Search Advanced

AIMS Agriculture and Food

2024, Volume 9, Issue 1: 169-182. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2024010
Previous Article Next Article
Research article Special Issues

Investigation of the effect of different additives on the qualities, in vitro degradation, and rumen fermentation profile of indigo waste silage

  • 1.
    Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
  • 2.
    Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Phangkhon, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
  • Received: 27 September 2023 Revised: 13 December 2023 Accepted: 22 December 2023 Published: 22 January 2024

  • Natural indigo dye production produces indigo waste as a by-product. Our purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), cellulase (CE), molasses (MO), and their combinations on the silage quality, in vitro degradability, and rumen fermentation parameters of indigo waste silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the experiment. Indigo waste was chopped and ensiled in a small-scale silo with no additive (control), Ca(OH)2, MO, CE, Ca(OH)2:MO, Ca(OH)2:CE, MO:CE, and MO:CE:Ca(OH)2. After 30 days of storage, the silages were tested for quality and chemical composition, as well as an in vitro fermentation. The ruminal fluid inoculum was collected from two beef cattle with a body weight (BW) of 200±10 kg, and the inoculum had been pre-heated before being transported to the laboratory. Silage with MO, CE, or their combination increased the amount of lactic acid (p < 0.01). The silage pH was lowest in MO:CE (4.5) and was highest in Ca(OH)2:CE (10.6) in indigo waste (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control (19.5% CP), the CP content of all additives increased by 20.7% to 21.5% (p = 0.02). The addition of Ca(OH)2:MO and Ca(OH)2:CE resulted in a reduction of NDF content by 60.7% and 59.4%, respectively, in comparison to the control group (72.4%) (p < 0.01). Silage with additives had no effect on the cumulative gas production or gas kinetics, except that the constant rate of gas production for the insoluble fraction (c) was higher in MO (p = 0.03). In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was higher in CE and MO and highest in MO:CE-treated silage (p < 0.01). The in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) increased in Ca(OH)2:MO compared with the control (p = 0.03). The additives alone or in their two combinations in silage reduced the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration (28.0 to 31.5 mg/dL) when compared to the control (32.7 mg/dL) (p < 0.01). In addition, the highest total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level was found in the silage of the MO (92.9 mmol/L) compared with the control (71.3 mmol/l) (p < 0.01). The proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid increased (p < 0.01) whereas acetic acid decreased (p < 0.01) in the rumen of silage with MO and CE. In summary, the addition of MO and CE has the potential to be used in the silage of indigo waste.

    Citation: Nirawan Gunun, Chatchai Kaewpila, Waroon Khota, Pongsatorn Gunun. Investigation of the effect of different additives on the qualities, in vitro degradation, and rumen fermentation profile of indigo waste silage[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2024, 9(1): 169-182. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2024010

    Related Papers:

  • Natural indigo dye production produces indigo waste as a by-product. Our purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), cellulase (CE), molasses (MO), and their combinations on the silage quality, in vitro degradability, and rumen fermentation parameters of indigo waste silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the experiment. Indigo waste was chopped and ensiled in a small-scale silo with no additive (control), Ca(OH)2, MO, CE, Ca(OH)2:MO, Ca(OH)2:CE, MO:CE, and MO:CE:Ca(OH)2. After 30 days of storage, the silages were tested for quality and chemical composition, as well as an in vitro fermentation. The ruminal fluid inoculum was collected from two beef cattle with a body weight (BW) of 200±10 kg, and the inoculum had been pre-heated before being transported to the laboratory. Silage with MO, CE, or their combination increased the amount of lactic acid (p < 0.01). The silage pH was lowest in MO:CE (4.5) and was highest in Ca(OH)2:CE (10.6) in indigo waste (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control (19.5% CP), the CP content of all additives increased by 20.7% to 21.5% (p = 0.02). The addition of Ca(OH)2:MO and Ca(OH)2:CE resulted in a reduction of NDF content by 60.7% and 59.4%, respectively, in comparison to the control group (72.4%) (p < 0.01). Silage with additives had no effect on the cumulative gas production or gas kinetics, except that the constant rate of gas production for the insoluble fraction (c) was higher in MO (p = 0.03). In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was higher in CE and MO and highest in MO:CE-treated silage (p < 0.01). The in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) increased in Ca(OH)2:MO compared with the control (p = 0.03). The additives alone or in their two combinations in silage reduced the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration (28.0 to 31.5 mg/dL) when compared to the control (32.7 mg/dL) (p < 0.01). In addition, the highest total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level was found in the silage of the MO (92.9 mmol/L) compared with the control (71.3 mmol/l) (p < 0.01). The proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid increased (p < 0.01) whereas acetic acid decreased (p < 0.01) in the rumen of silage with MO and CE. In summary, the addition of MO and CE has the potential to be used in the silage of indigo waste.


