ1]|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|dϑ+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tjti(tjϑ)υ1|N(ϑ,W(ϑ))|dϑυABC(υ)Γ(υ)[tit1[(tiϑ)υ1(tjϑ)υ1]dϑ+tjti(tjϑ)υ1dυ](CN|W|+MN)υ(CNW+MN)ABC(υ)Γ(υ+1)[tυjtυi+2(tjti)υ]. (3.5)

    If titj, then

    |L(W)(tj)L(W)(ti)|0, as titj.

    So, the operator L shows its equi-continuity in [t1,T]. Thus, L is an equi-continuous map. Based on the Arzelà-Ascoli result, L is continuous (completely), uniformly continuous, and bounded. The Schauder result shows that problem (1.3) has at least one solution in the subintervals.

    Further, if L is a contraction mapping with (C1), then the suggested system has unique solution. As L:BB is piece-wise continuous, consider W and ˉWB on [0,t1] in the sense of Caputo as

    L(W)L(ˉW)=maxt[0,t1]|1Γ(υ)t0(tϑ)υ1N(ϑ,W(ϑ))dϑ1Γ(υ)t0(tϑ)υ1N(ϑ,ˉW(ϑ))dϑ|TυΓ(υ+1)LNWˉW. (3.6)

    From (3.6), we have

    L(W)L(ˉW)TυΓ(υ+1)LNWˉW. (3.7)

    As a result, L is a contraction. As a result, the issue under consideration has only one solution in the provided sub interval in light of the Banach result. Also t[t1,T] in the sense of the ABC derivative as

    L(W)L(ˉW)1υABC(υ)LNWˉW+υ(TTυ)ABC(υ)Γ(υ+1)LWˉW. (3.8)

    or

    L(W)L(ˉW)LN[1υABC(υ)+υ(TT)υABC(υ)Γ(υ+1)]WˉW. (3.9)

    This is why L is a contraction. As a result, the issue under consideration has a singleton solution in the provided sub interval in light of the Banach result. So, with (3.7) and (3.9), the suggested problem has unique solution on each sub-interval.

    Here, we prove the H-U stability and different forms for our considered model.

    Definition 4.1. Our proposed model (1.1) is U-H stable, if for each α>0, and the inequality

    |PCABCDυtΘ(t)(t,Θ(t))|<α,forall,tT, (4.1)

    unique solution ¯ΘZ exists with a constant H>0,

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHα,forall,tT, (4.2)

    In addition, if we take the increasing function Φ:[0,)R+, then the above inequality can be written as

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΦ(α),atevery,tT,

    if Φ(0)=0, then the obtained solution is generalized U-H stable.

    Definition 4.2. Our considered model 1.2 is U-H Rassias stable if, Ψ:[0,)R+, for each α>0, and inequality

    |PCABCDυtΘ(t)(t,Θ(t))|<αΨ(t),forall,tT, (4.3)

    unique solution ¯ΘZ with constant HΨ>0, so that

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΨαΨ(t),tT. (4.4)

    If Ψ:[0,)R+ is exist, for the above inequality, then

    |PCABCDυtΘ(t)(t,Θ(t))|<Ψ(t),tT, (4.5)

    then there exist a unique solution ¯ΘZ with constant HΨ>0, such that

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΨΨ(t),tT. (4.6)

    then the obtained solution is generalized U-H Rassias stable.

    Remark 1. Suppose a function ϕC(T) does not depend upon ΘZ, and ϕ(0)=0. Then,

    |ϕ(t)|α,tTPCABCDυtΘ(t)=(t,Θ(t))+ϕ(t),tT.