    加载中


    [1] Senasri N, Sriyasak P, Suwanpakdee S, et al. (2022) Toxicity of indigo dye-contaminated water on silver barbs (Barbonymus gonionotus) and pathology in the gills. EnvironmentAsia 15: 106–115. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2022.52 doi: 10.14456/ea.2022.52
    [2] Srisamran J, Wimolsujarit B, Supuma Y, et al. (2015) Research and development on indigo in sakonnakhon province. Available from: https://www.doa.go.th/research/attachment.php?aid = 2190.
    [3] Pattanaik L, Padhi SK, Hariprasad P, et al. (2020) Life cycle cost analysis of natural indigo dye production from Indigofera tinctoria L. plant biomass: A case study of India. Clean Technol Environ Policy 22: 1639–1654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01914-y doi: 10.1007/s10098-020-01914-y
    [4] Pattanaik L, Naik SN, Hariprasad P (2019) Valorization of waste Indigofera tinctoria L. biomass generated from indigo dye extraction process-potential towards biofuels and compost. Biomass Convers Biorefin 9: 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0354-2 doi: 10.1007/s13399-018-0354-2
    [5] Gunun N, Kaewpila C, Khota W, et al. (2023) The effect of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) waste on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation, hematology and immune response in growing beef cattle. Animals 13: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010084 doi: 10.3390/ani13010084
    [6] Kaewpila C, Khota W, Gunun P, et al. (2020) Strategic addition of different additives to improve silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of Napier grasses at late maturity stage. Agriculture 10: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070262 doi: 10.3390/agriculture10070262
    [7] Gunun N, Gunun P, Wanapat M, et al. (2017) Improving the quality of sugarcane bagasse by urea and calcium hydroxide on gas production, degradability and rumen fermentation characteristics. J Anim Plant Sci 27: 1758–1765.
    [8] So S, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M (2020) Improving sugarcane bagasse quality as ruminant feed with Lactobacillus, cellulase, and molasses. J Anim Sci Technol 62: 648. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.648 doi: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.648
    [9] Gunun N, Wanapat M, Gunun P, et al. (2016) Effect of treating sugarcane bagasse with urea and calcium hydroxide on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 48: 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1061-2 doi: 10.1007/s11250-016-1061-2
    [10] Zhang YC, Wang XK, Li DX, et al. (2020) Impact of wilting and additives on fermentation quality and carbohydrate composition of mulberry silage. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 33: 254–263. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0925 doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0925
    [11] Irawan A, Sofyan A, Ridwan R, et al. (2021) Effects of different lactic acid bacteria groups and fibrolytic enzymes as additives on silage quality: A meta-analysis. Bioresour Technol Reports 14: 100654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100654 doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100654
    [12] Lynch JP, Baah J, Beauchemin KA. (2015) Conservation, fiber digestibility, and nutritive value of corn harvested at 2 cutting heights and ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes, either alone or with a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant. J Dairy Sci 98: 1214–1224. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8768 doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8768
    [13] Chen L, Guo G, Yuan X, et al. (2016) Effects of applying molasses, lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production of total mixed ration silage prepared with oat-common vetch intercrop on the Tibetan Plateau. J Sci Food Agric 96: 1678–1685. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7271 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7271
    [14] So S, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, et al. (2020) Fermented sugarcane bagasse with Lactobacillus combined with cellulase and molasses promotes in vitro gas kinetics, degradability, and ruminal fermentation patterns compared to rice straw. Anim Biotechnol 33: 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1781146 doi: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1781146
    [15] Kaewpila C, Khota W, Gunun P, et al. (2022) Characterization of green manure sunn hemp crop silage prepared with additives: aerobic instability, nitrogen value, and in vitro rumen methane production. Fermentation 8: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8030104 doi: 10.3390/fermentation8030104
    [16] Khota W, Panyakaew P, Kesorn P, et al. (2023) In vitro rumen fermentation of coconut, sugar palm, and durian peel silages, prepared with selected additives. Fermentation 9: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060567 doi: 10.3390/fermentation9060567