    Lemma 4.2.1. Consider the function

    PCABC0DϱtΘ(t)=(t,Θ(t)),  0<ϱ1. (4.7)

    The solution of (4.7) is

    Θ(t)={Θ0+1Γ(υ)t0(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))(tϑ)υ1dϑ, 0<tt1Θ(t1)+1υABC(υ)(t,Θ(t))+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))d(ϑ),  t1<tT, (4.8)
    ||F(Θ)F(¯Θ)||{Tυ1Γ(υ+1)α,tT1[(1υ)Γ(υ)+(Tυ2)ABC(υ)Γ(υ)]α=Λα,tT2. (4.9)

    Theorem 1. In light of lemma (4.2.1), if the condition LfTυΓ(υ)<1 holds, then the solution of our considered model (1.2) is H-U as well as generalized H-U stable.

    Proof. Suppose ΘZ is the solution of (1.2), and ¯ΘZ is a unique solution of (1.2). Then we have

    Case:1 for tT, we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||=suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|+suptT|+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))dϑ1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ|T1υΓ(υ+1)α+LfT1Γ(υ+1)||Θ¯Θ||. (4.10)

    On further simplification

    ||Θ¯Θ||(T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1))α (4.11)

    Case:2

    ||Θ¯Θ||suptT|Θ[Θ(t1)+1υABC(υ)[(t,Θ(t)),]+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)[tt1(tϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))d(ϑ)]]|+suptT1υABC(υ)|(t,Θ(t))(t,¯Θ(t),)|+suptTυABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1|(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))|ds.

    By further simplification and using Λ=[(1υ)Γ(υ)+Tυ2ABC(υ)Γ(υ)], we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZΛα+ΛLf||Θ¯Θ||Z (4.12)

    We have

    ||Θ¯Θ||Z(Λ1ΛLf)α||Θ¯Θ||Z.

    we use

    H=max{(T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1)),Λ1ΛLf1Mf}

    Now, from Eqs (4.11) and (4.12), we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHα,ateachtT.

    Therefore, the solution of model (1.2) is H-U stable. Also, if we replace α by Φ(α), then from (4.13),

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΦ(α),ateachtT.

    Now, Φ(0)=0 shows that the solution of our proposed model (1.2) is generalized H-U stable.

    We give the following remark to conclude the Rassias stability results and also the generalized form.

    Remark 2. Suppose a function ϕC(T) does not depend upon ΘZ, and ϕ(0)=0. Then,

    |ϕ(t)|Ψ(t)α,tTPCABCDυtΘ(t)=(t,Θ(t))+ϕ(t),tTt0Ψ(ϑ)dsCΨΨ(t),tT.

    Lemma 4.2.2. Solution to the model

    PCABCDυtΘ(t)=(t,Θ(t))+ϕ(t),Θ(0)=Θ,

    hold the relation given below:

    ||F(Θ)F(¯Θ)||{Tυ1Γ(υ+1)CΨΨ(t)α,tT1[(1υ)Γ(υ)+(Tυ2)ABC(υ)Γ(υ)]CΨΨ(t)α=ΛCΨΨ(t)α,tT2. (4.13)

    where Hf,Ψ,Λ=ΛHf,Ψ.

    With the help of remark 2, one can get Eq (4.7).

    Theorem 2. The solution of model (4.13) is H-U-R stable if the following conditions hold:

    H1) For each Θ,vZ and a constant CΦ>0, we get

    |Φ(Θ)Φ(v)|CΦ|Θv|,

    H2) For each Θ,v,¯Θ,¯vZ and constant Lf>0,0<Mf<1, we get

    |(t,Θ,v)(t,¯Θ,¯v)|Lf|Θ¯Θ|+Mf|v¯v|
    Mf<1.

    Proof. We prove these results in two cases.

    Case:1 for tT, we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||=suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|+suptT|+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))dϑ1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ|Tυ1Γ(υ+1)CΦΦ(t)α+LfT1Γ(υ+1)||Θ¯Θ||.

    On further simplification

    ||Θ¯Θ||(CΦΦ(t)T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1))α (4.14)

    Case:2

    ||Θ¯Θ||suptT|Θ[Θ(t1)+1υABC(υ)[(t,Θ(t)),]+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)[tt1(tϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))d(ϑ)]]|+suptT1υABC(υ)|(t,Θ(t))(t,¯Θ(t),)|+suptTυABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1|(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))|ds.

    By further simplification and using Λ=[(1υ)Γ(υ)+Tυ2ABC(υ)Γ(υ)], we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZΛCΦΦ(t)α+ΛLf||Θ¯Θ||Z (4.15)

    We have

    ||Θ¯Θ||Z(ΛCΦΦ(t)1ΛLf)α||Θ¯Θ||Z.

    We use

    HΛ,CΦ=max{(T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1)),CΦΦ(t)Λ1ΛLf1Mf}

    Now, from Eqs (4.14) and (4.15), we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΛ,CΦα,ateachtT

    So, the solution of model (1.2) is H-U-R stable.

    Remark 3. Suppose a function ϕC(T) does not depend upon ΘZ, and ϕ(0)=0; then,

    |ϕ(t)|Ψ(t),tT;

    Theorem 3. In light of H1, H2, Remark 3 and 2, the solution of model 1.2 is generalized H-U-R stable, if Mf<1.

    Where

    H1) For each Θ,vZ and constant CΦ>0, we get

    |Φ(Θ)Φ(v)|CΦ|Θv|

    and

    H2) For each Θ,v,¯Θ,¯vZ and constant Lf>0,0<Mf<1, we get

    |(t,Θ,v)(t,¯Θ,¯v)|Lf|Θ¯Θ|+Mf|v¯v|

    Proof. We obtained our results in two cases:

    Case 1: for tT, we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||=suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|suptT|Θ(Θ+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ)|+suptT|+1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))dϑ1Γ(υ)t10(t1ϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))dϑ|Tυ1Γ(υ+1)CΦΦ(t)α+LfT1Γ(υ+1)||Θ¯Θ||.

    On further simplification

    ||Θ¯Θ||(CΦΦ(t)T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1))α (4.16)

    Case 2:

    ||Θ¯Θ||suptT|Θ[Θ(t1)+1υABC(υ)[(t,Θ(t))]+υABC(υ)Γ(υ)[tt1(tϑ)υ1(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))d(ϑ)]]|+suptT1υABC(υ)|(t,Θ(t))(t,¯Θ(t),)|+suptTυABC(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tϑ)υ1|(ϑ,Θ(ϑ))(ϑ,¯Θ(ϑ))|ds.

    By further simplification and using Λ=[(1υ)Γ(υ)+Tυ2ABC(υ)Γ(υ)], we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZΛCΦΦ(t)α+ΛLf||Θ¯Θ||Z (4.17)

    We have

    ||Θ¯Θ||Z(ΛCΦΦ(t)1ΛLf)||Θ¯Θ||Z.

    We use

    HΛ,CΦ=max{(T1Γ(υ+1)1LfT1Γ(υ+1)),CΦΦ(t)Λ1ΛLf}

    Now, from Eqs (4.16) and (4.17), we have

    ||Θ¯Θ||ZHΛ,CΦ,ateachtT

    So the solution of the model (1.2) is generalized H-U-R stable.

    In this section we derive the numerical scheme for the following Covid-19 model (1.2).

    {PCABC0DυtS(t)=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,PCABC0DυtI(t)=(ϵ+ζ+λ)I+(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,PCABC0DυtD(t)=(η+ρ)D+ϵI,PCABC0DυtA(t)=(θ+μ+κ)A+ζI,PCABC0DυtR(t)=(ν+ξ)R+ηDθA,PCABC0DυtIr(t)=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,PCABC0DυtT(t)=(σ+τ)T+μA+νR,PCABC0DυtHd(t)=ρDξR+σT,PCABC0DυtH(t)=λI+ρD+κA+ξR+σA,PCABC0DυtE(t)=τT, (5.1)

    By applying the piece-wise integral to the Caputo and AB derivative, we obtain

    S(t)={S(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c1(t,S)dρ  0<tt1,S(t1)+1υAB(υ)1(t,S)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ11(t,S)dρ  t1<tTI(t)={I(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c2(t,I)dρ  0<tt1,I(t1)+1υAB(υ)2(t,I)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ12(t,I)dρ  t1<tTD(t)={D(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c3(t,D)dρ  0<tt1,D(t1)+1υAB(υ)3(t,D)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ13(t,D)dρ  t1<tTA(t)={A(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c4(t,A)dρ  0<tt1,A(t1)+1υAB(υ)4(t,A)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ14(t,A)dρ  t1<tTR(t)={R(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c5(t,R)dρ  0<tt1,R(t1)+1υAB(υ)5(t,R)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ15(t,R)dρ  t1<tTIr(t)={Ir(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c6(t,Ir)dρ  0<tt1,Ir(t1)+1υAB(υ)6(t,Ir)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ16(t,Ir)dρ  t1<tTT(t)={T(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c7(t,T)dρ  0<tt1,T(t1)+1υAB(υ)7(t,T)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ17(t,T)dρ  t1<tTHd(t)={Hd(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c8(t,Hd)dρ  0<tt1,Hd(t1)+1υAB(υ)8(t,Hd)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ18(t,Hd)dρ  t1<tTH(t)={H(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c9(t,H)dρ  0<tt1,H(t1)+1υAB(υ)9(t,H)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ19(t,H)dρ  t1<tTE(t)={E(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c10(t,R)dρ  0<tt1,E(t1)+1υAB(υ)10(t,E)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tt1(tρ)υ110(t,E)dρ  t1<tT (5.2)

    At t=tn+1

    S(t)={S(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c1(t,S)dρ  0<tt1,S(t1)+1υAB(υ)1(t,S)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ11(t,S)dρ  t1<tTI(t)={I(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c2(t,E)dρ  0<tt1,I(t1)+1υAB(υ)2(t,I)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ12(t,I)dρ  t1<tTD(t)={D(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c3(t,I)dρ  0<tt1,D(t1)+1υAB(υ)3(t,D)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ13(t,D)dρ  t1<tTA(t)={A(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c4(t,A)dρ  0<tt1,A(t1)+1υAB(υ)4(t,A)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ14(t,A)dρ  t1<tTR(t)={R(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c5(t,R)dρ  0<tt1,R(t1)+1υAB(υ)5(t,R)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ15(t,R)dρ  t1<tTIr(t)={Ir(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c6(t,Ir)dρ  0<tt1,Ir(t1)+1υAB(υ)6(t,Ir)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ16(t,Ir)dρ  t1<tTT(t)={T(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c7(t,T)dρ  0<tt1,T(t1)+1υAB(υ)7(t,T)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ17(t,T)dρ  t1<tTHd(t)={Hd(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c8(t,Hd)dρ  0<tt1,Hd(t1)+1υAB(υ)8(t,Hd)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ18(t,Hd)dρ  t1<tTH(t)={H(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c9(t,H)dρ  0<tt1,H(t1)+1υAB(υ)9(t,H)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ19(t,H)dρ  t1<tTE(t)={E(0)+1Γ(υ)t10(tρ)υ1c10(t,E)dρ  0<tt1,E(t1)+1υAB(υ)10(t,E)dρ+υAB(υ)Γ(υ)tn+1t1(tρ)υ110(t,E)dρ  t1<tT

    We put the Newton polynomials, so we obtain

    S(tn+1)={S0+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C1(Sk2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C1(Sk1,tk1)C1(Sk2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C1(Sk,tk)2C1(Sk1,tk1)+C1(Sk2,tk2)]ΔS(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC1(Sn,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC1(Sk2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC1(Sk1,tk1)+ABC1(Sk2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC1(Sk,tk)2ABC1(Sk1,tk1)+ABC1(Sk2,tk2)]Δ (5.3)
    I(tn+1)={I0+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C2(Ik2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C2(Ik1,tk1)C2(Ik2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C2(Ik,tk)2C2(Ik1,tk1)+C2(Ik2,tk2)]ΔI(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC2(In,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC2(Ik2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC2(Ik1,tk1)+ABC2(Ik2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC2(Ik,tk)2ABC2(Ik1,tk1)+ABC2(Ik2,tk2)]Δ (5.4)
    D(tn+1)={D0+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C3(Dk2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C3(Dk1,tk1)C3(Dk2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C3(Dk,tk)2C3(Dk1,tk1)+C3(Dk2,tk2)]ΔD(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC3(Dn,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC3(Dk2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC3(Dk1,tk1)+ABC3(Dk2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC3(Dk,tk)2ABC3(Dk1,tk1)+ABC3(Dk2,tk2)]Δ (5.5)
    A(tn+1)={A0+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C4(Ak2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C4(Ak1,tk1)C4(Ak2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C4(Ak,tk)2C4(Ak1,tk1)+C4(Ak2,tk2)]ΔA(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC4(An,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC4(Ak2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC4(Ak1,tk1)+ABC4(Ak2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC4(Ak,tk)2ABC4(Ak1,tk1)+ABC4(Ak2,tk2)]Δ. (5.6)
    R(tn+1)={R0+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C5(Rk2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C5(Rk1,tk1)C5(Rk2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C5(Rk,tk)2C5(Rk1,tk1)+C5(Rk2,tk2)]ΔR(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC5(Rn,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC5(Rk2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC5(Rk1,tk1)+ABC5(Rk2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC5(Rk,tk)2ABC5(Rk1,tk1)+ABC5(Rk2,tk2)]Δ (5.7)
    Ir(tn+1)={Ir(0)+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C6(Ik2r,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C6(Ik1r,tk1)C6(Ik2r,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C6(Ikr,tk)2C6(Ik1r,tk1)+C6(Ik2r,tk2)]ΔIr(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC6(Inr,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC6(Ik2r,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC6(Ik1r,tk1)+ABC6(Ik2r,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC6(Ikr,tk)2ABC6(Ik1r,tk1)+ABC6(Ik2r,tk2)]Δ (5.8)
    T(tn+1)={T(0)+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C7(Tk2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C7(Tk1,tk1)C7(Tk2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C7(Tk,tk)2C7(Tk1,tk1)+C7(Tk2,tk2)]ΔT(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC7(Tn,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC7(Tk2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC7(Tk1,tk1)+ABC7(Tk2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC7(Tk,tk)2ABC7(Tk1,tk1)+ABC7(Tk2,tk2)]Δ (5.9)
    Hd(tn+1)={Hd(0)+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C8(Hk2d,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C8(Hk1d,tk1)C8(Hk2d,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C8(Hkd,tk)2C8(Hk1d,tk1)+C8(Hk2d,tk2)]ΔHd(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC8(Hnd,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC8(Hk2d,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC8(Hk1d,tk1)+ABC8(Hk2d,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC8(Hkd,tk)2ABC8(Hk1d,tk1)+ABC8(Hk2d,tk2)]Δ (5.10)
    H(tn+1)={H(0)+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C9(Hk2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C9(Hk1,tk1)C9(Hk2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C9(Hk,tk)2C9(Hk1,tk1)+C9(Hk2,tk2)]ΔH(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC9(Hn,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC9(Hk2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC9(Hk1,tk1)+ABC9(Hk2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC9(Hk,tk)2ABC9(Hk1,tk1)+ABC9(Hk2,tk2)]Δ (5.11)
    E(tn+1)={E(0)+{(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)ik=2[C10(Ek2,tk2)]Π+(Δt)υ1Γ(υ+2)ik=2[C10(Ek1,tk1)C10(Ek2,tk2)]+υ(Δt)υ12Γ(υ+3)ik=2[C10(Ek,tk)2C10(Ek1,tk1)+C10(Ek2,tk2)]ΔE(t1)+{1υABC(υ)ABC10(En,tn)+υABC(υ)(δt)υ1Γ(υ+1)nk=i+3[ABC10(Ek2,tk2)]Π+υABC(υ)(υt)υ1Γ(υ+2)nk=i+3[ABC10(Ek1,tk1)+ABC10(Ek2,tk2)]+υABC(υ)υ(υt)υ1Γ(υ+3)nk=i+3[ABC10(Ek,tk)2ABC10(Ek1,tk1)+ABC10(Ek2,tk2)]Δ (5.12)

    Here

    Π=[(1k+n)υ(2(k+n)2+(3υ+10)(k+n)+2υ2+9υ+12)(k+n)(2(k+n)2+(5υ+10)(nk)+6υ2+18υ+12)],
    =[(1k+n)υ(3+n+2υk)(k+n)(n+3υk+3)],
    Δ=[(1k+n)υ(k+n)υ],

    and

    C1(S,t)=ABC1(S,t)=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,C3(I,t)=ABC3(I,t)=(ϵ+ζ+λ)I+(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,C2(A,t)=ABC2(A,t)=(η+ρ)D+ϵI,C4(D,t)=ABC4(D,t)=(θ+μ+κ)A+ζI,C5(R,t)=ABC5(R,t)=(ν+ξ)R+ηDθA,C6(Ir,t)=ABC5(Ir,t)=(αI+βD+γA+δR)S,C7(T,t)=ABC5(T,t)=(σ+τ)T+μA+νR,C8(Hd,t)=ABC5(Hd,t)=ρDξR+σT,C9(H,t)=ABC5(H,t)=λI+ρD+κA+ξR+σA,C10(E,t)=ABC5(E,t)=τT.

    The above Eqs (5.3)–(5.12) are the solution for the considered model.

    In this section we provide the numerical simulation for all the five compartments of the proposed model using the initial data and parameters values taken from [19]. The initial populations are S(0)=1, I(0)=0.001, D(0)=0.002, A(0)=0.0001, R(0)=0.0003, Ir(0)=0.0009, T(0)=0.002,Hd(0)=0.003, H(0)=0.00012, E(0)=0.00014.

    Table 2.  Parameters values in model 1.1.
    Parameter Value Parameter Values
    α 0.57 β 0.0114
    γ 0.456 δ 0.0114
    ϵ 0.171 θ 0.3705
    ζ 0.1254 η1 0.1254
    μ 0.0171 v 0.0274
    τ 0.01 λ 0.0342
    κ 0.0342 ξ 0.0171
    σ 0.0171 ρ 0.0171

     | Show Table
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    The graphical representation of all the ten compartments of the analyzed model has been shown on three different data of fractional orders and time durations in the sense of piecewise Caputo and ABC derivatives. The first compartment of susceptible population is shown in Figure 1ac, respectively, on two sub intervals. The said class population decreases slowly in the first interval, while in the second interval it decreases very abruptly. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 1a, c.

    Figure 1.  Dynamical behaviors of susceptible individuals S(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The second compartment of infected population is shown in Figure 2ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in the second interval it decreases very abruptly, as shown in Figure 2a. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 2c.

    Figure 2.  Dynamical behaviors of infected individuals I(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The next agent of Diagnosed population is shown in Figure 3ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population depends on the behavior of infected population showing the same dynamics but smaller than infectious population. On small fractional orders it is stable very quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in the Figure 3c.

    Figure 3.  Dynamical behaviors of Diagnosed individuals D(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The next quantity is of Ailing population, shown in Figure 4a-c respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in second interval it decreases very abruptly, as shown in Figure 4a. It also gives the same dynamics as given by the diagnosed population. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case as shown in Figure 4c.

    Figure 4.  Dynamical behaviors of Ailing individuals A(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    Next is the Recognized population, shown in Figure 5ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in second interval it decreases slowly, as shown in Figure 5a. On small fractional orders it converges quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case as shown in Figure 5c.

    Figure 5.  Dynamical behaviors of Recognized individuals R(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The sixth compartment is of real infected population, shown in Figure 6ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population increases in the first interval, while in the second interval it is moving towards stability, as shown in Figure 6a. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 6c.

    Figure 6.  Dynamical behaviors of Infected real individuals Ir(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The next compartment is of threatened population, shown in Figure 7ac respectively on two sub intervals using three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in the second interval it increases very abruptly, as shown in Figure 7b. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 7c.

    Figure 7.  Dynamical behaviors of Threatened individuals T(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The next quantity is of infected population, shown in Figure 8ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows in the first interval, while in the second interval it increases very slowly, as shown in Figure 8b. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 8c.

    Figure 8.  Dynamical behaviors of Diagnosed recovered individuals Hd(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The ninth compartment is of healed population, given in Figure 9ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of fractional orders and time durations. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in the second interval it increases very abruptly, as shown in Figure 9b. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case as shown in Figure 9c.

    Figure 9.  Dynamical behaviors of Healed individuals H(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    The tenth compartment is of Extinct population, shown in Figure 10ac respectively on two sub intervals on three different data of time and fractional orders. The said class population grows quickly in the first interval, while in the second interval it increases slowly, as shown in Figure 10b. On small fractional orders it is stable quickly, and piece wise behaviors are negligible in this case, as shown in Figure 10c.

    Figure 10.  Dynamical behaviors of Extinct individuals E(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    In this section, we check the sensitivity of two parameters α and θ along with the fractional parameters. Decreasing the value of α and increasing the value of θ, greatly affect the dynamics of the said COVID-19 model. The infection may be controlled by reducing the infection rate α and by increasing the value of θ in the sense of piecewise Caputo and ABC operators on different fractional orders.

    Figure 11.  Sensitivity α=0.27,0.17,0.07 and θ=0.4705,0.5705,0.9705 for I(t) and S(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].
    Figure 12.  Sensitivity α=0.27,0.17,0.07 and θ=0.4705,0.5705,0.9705 for A(t) and D(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].
    Figure 13.  Sensitivity α=0.27,0.17,0.07 and θ=0.4705,0.5705,0.9705 for Ir(t) and R(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].
    Figure 14.  Sensitivity α=0.27,0.17,0.07 and θ=0.4705,0.5705,0.9705 for Hd(t) and T(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].
    Figure 15.  Sensitivity α=0.27,0.17,0.07 and θ=0.4705,0.5705,0.9705 for E(t) and H(t) on different arbitrary fractional orders υ and time durations on sub interval [0,t1] and [t1,T] of [0,T].

    In this study, we have developed the scheme of a ten compartmental piecewise fractional model of COVID-19 under the fractional derivatives of Caputo and Atangana Baleanu in the sub-partition format. We have demonstrated that on small fractional orders, all quantities converge and are quickly stable. The important theoretical and numerical properties have been presented for the proposed model. Applying the concept of fixed point results, we have derived results which deal with existence and uniqueness of solution for both sub intervals in the sense of Caputo and Atangana Baleanu operators. The Ulam-Hyers stability concept on both intervals has also been derived. We have used the Newton Polynomial technique to compute numerical solutions of the piecewise fractional model of COVID-19 virus. We have used MATLAB-18 to depict the numerical results for few fractional orders and time durations. We have observed that the piecewise data gives more information describing crossover dynamics for different fractional orders. Further, the graphical results are very interesting for both piecewise and fractional order analysis. In the future, the work can be extended to optimal control and stochastic models to examine the behavior and control of the disease.

    The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (IF2/PSAU/2022/01/21432).

    The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.


    Acknowledgments



    The project was partly funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy in the scope of the ZIM project ZF4036107 and by the HiF fund of Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences. The APC is funded by the Open Access Publication Fund of Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences. We thank Martina Holt and Karl-Josef Dietz for constructive criticism of the manuscript, lending laboratory equipment and for advice on the implementation of the experiments. Furthermore, we thank Anja Storck for her kind support.

    Conflict of interest



    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    Author contributions



    Bennet Brockhagen: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, visualization; Fabian Schoden: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing–first draft; Jan Lukas Storck: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, visualization; Timo Grothe: conceptualization, investigation, visualization; Christian Eßelmann: investigation, validation; Robin Böttjer: methodology; Anke Rattenholl: validation; Frank Gudermann: validation. All authors read and substantially modified the manuscript.

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