    [17] Wanapat M, Polyorach S, Boonnop K, et al. (2009) Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows. Livest Sci 125: 238–243.
    [18] Trach N, Mo M, Dan C (2001) Effects of treatment of rice straw with lime and/or urea on its chemical composition, in-vitro gas production and in-sacco degradation characteristics. Livest Res Rural Dev 13: 5–12.
    [19] Cai Y, Benno Y, Ogawa M, et al. (1999) Effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage. J Dairy Sci 82: 520–526. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75263-X doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75263-X
    [20] Darwin, WipaCharles, Cord-Ruwisch R (2018) Concurrent lactic and volatile fatty acid analysis of microbial fermentation samples by gas chromatography with heat pre-treatment. J Chromatogr Sci 56: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmx086 doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx086
    [21] AOAC (2016) Official Method of Analysis, 20th Ed., Arlington, VA, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
    [22] Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74: 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
    [23] Menke KH, Steingass H (1988) Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim Res Dev 28: 7–55.
    [24] Ørskov ER, McDonald I (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J Agric Sci 92: 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048 doi: 10.1017/S0021859600063048
    [25] Tilley J, Terry R (1963) A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci 18: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
    [26] AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis, 16th Ed., Arlington, VA, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
    [27] Cai Y (2004) Analysis method for silage Japanese Society of Grassland Science Field and Laboratory Methods for Grassland Science, Tokyo: Tosho Printing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 279–282.
    [28] Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (2013) User's guide: Statistic (Version 9), 4th Ed., Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.
    [29] Álvarez S, Méndez P, Martí-Fernández A (2015) Fermentative and nutritive quality of banana by-product silage for goats. J Appl Anim Res 43: 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.978782 doi: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978782
    [30] Cook DE, Bender RW, Shinners KJ, et al. (2016) The effects of calcium hydroxide—treated whole-plant and fractionated corn silage on intake, digestion, and lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 99: 5385–5393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10402 doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10402
    [31] Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, et al. (2003) Microbiology of ensiling. In: Buxton DR, Muck DR, Harrison JH, Silage Science and Technology, Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 31–93.
    [32] Kung Jr L, Shaver RD, Grant RJ, et al. (2018) Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci 101: 4020–4033. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909 doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13909
    [33] Xia C, Liang Y, Bai S, et al. (2018) Effects of harvest time and added molasses on nutritional content, ensiling characteristics and in vitro degradation of whole crop wheat. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 31: 354–362. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0542 doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0542
    [34] Dahlke GR, Euken RM (2013) Calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide treatment of corn silage. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report 2013.
    [35] Zhang Z (2021) Chapter 5—Waste pretreatment technologies for hydrogen production. In: Zhang Q, He C, Ren J, et al. (Eds.), Waste to Renewable Biohydrogen: Volume 1: Advances in Theory and Experiments, Academic Press, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821659-0.00004-6
    [36] Lunsin R, Duanyai S, Pilajun R, et al. (2018) Effect of urea-and molasses-treated sugarcane bagasse on nutrient composition and in vitro rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Agric Nat Resour 52: 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.11.010 doi: 10.1016/j.anres.2018.11.010
    [37] Xu J, Zhang K, Lin Y, et al. (2022) Effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality, carbohydrate conversion, and microbial community of ensiling oat with different moisture contents. Front Microbiol 13: 1013258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013258 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013258
    [38] Santos MC, Nussio LG, Mourão GB, et al. (2009) Nutritive value of sugarcane silage treated with chemical additives. Sci Agric (Piracicaba, Braz) 66: 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162009000200003 doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162009000200003
    [39] Li M, Zhou H, Zi X, et al. (2017) Silage fermentation and ruminal degradation of stylo prepared with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase. Anim Sci J 88: 1531–1537. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12795 doi: 10.1111/asj.12795
    [40] Mu L, Wang Q, Wang Y, et al. (2023) Effects of cellulase and xylanase on fermentative profile, bacterial diversity, and in vitro degradation of mixed silage of agro-residue and alfalfa. Chem Biol Technol Agric 10: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-023-00409-4 doi: 10.1186/s40538-023-00409-4
    [41] Sutaryono YA, Putra RA, Mardiansyah M, et al. (2023) Mixed Leucaena and molasses can increase the nutritional quality and rumen degradation of corn stover silage. J Adv Vet Anim Res 10: 118.
    [42] Cherdthong A, Suntara C, Khota W, Wanapat M. 2021. Feed utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics of Thai-indigenous beef cattle fed ensiled rice straw with Lactobacillus casei TH14, molasses, and cellulase enzymes. Livest Sci 245: 104405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104405 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104405
    [43] Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar, G, et al. (2022) Improvement of ruminal neutral detergent fiber degradability by obtaining and using exogenous fibrolytic enzymes from white-rot fungi. Animals 12: 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070843 doi: 10.3390/ani12070843
    [44] Gunun N, Wanapat M, Kaewpila, C, et al. (2023) Effect of heat processing of rubber seed kernel on in vitro rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids and fermentation. Fermentation 9: 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020143 doi: 10.3390/fermentation9020143
    [45] Satter LD, Slyter LL. (1974) Effect of ammonia concentration of rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br J Nutr 32: 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19740073 doi: 10.1079/BJN19740073
    [46] Guo G, Shen C, Liu Q, et al. (2020) The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation, methane production, ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage. J Integr Agric 19: 838–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62707-3 doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62707-3
    [47] Suntara S, Cherdthong A, Uriyapongson S, et al. (2020) Comparison effects of ruminal crabtree-negative yeasts and crabtree-positive yeasts for improving ensiled rice straw quality and ruminal digestion using in vitro gas production. J Fungi 6: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030109. doi: 10.3390/jof6030109
    [48] Wang Q, Wang R, Wang C, et al. (2022) Effects of cellulase and Lactobacillus plantarum on fermentation quality, chemical composition, and microbial community of mixed silage of whole-plant corn and peanut vines. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194: 2465–2480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03821-y doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-03821-y
    [49] Morvay Y, Bannink A, France J, et al. (2011) Evaluation of models to predict the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid profiles in rumen fluid of lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 94: 3063–3080. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3995 doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3995
    [50] Ungerfeld EM (2020) Metabolic hydrogen flows in rumen fermentation: principles and possibilities of interventions. Front Microbiol 11: 589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00589 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00589
    [51] Børsting CF, Brask M, Hellwing, ALF, et al. (2020) Enteric methane emission and digestion in dairy cows fed wheat or molasses. J Dairy Sci 103: 1448–1462. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16655 doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16655
    [52] Gunun P, Wanapat M, Anantasook N (2013) Rumen fermentation and performance of lactating dairy cows affected by physical forms and urea treatment of rice straw. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 26: 1295–1303. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13094 doi: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13094
    [53] So S, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A (2021) Effect of sugarcane bagasse as industrial by-products treated with Lactobacillus casei TH14, cellulase and molasses on feed utilization, ruminal ecology and milk production of mid-lactating Holstein Friesian cows. J Sci Food Agric 101: 4481–4489. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11087 doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11087
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2024 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索
AIMS Agriculture and Food
1.9 3.7

Metrics

Article views(1090) PDF downloads(133) Cited by(0)

Preview PDF
Download XML
Export Citation
Article outline

Figures and Tables

Tables(5)

Other Articles By Authors

Related pages

Tools

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog